DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effects of Bicameralism on U.S. Appropriations Policies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effects of Bicameralism on U.S. Appropriations Policies THE EFFECTS OF BICAMERALISM ON U.S. APPROPRIATIONS POLICIES by MARK EDWARD OWENS (Under the Direction of Jamie L. Carson) ABSTRACT This dissertation examines how supermajority rules interact with other institutional constraints. I study appropriations policies to better understand how the content of legislation develops in response to bicameral differences over a one-hundred and four year period. As each chamber has developed independently of one another, the institutional differences that have emerged have had a dynamic impact on the lawmaking process. The time frame of the study, 1880 to 1984, is particularly important because it captures the years when the Senate grew to play a more active role in the legislative process and a number of key budgetary reforms. To study this phenomenon empirically, I measure how regular appropriations bills were packaged differently by the House and Senate from 1880 to 1984 and compare the final enactment to the difference in chamber proposals to determine the magnitude of a chamber’s leverage on enacted policy changes. By treating the Senate’s choice to amend the House version as a selection effect, we can examine the effect bicameralism has on policy outcomes. Specifically, I analyze a ratio that represents how close the final bill is to the Senate version, given the size of the bicameral distance. Finally, I complete the study by examining how the president influences bicameral negotiations and how bicameralism complicates our theories of intra-branch relations. INDEX WORDS: Appropriations, Bicameralism, Budgeting, Polarization, Senate THE EFFECTS OF BICAMERALISM ON U.S. APPROPRIATIONS POLICIES by MARK EDWARD OWENS B.A., University of Florida, 2006 M.A., Johns Hopkins University, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2014 © 2014 Mark Edward Owens All Rights Reserved THE EFFECTS OF BICAMERALISM ON U.S. APPROPRIATIONS POLICIES by MARK EDWARD OWENS Major Professor: Jamie L. Carson Committee: Keith T. Poole Anthony J. Madonna James E. Monogan, III Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2014 DEDICATION For my mother and father iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must begin by acknowledging my deep appreciation for the many individuals who have invested undocumented hours and support into the completion of this project. My interest in studying political institutions is a combination of the experiences I have had and the mentorship of many individuals along the way. For example, I often reminded of a discussion I had with former U.S. Representative Charles Bass when I was applying to graduate school, where he told me I needed to spend two more years at least in Washington to fully understand the rules. As a slow learner I decided to dedicate an entire doctoral study to learning the intricacies of these institutional rules and dissertation to understanding how policies are affected by these rules. There are many faculty members that I am indebted to for the time they have invested in my education since I first arrived to Athens, Georgia. My major professor, Jamie Carson, has been an exceptional mentor since I began as his research assistant on my first day. Jamie’s guidance, patience, good humor, and great taste in food have been invaluable to building my confidence in discussing politics and how enjoyable this profession can be. Similarly, the mentorship of Charles Bullock and Anthony Madonna has shown me how I can integrate my experience from working in Washington D.C. and on campaigns by sharing stories that highlight important theoretical concepts about politics. My dissertation committee also included Keith Poole and Jamie Monogan who not only took an interest in my work, but have dedicated their time to the professionalization of all graduate students to prepare us for what is to come once we graduate. I will miss the trivia questions, red suspenders, tall tales of old politicians, and election v night parties. But I leave it to the reader to identify which event corresponds with a member of this dynamic group. This project has also been shaped by conversations with other scholars, including Ryan Bakker, Sarah Binder, Harold Clarke, Doug Dion, Keith Dougherty, Jim Granato, Michael Lynch, Daniel Magleby, Elizabeth Rybicki, Jim Saturno, and Jason Windett. For a project that is about appropriations and bicameralism in the United States, it may seem odd to mention the importance of my studies in England. However, as a visiting graduate student at the University of Oxford the opportunity to discuss and present my research with Ray Duch, Iain McLean, Nigel Bowles, and Alan Ware was beneficial to make sure this was a worthwhile project to a broader audience. It was also a great opportunity to be challenged by peers like Black Ewing, Richard Johnson, and Ursula Hackett at the Rothermere American Institute and Nuffield College. I am also grateful for the willingness of Sarah Binder, Rod Kiewiet, Mathew McCubbins, Eric Schickler, and Gregory Wawro to make their data available to begin this project. I also owe particular thanks to a core group of graduate students including, Robert Cooper, David Gelman, Karen Owen, Stephen Pettigrew, Joel Sievert and Szymon Stojek – each excellent individuals – all kept me accountable through our discussion about research and teaching. They also gave time to the development of this project in addition to their own studies. This project has also benefited from the financial support of the University of Georgia Graduate School, through the Dean’s Award for Social Science Research and the Association of Centers for the Study of Congress, which supported my trips to visit the National Archives in Washington and Briscoe Center in Austin, Texas. Above all, I must thank my family. My parents have taught me to take interest in and care for the needs of others, as well as reinforced the importance of higher education in my own vi life. The comfort I have to take risks and venture off in efforts to begin a new career has been possible because of the continuous support I received from my parents and, yes even, my two late-grandmothers. The opportunity to live in my grandmother’s guest bedroom allowed me to take advantage of summer internships in the House of Representatives and the Senate to keep my interest in the political process. Each of those summer experiences made it easy for me to move to Washington D.C. and try to start a career that would give me stories to share in the classroom. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 PIVOTAL CHAMBER: THE U.S. SENATE AND APPROPRIATIONS .................... 1 A Difference in the Development of Majority Rule in the House and Senate ................. 3 A Necessary Component of Good Governance: Appropriations ...................................... 7 Origination of Appropriations........................................................................................... 9 Annual Consideration of Appropriation Bills ................................................................ 11 Isolating the Senate’s Role in the Appropriation Process .............................................. 14 Plan for Dissertation ...................................................................................................... 17 2 BUDGETING VS. APPROPRIATIONS: COMPETING APPROACHES TO FEDERAL SPENDING ...................................................................................... 20 The Early Appropriation Process: Dynamics of Bargaining Under Different Rules..... 23 Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 ........................................................................ 27 Bow Amendment: Institutionalizing Caps on Expenditures as Early as 1967 .............. 30 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act of 1974 .................................................. 32 viii Lessons Learned from Bargains during 1880-1984: Spending Caps and PAYGO ....... 34 Spending Caps, Sequestration, and PAYGO ................................................................. 35 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 36 3 THE DYNAMIC INFLUENCE OF THE SENATE ON POLICY OUTCOMES ........ 39 Studying the Senate’s Influence ..................................................................................... 41 Individual Member Policy Influence in the Senate ........................................................ 42 Likelihood of Bicameral Disagreement ......................................................................... 46 Bicameralism and Policy Outcomes .............................................................................. 47 Chamber Differences ..................................................................................................... 49 Contextual Dynamics ..................................................................................................... 52 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • State of Oklahoma
    STATE OF OKLAHOMA 2nd Session of the 49th Legislature (2004) COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR HOUSE BILL NO. 2567 By: Greenwood COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE An Act relating to schools; creating the Middle School Mathematics Task Force; stating purpose of the Task Force; establishing membership; establishing duties; providing for appointments and appointment of cochairs; providing for meetings and staffing; providing for travel reimbursement; requiring a report; providing for noncodification; and declaring an emergency. BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA: SECTION 1. NEW LAW A new section of law not to be codified in the Oklahoma Statutes reads as follows: A. There is hereby created, to continue until July 1, 2005, the Middle School Mathematics Task Force. The Task Force shall study and prepare recommendations concerning mathematics education at the middle grade levels in public schools in the state. B. The Task Force shall be composed of the following members: 1. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, or a designee; 2. The Executive Director of the Oklahoma Commission for Teacher Preparation, or a designee; 3. The Chancellor of The Oklahoma State System of Higher Education, or a designee; 4. Two members of the House of Representatives, one to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and one to be appointed by the Minority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives; 5. Two members of the State Senate, one to be appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and one to be appointed by the Minority Leader of the State Senate; 6. One member who is a middle school level mathematics teacher appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives; 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Background of Pennsylvania Government
    Background of Pennsylvania Government The Pennsylvania General Assembly In 1776, the Pennsylvania Legislature was established as a lawmaking body by the first state constitution. Originally unicameral, the General Assembly became bicameral under the second constitution of 1790 and since that time has been comprised of a House of Representatives and a Senate. The General Assembly meets in two-year sessions. House and Senate legislative districts are reapportioned every 10 years after the federal census is taken. Reapportionment following the 2000 census created state House districts of approximately 59,000 people and Senate districts of about 240,000 people. There are 203 members in the House of Representatives; a number established when the state's constitution was revised in 1967. A representative must be at least 21 years of age, a resident of the commonwealth for four years and a resident of the district for at least one year. The term of office for a member of the House is two years, with all seats up for re-election at the same time. When the Senate was first established in 1790, there were only 18 senators. Following the 1874 Constitutional Convention, that number was increased to 50, where it remains today. A senator must be at least 25 years of age with the same residency requirements as members of the House. Senate terms are four years, with odd- and even-numbered district seats contested on a rotating basis. Chamber and caucus leadership The principal officers of the state Senate are the president pro tempore, the secretary and the chief clerk, all of whom are elected by the Senate.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Challenges at the Centre of Government: Coalition Situations and Government Transitions
    SIGMA Papers No. 22 Management Challenges at the Centre of Government: OECD Coalition Situations and Government Transitions https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kml614vl4wh-en Unclassified CCET/SIGMA/PUMA(98)1 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques OLIS : 10-Feb-1998 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Dist. : 11-Feb-1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Or. Eng. SUPPORT FOR IMPROVEMENT IN GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (SIGMA) A JOINT INITIATIVE OF THE OECD/CCET AND EC/PHARE Unclassified CCET/SIGMA/PUMA Cancels & replaces the same document: distributed 26-Jan-1998 ( 98 ) 1 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AT THE CENTRE OF GOVERNMENT: COALITION SITUATIONS AND GOVERNMENT TRANSITIONS SIGMA PAPERS: No. 22 Or. En 61747 g . Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format CCET/SIGMA/PUMA(98)1 THE SIGMA PROGRAMME SIGMA — Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries — is a joint initiative of the OECD Centre for Co-operation with the Economies in Transition and the European Union’s Phare Programme. The initiative supports public administration reform efforts in thirteen countries in transition, and is financed mostly by Phare. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental organisation of 29 democracies with advanced market economies. The Centre channels the Organisation’s advice and assistance over a wide range of economic issues to reforming countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Phare provides grant financing to support its partner countries in Central and Eastern Europe to the stage where they are ready to assume the obligations of membership of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing the Dynamics of Party Leadership Survival in Britain and Australia: Brown, Rudd and Gillard
    This is a repository copy of Comparing the dynamics of party leadership survival in Britain and Australia: Brown, Rudd and Gillard. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/82697/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Heppell, T and Bennister, M (2015) Comparing the dynamics of party leadership survival in Britain and Australia: Brown, Rudd and Gillard. Government and Opposition, FirstV. 1 - 26. ISSN 1477-7053 https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2014.31 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Comparing the Dynamics of Party Leadership Survival in Britain and Australia: Brown, Rudd and Gillard Abstract This article examines the interaction between the respective party structures of the Australian Labor Party and the British Labour Party as a means of assessing the strategic options facing aspiring challengers for the party leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • 108Th Congress 229
    PENNSYLVANIA 108th Congress 229 House of Representatives, 1972–96, serving as chairman of Appropriations Committee, 1989– 96, and of Labor Relations Committee, 1981–88; married: the former Virginia M. Pratt in 1961; children: Karen, Carol, and Daniel; elected to the 105th Congress; reelected to each succeeding Congress. Office Listings http://www.house.gov/pitts 204 Cannon House Office Building, Washington, DC 20515 .................................... (202) 225–2411 Chief of Staff.—Gabe Neville. Legislative Director.—Ken Miller. Press Secretary.—Derek Karchner. P.O. Box 837, Unionville, PA 19375 ........................................................................... (610) 444–4581 Counties: LANCASTER, BERK (part). CITIES AND TOWNSHIPS: Reading, Bern, Lower Heidelberg, South Heidelberg, Spring. BOROUGH OF: Wernersville. CHESTER COUNTY (part). CITIES AND TOWNSHIPS: Birmingham, East Bradford, East Fallowfield, East Marlborough, East Nottingham, Elk, Franklin, Highland, Kennett, London Britain, London Grove, Londonderry, Lower Oxford, New Garden, New London, Newlin, Penn, Pennsbury, Upper Oxford, West Fallowfield, West Marlborough, West Nottingham. BOROUGHS OF: Avondale, Kennett Square, Oxford, Parkesburg, West Chester, and West Grove. Population (2000), 630,730. ZIP Codes: 17501–09, 17512, 17516–22, 17527–29, 17532–38, 17540, 17543, 17545, 17547, 17549–52, 17554–55, 17557, 17560, 17562–70, 17572–73, 17575–76, 17578–85, 17601–08, 19106, 19310–11, 19317–20, 19330, 19342, 19346– 48, 19350–52, 19357, 19360, 19362–63, 19365, 19374–75, 19380–83, 19390, 19395, 19464, 19501, 19540, 19543, 19565, 19601–02, 19604–05, 19608–11 *** SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT TIM HOLDEN, Democrat, of St. Clair, PA; born in Pottsville, PA, on March 5, 1957; edu- cation: attended St. Clair High School, St. Clair; Fork Union Military Academy; University of Richmond, Richmond, VA; B.A., Bloomsburg State College, 1980; sheriff of Schuylkill County, PA, 1985–93; licensed insurance broker and real estate agent, John J.
    [Show full text]
  • No. Coa19-384 Tenth District North Carolina Court Of
    NO. COA19-384 TENTH DISTRICT NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS ******************************************** NORTH CAROLINA STATE CONFERENCE OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TIMOTHY K. MOORE, in his official capacity as SPEAKER OF THE NORTH CAROLINA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES; PHILIP E. BERGER, in his official capacity as PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE NORTH CAROLINA SENATE, Defendants-Appellants. ************************************************************* MOTION BY THE NORTH CAROLINA LEGISLATIVE BLACK CAUCUS FOR LEAVE TO FILE BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE ************************************************************* ROBERT E. HARRINGTON ADAM K. DOERR ERIK R. ZIMMERMAN TRAVIS S. HINMAN ROBINSON, BRADSHAW & HINSON, P.A. 101 N. Tryon St., Suite 1900 Charlotte, NC 28246 (704) 377-2536 TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA: The North Carolina Legislative Black Caucus (the “Caucus”) respectfully moves this Honorable Court for leave to file the attached brief amicus curiae in support of Plaintiff North Carolina State Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (“NAACP”). Pursuant to North Carolina Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(i), the Caucus sets forth here the nature of its interests, the issues of law its brief will address, its positions on those issues, and the reasons why it believes that an amicus curiae brief is desirable. NATURE OF THE AMICUS’S INTEREST The Caucus is an association of 37 North Carolina State Senators and Representatives of African American, American Indian, and Asian-American Indian heritage. It is a vehicle designed to exercise unified political power for the betterment of people of color in North Carolina and, consequently, all North Carolinians; to ensure that the views and concerns of African Americans and communities of color more broadly are heard and acted on by elected representatives; and to further develop the political consciousness of citizens of all communities and cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Global TB Caucus Strategic Plan 2017-2020 DRAFT
    Global TB Caucus Strategic Plan 2017-2020 DRAFT 1 Table of CContentsontents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 3 Vision, Mission and Values ....................................................................................................... 4 Our structure ........................................................................................................................... 4 History ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Why this strategy and why now? .............................................................................................. 7 The Global TB Caucus in 2020 ................................................................................................... 8 From centrally directed to locally led ...................................................................................... 13 Greater reach and a stronger network .................................................................................... 16 Shaping the international agenda ........................................................................................... 19 Organisational objectives: New funding for old problems ....................................................... 21 Organisational objectives: Better policies and better programmes .......................................... 24 Potential Funding and Policy Targets .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Statutory Duties of Legislative Leaders: Updated
    LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE BUREAU Statutory Duties of Legislative Leaders: Updated Richard A. Champagne chief Jillian Slaight, PHD legislative analyst LRB REPORTS • January 2019, Volume 3, Number 2 © 2019 Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau One East Main Street, Suite 200, Madison, Wisconsin 53703 http://legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb • 608-504-5801 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Introduction This report summarizes the statutes that specifically refer to legislative leaders and the Joint Committee on Legislative Organization. These statutes cover such topics as ap- pointments by legislative leaders, reports made to legislative leaders, and certain duties imposed upon legislative leaders. The report does not cover the duties imposed upon legislative leaders under the rules of the assembly and the senate and the joint rules. The report is organized into the following topics: • Operation of the legislative branch. • Service on or appointments to nonlegislative boards. • Agency rule making and procedure. • Receipt of reports or other information. • Miscellaneous duties and responsibilities. Where appropriate, the report further organizes the topics into subtopics. The digital version of the report is searchable using terms such as “Speaker,” “president,” “presiding,” “majority,” “minority,” or “Joint Committee on Legislative Organization,” and, for certain requirements relating to appointments, using the term “standing committee.” It is im- portant to note that article IV, section 8, of the Wisconsin Constitution grants each house of the legislature the power to “determine the rules of its own proceedings.” Thus, to the extent that a statute attempts to govern the proceedings of the legislature, the courts are unlikely to enforce the statute.
    [Show full text]
  • Oklahoma State House of Representatives
    Oklahoma State House of Representatives District 1 State Representative: Johnny Tadlock Current term ends: 1/8/2018 Address: 2300 N Lincoln Blvd, Room 539B, OklAhomA City, OklAhomA 73105 Main phone: (405)-557-7363 E-mail: [email protected] Counties represented: Le Flore, McCurtain (2) Zip codes represented: 74549, 74571, 74577, 74722, 74724, 74728, 74734, 74736, 74740, 74745, 74750, 74754, 74755, 74764, 74766, 74937, 74939, 74949, 74957, 74963, 74966 (21) PoliticAl AffiliAtion: DemocrAt Committees: Agriculture and Rural Development; County and Municipal Government; General Government Oversight and Accountability; Judiciary – Criminal Justice and Corrections MeAsures Authored in 2017: HB1367, HB1368, HB1369, HB1370, HB1371, HB1372 Tribal Jurisdictions: Choctaw AssistAnt: Leslie Smith-HaddAd District 2 State Representative: John Bennett Current term ends: 1/8/2018 Address: 2300 N Lincoln Blvd, Room 301A, OklAhomA City, OklAhomA 73105 Main phone: (405)-557-7315 E-mail: [email protected] Counties represented: Sequoyah (1) Zip codes represented: 74931, 74936, 74945, 74946, 74948, 74954, 74955, 74962 (8) PoliticAl Affiliation: Republican Committees: A&B Public Safety (Chair); Appropriations and Budget; Joint Committee on Appropriations and Budget; Veterans and Military Affairs; Wildlife MeAsures Authored in 2017: HB1933, HB1934, HB1935, HB1936, HB1937, HB1938, HB2177, HCR1021 Tribal Jurisdictions: Cherokee, United Keetoowah Band of Cherokees AssistAnt: MArthA Perry District 3 State Representative: Rick West Current term ends:
    [Show full text]
  • Table 3.6 SENATE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS
    STATE LEGISLATURES Table 3.6 SENATE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS: METHODS OF SELECTION State or other majority leader floor Majority whip Majority chair caucus Minority leader Assistant minority leader Minority leader floor Assistant minority leader floor Minority whip Minority chair caucus jurisdiction President President pro tem Majority leader Assistant majority leader Majority leader floor Assistant Alabama (b) ....................... (a) ES (b) . (b) . Alaska ................................. ES . EC . EC EC EC . EC EC Arizona ............................... ES AP EC . EC . EC EC . EC . Arkansas ............................. (a) ES EC . EC . EC . EC . California ........................... (a) ES EC . EC EC EC . EC EC Colorado ............................. ES ES EC EC . EC EC EC EC . EC EC Connecticut (c) .................. (a) ES AP AP AP AP AP AP EC AL AL AL AL AL Delaware ............................ (a) ES EC . EC . EC . EC EC Florida (mm) ...................... EC/ES ES AP AL . EC EC . AL AL Georgia ............................... (a) ES EC . EC EC EC . EC EC Hawaii................................. ES ES (e) EC . EC . EC EC (f) EC . EC . Idaho ................................... (a) ES EC EC . EC EC EC . EC Illinois ................................. ES AP AP AP . AP AP EC AL . AL AL Indiana ................................ (a) ES . AT AT AT EC EC . EC (h) (h) EC Iowa .................................... ES ES EC EC . EC . EC EC . EC . Kansas ................................ ES ES (e) EC EC . EC EC EC EC . EC EC Kentucky (i) ....................... ES ES . EC . EC EC . EC . EC . Louisiana ............................ ES ES . Maine (ll)............................ ES ES EC EC (j) (j) (k) . EC EC (l) (l) (m) . Maryland ............................ ES ES AP (n) AP (n) (n) (n) AP . EC (o) . (o) . EC . Massachusetts .................... EC . AP AP . (p) EC . (p) Michigan (q) ....................... (a) ES EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC Minnesota ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • Gender-Sensitizing Commonwealth Parliaments
    Gender-Sensitizing Commonwealth Parliaments The Report of a Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Study Group Gender-Sensitizing Commonwealth Parliaments The Report of a Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Study Group Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27 February – 1 March 2001 Published by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Secretariat Suite 700, Westminster House, 7 Millbank London SW1P 3JA, United Kingdom This publication is also available online at www.cpahq.org Foreword Without doubt, more and more countries and Parliaments are appreciating that women have a right to participate in political structures and legislative decision-making. However, for the most part, although women may overcome the more general obstacles to their participation in Parliaments, once they reach there they often encounter additional difficulties. In 1998 the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) collaborated with three Commonwealth legal NGOs in the development of the Latimer House Guidelines on Parliamentary Supremacy and Judicial Independence. Among many other matters, the guidelines point out the need to improve the numbers of women Members in Commonwealth Parliaments and suggest ways in which this goal can be achieved. An earlier CPA study had already identified barriers to the participation of women in public life. The next logical step was to endeavour to identify means by which the task facing women Parliamentarians can be rationalized. Against this background, in February and March 2001 the CPA, with the assistance of the CPA Malaysia Branch and the approval of the CPA Executive Committee, arranged a Study Group in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on Gender-Sensitizing Commonwealth Parliaments. The aims of the Study Group were set out as: 1. To share analyses, experiences and good practices of Standing Orders in Commonwealth Parliaments; 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Legislative
    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATIVE JOURNAL MONDAY, OCTOBER 15, 2018 SESSION OF 2018 202D OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY No. 44 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES O divine Master, grant that I may not so much seek to be consoled as to console, The House convened at 11 a.m., e.d.t. to be understood as to understand, to be loved as to love. THE SPEAKER (MIKE TURZAI) For it is in giving that we receive, PRESIDING it is in pardoning that we are pardoned, and it is in dying that we are born to eternal life. MOMENT OF SILENCE In Your name we pray. Amen. FOR HON. MICHAEL H. O'BRIEN The SPEAKER. We were of course deeply saddened to learn PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE of the passing of our friend and colleague, Representative (The Pledge of Allegiance was recited by members and Michael O'Brien. So I would ask everybody to please stand as visitors.) able for a moment of silence as we reflect upon his life and legacy as a public servant. Of course we will be having a memorial at a later date and time. JOURNAL APPROVAL POSTPONED The prayer today will be offered by our friend and colleague, the minority whip, Representative Mike Hanna. Immediately The SPEAKER. Without objection, the approval of the thereafter we will recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Please stand Journal of Thursday, October 11, 2018, will be postponed until for this moment of silence, and then we will have Representative printed. Hanna give the prayer. BILL REPORTED FROM COMMITTEE, (Whereupon, the members of the House and all visitors stood CONSIDERED FIRST TIME, AND TABLED in a moment of silence in solemn respect to the memory of the Honorable Michael H.
    [Show full text]