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Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 of aconflict.Thecreation framework forpeacebuilding requirestheuseofsocialanalysis analysis inapeacebuildingframework istounderstandthe rootcauses,actorsanddynamics and Mohammed Abu-Nimer offers suchaframework. ItdrawsonthepeacebuildingapproachesofJohnPaul Lederach, framework toenhance peacebuildingeffortsleadingtosustainabledevelopment. Thispaper women’s rightsandpoliticaleconomic issues.Thereisaneedforpeacebuilding haspromiseddevelopment programmesinthearea,buttheydonotaddress of thousandspeoplefromtheregion.Sinceend the militaryoperationin2009 The militaryoperationintheSwat Valley bygovernment forceshasled tothedisplacement reinforce ahighlevel ofviolence’ (Aall to someintangibleneeds[e.g.identity, recognitionanddignity],ittends togenerateor between communalgroupsbutquicklytranscendsnational boundaries…itisusuallylinked this paperisderived fromEdward Azar’s definitionofprotractedconflict,which‘takesplace political andeconomicstabilityoftheentireSouth Asian region. of itscomplexity, longhistoryofviolenceandsocio-economicfactors,isthreateningthe entire regioninthepost-9/11era.Thisconflictcanbecategorisedasanintractableonebecause social phenomenathathave resultedintheemergenceofmilitancyandterrorism intheSwat Valley ofnorthwest isaproductofhistorical,religiousand http://www.journalpeacedev.orgIntroduction inthisconflictzone. strategies thatneedtobeconsidered bygovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganisations for about peaceandsustainabledevelopment.Finally, thepapersuggestsanumberofpeacebuilding Pashtun, to suggest waysinwhichtheroot causeoftheconflictmightbeaddressed tobring – John-PaulLederachandMohammedAbu-Nimerpracticesfrom traditionalPakhtun,or and conflictprevention intheregion. Theframeworkdrawsontheworkoftwoscholar-practitioners government andinternationalorganisations. Thispapersuggestsaframeworkforpeacebuilding militant organisations toregain theirlostpositionbyfillingthevacuuminrelief effortsleftbythe humanitarian crisisinthearea. ThedevastatingfloodsofJuly2010 again created opportunitiesfor since 2004,combinedwithmilitaryoperationsin2009andthedisplacementofresidents created a The resurgence oftheTaliban movementanditsaffiliateorganisations intheSwatValley ofPakistan Abstract Conflict intheSwat Valley of Theory-Practice Application Pakistan: Pakhtun Culture Journal ofJournal &Development,Peacebuilding Vol. 6N © of Journal Peacebuilding &Development and Peacebuilding SAIRA BANOORAKZAI Pakhtunwali 1 ISSN 1542-3166 et al , orPakhtun tribalcode.Thebasicobjective ofconflict 2007:100-101).

The definitionofconflictin O . 1,2011 35 Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care Internationalpeace anddevelopment. not leadtofuture conflictbuttosustainable conflict-sensitive approach sothatthey do UKactors toadoptpoliciesthatwillensure a The proposed framework willenablethe IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 36 process betweenconflictparties. Inplaceofthismethodpeacebuilding,whichhebelieves This cyclicalprocess(andhumanitarian crisis)oftenforecloseseffortstosustainthepeace conflict whilefocusingsolely oncomplexdisastermanagementprocesses(1997:74-75). in acyclicalprocessleadingtohumanitariancrisisthat obscuresthelong-termviewof Lederach maintainsthatviolentconflictsaremostlyfollowed bynegotiationandviolence their practices,called Pakhtun approachesbasedontheir‘codeofhonour’ andtheworldviewthatinforms approaches putforward byJ.P. LederachandMohammed Abu-Nimer andindigenous conflict buttosustainablepeaceanddevelopment. adopt policiesthatwillensureaconflict-sensitive approach sothattheydonotleadtofuture non- governmental sectorandcivilsociety. Theproposedframework willenabletheactorsto government, internationalandlocaldevelopment partnersinboththegovernmental and fragile settings.Thedevelopment andpeacebuildinginitiatives intheregionmayinclude analysis inthispapercanprovideinsightsforthedevelopment ofprocessesinsimilarly )Developapeacebuildingprocess: 2) Conductaconflictandcontextassessment 1) elements withinaparticularconflictzone.Thecomponentsoftheframework areto: tools foranin-depthunderstandingofhistory, politics,economicsandsocialcultural Journal of Peacebuilding &Development contradictions (Mail between conflictingpartiessoastoovercome thestructural,relationalandcultural need toaddressstructuralissuesandlong-termrelationships thataretherootofproblem considering theneedsandinterestsofindividualscommunities. Theyalsostressthe analysis, ,mediationandreconciliationaim for constructive social changeby Most peacebuildingstrategiesthatincludenon-violentmobilisationmethods,conflict of problemsratherthansolvingthroughindividualeffortsbasedoncompetition. these concepts.Furthermore,toleranceinvolves thenotionofcollaborationforsolution race. Tolerance suggeststhatasocietyaccommodatesdivergentviewswithrespectto diversity andbetolerant ofdifferenceswhethertheyarebasedonreligion,ethnicityor Many peacebuildingtheoriesassumethatthepeopleinagivensocietyshouldvalue http://www.journalpeacedev.orgTheoretical Perspective: Existing Approaches toPeacebuilding Furthermore, itsuggestshowtoachieve politicalandeconomicempowerment and and long-termpreventive measuresforsocialreconstructionandreconciliation. sustainable peaceanddevelopment. Thesuggestedprocessaddressesbothimmediate domained strategyforinterveninginaconflictcontextwiththegoalofachieving maximising opportunitiesforpeacebuilding. other assessments)helptodiscernwhattheprospectsareforfurtherinterventions, current contextinwhichpeaceanddevelopmentissuescanbeundertaken special attentiongiven tothegenderandreligiousdimensions.Secondly, a political/judicial, economic,andtransnationaldimensionsneedtobeanalysedwith root

causes, proximatetriggersanddynamicsoftheconflict.Thehistorical, et al Pakhtunwali 1999).InthiscasestudyIhave drawnonthepeacebuilding , whichisdescribedingreaterdepthbelow. A peacebuildingprocessisamulti-staged andmulti- : A conflictassessmentisanexaminationofthe prospects intheregion.Itishopedthat peacebuilding andsustainabledevelopment conflict withaviewtoenhancingthe This paperdevelops acogentanalysisoftheSwat and religiouscontext. and anunderstandingofthecultural,social, justice whileincorporatinggendersensitivity will(alongwith nalysing the society. social, politicalandeconomiclifeinPakhtun Deliveredthe structures andprocesses thatunderpin culture are basedonPakhtunwali, all asare The peacebuildingapproaches inPakhtun by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 Pakhtunwali, structures andprocessesthatunderpinsocial,politicaleconomiclifeinPakhtun society. The peacebuildingapproachesinPakhtun culturearebasedon individual hastheabilityandresponsibilitytoactinhisorherowninterests(ibid.113). such processesofself-examinationandanalysis.Thiswilloftenleadtotherealisationthatan internal socialandculturalrealitiesofagiven societyaspeacebuildingstrategiespresuppose that thechangesneedtobefacilitatedthroughself-examinationandanin-depthcritiqueof individuals (security, self-determination,identity, growthanddevelopment etc.).Hemaintains socio-economic development andfulfillingbasichumanneedsrightsofgroups peacebuilding activisminMuslimcommunitiesistochangethecurrentrealitybyfostering resources (ibid.).Moreover, thisapproachmaintainsthattheprimarymotivation for development ofaframework forMuslimsocietiesbyutilisingtheirowncultural/religious approach basedonstructuraltransformationusingIslamicvalues andprinciplesforthe also involve indigenousapproaches.To thishesuggestsanIslamicpeacebuilding achieve approaches shouldnotonlyincludedeveloped byWestern theory, butshould On theotherhand, Abu-Nimer (2003:74)suggeststhattheapplicationofpeacebuilding with newpatterns,processesandstructures’(ibid.84). a ‘peacesystem’:themainemphasisisnotonendingconflict,but‘buildingrelationships of aninfrastructureforpeacebuildingas‘processstructure’ totransformawar systeminto core ofhisapproachisaprocesstransformative socialchangethroughthedevelopment term visionorgenerationalperspective; andfinally5)transformation(ibid.76-77).The 1) structuralanalysisofrootcauses;2)crisismanagement;3)prevention; 4)long- suggests hasfive steps,eachonevitaltopeacebuildinginwar-torn societies.Itconsistsof: when designingsocialchangeprocessofintervention. Theintegratedframework thathe the commonfuture’;andmiddlerangeforconnectingshort-termlong-termresponses short termforcrisispreventionandcomplexdisastermanagement;longrange‘visioning sustainable relationships.Inrespondingtoconflict,hesuggeststhreelevels ofresponses: management, butalsoatransformative peacebuildingmodelthatfocusesonbuilding to beineffectual,Lederachsupportsaframework thatnotonlyincludescomplexdisaster considered asan‘alternative formofsocialorganisationwithanadvanced conflict resolution hospitality ( ( fugitive toseekrefugeandacceptance ofhisofferpeace( According to Ali , ‘ of conflictwithinPhaktunsocietyandhassocial,political, religiousandjudicialfunctions. The institutionof isteqamat and Pakhtun, althoughreligiousscholarswould makeadistinction (2007). 2003). Kakarobserves thatforaPakhtun thereisnocontradictionbetween beingaMuslim social orderintherestofPakhtun societybothindirectandindirectways’ (Wardak of conflictresolutionamongthePakhtuns, andhascontributedtothemaintenanceof

badal http://www.journalpeacedev.org ),

Conflict intheSwat Valley ofPakistan: Pakhtun Culture andPeacebuilding bravery ( (Kakar2007;JoshuaProject1999). melmastia ‘theway ofthe Pakhtuns’, isintegraltoPakhtun identity tureh jirga ), genderboundaries( ), (tribalcouncilofelders)isresponsiblefortheresolution of allkinds

steadfastness ( jirga has over thecenturiesoperatedasanimportantmechanism sabat ), righteousness( purdah mechanism’ chivalry or bravery ( based societyisgoverned bytheconceptsof Pakhtun community. given therights,protection,orsupportof no longerconsideredaPakhtun andisnot honour ( adhering to or izzat namus

Pakhtunwali, (Johnson &Mason2008:61).By (Johnson ); withouthonour, sheorhe is nanawati ), council( imandari Pakhtunwali Pakhtunwali’s ), aPakhtun possesses ) andpersistence,or

ghayrat the rightofrevenge jirga

( 2007). ), therightofa , asareallthe or honour- nang

It is 37 ), Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 38 the interestsofstakeholders intheregion. decree a‘half-baked’ Valley shouldtakeaccount ofthephilosophy Abdul GaffarKanand concepts inpre-partitionIndia. Any peacebuildinganddevelopment strategyintheSwat social welfare, propagationofeducationandwomen’s empowerment, whichwere new enshrines thevalues ofpeace,non-violenceandforgiveness. Hisfollowers worked for 57). Hebuilthis‘forceofpeace’,knownas‘KhudaiKhadmatgar’ (servant ofGod),which righteousness andforgiveness asweapons tofightagainstanyenemy’ 1997: (Johansen campaigned fortheadoptionofnon-violentstrategiesandbelieved inusing‘patience, as harmtohonourbecause non-violence andpeace,isimportant.Itwas consideredaninsultnottoavenge killingsor 1988), aPakhtun fromthenorthwest ofPakistan andafollower ofGandhi’s philosophyof In thisregard,thephilosophyofpeaceandnon-violence Abdul GhaffarKhan(1890- Journal of Peacebuilding &Development This callfor the militaryleader, GeneralZiaulHaq,whopromisedtoenforce against Bhutto’s regime,whichultimatelyledtohisfallandsubsequenthangingby against it.TheysupportedtheNizam-e-Mustafa(System ofMohammad)campaign made Swat apartofBritishEmpire.In1915, Historically, theSwat Valley was apartof , butthe1893Durandlineagreement Administrated Tribal Areas ofPakistan (PATA). Buner, Swat, Shangla,UpperDir, Lower DirandChitralcomesundertheProvincial 3798 squarekilometres.ItisapartoftheMalakanddivision,whichcomprisesMalakand, solidarity againstinvaders’ (Lindholm1979:487).TheareaoftheSwat Valley isabout tribes thecodesandpracticesarebasedonacentralunderlyingbeliefin‘segmentary and partsofPakistan andaredividedinto tribes, sub-tribes and clans. Among all Pakhtun with acommonlanguagewholive alongtheeasternandsouthernborderof Afghanistan The Swat Valley isprimarilyinhabitedbydifferenttribesofPakhtuns, anethnicgroup Historical dimension Dimensions ofConflictintheSwat Valley traditional property frombeingnationalisedmadeanalliancewith alternative. Thiswas mostlyfavourable tothelandlords,whoinordersave their regime ofBhuttogave hisopponentsamplegroundtoappealIslamasapolitical their traditionalpower duetoeconomictransformationandmarketreforms.Thesecular visible intheSwat Valley inwhichlocal thus threateningthepower baseoflandlordsacrossthecountry. Thispatternwas also for Islamicsocialismrestingontheabolishmentoflarge-scaleholdingprivate property, Pakistan People’s Party (PPP),whichwon the1970electionsandwhosemanifesto called In 1970anewphaseofpopularpoliticsstartedunderZulfiqar Ali Bhutto,theleaderof 246 oftheConstitutionPakistan 1973,thesestatesbecamepartofPakistan asthePATA. states ofDir, Chitraland Amb were incorporatedwithinPakistan andaccordingto Article Pakistan whilemaintaininginternalautonomy. Thisstatuscontinueduntil1969whenthe of thepartitionIndiansubcontinentin1947,Swat, thenaprincelystate,accededto was grantedthetitleof declared Swat astateandin1917MianGul Abdul Wadud becameitsfirstruler. In1926he damned socialistpoliciesasathreattoIslamleading to thecallfora the abolishmentofprivate propertywas against http://www.journalpeacedev.org mullahs shariah (religiousleaders)toissuea inSwat didnotoccurduringGeneralZia’s tenureasitwas saidto shariah wali (ruler) ofSwat andwas providedanannualsubsidy. At thetime badal for Swat (Masood2009)andthereforethisdidnotthreaten formsthecoreofcodehonour, butGhaffarKhan khans jirga were facingthedilemma ofadeclinein fatwa (tribalcouncilofelders)was heldthat shariah (religious decree)andarguedthat (Islamiclaw)andtherefore imams (prayer leaders) and shariah Pakhtunwali jihad in thecountry. (holy ) . Delivered by Publishing Technology to:in politics. Careemergence ofIslamplayed animportantrole InternationalSwat inthecenturiesfollowing the The religiousleadershipthatemergedin UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 11 September2001,whenIslam asatransnationalfactorbecamepredominantintheregion. international dimensionofreligion appearedthatgainedmomentumwiththeevents of political toolwas usedindomesticpolitics,butaftertheSovietinvasion of Afghanistan an ownership andwomen inleadershipwere declaredun-Islamic.Before1979religionasa the PPP’s secondtermunderBhutto’s daughter, Benazir, in1989,whenprivate land give covertotheinterestsofprivate landowners.Thisissueagainbecameimportantduring rise ofsocialistpoliticsZulfiqar Ali Bhuttoin1970swhenreligiousleaderswere usedto PATA, thisinstitutionwas upheld.Thereligiousfactorbecame moreimportantwiththe to occasionally thesharefromproduceoflands,which thusmade due totheirspiritualityandrelationshipwithGod,as any roleexceptasmediatorsinlanddisputes.Ontheotherhand, system heestablishedwas acombinationofthedecisions religious interpretationanddecisionmakingwhileappropriatingallpowers. Thelegal inheritance, butinthelocal 2009), whichwas evidentinthelawofinheritance.UnderIslamicwomen sharein the the firstrulerofSwat statein1915,abolishedthepowers of able tostoptheBritishinroadsinregions(Lindholm1979:489).MianGul Abdul Wadud, mystic ‘whoclaimedmiraculouspower’ combated theBritishforces,thoughhewas not pir tribal conflicts.Duringthebattleof Ambela in1863thereligiousleadership ofagreatSufi These religiousleadersplayanimportantroleintimesofcrisisinvolving religiousand (Lindholm 1979:489). than toaperson. a callduringthetimeofcrisisotherthanonethatdemandsloyalty toGodrather came fromallover theworld tofightin Afghanistan. concepts, i.e., eviction ofSovietsfrom Afghanistan. Thetrainingof Afghan peoplecombinedtwo religious and physicalsupportrenderedbytheUnitedStates,Pakistan andSaudi Arabia ledtothe Zia’s eraandmadealastingimpactonareasbordering Afghanistan. Duringthisera,material Soviet intervention in Afghanistan inDecember1979was anothercrisis,whichemergedduring centuries followingtheemergenceofIslamplayed animportantroleinpolitics. in theentireSouth Asian region.ThereligiousleadershipthatemergedinSwat inthe (customary practices)andIslamwiththeinfluenceofSufithoughts,whichhadprevailed to Islamin1100 AD. The systemthatemergedintheaftermathwas ablendof flourishedduringthetimeofKing Asoka, whichlatergaveway toitsconversion Historical andarchaeologicalevidencemakesitclearthatSwat was oneoftheareaswhere Religious dimension Jamat-e-Ulama-e- agencies ofPakistan. Itwas duringthistimethatreligiouspartieslike United Statesanditsalliesprovidedarmsfundingcollaborationwiththeintelligence http://www.journalpeacedev.org the traditionalSalafi/Wahabi version ofIslaminordertoinculcatethespirit opening of , SaiduBaba,or Akhund (holyman)ofSwat, forcedBritishforcestoretreat.In1897a riwaj Conflict intheSwat Valley ofPakistan: Pakhtun Culture andPeacebuilding (Rome 2008:120).Whenthe1973constitutionofPakistan madeSwat apartof madrassas mujahedeen Mullahs (religiousseminaries)throughSaudifundingbroughttheteachingof joinedthe Afghan (holywarriors) and and riwaj imams ofSwat, women arenotentitledtoanyinheritanceexcept oflocal-level mosquesnever enjoyed thesameprivilege jihad anddeveloped networks with muhajareen preachers). and (descendents ofholymen,butnotpreachers) leadership hadtwo tiers: understanding oftheSwat crisis.Thisreligious dynamic isimportanttoconsiderforan pirs (Sufireligiousleaders,mysticsand

Pakhtun peopleusuallynever accept (amigrationforreligioussake).The Stanadars wali stanadars , riwaj were notallowed toplay pirs and and hadgreatinfluence shariah Jamat-e-Islami shariah sufis mujahedeen jihad subservient concerning stanadars , whilethe (Masood

who riwaj and This 39 Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 40 with thegovernment. Heenjoyed vast power over theSwat Valley throughterrorandfear and officers.However, hisson-in-law, MaulanaFazlullah,refused toacceptthisaccord education andimmunisationofchildrenhaltattacks onPakistan armyinstallations The dealcalledonTNSMtogive upmilitancyandsuicide attacks,stopopposingfemale the Awami NationalParty intheNorthwest FrontierProvince. was releasedasapartofsix-pointdealwiththenewlyinstalledcoalitiongovernment of peace undertheRah-e-Haq(pathoftruth)operation.On 16May2008SufiMuhammad under theageof12.Duetovolatile restoredthe situationin2007,thegovernment of Pakistan (FATA) was attackedbyU.S.missiles,killing80students,withmanyvictims madrassah However, arealrevival oftheorganisationtookplaceafter31October2006whena propagated theideathatpeople’s baddeedshadbroughtaboutthecatastrophe. relief work forearthquakevictimsintheJammuandKashmirregionofPakistan, andit After hisarrestorganisationlostitspopularityuntil8October2005whenitstarted imprisonment on24 April 2002forincitementandviolatingstaterestrictions(Ali2009). organisation was bannedon12January2002andhewas sentencedto10years’ followed bythe Nifaz-e-Nizam-e-Shariah (NWFP RegulationforEnforcementofIslamicLawI,1994)inPATA, Kohistandistrict banned TNSM,was amemberof laws andthegrowingappealoforganisationslikeTNSM.SufiMuhammad,leader under thePATA regulationsandmisuseof judicial systemwas extendedtotheSwat Valley, which,withfactorssuchascomplications hearing’ (Rome2011:57). After theregion’s incorporationintoPakistan in1969,thenational judgments /verdicts were properlyexecutedandthecaseswere decidedonthefirstorsecond been viewed withnostalgiaasitwas seentobeeffective: ‘thetrialswere quickandcheap,the The judicialsysteminthestateofSwat beforeitsincorporationwithinPakistan in1969has in-order toachieve theirobjectives. demands madebytheleadersofTNSM,whichresultedintheiralliancewithTaliban these issuesaretheunderlyingfactorsforthisrecentinsurgencyandbasis The political/judicialdimensioncanbeviewed astheproximatecauseofconflict Political/judicial dimension Journal of Peacebuilding &Development The government ofBenazirBhuttopassedthe enforcement of (Mir 2009).ThisledSufiMuhammadtolauncharesistancecampaignthatdemanded unconstitutional, whichleftSwat andthePATA areawithoutanyeffective judicialsystem On 12February1994theSupremeCourtofPakistan declaredthePATA regulation minister, BenazirBhutto,whichwas consideredun-Islamic. Afghanistan andPakistan was underademocraticgovernment headedbyawoman prime or martyrdom’) Islam. On28June1989,hefoundedTNSMwithasloganof‘ ten thousandofhissupportersina Afghanistan in2001,givingitanotherplatformtoraiseitsdemands.SufiMuhammadled This political/judicialissueacquiredanotherdimensionaftertheU.S.invasion of http://www.journalpeacedev.orgwere ineffective hadbeenpreparedfortheirimplementation. asnogroundwork region asacompensatorymeasureforthemilitary’s onslaught(Yusafzai 2009).Theselaws Law). In1999BenazirBhutto’s government passedaseriesofregulationsintheMalakand (religiousseminary)inBajur Agency intheFederally Administered Tribal Areas shariah (Yusafzai 2009). Duringthatperiod,theSovietUnionhadwithdrawnfrom Shari Nizam-e-Adl intheregion,resultingamilitaryoperationtocurbmovement. 1995 (NWFPRegulationforEnforcementofIslamicLawI,1995) Jamat-e-Islami Regulation(RegulationforJusticeBasedonIslamic jihad riwaj in Afghanistan, whichresultedinfailure.His , resultedinanincreasingdemandforIslamic in1960sandpreachedahardlineversion of Nifaz-e-Nizam-e-Sahariat shariah orshahadat Regulation 1994 ’

(‘Islamic law Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK to give up. and socialstatus,which they are reluctant opportunities toaccumulatemoney, power through theirmilitancy they exploitednew limited accesstopower andhighpositions, belonged toaclassthathistorically had While themembersof TNSM mostly IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 2009). Among thedisplacedwere 70,000pregnantwomen, whichaggravated thesituation. the displacementofmorethan2.5millionpeoplefromSwat, BunerandDirareas(Hilali capital, Islamabad,andhadthuscausedalarmlocallyinternationally. Thisresultedin Moreover, themilitantshadcaptured theBunerarea,whichisabout160kilometresfrom become knownas un-Islamic behaviourtoanextentthatGreenSquareMingora,thelargestcityinSwat, had the operationwas thebrutalpoliciesadoptedbyTNSMagainstallindividualssuspectedof full-scale militaryoperationcode-named‘Rah-e-Rast’ (straight path). An importantfactorin later, itjeopardisedpeaceintheregion(Rome2011: 71).InMay2009thearmylauncheda revise itsdecision. Although thevideowas declaredasfakebygovernment agenciesayear year-old girlbytheTaliban inSwat (BBC2009).Thisbroughtpressureonthegovernment to week of April 2009,avideosurfacedfromTaliban sourcesshowingthepubliclashingofa17- However, soonafterthepromulgationofthisordinanceandpeaceagreement,infirst shariah division thatestablishedreligious February 2009(Hilali2009)leadingtothepromulgationofanordinanceinMalakand agreement. A thirdagreementwas signedbetween thegovernment andTNSMon15 was declaredforTNSMleadership.However, MaulanaFazlullahfailedtoabide bythe militancy, suicidebombingsandenforcementof Maulana Fazlullahindependently. TNSMandthegovernment agreedonanendto accord was signedbetween thegovernment andTNSMon21Maythatdealtwith positions, throughtheirmilitancytheyexploitednewopportunitiestoaccumulatemoney, TNSM mostlybelongedtoaclassthathistoricallyhadlimitedaccesspower andhigh due tohistransnationalconnectionwiththeTaliban and Al Qaeda.Whilethemembersof and freedomfightersinKashmir couldseriouslyjeopardisePakistan’s interestintheregion. Turkistan movement inXinxiangprovinceofChina,theIslamicmovement ofUzbekistan by Taliban fromitsstronghold.TheTaliban’s transnationalconnectionwiththeEastern disrupt thesupplyroute,whichismostlythroughPakistan andcanconveniently besevered over thisentirebeltcouldcreateproblemsforU.S.andNATO forcesin Afghanistan and Taliban’s pocketsof resistancefromSouthWaziristan toSwat (Ali2009).Thusthecontrol the restofcountryandthusachainTaliban controlwould be establishedbyconnecting and ifitissevered attheMalakandpass thewholeMalakanddivisionwould becutofffrom Malakand isimportantasthroughitpassesthePeshawar-Swat andPeshawar- highway, strategic importance.ThoughSwat does notshareaborderwith Afghanistan, controlling the entireSwat Valley withthehelpofTaliban. TheTaliban’s interestinthisregionwas its to thetribalareasofPakistan gave TNSM anewallyandcause.TNSMwas abletocapture 2001 andtheU.S.invasion of Afghanistan. After theU.S.invasion, theflightofTaliban leaders The triggersthatbroughttheseissuestothecentrestagewere theevents of11September Transnational dimension http://www.journalpeacedev.org lawinSwat. Conflict intheSwat Valley ofPakistan: Pakhtun Culture andPeacebuilding Khoni Chawk (bloody intersection)duetothebeheadingsandkillings.

courts undera by Pakistan armedforces. A secondpeace of secondphasetheRah-e-Rastoperation of thefirstpeaceaccordandresumption Differences emergedsoonthatledtothefailure beheadings andkidnappings(Hilali2009). criminals whoareinvolved inrobberies, militants areperceived tobehard-core reluctant togive up.Themajorityofthese power andsocialstatus,whichtheyare shariah qazi , thearmywithdrewandanamnesty (judge)andtheimplementationof 41 bigger headlinesaround theworld. an appealingtarget,which would makeeven Western targets,femaleeducationbecame Since itwas difficulttoinflictdamageupon Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 42 2006 ( The numberofgirlsattendingschoolorcollegehasdecreasedfrom120,000to40,000since the maintargetofTaliban. in Western-sponsored NGOsandeducationthatwas notbasedonIslamicprincipleswere a ‘Western conspiracy’ (Manzoor2008).Thisisevidencedby thefactthatwomen working were consideredeffortsbythegovernment towesternise thesocietyandthereforetermed concept intraditionalPakhtun society. Education,jobs andthepursuitofacareerbywomen on Western symbolsbecausetheconceptofwomen’s liberationisconsideredtobeaWestern These unprecedentedattacksagainstgirlsandwomen oftheareawere ultimatelyanattack were burntinthiscrisis,while8,000women teacherswere leftwithoutjobs(Ali2010:12). consequences. Almost 35%ofschools were government 190 girls and for affected schools colleges, killingandill-treatmentofworking women andthreateningthemwithdire female education,especiallyinthepost9/11era,includedbombingofgirl’s schoolsand study was resentedlocallyasitwas consideredanaffronttoPakhtun culture.Thereactionto government andnon-governmental sectors.However, havingwomen go outtowork and andeducation(Musharaf2004).Womenempowerment the in jobs do to encouraged were the ‘enlightenedmoderation’ policyofPresidentMusharaf,whichcalledforwomen’s government was inclinedtoimprove thefemaleliteracyrateinruralareas, notablyunder Since the1990stherehasbeenagradualacceptanceoffemaleeducationinSwat asthe The firstvictimsoftheconflictwerewomenandgirls,especiallythoseworking inaschool. all typesofeducationforbothgirlsandboysastheTaliban leadersconsidereditun-Islamic. Pakistani schoolgirls’.Initiallythetargetwas femaleeducation,whichlaterledtothebanon schools andthekillingofworking women. Yasmeen Hassan(2009)hastermedthisa‘war on for Islamiclaw, atalaterstagethefocalpointofconflictbecamedestructiongirls’ conflict. Although thegenderissuewas initiallynotascentraltotheconflictwas thedemand Gender canalsobeviewed as oneoftheimportanttriggersforeruptionviolencein Gender dimension it would derailthepeaceprocessstartedthrough1999Lahoredeclaration. areas ofPakistan borderingKashmir, couldbeofgreatconcernforbothIndiaandPakistan as Moreover, thecompletecontrolofSwat byTaliban, whichalsoconnectswiththenorthern Journal of Peacebuilding &Development unable tomaintainaconsistent level ofdevelopment intheregion.Under hisruleschools for theSwat state,which after1969becameamajorissueasthestateofPakistan was An importantofaspecttheruleMianGul Abdul Wadud was adevelopmental plan Economic dimension headlines aroundtheworld. Thispatternwas alsowitnessedin theremainingtribalareas. Western targets,femaleeducationbecame anappealingtarget,whichwould makeeven bigger NGOs were from otherpartsofthecountry. Sinceitwas difficulttoinflictdamageupon population ofworking women thereisnegligible,andeven thewomen employed therein inappropriate forwomen toobtainaneducationastheywould becomewesternised. Even opposed Musharaf’s policieshadruledthatduetoculturalandreligiousbeliefsitwas http://www.journalpeacedev.org Washington Post 2009).Thisdevelopment resultedaftercertainreligiousleaderswho reaction was seenagainstwomen becausethe where girl’s schoolswerebombed, andasimilar Tribal(FATA)Federally Administered Areas cultural code.Thispatternspilledover intothe was seenasan affronttothereligiousleaders’ the useofterm‘women’s empowerment’ mercy ofthe Taliban militants. affected populationagainleftthemtothe agencies toprovide emergency relief tothe The failureofthegovernment andrelief Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 resources, whichLederachconsiders depleted (ibid.).Thereisa clear needfortherebuildingofregion’s socio-economic 2009). Duetotheconflict,however, almost55%to70%oftotalproducehasbeenlostor in KhyberPakhtoonkhwa Province,withSwat beingamajorcontributor( engaged inagriculture.One-fourthofPakistan’s vegetables and48%ofitsfruitaregrown inflicted heavydamageonotherpartsoftheeconomy. Eightypercentofthepopulationis Rs 60billion( employed inthetourismindustry. Between 2007and2009theindustrysufferedalossof 855 hotels,including405restaurants,intheSwat Valley andaround40,000peoplewere indulgence intheseactivitiesthathadledtosuchdisasters.Beforetheconflicttherewere that tourisminvolved activitieswhicharenotallowed underIslam,andthatitwas that thedisasterwas duetotheirinvolvement inun-Islamicactivities.Theyinsinuated part inthereliefandrehabilitationafterearthquaketheysuccessfullyconvincedmasses Pakistan thattheTaliban madeitspresencefelt.WhentheTaliban It was aftertheOctober2005earthquakethataffectedKashmirandotherregionsof development ofthearea. Wadud practised’ (Masood2009),whichmeantamodelofculturaland religiouslawsand infrastructure, thusrenderingtheareainaccessibleforrelief work. ThePakistan Army’s houses, cropsandalmosteverythinginthearea,includingbasiccommunication interrupted on29July2010whentheSwat regionfacedheavyfloodsthatdestroyed hotels, revive thetourismindustry. Theseeffortsatreconstructionandrehabilitationwere early July2010aSwat regionalfestival andpeacegalawere organisedinordertofurther After themilitaryoperationlocaltourismindustryreturnedtonormallevels, andin the destructionofhousesandcrops(Rome2011:75). compensation forpartlydamagedorwreckedbuildings,nowas given for displacement ofpeople. Although thegovernmentgave auniformamount of resulted inthedestructionofcivilianandgovernmentalinfrastructurealongwith complete halt,causinggreatlosses.Thebombardmentandshellingbygovernment forces region. Thearmy’s cleanupoperationandfrequentcurfewsbroughttheeconomytoa set backtheeconomy, themilitaryoperationcauseddamagetoinfrastructurein Law, whenaskedbythegrandson oftherulerSwat aboutthekindof Tehreek-e-Nifaz-Shariat-Muhammadi (TNSM),orMovement fortheEnforcementofIslamic powerful impactonthepoliticaldynamicsofregionasSufiMuhammad,leader continued, butcouldnotmatchthepaceofdevelopment ofthepre-1969era.Thishada After theincorporationofSwat stateintoPakistan in1969,thesedevelopment policies structure, bringingchangesineducation,communicationandhealthcare(Rome2011:54). 1949. Healsotriedtowesternise thesocietywhilealsomaintainingtraditionalpower These policiescontinuedinthereignofMianGulJahanzebafterhebecameruler developmental trendsofthatera. a developmentmodelthatwas amixoftraditionalvalues, Islamiclawsandmodern to remove socialvicestomaketheSwat aregionofpeaceandprogress.Thiswas basedon and hospitalswere established,possessionofarmswas controlledandeffortswere made http://www.journalpeacedev.org demanding, replied‘my Conflict intheSwat Valley ofPakistan: Pakhtun Culture andPeacebuilding Weekly Pager tehreek 2009). Along withTNSMandTaliban activities,whichseverely [movement] wants whatyour grandfatherMianGul Abdul mercy oftheTaliban the affectedpopulationagainleftthemto relief agenciestoprovideemergency disaster. Thefailureofthegovernment and ultimately ineffective duetothescaleof attempt atarescueandreliefoperationwas

militants. Theconflict

and theTNSMtook shariah Weekly Pager hewas 43 can result inrenewedcan result violence. efforts andsustainabledevelopment, which displaced peopleandnotonpeacebuilding management andrehabilitation ofinternally international communityisonconflict The emphasisofthegovernment andthe Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 44 for buildingeffective relationshipsbetween thepartiesinvolved intheconflict.Connecting requires buildingstructuresfor peacewhilerespectingthelocalcodeofhonour that addressestherealitiesonground,anditshould be properlyimplemented.Italso government hadenforcedmanyordinances,itisimportanttohave alegalsysteminplace cultural/religious demands,andeffective enforcementshouldbeguaranteed.Thoughthe needs. An effective judicialsystemforspeedyjustice,while takingintoaccountthelocal by promotingtourism,agricultureandthehandicraftindustry, andfulfillingbasichuman of theconflict.Thegovernment should develop atimeframeforsocio-economicdevelopment operation, theunderlyingcausesofconflictremain. Pakistan. Although theconflictinSwat hasvisiblydiminishedasaresultofthemilitary had spill-over effectsover thePakhtun tribalareas(towhichIbelong)aswell astherestof While themilitancyand‘Talibanisation’ inPakistan startedasaviolentconflictinSwat, it agreements forpeacebetween theparties. needs andinterestsofthepartiesforbuildingfuturebondsrelationshipsresultingin up stagesbasedoncollective andcollaborative efforts. change throughstructuraltransformationrequiresplanning,implementationandfollow- can leadtothepreservation ofacommunity’s structureandidentity. Thiskindofsocial believes thatapeacebuildinginitiative, whiletakingaccountofindigenousapproaches, about transformationandchangeconcerningitsimpactonpre-Islamiccivilisation.He Abu-Nimer suggeststheadoptionofstructuraltransformationasIslamareligionbrought http://www.journalpeacedev.org both aninsiderandoutsider. implementation inthelightofthisanalysisandmyownknowledgeexperienceas above, thissectionsuggestsapeacebuildingprocessandsomerecommendationsforits Based ontheconflictassessmentthathasemployed thepeacebuildingframework outlined Infrastructure forPeacebuilding asProcess Structure Journal of Peacebuilding &Development approach topeacebuilding(1997:79). in anintegratedmanner. Together, thetwosetsoflensessuggestanintegrated sustainability ofitstransformationbylinkingroles,functionsandactivities necessity ofthinkingcreativelyabouttheprogressionconflictand population andsystematicallyabouttheissue.Processunderscores structures suggesttheneedtothinkcomprehensively abouttheaffected functions ofthereliefactivity(1997:88,91 move towards rehabilitationandreconstruction.Thesearetheintended suffering andstabilisationofthesituationpopulation,withasubsequent responsetoalleviate the foremostneedistolaunchanimmediateandeffective of conflicttowards sustainablepeace…Incrisescausedbynaturaldisasters, and strategiccommitmentoffundstomaximiseprospectsforthetransformation a processofcreatingways ofthinkingaboutcategoriesaction,responsibilities 2 Lederachobserves that also effective remediestoaddresstheroot causes analysis ofstructuralandrelationalcauses,but a durableresult.Thisrequiresnotonlyan Swat Valley isratherwhatneededto produce result inrenewed violence.Peacebuilding inthe efforts andsustainabledevelopment,whichcan displaced peopleandnotonpeacebuilding management andrehabilitationofinternally the internationalcommunityisonconflict ) .

The emphasisofthegovernment and

The mainaimistoaddressthe Pakhtunwali Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care Internationalbased onPakhtunwali. UKrests onaframework forreconciliation sustainable peaceanddevelopment that process andstructure forbuilding The situationintheSwatarearequiresa IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 development plan.DrawingonLederach, Abu-Nimer and frame forshort-termandlong-termgoalsconceptualisingthepeacebuilding triggering violence.Thiswillhelptogenerateaconflict-sensitive approachinfuture peacebuilding processwillhelptounderstandwhythisissuebecameacentralpointin of theconflict Swat context,especiallygiven thattheissueofgenderdiscriminationisanimportantpart to handlesuchsituationsinthefuture(Lederach1997:81).Thisprincipleisrelevant tothe recurrence ofviolencewhileidentifyingcausative factorsandhelpingthesocietyprepare An importantaspectofpeacebuildingconcerningtheimmediateissuesistoprevent the Lederach 1997),willencourageactorsintheconflicttomakejointeffortsrestorepeace. ‘visioning ofthefuture’togetherbyallparties,assuggestedEliseBoulding(quotedin sustainable socio-economicdevelopment willhelpintransformationthelongterm.The economic developmentforsocialchangeandgivingitagenerationalperspective short-term goalsofcrisisprevention andmanagementwiththelonger-term goalofsocio- )Middle-rangeactorsmust becentralinbuildinginfrastructuresforpeacebuilding.These 1) are suggestedforthepeacebuildingframework toguidepeacebuildingprocessinSwat: )Oneoftheimportant issueswithintheSwat conflictisthatofgovernance. As Lederach 3) Thesub-systemstrategyproposedbyLederachcouldopennewavenues forpeace. 2) http://www.journalpeacedev.org inviting theactorsto development. Thereisaneedtoreconciletheseopposingviews,whichcanbedoneby strategies, whileNGOleaderscallforeducation,women’s empowerment and region. ReligiousleadersstressIslamiclawandcultural/religiousapproachestoguide with eachotherduetodifferentapproachestowards peaceanddevelopment inthe leaders. IntheSwat conflict,religiousandhumanitarianNGOleadersareinconflict should includeethnicandreligiousleaders,academics/intellectualshumanitarian for displacedpersons(whothe government claimshave beenresettled), development reforms anddevelopmentopportunities hasfuelledthisconflict.Theregionneedsrelief observes, ‘conflictisalsofuelledbygovernance issues’ (1997:165).Thelackofjudicial instead ofrevenge canofferasignificantcontributiontothedialogue. approach canplayaneffective role; asaPakhtun himself,hisespousalofforgiveness negativity andmisperceptions.Inthisregard, Abdul GhaffarKhan’s non-violent the positive aspectsinhistoricalrelationsbetweentwo civilisationfordispelling done byholdinggroupmeetingswiththeyouth andreligiousleadersfor discussing Muslim-West relationswhileemphasisingreconciliation andpeace.Thisshouldbe devising peacebuildingstrategies.Peacebuilders needtoholdstrategicdialogue on itisimportanttoconsiderthesedevelopmentswhile and the‘war againstterror’, 151). As violencein Swat conflictemergedinthewake oftheU.S.invasion of Afghanistan This strategyisbasedon‘linkingimmediateissueswithsystemissues’(Lederach1997: respecting eachother’s views. melmastia Conflict intheSwat Valley ofPakistan: Pakhtun Culture andPeacebuilding , orrespectinghospitality, whichcanpave theway forlisteningtoand . Addressing theissueoffemaleeducationandwomen’s employmentinthe jirgas onthebasisof Pakhtunwali framework forreconciliationbasedon peace anddevelopment thatrestsona process andstructureforbuildingsustainable The situationintheSwat arearequiresa prevent therecurrenceofviolence. peacebuilding anddevelopment processesto Pakhtunwali . Theprocessmustincludeatime Pakhtunwali approach,whichisbasedon , thefollowingsteps 45 Deliveredsources ofconflict. reconciliation insteadofexploiting themas by Publishingand effective resource forpeaceand association withIslamicfaith)canbearich (especially thecodeofhonourandits Technologyidentity andcodesinthePakhtun culture The sensitivitytocultural andreligious to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 46 Journal of Peacebuilding &Development rights, andpeaceconflict theories. University andtheUniversity of human Islam, on papers Antwerp. published has She theories. ShehasattendedcoursesatYale University, BirminghamUniversity, Viadrina She hasanMPhilinInternationalRelationswithafocus onIslam,andpeaceconflict SAIRA BANOORAKZAI infrastructures forpeaceanddevelopment, includingthetransformationof militants inadialoguetoachieve lastingpeace.Thereisequallyaneedfordeveloping localised in 2009andinternallydisplacedpersonsreturned,itiscrucialtoconstructively engagethe important factorinreducingtension. Although thegovernment endedthemilitaryoperation (especially thecodeofhonouranditsassociationwithIslamicfaith)canbearicheffective code. ThesensitivitytoculturalandreligiousidentitycodesinthePakhtun culture according toapproachesoutlinedbyLederachand Abu-Nimer andtheindigenousPakhtun This paperhasexaminedtheconflictinSwat Valley andprospectsforfuturepeacebuilding Conclusion )Theissueoffemaleeducationandemploymentopportunitiesforwomen couldbe 5) Addressingtheissueofgovernance, development andpeacebuildinginthelightof 4) political/judicial forumstoaplaceforsocialinteractionand reconciliation, approach topeacebuilding. take placeintandemwithrebuildingtheeconomicinfrastructure andtakingagenerational judicial reformstorespondthepeople’s demandsforspeedyjustice.Such processesshould http://www.journalpeacedev.org the educationsystemtonewconceptsthataddresschangingrealitiesofsociety. in IslamicandPakhtun culturecouldbeundertakenthroughworkshops thatopenup women inIslamic/Pakhtun society. Awareness andeducationforwomen andtheirrights women asTNSMclaimsthatthereisnoplacefortheeducationoremploymentof addressed bycreatingawareness ofIslamicprincipleseducationandtherights participatory process(Abu-Nimer2003). and thesacrednessofhumanlife,collaborative actionandsolidarity, andinclusive and framework of Abu-Nimer. Thisincludesthepursuitofjustice,socialempowerment indigenous approachestopeaceandvalues enshrinedinIslam,assuggestedbythe Administered Tribal areasofPakistan. judicial institution,becausestateinstitutionsareinplace,unlikethecaseFederally by bothgovernment andreligiousleaders.The for interactionandreconciliationthatisfreefrompoliticalreligiousexploitation system needstobetransformedfromadecision-makinginstitutionsocialforum opportunities, employmentandfacilitiesforlearningdifferentvocations. The isaPhDscholarattheUniversity ofNewEngland, Australia. leaders inthenegotiationprocessisanequally peace anddevelopment. Engagingreligious emphasis alongwithlong-terminitiatives for term interventions mustbegiven proper framework. To createaneffective process,short- can formthebasisforaneffective peacebuilding peacebuilding listsdifferentvalues inIslamthat context, Abu-Nimer’s framework forIslamic exploiting themassourcesofconflict.Inthis resource forpeaceandreconciliationinsteadof jirga systeminSwat isnotapoliticalor

and implementing jirgas from jirga Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Care International UK IP address: 80.168.190.66 On: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:27 Hilali, ICG (InternationalCrisisGroup) Johansen, R. faced inotherareas. outsider; thoughnotfromtheSwat Valley, Icanunderstandtheproblemsastheyaresimilartothose for women andmilitancyintribalareastowhichIbelongKhyberPukhtunkhawa. Iamalsoan Abasi, A. Aall, P., Crocker, C.&Hampson,F. References 2 1 Endnote Hay, W. Hassan, Y. Azfar, S.,Samples,C.&Wood, T. Avruch, K.,Black,P. &Scimecca,J Jan, D. Joshua Project Centre forResearchandSecurity BBC News,SouthAsia Kakar, P. Johnson, T. &Mason,M. Khyber PukhtoonkhwaOfficialGatewaytoGovernment Ali, A. Abu-Nimer, M. Ali ,T.

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