EDUCATION TRUST BARN, WARSLOW Report on Historic Building Recording

South West Peak Landscape Partnership Scheme

BARNS AND BUILDINGS PROJECT EDUCATION TRUST BARN, WARSLOW Report on Historic Building Recording

SWP BB Project No. 003 (Barn UID: 0759_B001)

Key Information

Project Name Education Trust Barn Repairs Report title Education Trust Barn Report on Historic Building Recording Report Status Final BB Project No. 003 Client Education Trust NGR SK0782859032 Planning Reference ENQ/39246

Author Dr Catherine Parker Heath Illustrations CPH Date 13/08/2020 Version and Final. ETBHistoric Building Recording Report_Final filename

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 2 of 50 Contents

Key Information...... 2 Contents ...... 3 1. Summary ...... 6 2. Introduction...... 6 3. Setting, Topography and Geology ...... 7 4. Aims and Purposes...... 8 4.1. Regional Research Aims and Objectives ...... 8 4.2. Historic Building Recording Objectives...... 8 5. Methodology ...... 9 5.1. Coverage ...... 9 5.2. Building recording level ...... 9 5.3. Building recording methodology ...... 9 6. Description of the building ...... 10 6.1. Background ...... 10 6.2. External Features ...... 10 6.3. Internal Features ...... 11 7. Discussion...... 12 8. Conclusions...... 14 9. Archive transfer ...... 15 10. References ...... 16 11. Illustrations ...... 17 11.1. Location of Warslow in the Country ...... 17 11.2. Location of the Education Trust Barn in the Peak District National Park ...... 18 11.3. Location of the Education Trust Barn to the NW of Warlsow ...... 19 11.4. Setting of the Education Trust Barn...... 20 11.5. Location of Forkhill Plantation and Revidge Wood in relation to the Education Trust Barn ...... 21 11.6. Topography...... 22 11.6.1. Looking NW illustrating slope of field ...... 22 11.6.2. Looking SE with barn left of centre, Ecton Hill in distance to left and the Manifold Valley in distance to right of centre...... 22

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 3 of 50 11.7. Plans ...... 23 11.7.1. Ground floor plan ...... 23 11.8. Elevations ...... 24 11.8.1. South elevation ...... 24 11.8.2. West elevation ...... 25 11.8.3. East elevation ...... 25 11.8.4. North elevation ...... 26 11.9. Sections ...... 27 11.9.1. Long-section L-L1 ...... 27 11.9.2. Cross-section A-A1 ...... 28 11.10. Photographic record plan ...... 29 11.11. Photographs used to illustrate all key points ...... 30 11.11.1. S (and E) elevation ...... 30 11.11.2. S (and W) elevation ...... 30 11.11.3. W doorway in S elevation ...... 31 11.11.4. E doorway in S elevation ...... 32 11.11.5. W elevation ...... 33 11.11.6. N elevation...... 33 11.11.7. Window in N elevation ...... 34 11.11.8. W end of roof on N side ...... 35 11.11.9. E elevation ...... 36 11.11.10. Doorway A – internal lintel ...... 36 11.11.11. Pitching hole – internal ...... 37 11.11.12. Internal view of N wall showing possible mortices for hayloft beams...... 37 11.11.13. Internal partition between E and W ends from the W end of the barn .....38 11.11.14. ‘Ratch-stake’ to S end of partition in E end of barn...... 38 11.11.15. The three panels making up the partition from the E end of the barn ...... 39 11.11.16. N end of the partition showing ‘ratch-stake’ ...... 39 11.11.17. Troughs to S end of partition revealing the brick ...... 40 11.11.18. Trough to N end of the partition ...... 41 11.11.19. Window in N wall ...... 41 11.11.20. Possible mortice in internal wall to W of ‘ratch-stake’ ...... 42 11.11.21. King post truss ...... 42

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 4 of 50 11.12. Historic maps ...... 43 11.12.1. OS Six-inch revised 1897-98 published 1900, showing the barn not yet built ...43 11.12.2. OS Six-inch revised 1919-20 published 1924, showing barn now in place...... 43 12. Appendices ...... 44 12.1. Copy of the initial site assessment ...... 44 12.2. Scoring form: Assessment criteria ...... 48

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 5 of 50 1. Summary 1.1. Level 2 Historic Building Recording was carried out on 27th August 2019 at the Education Trust Barn, a traditional field barn located at NGR: SK0782859032. The work was carried by Sheila Needham (SWP volunteer) and Catherine Parker Heath (SWP Cultural Heritage Officer). The barn is owned by an Education Trust based in Warslow that was set up to provide funds for pupils and students of the parish from the rent of the fields in which the barn sits. 1.2. The historic building recording was carried out because the barn is being considered for repair as part of the South West Peak Landscape Partnership’s (SWPLP) Barns and Buildings Project (BB). The aim of this project is to identify a number of significant traditional field barns for restoration or repair to ensure the survival of this important historic resource for the foreseeable future. The Education Trust Barn is one such traditional field barn. 1.3. The barn is situated on the NW edge of the village of Warslow in the Staffordshire Moorlands and within the South West Peak area of the Peak District National Park (Fig 11.1. - 11.3.). 1.4. The Education Trust Barn is one of a number of isolated field barns that are typical of this area of Warslow Moors, although this example is slightly later than most. It was built sometime between 1899 and 1920 when it first appears on the OS map published in 1924 (Fig. 11.12.1. & 11.12.2.). The closest farmstead to the barn is Waterford Farm. Whilst it is clear that the barn is not currently under the same ownership as the farm, it is uncertain whether it ever was in the past. 1.5. The significance of the barn resides in the fact that it is an early 20th-century traditional field barn built from traditional materials – gritstone and Staffordshire blue tiles. It is an example of a vernacular building built for need relating to past farming practices and which is now no longer in any significant use, meaning it is at risk of further degradation. The barn also contributes significantly to the local distinctiveness of the immediate area, which has examples of isolated field barns scattered around the landscape, and adds the character of the wider South West Peak (National Character Area (NCA) 53), the settlement pattern of which, “is dispersed with small settlements, traditional farmsteads and isolated field barns predominantly built of local stone, reflecting the geology, history and local building traditions” (Natural England 2013).

2. Introduction

2.1. Historic building recording was carried out on the Education Trust Barn because the barn is being considered for repair as part of the South West Peak Landscape Partnership’s (SWPLP) Barns and Buildings Project (BB). The barn was initially identified as being suitable for repairs following a level 1 building survey of field barns across the SWP as part of the SWPLPS’ BB project. This has been led by

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 6 of 50 Catherine Parker Heath (SWP Cultural Heritage Officer) and carried out by SWP volunteers. The Unique ID (UID) number of this barn from the level 1 survey is 0759_B001. 2.2. A further assessment was made based on Historic England’s Farmstead Assessment Framework (Historic England, 2015) and the Peak District National Park’s Farmstead Assessment Framework (Lake & Edwards 2017). This assessment can be found in Appendix 12.1. The barn was also scored according to and adapted from criteria in the PDNPA’s Targeting Historic Building Restoration in Countryside Stewardship Assessment Criteria for Farm Buildings and Natural England & English Heritage Guidance notes for HLS Targeting of Historic Farm Buildings (Natural England 2008). The scoring document for this barn can be found in Appendix 12.2. These two assessments enabled a judgement to be made in favour of proceeding with repairs subject to cost, ecological considerations and the use of appropriate and acceptable materials. As a result, a condition survey and a number of ecological surveys have been undertaken alongside the historic building survey. 2.3. This report has been prepared as a result of work carried out on 27th August 2019, which was conducted according to the guidelines in Understanding Historic Buildings – A guide to good recording practice by Historic England (2016) and the CIfA’s Code of Conduct (2019a) and The Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Building Recording (2019b).

3. Setting, Topography and Geology 3.1. The barn is situated on the northwest edge of the village of Warslow in the Staffordshire Moorlands and within the South West Peak area of the Peak District National Park (11.1., 11.2, 11.3.). It sits within an area of fossilised medieval strip fields, and irregular and some regular piecemeal enclosures, typical of the area around this moorland village (11.4.). Remnants of drystone walls that are no longer functional attest to the medieval strip field system that was fossilised in the post-medieval period. Field boundaries that are still in existence are drystone walls and remnants of drystone walls with hedges and some trees. There are few trees in general, except in areas further to the North and in the wider area such as the plantations at Forkhill and Revidge (11.5.). Modern Public Rights of Way (PRoWs) follow historic route ways and footpaths in area. The footpath heading south-southwest to the west of the barn follows the line of an original turnpike road from Longnor before it was diverted to pass Warslow Hall in first half of the 19th century (see 11.4.). All features of the immediate setting were in existence when the barn was built in the early 20th century and little has changed since that time. 3.2. The barn is situated on the edge of what is cultivated land and open moorland towards Revidge, Swallow Moss and Lum Edge to the north. The ground slopes away down to the south and southwest from the barn, which the original

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 7 of 50 turnpike and current PRoW follows down towards the Manifold Valley (11.6.1.). There are far-reaching views in this direction across the undulating landscape (see 11.6.2.). 3.3. The geology of the area on which the barn is situated is ‘Morridge Formation’ mudstone, siltstone and sandstone sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 320 to 329 million years ago. To the north are patches of ‘Lum Edge Sandstone’ formed approximately 323-324 million years ago, and to the south there is a band of ‘Bowland Shale Formation’. This too is a mudstone, siltstone and sandstone sedimentary bedrock. Further south and to the east is a thin and then much thicker band of what is known as ‘Widmerpool Formation’ which is a limestone and mudstone interbedded sedimentary bedrock. All the above were formed in the Carboniferous Period.

4. Aims and Purposes 4.1. Regional Research Aims and Objectives 4.1.1. The historic building recording has identified the presence of evidence pertinent to research objectives and overarching research themes identified in Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research (Watt 2011), notably: - Explore the way in which the social changes wrought by the adoption of capitalism manifest themselves in the archaeological record: e.g. the commodification and privatisation of space and the development of new identities as evinced through landscape, buildings and material culture (Belford 2011, 229).

4.2. Historic Building Recording Objectives 4.2.1. The aims of the historic building recording were: - to produce measured and annotated survey drawings of the building, at an appropriate scale, including a floor plan, sections and, if deemed appropriate, elevations. - to produce a formal description of the building, including its floor plan, elevations, roof structure, flooring, internal layout and spaces, detailing, form, fabric, and evidence for phasing and development. - to produce a photographic record with photographic scales with all photographs descriptively captioned and cross referenced to a plan, plans and/or elevations clearly showing the viewing position, direction and photographic image reference. - to produce an appropriate historic context account for the building and to outline its historic significance. - to provide training and practice in measured building recording for SWP volunteers.

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 8 of 50 5. Methodology 5.1. Coverage 5.1.1. The building recorded is a field barn named here as the Education Trust Barn. The building in its entirety was recorded.

5.2. Building recording level 5.2.1. The building recording was conducted according to the guidelines in Understanding Historic Buildings - A guide to good recording practice by Historic England (2016) for Level 2 survey, and the CIfA’s Code of Conduct (2019a) and Standard and guidance for the archaeological investigation and recording of standing buildings or structures (2019b).

5.3. Building recording methodology 5.3.1. The SWP Cultural Heritage Officer and SWP volunteer carefully examined all parts of the building and carried out the photographic and drawn recording in order to identify all features relevant to original and later use. As part of this exercise, the written observations were made on site to enable the preparation of a report. Each external wall or internal space was examined individually, and the results of that examination noted in a systematic fashion.

5.3.2. The building was surveyed using hand-tapes and an extendable measuring pole. The drawn record includes the following: - A set of detailed measured survey drawings including a floor plan as existing, showing the location of features of historic significance with annotations. - Elevation drawings of each elevation showing features of historic significance with annotations. - A long section and a cross-section through the building, again showing features of historic significance with annotations. - A plan indicating the position and orientation of photographs included in the report.

5.3.3. A photographic record of the buildings has been made using a Panasonic Lumix DC-TZ90 (20.3 megapixels). These photographs are digital and will be submitted to the PDNPA for inclusion in the HBSMR and through agreement to the Staffordshire HER (see Section 9). A one-metre ranging rod was included in a selection of general shots in order that the scale of all elements of the building can be sufficiently established. This photographic record consists of the following: - Photographs of the setting of the building. - Photographs of the building’s external appearance through a series of views to show all external elevations of the structure and to give an overall impression of size and shape. Photographs taken at right angles to the plane of the elevation have also been taken where possible.

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 9 of 50 - Photographs of any internal or external detail, structural or decorative, which is relevant to the building’s design, development or use over time and which does not show adequately on general views. - Photographs of any internal or external fixtures, fittings or evidence of its former existence relevant to the building’s use or development.

5.3.4. Research using online sources including OS mapping and available published sources has been carried out. Intended visits to record offices was hampered by social distancing measures put in place due to COVID-19.

6. Description of the building 6.1. Background 6.1.1. The barn was built at some point between 1898 and 1920 as ascertained from the Six-inch OS maps published in 1900 and 1924 (see 11.12.1 and 11.12.2 respectively) using traditional materials. The barn would have been built at this time to address a need to house animals and for storage, probably of hay, over the winter months around or soon after the turn of the 19th and 20th century. It appears that only one side of the barn would have been used for stock as remains of ratch-stakes and feeding troughs exist on only the eastern side (see Section 6.3. below). Whilst it might be possible that similar features once existed on the western side, the fact that an opening on the east end of the north elevation may have been used as a muck-hole could lend weight to this conclusion. See discussion below (Section 7). For the description of the barn in this section the compass directions will be abbreviated e.g. N – north, S – south, E – east and W – west. 6.2. External Features 6.2.1. The S elevation: This is the principal elevation (elevation drawing 11.8.1, photos 11.11.1 & 11.11.2.), built with randomly placed irregular gritstone blocks. There are two doorways (A & B, plan 11.7.1., 11.11.3 & 11.11.4), with quoins around them made of regular gritstone blocks. Those around the eastern-most doorway (B) form the quoins at the corner of the building. The western-most end of this elevation also has gritstone quoins. The doors and frames no longer survive. Each opening has a wooden lintel. The western-most doorway (A) has a higher external lintel than internal. There are 4 corroded iron brackets in situ (C, 11.8.1.) that would have been used to hold rainwater guttering in place and a further pieces of corroded ironmongery to the W of the eastern-most doorway (D, 11.8.1 & 11.11.4). There would have been lime-mortar to hold the stonework together but this has now all but perished. 6.2.2. The W elevation: This is a gable end (elevation drawing 11.8.2, photo 11.11.5). This has had some repairs made when what would have been a pitching-hole was blocked using pre-cast composite stone blocks (E). The blocking goes beyond the confines of the original opening up to the top of the gable. The existence of a Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 10 of 50 pitching-hole indicates that there would have been a hayloft inside the barn. The original and lowest course of blocks or quoins on either side of the opening are still in situ (F, see 11.8.2.). The rest of the wall is built with random irregular gritstone blocks and there is still some lime mortar present in this wall – around 50%. 6.2.3. The N elevation: This is on the upslope side of the barn and as such the wall plate stands at less than 1.5m from ground level (elevation drawing 11.8.4, photo 11.11.6.). There is one opening on this side - a window on the E end (G) (11.11.7.). This has a relatively thin stone sill and lintel. There are 6 cast iron brackets for a rainwater gutter (H, see 11.8.4.) although the gutter itself no longer remains. It is built with randomly placed irregular gritstone blocks with regular shaped quoins at each corner. 6.2.4. The E elevation: This is a gable end, also built with irregular gritstone blocks constructed randomly (elevation drawing 11.8.3., photo 11.11.8.). There are large regular gritstone quoins at each corner. There is no opening in this end. Cast iron rainwater goods, including bracket, gutter (I), hopper (J) and downpipe (K), (see 11.8.3.) remain in place but they are now redundant with the gutter broken and corroded and the hopper now at right angles to how it should be positioned. The downpipe is also somewhat corroded. The wall was once mortared with lime mortar but very little if any of this now remains in situ. 6.2.5. Roof - external: The roof has had some repair the second half of the 20th century, possibly when the W gable end was repaired and the pitching-hole blocked up. However, the tiles are Staffordshire Blue tiles and are likely to be original. Some tiles are now missing, with slippage at the edges. There is some sinking over the western-most doorway on the S elevation (L) (see photo 11.11.3.). The roof on the N side of the barn seems to be faring worse than on the S side with missing and slipped tiles and a crevice where the roof is bowing is apparent to the W end (M, see 11.8.3. and photo 11.11.9.). 6.3. Internal Features 6.3.1. W end: The internal lintel (N, see section 11.9.1.) of doorway A is wooden and is lower than the external one (11.11.10.). The blocked up pitching-hole (E), can be seen clearly inside and it is apparent that the blocking is one skin thick of pre-cast composite stone blocks (11.11.11.). The original quoin around the pitching-hole on the S side (F) can be recognised internally although on the N side it is apparent that the single block externally does not reach through to the inside where there are two stones (O). It is possible that mortices, or grooves existed at the height of the internal walls to support beams for a hayloft, but it is difficult to identify them with any certainty (P, 11.11.12.). There are no other internal features at this end except for the dividing partition wall (Q) and the broken doorway which, at the time of the survey, was resting against it (11.11.13.). The partition wall is described in more detail in relation to the E end.

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 11 of 50 6.3.2. E end: There is no way through to this end from the W end. Entry is though the eastern-most doorway on the S elevation (B). Moving S from the doorway, there is a small step up running the width of the barn onto a concrete floor (R). At 2.9m from the internal E wall and 0.36m from the partition there is a ratch-stake (S) in situ that is likely to be original (11.11.14.). The partition is 3.26 m from the E end wall and runs the width of the barn (Q) (11.11.15.). It consists of three roughly equal wooden makeshift panels. The end panels are fixed into the internal walls: to the S by a horizontal post extending from the central part of the panel inserted into a mortice (see 11.11.14.); and to the N to a vertical wooden post (11.11.16.). On the W side of the partition there are additional panels covering the central and N ends doubling the thickness (see 11.11.13.). The southern-most and central panel rests on tongue and groove wooden boards although some of the boards are missing from underneath the southern-most panel. The N panel rests on bricks which have possibly replaced what was originally tongue and groove. A wooden ‘sill’ runs the length of the partition resting on what looks like one course of bricks running the width of the barn. To the E of the partition, at ground level, are the remains of plaster-covered bricks which make up the bases of troughs (T) (11.11.17. and 11.11.18.). The central one has broken apart revealing the bricks. At the N end of the partition, is another original ratch-stake (U) (see 11.11.16.) opposite that on the other side and a similar distance from the partition. At the E end of the N wall and opposite the doorway is the window (G), with an internal wooden lintel and stone sill that extends to the outside wall (11.11.19.). Similar to the W end, it is difficult to ascertain whether there are mortices/grooves going into the wall plates that would have once held beams or ‘sticks’ or baulks for a ‘stick loft’ but there are a couple of possible ones (see 11.11.19. & 11.11.20.). There appears to be an empty mortice in the S wall to the E of the ratch-stake (11.11.20.). 6.3.3. Roof - internal: The ridge pole stops short of the W gable end probably as a result of the repairs and blocking at this end. Both purlins at this end have been spliced (see 11.11.11.). The purlins, ridge pole, lathes and truss, which is of a king post type and could be original like the tiles on the exterior (11.11.21.).

7. Discussion 7.1. The Education Trust Barn was built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries or at some time in the following two decades. This was a continuation of a trend starting in the 1840s known as the ‘High Farming’ years (Lake & Edwards 2017, p4). Although in general terms, from 1880 onwards, the rising costs of labour, feeds and other inputs, combined with the decline in prices and rising levels of imports, meant little was invested in new farm buildings, the existence of this example shows what must have been a local variation in this trend. It may have been built to address an increase in this particular landholding’s stock or a

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 12 of 50 change of ownership of this field which meant the farmstead itself was further away. 7.2. The barn still retains much of its original form with few alterations. The main change to its form is the blocking of the pitching-hole in the W gable end, which has been repaired using a composite stone. Whilst it may look at odds with the gritstone from which the rest of the barn has been constructed, this could be considered to be continuing the vernacular building tradition of using the most convenient and cost effect materials available to provide a functional structure. 7.3. It is likely that due to the extensive nature of the blocking of the pitching hole, which goes beyond the confines of the original opening, this work was to repair damage to this end rather than simply a change of use. Nonetheless, without a pitching-hole, a hayloft would be no longer functional. This end is likely to have seen some collapse probably due to damage to the roof and subsequent water damage to the end of the ridge pole and purlins: internally, the ridge pole does not quite reach the repaired gable end and the purlins have been spliced. Whilst these repairs have no doubt saved the barn from further disrepair, the crevice on the roof at this end on the N side, may belie some shortcomings, and it is clear that the roof is now in need of further repair. 7.4. Other changes are the loss of doors and door frames and a probable shutter to the window at ground floor level on the N side. As stated in 6.2.1., the western- most door in the south elevation has a higher external wooden lintel than internal. It is likely that originally the external lintel would have been a stone lintel at the same height as the internal one with stone work above it, as can be observed over the eastern doorway where both the external and internal lintels are at the same height. If the original lintel over the western-most doorway cracked and underwent some collapse affecting the stonework above it, putting a new wooden lintel directly under the eaves may have been a quicker and less troublesome repair to make than building up the stonework above a new stone lintel. 7.5. Other changes are the loss of cast iron rain water goods. The ironmongery that remains attest to what once existed and helps in a reconstruction of it. In terms of rainwater goods, it is clear that gutters ran around at least three sides of the building on the south, east and north, with a hopper and downspout still in situ on the eastern end. It is possible that other downspouts existed but little evidence remains as to where exactly these would have been placed. 7.6. Whilst cattle could have been kept in both ends, the only evidence for a ‘boost’, shippon or cowhouse is found in the E end. Here are in situ remains of ratch- stakes for tying cattle to and feeding troughs. No evidence of boskins remain but it is possible that four stalls existed reflected in remains of feeding troughs and through comparison to other barns in the area (e.g. Hobcroft) where each stall or ‘boose’ is approximately 1m wide. The other end of the barn and doorway could have been used as a mew – for storing hay and open to the roof, and as a fodder- gang i.e. access to ‘cratches’ or hay racks. However, it is difficult to see how this Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 13 of 50 would have worked with the partition as it is in its present form. It may be that this partition is either a later addition as use of the barn changed or has been modified from its original form. What is clear though, is that the evidence of the troughs in the eastern end, indicates there must have been some partition/hayracks in this position. 7.7. The window on the north side at the eastern end, may have been used as a muck-hole and adds weight to the suggestion that cattle were only kept in this end. Muck-holes can often be seen in a similar position to the rear of cow stalls. However, this particular example is rather large and although is close to ground- level on the outside, inside it is approximately 1m above ground. 7.8. Whilst the existence of a pitching-hole indicates that a hayloft would have existed inside the barn, it is difficult to identify where the beams would have been placed due to missing and crumbling stones and mortar towards the top of the walls along the length of the barn, although beams or branches could have rested on top of the wall plate rather than being fixed in and may be responsible for misplacing the stones. It is unlikely that a hayloft (or baulks) as such could have extended into the eastern end of the barn as the truss would have prevented access to this part from the pitching hole, but there could have been branches laid across for some hay to be placed as insulation for cattle being housed over winter.

8. Conclusions 8.1. The Education Trust Barn comes towards the end of a process beginning in the late 18th century, and gaining momentum and reaching the ‘High Farming’ years in the mid to late 19th century (Lake & Edwards 2017). This process saw the increasing enclosure and improvement of land in and around Warslow, as in other parts of the South West Peak which included taking in land that had previously been open moorland (Barnatt 20219, p214). Field barns were an essential part of this process as land was brought under control that was further and further away from the farmstead itself. The decades after this barn was built saw a rise in prefabricated farm buildings and an increasing use of material such as concrete, corrugated iron and asbestos sheets. Hygiene and animal welfare regulations from the interwar period saw many existing barns adapted with concrete floors and stalls and such regulation influenced the building of new ones. Due to poor soils and extensive moorland, the area has escaped the intensification of agriculture that has been apparent in more low-lying regions of the country from the 1940s onwards, which accounts for the fact that little has changed to the setting of this barn, and that it exists at all. 8.2. In addition to the setting being unchanged, so too is the overall form of the barn. Nothing has been added to it or knocked down. This is not to say that there have not been any changes at all. The most visible is the blocking of a pitching-hole in the west gable end, which was probably the result of damage to the roof at this

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 14 of 50 end and resulting damage to the wall. Even if the pitching-hole was no longer being used at this point, the subsequent blocking certainly made sure of it. Prior to this it is likely that the barn was built and used for housing cattle in the eastern end and storing hay in a loft at the western end with access for feeding cattle and perhaps an area for storage underneath it. Rainwater goods were added and probably existed from the time of its construction. Doors, doorframes and shutters have since disappeared and the barn has no or little use at present. 8.3. The significance of the barn comes from the fact that it is a traditional field barn, albeit coming towards the end of this period. It is built using traditional materials in this case, gritstone and Staffordshire blue clay tiles. It has some of the original features in situ allowing an interpretation of its past use and it is located close to modern public rights of way and has what can be described as high landscape amenity – it is visible from a number of different viewpoints and contributes to the landscape character. Whilst repairing the barn may allow it to be brought it into agricultural use again, perhaps equally, if not more importantly, is ensuring that it continues to contribute to the landscape of the Staffordshire Moorlands and the cultural heritage of the area.

9. Archive transfer 9.1. The archive has been agreed to be deposited with the Potteries Museum an Art Gallery and will be transferred by 31st December 2021. 9.2. A digital copy of the report will be submitted to the PDNPA for inclusion into the PDNPA HBSMR and subsequently the Staffordshire HER. 9.3. A field/paper archive will be compiled consisting of all primary written documents, plans, sections, elevations along with a printed copy of the report, as well as a CD Rom/USB drive with each of the above saved as digital copies as well as the digital photographs. This will be submitted to the Potteries Museum in accordance with specific conditions and guidelines (Potteries Museum and Art Gallery 2018). 9.4. The digital archive, as outlined in 9.3, consisting of digital copies of plans, sections, elevations, the historic building recording report, and the digital photographs will be submitted to the ADS. 9.5. An OASIS online record http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/ will be initiated and key fields completed on Details, Location and Creators forms. This will include an uploaded .pdf version of the final report. 9.6. The PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist will be notified of the final deposition of the archive.

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 15 of 50 10. References ADS and Digital Antiquity. 2013. Caring for Digital Data in Archaeology: A Guide to Good Practice.

Barnatt, J. 2019. Reading the Peak District Landscape, Swindon: Historic England

Belford, P. 2011. ‘The archaeology of everything’ – grappling with post-medieval, industrial and contemporary archaeology. In Watt, S. (Ed.) The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A framework for research. University of Birmingham, 211-36.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), 2020 (updated edition). Standard and guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives, Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). 2019a (Revised edition). Code of Conduct. Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) 2019b (Updated edition). The Standards and Guidance for the Archaeological Investigation and Recording of Standing Buildings or Structures. Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Edwards B. 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire, unpublished report, Historic England.

Historic England 2015. Farmstead Assessment Framework: Informing sustainable development and the conservation of traditional farmsteads, Historic England.

Historic England 2016. Understanding Historic Buildings. A Guide to Good Recording Practice. London: Historic England.

Lake, J and Edwards, B. 2017. Peak District National Park Farmsteads Assessment Framework, PDNPA & Historic England

Natural England & English Heritage 2008. Guidance notes for HLS Targeting of Historic Farm Buildings, Natural England & English Heritage.

Natural England 2013. National Character Area Profile: 53 South West Peak, Natural England

PDNPA unpublished document. Targeting Historic Building Restoration in Countryside Stewardship Assessment Criteria for Farm Buildings

Watt, S. (Ed.) 2011. The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A framework for research. University of Birmingham

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 16 of 50 11. Illustrations 11.1. Location of Warslow in the Country Scale 1:2000000 at A4

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 17 of 50

11.2. Location of the Education Trust Barn in the Peak District National Park Scale 1:250000 at A4

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 18 of 50 11.3. Location of the Education Trust Barn to the NW of Warlsow Scale 1:5000 at A4

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 19 of 50 11.4. Setting of the Education Trust Barn Irregular piecemeal Fossilised medieval strip enclosures of unknown date fields

Possible remnants of medieval strip fields or more regular post- medieval piecemeal enclosures

Education Trust Barn

PROW & approx. line of original turnpike

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 20 of 50 11.5. Location of Forkhill Plantation and Revidge Wood in relation to the Education Trust Barn The Education Trust Barn is circled in red, scale 1:5000 at A4

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 21 of 50 11.6. Topography 11.6.1. Looking NW illustrating slope of field

11.6.2. Looking SE with barn left of centre, Ecton Hill in distance to left and the Manifold Valley in distance to right of centre.

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 22 of 50 11.7. Plans 11.7.1. Ground floor plan Drawn at 1:50, S Timson and C Parker Heath

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 23 of 50 11.8. Elevations 11.8.1. South elevation Drawn at 1:50, S Timson and C Parker Heath

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 24 of 50 11.8.2. West elevation Drawn at 1:50, S Timson, P Forshaw-Perring and C Parker Heath

11.8.3. East elevation Drawn at 1:50, C Parker Heath

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 25 of 50 11.8.4. North elevation Drawn at 1:50, P Forshaw-Perring and C Parker Heath

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 26 of 50 11.9. Sections 11.9.1. Long-section L-L1 Drawn at 1:50, C Parker Heath

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 27 of 50 11.9.2. Cross-section A-A1 Drawn at 1:50, C Parker Heath

Education Trust Barn Historic Building Recording Page 28 of 50 11.10. Photographic record plan

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11.11. Photographs used to illustrate all key points 11.11.1. S (and E) elevation

11.11.2. S (and W) elevation

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11.11.3. W doorway in S elevation

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11.11.4. E doorway in S elevation

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11.11.5. W elevation

11.11.6. N elevation

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11.11.7. Window in N elevation

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11.11.8. W end of roof on N side

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11.11.9. E elevation

11.11.10. Doorway A – internal lintel

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11.11.11. Pitching hole – internal

11.11.12. Internal view of N wall showing possible mortices for hayloft beams

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11.11.13. Internal partition between E and W ends from the W end of the barn

11.11.14. ‘Ratch-stake’ to S end of partition in E end of barn

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11.11.15. The three panels making up the partition from the E end of the barn

11.11.16. N end of the partition showing ‘ratch-stake’

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11.11.17. Troughs to S end of partition revealing the brick

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11.11.18. Trough to N end of the partition

11.11.19. Window in N wall

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11.11.20. Possible mortice in internal wall to W of ‘ratch-stake’

11.11.21. King post truss

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11.12. Historic maps 11.12.1. OS Six-inch revised 1897-98 published 1900, showing the barn not yet built

11.12.2. OS Six-inch revised 1919-20 published 1924, showing barn now in place

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12. Appendices 12.1. Copy of the initial site assessment SITE ASSESSMENT: Education Trust Barn 0759_B001 Site plan: Grid Ref SK0782859032 Fossilised medieval strip fields

Line of original turnpike now N PROW

Education Trust Barn

Principle elevation

To Warslow

Summary This is a early 20th C isolated field barn built from traditional materials, with high landscape amenity value and close to PROW Site and management issues Site boundary ownership and use: Single ownership by Education Trust, based in Warslow, and grazed on 18 month grazing licence. Resting at present? Barn low-grade agricultural use – sheep use it for shelter. Evidence for presence of Barn Owls. Site access and services: Historic access follows current PROWs and track from Warslow which runs past Waterford Farm. No services Designations? No Historic character Setting: Situated within fossilised medieval strip fields typical around Warslow, drystone walls and remnants of drystone walls with hedges. Few trees. N edge of Warslow and moorland. Modern PROWs follow historic footpaths in area. Footpath heading SW to W of barn follows line of original turnpike from Longnor before it was diverted to pass Warslow Hall in 1st half of 19th C. One of a number of isolated field barns that are typical of this area of Warslow Moors, although this is later being of early 20th C construction (first appears on 3rd ed. OS map 1924)

The farmstead and its buildings? (with focus on the barn in question) No farmstead in vicinity, closest is Waterford Farm but not under same ownership, past? Or present. Significant views to Manifold Valley WSW from barn where it slopes down. Barn has one wooden panelled internal division ‘skelbuse’, dividing barn into two halves and some original features remaining e.g. ‘ratch-stake’ lying on floor of W half. Cow-shed with hayloft above with 2 doors on south-side – principle elevation, door entrance to each half. Different height of doors suggest different uses. Window or large muck hole on N side of E half (if muck hole would work against gravity). Built of traditional materials – gritstone and Staffordshire blue

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tiles/red clay tiles with repair work done in pre-cast composite stone on E gable end blocking what was once pitching-hole.

Significance - Early 20th C barn (on 3rd Ed. 1924 OS Map, but absent from earlier ones) - Built from traditional materials. Vernacular, random irregular blocks, not coursed except for repairs on W gable. - Example of vernacular building built for need relating to past farming practices. Now no longer in any significant use. - Contributes significantly to the local distinctiveness of area which has examples of isolated field barns scattered around this landscape even though this is likely later than many of them.

CAPACITY FOR CHANGE Need for change To prevent further deterioration of a building which is in need of repairs to roof and repointing in places. Also rain water goods need replacing. Very visible along PROW to S and W and NW. Lacking the capacity to accept alternative uses, therefore at high risk without intervention. Loss of this building will impact on Landscape Character of the SWP. Barn features on recently created Barns Trail on the Warslow Moors

Potential uses Low grade agricultural use as shelter for sheep? possibly a camping barn/bothy Opportunities Risks Landowners v keen Costs Visible from and close to PROWs SWP BB project can partially fund and will go some way to achieving aims of this NLHF project. Relatively good access

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S & E Elevations

W Elevation

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Internal view

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12.2. Scoring form: Assessment criteria SWPLPS BARNS AND BUILDINGS PROJECT Barn UID and Name Assessment Criteria for Field Barns and Outfarms 0759_B001 Education Trust Barn

Significance Score Range Score 1. Date of building ▪ Pre 1750 8 ▪ 1750-1914 4 4 ▪ Post 1914 ineligible 2. Status ▪ Listed 4 ▪ Curtilage/ Conservation Area/Local List 2 ▪ No Listing 1 1 3. Style of building ▪ Vernacular 4 4 ▪ Designed 4 ▪ Industrially produced 1 4. Survival of the barn/outfarm ▪ Substantially intact: less than 25% change 16 16 and associated structures as a whole ▪ Partial Loss: 25%-50% change 8 ▪ Significant Loss: more than 50% change 4 ▪ Major loss: More than 75% change 1 5. Significance of the field ▪ Rare survival (national) 16 barn/outfarm ▪ Representative farmstead type for the area 8 8 (Guidance states that ‘rare survival’ and period includes “Pre-19th century examples of field barns, and those ▪ Unrepresentative farmstead type for area 4 surviving in coherent historic landscapes and with a strong visual relationship to other farmsteads and features”) 6. The barn/outfarm’s ▪ Significant Contribution 8 8 contribution to historic landscape character (this is likely ▪ Limited Contribution 4 to be “significant” in all cases) ▪ No Contribution 2 7. Individual interest of the ▪ Rare survival 16 building (“rare” highly specialised buildings of unusual ▪ Representative building type for the area and 8 8 type or pre-1750) period ▪ Unrepresentative building type for area and 4 period

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8. Fittings and fixtures ▪ Rare original features survive 8 (internal fittings and fixtures that add to its character and are ▪ Typical original features survive 4 associated with the use e.g. stalls, grain bins, machinery, & including ▪ Partial loss of original features or survival of 2 2 doors and windows) secondary features ▪ All original features removed 1

9. Additional interest ▪ Unusual feature of historic interest 4 e.g. Graffiti, ritual marks, tallies ▪ Feature associated with use of land/ritual 2 (Incremental – possible total mark of 7) ▪ Constructional marks 1 1

Vulnerability 10. Building fabric ▪ Particularly rare or vulnerable fabric 16 ▪ Traditional 8 8 ▪ Not original but still largely traditional 4 ▪ Extensive use of non-traditional materials 1 11.Changes to Building ▪ Original form 8 8 ▪ Largely original form 4 ▪ Largely changed 2 12. Potential for Adaptation – ▪ None, or low economic potential 16 16 do we want this to affect those chosen to take forward? Idea is also ▪ Some potential for non-original re-use 8 to find new alternative uses e.g. camping barn also all would pretty ▪ High potential for change to new use 4 much have none or low (therefore don’t include?) 15. Impact of expected use ▪ No loss of integrity or character 8 8 ▪ Little change in fabric or character 4 ▪ Significant intervention 1 17. Wildlife interest ▪ Evidence of protected species 4 4 ▪ Tangible evidence of use, current or past 2 ▪ Wildlife potential 1 16. Visibility (landscape ▪ High 16 16 amenity value)

V important (score higher? – e.g. 32, 16, 8) ▪ Medium 8

▪ Limited 4

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18. Public access ▪ Public/educational access to building 16 V important (score same for access ▪ Permitted route adjacent or close to building 16 16 and permitted route – most will not have public access but ▪ Clearly visible from permitted route 4 proximity important for interpretation purpose and to create trails 13. Extent of restoration work ▪ Minimal Maintenance/repair * required to safeguard &

weatherproof building –(no score - this is a way of categorising ▪ Substantial work required Restoration level of work necessary)

▪ Extensive rebuilding/structural work Consolidation

Total Score 128/171 With internal yes inspection

Farm Name:

Building: Education Trust Barn Date: 21/07/2019

Initial CPH

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