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Darraðarljóð – Gluggi Til Annarra Heima

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Darraðarljóð – Gluggi Til Annarra Heima Hugvísindasvið Darraðarljóð – gluggi til annarra heima Galdur, seiður, leiðsla eða sýn? Ritgerð til MA-prófs í íslenskum fræðum Ingibjörg Eyþórsdóttir Júní 2014 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Íslensk fræði Darraðarljóð – gluggi til annarra heima Galdur, seiður, leiðsla eða sýn? Ritgerð til MA-prófs í íslenskum fræðum Ingibjörg Eyþórsdóttir Kt.: 201257-6039 Leiðbeinandi: Ármann Jakobsson Júní 2014 Ágrip: Ritgerð þessi hlaut Rannís-styrk á vegum verkefnisins „Tekist á við yfirnáttúruna á Íslandi á miðöldum“ sem dr. Ármann Jakobsson prófessor í íslenskum bókmenntum stýrir og hann var jafnframt leiðbeinandi við vinnslu hennar. Darraðarljóð eru galdra- og furðukvæði sem á engan sinn líka. Það hefur verið flokkað með eddukvæðum enda á það margt sameiginlegt með þeim en varðveislustaður þess hefur tengt það ákveðnum atburði sem varð á ákveðnum stað og stund. Kvæðið er að finna undir lok Brennu-Njáls sögu og er eingöngu varðveitt þar. Í sögunni er það kveðið á sama tíma og Brjánsbardagi fer fram, á föstudaginn langa árið 1014, við Clontarf skammt frá Dyflinni á Írlandi en kvæðið er kveðið í Skotlandi. Sjónarvottur er að öllu saman, maðurinn Dörruður, sem sér valkyrjur setja upp vef úr görnum manna, þær hafa mannshöfuð fyrir kljásteina og slá vefinn með vopnum, til sigurs ungum konungi, sem þær nefna í kvæðinu og því er beint gegn ríkum grami. Allur sá hluti sögunnar sem geymir kvæðið, Brjánsþáttur er fullur með yfirnáttúrlega atburði og furður svo hvergi innan Njálu er saman að jafna. Í þessari ritgerð verður kvæðið athugað frá mörgum sjónarhornum. Bragarhættir þess og efni verða tíunduð, staðsetning kvæðisins innan Njálu athuguð og grennslast fyrir um hvaða áhrif kristnar leiðslubókmenntir samtímans hafa haft á söguna. Nokkur önnur kvæði frá íslenskum miðöldum verða einnig athuguð útfrá svipuðum forsendum og spurt: hvenær er kvæði leiðsla og hvenær ekki? En hin goðsögulega fortíð kvæðisins er ekki síður forvitnileg – hvaðan eru minni þess sprottin, er forsaga kvæðisins norræn eða gelísk, hvort tveggja eða eru þau að einhverju leyti hluti af sameiginlegum evrópskum arfi? Vefnaðargaldur kvæðisins verður einnig athugaður og reynt að finna aðrar heimildir tengdar vefnaði og valkyrjum í norrænum sagnasjóði en einnig verður seilst víðar. Í kvæðinu opnast glufa inn í goðsögulega veröld eddukvæðanna, Dörruður sem er sjónarvottur að flutningi kvæðisins sér inn í annan heim, þar sem valkyrjur slá blóðugan vefninn og kveða konungi sínum sigur. 3 Efnisyfirlit: Formáli .................................................................................................................................. 5 1. Inngangur ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Helstu miðaldahandrit Brennu-Njáls sögu og nafngift kvæðisins .............. 10 1.2 Sagan í sögunni? ............................................................................................................ 12 2. Darraðarljóð – bragarháttur og yrkisefni ...................................................... 16 2.1 Bragarháttur kvæðisins ............................................................................................. 18 2.2 Kvæðið og rammafrásögnin ...................................................................................... 22 2.3 Efni kvæðisins ................................................................................................................ 27 2.4 Vinnusöngurinn Darraðarljóð ................................................................................. 32 2.5 Ungur siklingur ............................................................................................................. 34 2.6 Írskar frásagnir af Brjánsbardaga .......................................................................... 38 3. Nokkur orð um Brennu-Njáls sögu ................................................................... 41 3.1 Njála – munnlegur og lærður arfur ......................................................................... 41 3.2 Helgisagnakennd frásögn Brjánsþáttar ................................................................ 48 4. Um leiðslubókmenntir á miðöldum ................................................................. 54 4.1 Visio et revelatio ........................................................................................................... 55 4.2 Um íslenskar leiðslubókmenntir ............................................................................ 61 4.2.1 Heiðin leiðslukvæði ................................................................................................................ 62 4.2.2 Sólarljóð ........................................................................................................................................ 68 4.3 Darraðarljóð og draumvísur Sturlungu ................................................................ 71 4.4 Leiðslan Darraðarljóð – eða leiðslan Brjánsþáttur? ......................................... 79 5. Kvenvættir og vefur darraðar ............................................................................ 82 5.1 Nornir, dísir, valkyrjur .............................................................................................. 84 5.1.1 Af nornum .................................................................................................................................... 85 5.1.2 Af dísum ........................................................................................................................................ 87 5.1.3 Af valkyrjum ................................................................................................................................ 90 5.2 Spuni, útsaumur, vefnaður ........................................................................................ 95 5.1.2 Spuna- og vefnaðargaldrar ................................................................................................... 98 5.2.2 Vefur darraðar ......................................................................................................................... 101 5.3 Örlög, orðuð og sungin ............................................................................................. 103 6. Um yfirnáttúru ....................................................................................................... 106 6.1 Blóðregn ....................................................................................................................... 107 6.2 Um mörk ....................................................................................................................... 110 6.2.1 Sigurblót um sumarmál ....................................................................................................... 114 6.2.2. Sagnaminni á mörkum tveggja heima .......................................................................... 117 6.3 Um seið .......................................................................................................................... 120 6.4 Sýn, seiður, yfirnáttúra, fantasía .......................................................................... 124 7. Glugginn opnaður ................................................................................................. 127 Heimildaskrá .................................................................................................................. 131 4 Formáli Á kápu fyrstu útgáfu Sigfúsar Sigfússonar á Íslenskum þjóðsögum og sögnum sem kom út í 16 heftum á árunum 1922–1959, er teikning eftir Ríkharð Jónsson sem vert er að gefa gaum. Hún sýnir gamla konu á íslenskum búningi sem stendur framan við fortjald, áhorfandans eða okkar megin. Hún lyftir tjaldinu með vinstri hendi og afhjúpar ævintýraheim – sjálft kaosið: Við blasa draugar og drýslar, sæskrýmsli og uppvakningar og gott ef ekki sjálfur púkinn á fjósbitanum. Konan heldur á gamaldags kolu í hægri hendi og lýsir upp þennan töfraheim. Konan er öldruð en búningurinn staðsetur hana í nokkuð fjarlægum nútíma og hún er verðugur fulltrúi fyrir áa okkar og eddur sem hafa haldið uppi tjaldinu og veitt áheyrendum og lesendum aðgang að þessum ævintýraheimi öldum saman. Konan minnir á annað vitni, annan gluggagægi. Dörruður sá sem vitni varð að vefnaði og kveðskap Darraðarljóða stóð í svipuðum sporum, hann lyfti fortjaldi frá öðrum heimi; heimi heiðinna minna, seiðs, valkyrja og dísa, vætta stríðs og dauða – heimi sem sagnaheimur konunnar sprettur að einhverju leyti úr. Hér verður lítið fylgst með þeim furðum sem konan virðir fyrir sér þótt minnst verði á þjóðsögur tengdar efninu hér síðar, en þeim mun rækilegar verður reynt að greina það sem Dörruður sá inn um dyngjugluggann á föstudaginn langa árið 1014. * Ritgerð þessi hlaut Rannís-styrk í tengslum við verkefnið „Tekist á við yfirnáttúruna á Íslandi á miðöldum“ sem dr. Ármann Jakobsson prófessor í íslenskum bókmenntum stýrir og hann var jafnframt leiðbeinandi við vinnslu hennar. Ritgerðin skyldi með einhverju móti taka mið af umfjöllunarefninu „Leiðslur í íslenskum miðaldabókmenntum“ og undir lágu ýmsar tegundir af leiðslum í kristilegum trúarbókmenntum og/eða eddukvæðum og reynslan af hinu yfirnáttúrlega. Valið var að beina sjónum að Darraðarljóðum sem aðeins eru varðveitt undir lok Brennu-Njáls sögu og hafa verið flokkuð með eddukvæðum. Í rammfrásögn kvæðisins verður maður að nafni Dörruður vitni að einstæðum atburði, sem ættaður gæti verið aftan úr grárri forneskju, hann sér sýn sem er langt frá því að vera af kristilegum toga, þrátt 5 fyrir ritunartíma sögunnar seint á 13. öld. Norrænum kristilegum leiðslum
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