DOCSLIB.ORG

Ela Gandhi : the Peace Activist

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ela Gandhi : the Peace Activist Odisha Review December - 2013 Ela Gandhi : The Peace Activist Dr. Bishnupriya Padhi Abstract In every age and in every country there are always those who have walked the extra mile, who have made an extraordinary commitment and who have lived an exemplary life. There are and have been many Indians in South Africa who dedicated their lives to the struggle against apartheid in pre-1994 era. They continue to carry the highest values and principles with them to maintain world peace. Their contributions to that country and to the world inspire generation after generation. They smoothen the transition from a culture of violence to a culture of peace; from separateness and fear to oneness and hope; from competition and to cooperative interdependence; from win lose relationships to win win peace. Ela Gandhi, the great grand- daughter of Mahatma Gandhi was one of those. A recipient of the Community of Christ International Peace Award and the Padma Bhushan by the Indian Government, she was a beacon of hope to the AIDS victims. She attempts all along at building a culture of non-violence based on gender equality, sustainable food security, arrest of rising food costs, and alleviation of poverty, creation of infrastructure and forging of global alliance for peace. Introduction with lots of expectation and hope to the prevention of conflict and violence through democratization South Africa is in its 19th year of process in South Africa. The guiding value of this democracy. Kotze in an article in the African process is ubuntu. The famous South African Journal on Conflict Resolution had stated that: philosopher Leopold Sangor defined the essence “Democratization is directly and positively of ubuntu as “I feel the other, I dance the other, correlated with conflict resolution or prevention. and therefore I am.” This means that we become That socio- economic development is directly and more human through the other. As a country it positively correlated with participatory democracy believes in the values of ubuntu and the saying and therefore democratization and socio economic that “it takes a village to raise a child”, humanity, and sustainable development is necessary human rights and a just and moral society. The prerequisites for the resolution or prevention of worrying news is that it is now caught up in the deep rooted conflict.” 1 Mahatma Gandhi used to vortex of violence. Even Thandi Luthuli- say that, “If we want to cultivate a true spirit of Gcabashe, the daughter of the legendary Chief democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant.” It Albert Luthuli, in a conference had stated that2, is a simple truth, and it is the essence of South “If you look at KwaZulu-Natal region, before the Africa’s democracy. The world at large looks up 1994 elections or even today, violence has been 6 December - 2013 Odisha Review intense largely because resources are scarce. the process itself is genuinely inclusive and is based Those things could be solved if there were some on some gentleness in how they handle each attempts at equality. Poverty is a big cause of other. While values such as ubuntu and respect conflict and the outbreak of war. That is what are much spoken about, they are generally absent could be learnt from people like my father and from political life, and their time has come. Gandhi. It is very difficult when just day-to-day This sentiment was echoed even in the living is a constant struggle, when people don’t historic gathering of South African activists; U.S.- see a light at the end of the tunnel.” According to 3 based civil rights veterans, Indians involved in Nirvada Singh , “in 2001 violence was one of various constructive programmes, and assorted the top leading causes of death in South Africa. other internationalists convened in Durban from There are many forms of violence- interpersonal, 31 July to 2 August 2012 at Durban University of youth violence, child abuse, intimate partner Technology for a conference on ‘Roots to Fruits: violence and sexual violence. She further revealed Nonviolence in Action’. Sponsored by the Gandhi that in a report presented to the South African Development Trust and Satyagraha newspaper, Parliament it was stated that violence was a ‘sub- and organized by Ela Gandhi —the three-day culture in the country’… and that the causes event brought together over one hundred include harsh poverty, high unemployment rates, educators, students, community leaders, inequality and marginalization.” politicians, and religious figures to discuss the There is a clamour for a national dialogue future of nonviolence on a global scale. With a on how to end violence in South African society wide diversity of viewpoints on the meaning and today. Whatever the strengths and achievements contemporary significance of nonviolence — from of reconciliation and building of new institutions a tactic for militant resistance to a philosophy since 1994, South African society and which sometimes helps adherents tacitly adjust Government can no longer ignore the terrible to the status quo — the best part of the gathering problem of violence with which people live. Their was the networking possibilities amongst a strong societal structures continue to be caught up with and energetic grouping of participants.4 violence, which becomes visible in disasters like In this article we have attempted at killings in Marikana miners’ strike or in the spate mapping the efforts of Ela Gandhi as a peace of political assassinations in KwaZulu-Natal in activist from among her multi-dimensional 2012. Political action has centred too much on personality. She is a builder of institutions for identifying one or other group as the enemy. peace. The study is based on published materials Colonialism and apartheid had done enough –both electronic and print media. damage in creating and perpetuating a political and civic culture of violence which never valued Early Life the lives of all in the society. A society based on Ela is the grand-daughter of Mahatma attempts by one or other group to gain control Gandhi and is a peace activist and former ANC and to seize resources was incapable of Member of Parliament. She was born at the then addressing the deep problems of social inequality Phoenix Settlement, Durban on 1 July 1940 as and environmental degradation. It is well known the youngest daughter of Manilal and Sushila that achieving the end of violence is a long task, Gandhi. Her father, who was Gandhi’s second but as South Africans they have taken on long son, returned from India to South Africa in 1917 tasks before. Such a dialogue can only work if to assist in the running of Phoenix Settlement and 7 Odisha Review December - 2013 of the newspaper, The Indian Opinion give each family two acres of land and live a (1903). By 1920 he had become the editor of communal life”. Gandhi used the settlement “to the paper and would eventually become its longest train political activists called Satyagrahis as well serving editor. He married Sushila in 1927 and a as house their families, while they were engaged year later their first daughter Sita was born, twelve in the campaigns against unjust laws”. Her early years later in 1940 Ela was born. She had a role models were Chief Albert Luthuli, Gandhi, brother called Arun Gandhi. The Gandhi home her grandfather, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, was a basic family homestead, a wood and iron Govan Mbeki, Monty Naicker, her father and house where she lived in for the first six years of Yusuf Dadoo. her life. Her father later built a dwelling out of bricks. Growing up in an ashram, Ela was Ela first became aware of racial strongly influenced by her family’s tradition of non- oppression from the time she went to school. Her violent resistance. As the Gandhi children grew mother started a non-racial school at Gandhi’s up on the settlement they became strongly House for about 200 children. An inspector said; influenced by their father Manilal, who had “you can’t teach… there is a law against private become an important focus of resistance in the schools, and in particular you being an Indian local community. Initially her parents educated her cannot teach African children”. In 1952, when at home. She saw her neighbour’s children were Ela was 12 years old, her father started going to all going to school. She was a little child and she Defiance Campaign meetings at Red Square. They said, “No, I have to go to school now. I was eight used to march to the Brook Street library, which or nine years old”. Her parents agreed to send was an all White library. Ela walked with her her to a school about two kilometres away from brother, sisters and friends in and went to African home. This was her first rebellion. Ela was townships where Indians were forbidden to go admitted into a standard four class. The school by law. That was the beginning of her dedicated was also a wood and iron building with wooden and courageous life in politics. partitions and had no water and electricity. The She matriculated at the former Durban children and teachers had to use pit latrines. She Indian Girls High School and obtained a BA spent three years here, passed her standard six degree at Natal University and thereafter an and went to Durban Indian Girls High School in Honours in Social Science through University of Carlisle Street. South Africa (UNISA). She practiced as a social She had to take a bus from home to the worker at the Verulam Child Welfare. Ela is railway station in Duffs Road to catch a train to known for her peace activism during the Apartheid Greyville Station from where she would walk to era.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gandhi Warrior of Non-Violence P
    SATYAGRAHA IN ACTION Indians who had spent nearly all their lives in South Africi Gandhi was able to get assistance for them from South India an appeal was made to the Supreme Court and the deportation system was ruled illegal. Meantime, the satyagraha movement continued, although more slowly as a result of government prosecution of the Indians and the animosity of white people to whom Indian merchants owed money. They demanded immediate payment of the entire sum due. The Indians could not, of course, meet their demands. Freed from jail once again in 1909, Gandhi decided that he must go to England to get more help for the Indians in Africa. He hoped to see English leaders and to place the problems before them, but the visit did little beyond acquainting those leaders with the difficulties Indians faced in Africa. In his nearly half year in Britain Gandhi himself, however, became a little more aware of India’s own position. On his way back to South Africa he wrote his first book. Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule. Written in Gujarati and later translated by himself into English, he wrote it on board the steamer Kildonan Castle. Instead of taking part in the usual shipboard life he used a packet of ship’s stationery and wrote the manuscript in less than ten days, writing with his left hand when his right tired. Hind Swaraj appeared in Indian Opinion in instalments first; the manuscript then was kept by a member of the family. Later, when its value was realized more clearly, it was reproduced in facsimile form.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandhi Sites in Durban Paul Tichmann 8 9 Gandhi Sites in Durban Gandhi Sites in Durban
    local history museums gandhi sites in durban paul tichmann 8 9 gandhi sites in durban gandhi sites in durban introduction gandhi sites in durban The young London-trained barrister, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1. Dada Abdullah and Company set sail for Durban from Bombay on 19 April 1893 and arrived in (427 Dr Pixley kaSeme Street) Durban on Tuesday 23 May 1893. Gandhi spent some twenty years in South Africa, returning to India in 1914. The period he spent in South Africa has often been described as his political and spiritual Sheth Abdul Karim Adam Jhaveri, a partner of Dada Abdullah and apprenticeship. Indeed, it was within the context of South Africa’s Co., a firm in Porbandar, wrote to Gandhi’s brother, informing him political and social milieu that Gandhi developed his philosophy and that a branch of the firm in South Africa was involved in a court practice of Satyagraha. Between 1893 and 1903 Gandhi spent periods case with a claim for 40 000 pounds. He suggested that Gandhi of time staying and working in Durban. Even after he had moved to be sent there to assist in the case. Gandhi’s brother introduced the Transvaal, he kept contact with friends in Durban and with the him to Sheth Abdul Karim Jhaveri, who assured him that the job Indian community of the City in general. He also often returned to would not be a difficult one, that he would not be required for spend time at Phoenix Settlement, the communitarian settlement he more than a year and that the company would pay “a first class established in Inanda, just outside Durban.
    [Show full text]
  • Notification Pgm-Cet-2014
    No.DMER/PGM-CET 2014/Question Paper/Notification No.5/2-A, Date : 28/01/2014. NOTIFICATION PGM-CET-2014 The Common Entrance Test for Postgraduate Medical Courses, PGM-CET-2014 was conducted on Sunday, 5th January, 2014 by Competent Authority appointed by Government of Maharashtra. The provisional result of the same is being declared on 28th January 2014. The subject experts have opined that seven (07) questions in the question paper of the aforesaid examination are defective. The Competent Authority, on the basis of the opinion and advice of the respective subject expert has taken a decision to make these seven (07) questions "non-evaluative / invalid". These questions carried one mark each for a correct answer. Therefore instead of reducing the maximum number of marks from 300 to 293, The Competent Authority has decided to allot one mark each for these defective MCQ to all candidates who appeared in this examination, thus keeping maximum marks as 300; unchanged. The details of "Non-evaluative/ Invalid" MCQ are shown in the Table No. - 1 at respective Sr. No. in each version. Table No. – 1 – Version-wise Sr. No. of Non-evaluative/ Invalid Questions Sr. No. in Sr. No. in Sr. No. Sr. No. Sr. No. Version 11 Version 22 in Version 33 in Version 44 1 54 44 19 294 2 60 75 50 25 3 129 164 139 114 4 157 202 177 152 5 181 21 296 271 6 194 184 159 134 7 199 134 109 84 The subject expert also opined that there is change in Answer Key in Four (04) questions.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Front:Page 17 Bollywood NY.Qxd.Qxd
    The South Asian Times excellence in journalism Vol.5 No. 49 March 30-April 5, 2013 60 Cents New York Edition Follow us on TheSouthAsianTimes.info Durban Summit delivers a BRICS Holi celebrated with development bank fun, frolic in India By Arvind Padmanabhan Indian Americans too enjoy Holi events, which will Durban: In a clear signal of their ascendance in the continue for couple of weeks more. geopolitical space, the lead- ers of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa Wednesday gave their go- ahead to a BRICS bank, rivaling the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to address the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and other BRICS development challenges of leaders during the summit in South Africa. Continued on page 4 (Full story on page 34) North Korea ratifies plan for rocket strike on US and S. Korea Film luminaries Shabana Azmi and Javed BJP stalwart L.K. Advani and Kamla Advani Akhtar doused in the Holi spirit celebrating Holi at their Delhi home. Pyongyang: North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has rati- fied a strike plan by the Strategic Rocket Force as US B-2 stealth bombers flew over the Korean Peninsula, the KCNA news agency reported Friday. "The time has come to set- tle accounts with the US imperialists in view of the prevailing situation," Xinhua quoted Kim Jong Un as say- ing after an urgent meeting North Korean leader Kim Jong Un with the army generals. Continued on page 4 Holi in Beawer, Rajasthan, is a different hue altogether. New Delhi/New York: The festival of colours 'Holi Mubarak'.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter I Introduction
    CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Nonviolence is the pillar of Gandhi‘s life and work. His concept of nonviolence was based on cultivating a particular philosophical outlook and was integrally associated with truth. For him, nonviolence not just meant refraining from physical violence interpersonally and nationally but refraining from the inner violence of the heart as well. It meant the practice of active love towards one‘s oppressor and enemies in the pursuit of justice, truth and peace; ―Nonviolence cannot be preached‖ he insisted, ―It has to be practiced.‖ (Dear John, 2004). Non Violence is mightier than violence. Gandhi had studied very well the basic nature of man. To him, "Man as animal is violent, but in spirit he is non-violent.‖ The moment he awakes to the spirit within, he cannot remain violent". Thus, violence is artificial to him whereas non-violence has always an edge over violence. (Gandhi, M.K., 1935). Mahatma Gandhi‘s nonviolent struggle which helped in attaining independence is the biggest example. Ahimsa (nonviolence) has been part of Indian religious tradition for centuries. According to Mahatma Gandhi the concept of nonviolence has two dimensions i.e. nonviolence in action and nonviolence in thought. It is not a negative virtue rather it is positive state of love. The underlying principle of non- violence is "hate the sin, but not the sinner." Gandhi believes that man is a part of God, and the same divine spark resides in all men. Since the same spirit resides in all men, the possibility of reforming the meanest of men cannot be ruled out.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colonial-Born and Settlers' Indian Association and Natal Indian Politics 1933-1939
    THE COLONIAL-BORN AND SETTLERS' INDIAN ASSOCIATION AND NATAL INDIAN POLITICS 1933-1939 by ANAND CHEDDIE Sub.ltted In partial tultll.ent of the require.ents tor the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Depart.ent of HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF NATAL SUPERVISOR: Professor P. R. Warhurst DECEMBER 1992, DURBAN ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to examine Indian political development in South Africa during the period 1933-1939, with specific reference to the emergence of the Colonial-Born and Settlers' Indian Association and its influence on the course of Natal Indian politics. The primary aim of the thesis is to examine the role played by this Association in obstructing the Union government's assisted emigration plans and colonisation scheme. To achieve this aim it was necessary to examine the establishment of the Association and to determine whether the Association fulfilled its main objective. After a brief exposition of early Indian immigration, the activities of the successive Agent-Generals are examined in the context of their relationship with the Natal Indi~n Congress (NIC) and the Association and how these diplomats articulated the aspirations of their government. The Agency at­ tempted to secure improvements in the socio-economic position of the South African Indian community. In terms of various directives from the Indian government it was clear that they emphasised the value of negotiations and compromise and aggressively suppressed the strategies of those who opposed this approach. This attitude surfaced particularly in its relationship with the Association relative to the Association's stance on the colonisation issue. Notwitstanding the disabilities experienced by the Association in its fight for the equal status of its supporters and for the right to remain in South Africa, the Association is seen to have succeeded in the realisation of its fundamental objective.
    [Show full text]
  • The Praxis of Grassroots Diplomacy for Social Entrepreneurship
    International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 116-134, Fall 2014 ISSN 1555-9033 THE PRAXIS OF GRASSROOTS DIPLOMACY FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP Andrew Hinton Kate Ortbal Penn State University Penn State University University Park, PA 16802 University Park, PA 16802 [email protected] [email protected] Khanjan Mehta Penn State University University Park, PA 16802 [email protected] Abstract – Social entrepreneurs design and implement innovative, sustainable, and scalable solutions to pressing social challenges across the world. While the success of their ventures is impacted by numerous factors, their long-term viability and endurance depends on the relationships built with diverse stakeholders. The praxis of grassroots diplomacy facilitates the development of harmonious and effective relationships that catalyze social change. This art and science of pro-active conflict avoidance and resolution helps navigate multifaceted social dynamics and develop successful entrepreneurial alliances and ecosystems. With the help of several examples and mini case-studies, this article articulates the meaning and importance of grassroots diplomacy. A conceptual framework based on six core competencies of proactive scenario planning, empathy, trust-based relationship building, equitable collaboration, conflict resolution, and ethical reflection is presented. Finally, a practical methodology that animates these core competences into a structured process that strengthens partnerships and ventures is presented. These
    [Show full text]
  • The Phoenix Settlement - Ulwazi the Phoenix Settlement the Phoenix Settlement
    6/26/2011 The Phoenix Settlement - Ulwazi The Phoenix Settlement The Phoenix Settlement From Ulwazi Contents 1 Communal Settlement 2 Phoenix Settlement Trust 3 Indian Opinion 4 Private School 5 Gandhi's legacy continued 6 The settlement restored 7 Gandhi honoured 8 Sources Communal Settlement The Phoenix Settlement, established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1904, is situated on the north-western edge of Inanda, some 20 kilometres north of Durban. Sita Gandhi writes “my grandfather’s farm … was fifteen miles away from the city, and in those days around us were plantations of sugar cane fields. Over 100 acres of land was called Phoenix Settlement. It was the most beautiful piece of land, untouched by the then racial laws.” The Settlement, devoted to Gandhi's principles of Satyagraha (passive resistance) has played an important spiritual and political role throughout its long history, promoting justice, peace and equality. Gandhi established the settlement as an communal experimental farm with the view of giving each family two acres of land which they could develop. He believed that communities like Phoenix which advocated communal living would form a sound bsis for the struggle against social injustice. His granddaughter Ela Gandhi points out that Gandhi used the Settlement "to train political activists called satyagrahis as well as house their families, while they were engaged in the campaigns against unjust laws". Her sister Sita describes the Phoenix Settlement as a lively, bustling community, a veritable kutum. Market gardens were established, their diary supplied milk to all the homesteads on the settlement as well as the neighbourhood, and they produced their own butter and ghee for domestic use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Futility of Violence I. Gandhi's Critique of Violence for Gandhi, Political
    CHAPTER ONE The Futility of Violence I. Gandhi’s Critique of Violence For Gandhi, political life was, in a profound and fundamental sense, closely bound to the problem of violence. At the same time, his understanding and critique of violence was multiform and layered; violence’s sources and consequences were at once ontological, moral and ethical, as well as distinctly political. Gandhi held a metaphysical account of the world – one broadly drawn from Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist philosophy – that accepted himsa or violence to be an ever-present and unavoidable fact of human existence. The world, he noted, was “bound in a chain of destruction;” the basic mechanisms for the reproduction of biological and social life necessarily involved continuous injury to living matter. But modern civilization – its economic and political institutions as well as the habits it promoted and legitimated – posed the problem of violence in new and insistent terms. Gandhi famously declared the modern state to represent “violence in a concentrated and organized form;” it was a “soulless machine” that – like industrial capitalism – was premised upon and generated coercive forms of centralization and hierarchy.1 These institutions enforced obedience through the threat of violence, they forced people to labor unequally, they oriented desires towards competitive material pursuits. In his view, civilization was rendering persons increasingly weak, passive, and servile; in impinging upon moral personality, modern life degraded and deformed it. This was the structural violence of modernity, a violence that threatened bodily integrity but also human dignity, individuality, and autonomy. In this respect, Gandhi’s deepest ethical objection to violence was closely tied to a worldview that took violence to inhere in modern modes of politics and modern ways of living.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditions of Conflict Resolution in South Africa
    Traditions of Conflict Resolution in South Africa R.B.G. Choudree1 ABSTRACT In the domain of law, and elsewhere, alternative dispute resolution can be used in more than one way. It may signify a recognition that there are other methods than litigation, and that these may sometimes be more appropriate. But it may also serve as a label for methods which are frowned upon as popular but amateurish. This article is written from the perspective that the deep roots and valid reasons for tradi- tional conflict resolution methods and customs should be taken seriously. They form part of time-proven social systems, in which the objective is usually more than just settling a case. Such methods, whether they include more adjudication or more mediation, are especially oriented towards reconciliation and the maintenance or even improvement of social relationships. Representative examples from a few South African societies are discussed, as well as the current situation of Western and customary law, modern courts and tribal courts, legal professionals and traditional leaders. Possibilities for the future are pointed out, in an increasingly urbanised South Africa, but a South Africa with a new Constitution. 10 R.B.G. Choudree Traditions of Conflict Resolution in South Africa 11 It was my fortune to be well versed in the fundamentals of what is methods of tribal courts resemble in some respect those of councillors in called Native Law and Custom, so I was able to take up my court our own society, they approximate more to the methods of our courts. They work with no great difficulty.
    [Show full text]
  • GK Digest November 2016
    GK Digest November 2016 International Affairs Pakistan postpones SAARC summit Pakistan has officially postponed the 19th SAARC Summit to be held in November in Islamabad. Pakistan's decision to postpone the SAARC meet has come in the wake of five South Asian countries, including India, expressing their inability to participate in the summit. India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka had already pulled out of the SAARC summit indirectly blaming Pakistan for creating an environment which is not right for the successful holding of the meet. Indo-Sri Lanka Joint Military Exercise Mitra Shakti 2016 begins in Ambepussa, Sri Lanka The fourth edition of the India-Sri Lanka Joint Military Exercise ‘MITRA SHAKTI 2016’ is being conducted at Ambepussa, Sri Lanka from 24 October to 06 November 2016. The Indian Contingent is represented by a platoon from the RAJPUTANA RIFLES Regiment and the Sri Lankan Army will be represented by a platoon from the Sinha Regiment. US & Vietnam navies begin 7th annual NEA in Da Nang The US and Vietnamese navies have begun the 7th annual Naval Engagement Activity NEA, Vietnam 2016 at Tien Sa Port in Da Nang. The exercise will focus on non-combatant events and Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea and search and rescue scenarios. India home to highest number of poors, Naijria second: World Bank A recent World Bank report said that in the 2013, the highest number of people living below poverty line were in India. It was said in a report titled ‘Poverty and share Prosperity’. The report says,’ India is a country where most number of people are living below the international standard of $1.90 per day.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious and Cultural Dimensions of Peacebuilding Nathan C
    Religious and Cultural Dimensions of Peacebuilding Nathan C. Funk Nathan Funk is assistant professor in peace and conflict studies at Conrad Grebel University College in Waterloo, Ontario. He has lived in the Middle East and South Asia, designed an internet course on conflict resolution, worked on research and training projects for the United States Institute of Peace, and participated in cooperative efforts to develop conflict resolution curricula at Middle Eastern universities. His publications include two edited volumes: Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam (University Press of America, 2001) and Ameen Rihani: Bridging East and West (University Press of America, November 2004). Recent studies suggest that there is one common denominator shared by Middle Eastern Muslims who support suicide bombings and other attacks against Western targets: belief that the religious core of their identity—indeed, their religion itself—is under attack. In other words, they believe that the “War on Terror” is really a “War on Islam.”[1] And paradoxically, they also appear to believe that saving their religion may require desperate, “defensive” methods that violate basic principles of Islamic just war theory. Such beliefs and behaviors are not unique to Muslims. For complex psychological reasons, many people in this world are willing to become martyrs if they believe it is necessary to redeem what they value most, to save an assaulted or humiliated core identity. Though such obviously self-destructive behaviors appear to arise most readily within beleaguered or traumatized communities such as Sri Lankan Tamils and Palestinian Muslims, the use of violence to defend a “sacred” sense of identity is by no means a rare phenomenon.
    [Show full text]