sign in sign up
<<
Home , Ad maiorem Dei gloriam, Diego Laynez, Ignacio de Loyola, List of Catholic saints, List of Jesuits, Sanctuary of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola)(ca. October 23, 1491[1] – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight from a local Basque no- ble family, , priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the (Jesuits) and, on 19 April 1541, became its first General.[2] Ig- natius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter- . Loyola’s devotion to the Church was characterized by absolute obedience to the .[3] After being seriously wounded in the Battle of in 1521, he underwent a spiritual conversion while in re- covery. De Vita Christi by Ludolph of Saxony purport- edly inspired Loyola to abandon his previous military life and devote himself to labour for God, following the ex- ample of spiritual leaders such as . After experiencing a vision of the Mary and the infant Jesus at the shrine of Our Lady of Montserrat in March 1522, he went to Manresa, where he began praying for seven hours a day, often in a nearby cave, and formulating the fundamentals of the Spiritual Exercises. In September 1523, Loyola reached the Holy Land to settle there, but was sent back to Europe by the . Between 1524 and 1537, Ignatius studied theology and Latin in the University of Alcalá and then in . In Sanctuary of Loyola, in , built over Ignatius’ birthplace. 1534, he arrived in the latter city during a period of anti-Protestant turmoil which forced John Calvin to flee France. Ignatius and a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. In 1539, name extquotedblÍñigo” (Latin: Enecus; Basque: Ene- they formed the Society of Jesus, approved in 1540 by ko; Spanish: Íñigo).[7] Ignatius did not intend to change Pope Paul III, as well as his Spiritual Exercises approved his name but rather adopted for France and Italy a name in 1548. Loyola also composed the Constitutions of the which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and Society. He died in July 1556, was beatified by Pope Paul which was more acceptable among foreigners.[8] V in 1609, canonized by Pope Gregory XV in 1622, and The youngest of 13 children, Íñigo López was brought up declared patron of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in by María de Garín, the local blacksmith’s wife, after his 1922. Ignatius’ feast day is celebrated on July 31. Ignatius own mother died soon after his birth.[9] Íñigo adopted the is a foremost patron of soldiers, the Society of Je- last name “de Loyola” in reference of the Basque village sus, the Basque Country, and the provinces of Gipuzkoa of Loyola where he was born. He later became a page [4] and . in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile. As a young aristocrat Ignatius had a “love of martial ex- 1 Early life ercises and a vainglorious desire for fame.”[10] At this pe- riod he framed his life around the stories of adventures of Íñigo López de Loyola (sometimes erroneously called El Cid, the knights of Camelot, and The Song of Roland Íñigo López de Recalde)[5] was born in the municipality (the tale has Roland slain by Muslims, when historically of Azpeitia at the castle of Loyola in today’s Gipuzkoa, his death was at the hands of like Ignatius).[10] Basque Country, . He was baptized Íñigo, after St. Joining the army at seventeen he strutted about “with Enecus (Innicus), of Oña,[5] a medieval Basque his cape slinging open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and name arguably meaning “My little one”.[6] It is unclear boots; a sword and dagger at his waist.”[10] Upon encoun- when he started using Ignatius instead of his baptismal tering a Moor who denied the divinity of Jesus he chal-

1 2 2 RELIGIOUS CONVERSION AND RELIGIOUS LIFE

at the Nativity etc. etc. This is known as a method of prayer called Simple Contemplation and is the basis of the method that St. Ignatius sets out in his Spiritual Exercises.[12]

2 Religious conversion and reli- gious life

During his period of convalescence in 1521, Ignatius read a series of religious texts, on the life of Jesus[13][14] and on the lives of the ; he became fired with an ambition to lead a life of self-denying labour and to emulate the heroic deeds of Francis of Assisi and other great monas- tics. He resolved to devote himself to the conversion of non-Christians in the Holy Land. Upon recovery, he vis- ited the Benedictine monastery, Santa Maria de Montser- rat (March 25, 1522), where he hung his military vest- ments before an image of the Virgin. He then traveled on foot,[15] to the town of Manresa (Catalonia), and spent several months in a cave near [16] where he practiced rig- orous asceticism. Ignatius also began seeing a series of visions in full daylight while in hospital. These repetitive visions appeared as “a form in the air near him and this Ignatius in armor. form gave him much consolation because it was exceed- ingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but lenged him to a duel to the death and ran him through.[10] [10] were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation He dueled others until the events of 1521. from gazing upon this object ... but when the object van- In 1509, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de ished he became disconsolate.” [17] In 1523, he instituted Lara, Duke of Nájera and Viceroy of Navarre. Accord- a pilgrimage to the Holy Land on a path of self-denial and ing to Thomas Rochford, S.J., his diplomacy and lead- sacrifice. He briefly remained from September 3 to 23 but ership qualities made him a “Gentilhombre” (Spanish for was not permitted to stay. Twelve years later, standing “Gentleman”, but should be understood as “servant of the before the Pope with his companions, he again proposed court”. By contrast, the English term Gentleman denotes sending his companions as emissaries to .[18] a man of good family. In that sense, the word equates with Returning to Spain, he and his companions were occupied the French “Gentilhomme”, meaning “nobleman”, which in the University of Alcalá (the present-day Complutense in was Great Britain long confined to the peerage.) This [11] University of , not the newer University of Al- made him very useful to the Duke. Under the Duke’s calá established in 1977) with the task of making dis- leadership, he participated in many battles without in- ciples of women called as witnesses by the jury. But when a French-Navarrese army supporting the under the direction of magistrate Alonso Mejias. Al- Navarrese monarchy, expelled in 1512, stormed Pam- though the alumbrados [Illuminated; Illuminati; Enlight- plona’s fortress on May 20, 1521, a cannonball wounded [11] ened Ones] of Spain were linked in their zeal and spiritu- one of his legs and broke the other. Heavily injured, ality to the Franciscan reforms of which Cardinal de Cis- Íñigo was returned to the castle. He was very concerned neros was a promoter,” the administrators of the Inqui- about the injuries and had several surgical operations, sition had mounting suspicions. These female disciples, which were very painful in the days before anaesthetics. Doña Leo, Doña Maria, and Doña Beatriz were so hys- During this time he read the De Vita Christi, by Ludolph terically zealous that “one fell senseless, another some- of Saxony, in a Catalan edition. This work influenced times rolled about on the ground, another had been seen his whole life. De Vita Christi is the result of forty years in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in of work by Ludolph. It is a commentary on the life of anguish.” This suspicious activity had taken place while Jesus Christ, a commentary on the Gospels borrowing Ignatius and his companions were regularly preaching in extracts from the works of over sixty of the Fathers of public. Because of his “street-corner perorations” being the Church. Ludolph particularly quotes St Gregory the identified “with the activities of the alumbrados,” Ignatius Great, St Basil, St Augustine and . was naturally singled out for inspection as one of these Ludolph proposes to the reader that he place himself at visionaries; however he was later released.[19] After these the scene of the Gospel story; that he visualise the crib adventurous activities, he studied at the ascetic Collège de 3

from 1522 to 1524. The exercises of the book were de- signed to be carried out over a period of 28–30 days.

3 Father General of the Jesuits

Visions of Ignatius.

Montaigu of the University of Paris, where he remained over seven years. In later life, he was often called “Mas- ter Ignatius”. This title was due to his taking a master’s degree from the before-mentioned university at the age of forty-three.[20] By 1534 he had gathered six key companions, all of Statue of St. Ignatius of Loyola at Gesù Church, Rome. whom he met as fellow students at the University[21]— , , , and Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of his Nicholas Bobadilla, all Spanish; , a French- religious order, invested with the title of Father General man; and Simão Rodrigues of Portugal. Later he was by the Jesuits. He sent his companions as missionaries joined by Saint Francis Borgia, a member of the House around Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminar- of Borgia who was the main aide of Emperor Charles V, ies. Juan de Vega, the ambassador of Charles V at Rome and other nobles. “On the morning of the 15th of Au- had met Ignatius there. Esteeming him and the Jesuits, gust, 1534, in the chapel of church of , at when Vega was appointed Viceroy of Sicily he brought Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom Jesuits with him. A Jesuit college was opened at Messina; success was marked, and its rules and methods were after- only one was a priest, met and took upon themselves [22] the solemn vows of their lifelong work.” [20] Ignatius of wards copied in other colleges. In 1548 Spiritual Exer- Loyola was the main creator and initial Superior Gen- cises was finally printed, and he was briefly brought before eral of the Society of Jesus, a religious organization of the Roman Inquisition, but was released. the whose members, known as Jesuits, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, adopted in served the Pope as missionaries. He is remembered as 1554, which created a monarchical organization and a talented spiritual director. He was very vigorous in op- stressed absolute self-abnegation and obedience to pope posing the Protestant Reformation and promoting the fol- and superiors (perinde ac [si] cadaver [essent],[23] lowing Counter-Reformation. He was beatified and then extquotedbl[well-disciplined] like a corpse” as Ignatius canonized and received the title of Saint on March 12, put it).[24] His main principle became the Jesuit motto: 1622. He is the of the provinces of Gipuzkoa (“for the greater glory of and Biscay along with the Society of Jesus. Ignatius Loy- God”). The Jesuits were a major factor in the Counter- ola wrote Spiritual Exercises, a simple 200-page set of Reformation. During 1553–1555, Ignatius dictated his meditations, prayers, and various other mental exercises, life’s story to his secretary, Father Gonçalves da Câmara. 4 5 GENEALOGY

Tomb of St. Ignatius

cities in his native region. Ignatius has - to this day - a powerful and respectable legacy. Of the institutions dedicated to Saint Ignatius, one of the most famous is the Basilica of St Ignatius Loyola, built next to the house where he was born in Azpeitia, the Ignatius as Superior General. Basque Country, Spain. The house itself, now a museum, is incorporated into the basilica complex. In addition, he This autobiography is a valuable key for the understand- has had a big international impact, having been the influ- ing of his Spiritual Exercises. It was kept in the archives ence numerous Jesuit schools and educational institutions for about 150 years, until the published the worldwide. text in Acta Sanctorum. He died in Rome on July 31, 1556, as a result of the Roman Fever, a severe case of malaria that recurred in Rome, Italy, at different points 5 Genealogy in . 5.1 Shield of Oñaz-Loyola 4 and legacy

Apotheosis of St. Ignatius, c. 1675

Ignatius was beatified by on July 27, 1609 and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on March 12, 1622.[25] His feast day is celebrated annually on July 31, the day he died. Saint Ignatius is venerated as the pa- Original shield of Oñaz-Loyola tron saint of Catholic soldiers, the of the , the Archdiocese of The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of St. Ignatius Baltimore,[26] the Basque country and various towns and family’s Oñaz lineage, and is used by many Jesuit institu- 5 tions around the world. As the official colors of the Loy- • Meissner, William (1992). Ignatius of Loyola: The ola family are maroon and gold,[27] the Oñaz shield con- Psychology of a Saint. New Haven: Yale University sists of seven maroon bars going diagonally from the up- Press. ISBN 0-300-06079-3. per left to the lower right on a gold field. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz broth- • García Villoslada, Ricardo (1986). San Ignacio de ers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loy- Loyola: Nueva biografía (in Spanish). La Editorial ola shield features a pair of rampant gray wolves flank- Católica. ISBN 84-220-1267-7. ing each side of a cooking pot. The Loyola name was a contraction of the words Lobo y Olla which literally meant “wolf and pot” in Spanish. The wolf was a symbol of 7 Other Works nobility, while the entire design represented the family’s generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261.[28][29]

5.2 Lineage

Villoslada established the following detailed genealogy of St. Ignatius:[1]

6 Bibliography A page from Spiritual Exercises

Primary • The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius, TAN Books, • Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3 • Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Spiritual Exer- cises of St. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: 8 Biographies Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-02436-5. • • Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). O'Conner, ed. Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola, TAN Books, 1997. The Autobiography of St. Ignatius. New York: Ben- ISBN 978-0-89555-345-4 ziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267.[30] • St. Ignatius of Loyola, TAN Books, 2008. ISBN • Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). John Olin, ed. The 978-0-89555-624-0 Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents. New York: Press. ISBN 0-8232-1480-X. 9 See also • Foss, (1969). The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540. Turning Points in History Series. London: • List of Catholic saints Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-01513-8. • Secondary • Marie-Madeleine d'Houët foundress of the Sisters, • Bartoli, Daniello (1855). History of the Life and Faithful Companions of Jesus Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus. New York: Edward Dunigan and • Martín Ignacio de Loyola . • • Caraman, Philip (1990). Ignatius Loyola: A Biog- The Cave of Saint Ignatius, a sanctuary built where raphy of the Founder of the Jesuits’. San Francisco: Ignatius of Loyola reflected for 11 months in a Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-250130-5. grotto, in Manresa. • O'Malley, John W. (1993). The First Jesuits. Cam- • Isabella Roser and Isabel de Josa, wealthy Cata- bridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674- lan women who were Loyola’s benefactors from the 30312-1. 1520s onwards. 6 10 REFERENCES

10 References not change his intention. If he had remained in Spain, he would have, without doubt, remained Iñigo.” [1] García Villoslada, Ricardo (1986). San Ignacio de Loy- [9] Page 9, Ignatius of Loyola, the Psychology of a Saint; ola: Nueva biografía (in Spanish). La Editorial Católica. W.W Meissner SJ MD, Yale University Press, 1992 ISBN 84-220-1267-7. “We deduct that, (...), Iñigo de Loyola should have been born before October 23, 1491.” [10] Richard Cohen (August 5, 2003). By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and [2] Idígoras Tellechea, José Ignacio (1994). “When was he Olympic Champions. Modern Library Paperbacks. born? His nurse’s account”. Ignatius of Loyola: The Pil- grim Saint. Chicago: Loyola University Press. p. 45. [11] Rochford, Thomas. “St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and ISBN 0-8294-0779-0. man of prayer who founded the Society of Jesus”. Society of Jesus. Retrieved 2007-11-15. [3] “The Counter-Reformation”. Washington State Univer- sity. Retrieved 2013-03-09. [12] Sr Mary Immaculate Bodenstedt, “The Vita Christi of Ludolphus the Carthusian”, a Dissertation, Washington: [4] “Summer Fiestas”. euskadi.net. Retrieved 2008-07-24. Catholic University of America Press 1944 British Li- brary Catalogue No. Ac2692.y/29.(16). [5] John Hungerford Pollen (1913). extquotedblSt._Ignatius_Loyola extquotedbl. Catholic [13] “The Vita Christi” by Charles Abbot Conway Analecta Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Cartusiana 34

[6] “Nombres: Eneko”. Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy [14] “Ludolph’s Life of Christ” by Father Henry James Co- of the Basque Language). Retrieved 2009-04-23. Article leridge in The Month Vol. 17 (New Series VI) July — in Spanish December 1872, pp. 337–370

[7] Verd, María (1976). “El extquotedblÍñigo” de [15] “The Cave”. The Cave. Place of pilgrimage and worship. San Ignacio de Loyola”. Archivum Historicum Societatis Retrieved 4 August 2014. Iesu (in Spanish) (Roma: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu) 45: 95–128. ISSN 0037-8887. [16] “The Cave an artistic heritage”. The Cave. Place of pil- grimage and worship. Retrieved 4 August 2014. [8] Verd, Gabriel María (1991). “De Iñigo a Ignacio. El cambio de nombre en San Ignacio de Loyola”. Archivum [17] Jesuits, A Multibiography by Jean Lacouture, p. 18, Wash- Historicum Societatis Iesu (in Spanish) (Roma: Institutum ington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995 Historicum Societatis Iesu) 60: 113–160. ISSN 0037- 8887. “That St. Ignatius of Loyola’s name was changed is [18] Jesuits, A Multibiography by Jean Lacouture, p. 24, Wash- a known fact, but it cannot be said that it is widely known ington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995 in the historiography of the saint — neither the charac- [19] Jesuits, A Multibiography by Jean Lacouture, pp. 27–29, teristics of the names Iñigo and Ignacio nor the reasons Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995 for the change. It is first necessary to make clear the meaning of the names; they are distinct, despite the persis- [20] History of The World by John Clarke Ridpath, Vol. V, pp. tently held opinion in onomastic (dictionaries) and popular 238, New York: Merrill & Baker, 1899 thought. In Spain Ignacio and Iñigo are at times used in- terchangeably just as if they were Jacobo and Jaime. With [21] Michael Servetus Research Website that includes graph- reference to the name Iñigo, it is fitting to give some essen- ical documents in the University of Paris of: Ignations tial notions to eliminate ambiguities and help understand of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Alfonso Salmerón, Nicholas what follows. This name first appears on the Ascoli brome Bobadilla, Peter Faber and Simao Rodrigues, as well as (dated November 18, 90 BC), in a list of Spanish knights Michael de Villanueva (“Servetus”) belonging to a Turma salluitana or Saragossan. It speaks of Elandus Enneces f[ilius], and according to Menéndez [22] J.H. Pollen (1913). Pidal the final «s» is the «z» of Spanish patronymics, and extquotedblHistory_of_the_Jesuits_Before_the_1773_Suppression could be nothing other than Elando Iñiguez. It is an an- extquotedbl. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert cestral Hispanic name. Ignacio, on the other hand, is a Appleton Company. Latin name. In classical Latin there is Egnatius with an [23] (Latin) Jesuitas (1583). extquotedblSEXTA PARS - CAP. initial E. It appears only twice with an initial I (Ignatius) in 1 extquotedbl. Constitutiones Societatis Iesu: cum earum the sixty volumes of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. declarationibus. This late Latin and Greek form prevailed. In the classical period Egnatius was used as a nomen (gentilitial name) [24] Ignatius of Loyola (1970). The constitutions of the society and not as a praenomen (first name) or cognomen (sur- of Jesus. Translated by George E. Ganss. Institute of Je- name), except in very rare cases. (...) The most important suit Sources. p. 249. “Carried and directed by Divine conclusion, perhaps unexpected, but not unknown, is that Providence through the agency of the superior as if he St. Ignatius did not change his name. That is to say, he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to did not intend to change it. What he did was to adopt for any place and to be treated in any manner desired.” France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and which was more acceptable among [25] Life of Ignatius - New Orleans Province of the Society of foreigners. That Ignacio ended up replacing Iñigo does Jesus 7

[26] St. Ignatius Feast Day – The Archdiocese of Baltimore.

[27] Manresa Iconography – Manresa House of Retreats, Con- vent, LA.

[28] Loyola Crests – Loyola High School, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

[29] The Crest – Saint Ignatius’ College, Riverview, Lane Cove, New South Wales, Australia.

[30] For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in A Pilgrim’s Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola Page 11-12.

11 External links

• “St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor”, Butler’s Lives of the Saints • Works by or about Ignatius of Loyola in libraries (WorldCat catalog) • The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Translation by Elder Mullan, S.J. • Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola

• On Perfect Obedience is his most famous.

• “Contemplation to Attain Love”, by Ignatius of Loy- ola

• The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus

• Founder Statue in St Peter’s Basilica • Saint Ignatius’ College

• Finding God In All Things • “The Book of Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Founder of the Jesuit Monastic Order” in Arabic, dating from 1773 8 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Ignatius of Loyola Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola?oldid=627812400 Contributors: Magnus Manske, The Epopt, Mav, Malcolm Farmer, Jkominek, XJaM, William Avery, Perique des Palottes, Mswake, Hotlorp, Montrealais, Youandme, Olivier, Ixfd64, Karl Stas, Jipumarino, Skysmith, Radicalsubversiv, Jimfbleak, Docu, Angela, Kingturtle, Error, Kaihsu, JASpencer, Ideyal, Charles Matthews, Harris7, Tb, SEWilco, Shizhao, Lumos3, Robbot, Romanm, Kneiphof, Jfire, Hadal, ElBenevolente, Centrx, Tom harrison, Everyking, Varlaam, Tagishsimon, Architeuthis, Oklonia, Andycjp, Dvavasour, Jonel, Lostkiwi, Antandrus, Scottperry, Jossi, PFHLai, Necrothesp, Icairns, TonyW, Neutrality, Gerald Farinas, Karl Dickman, Kevin Rector, Epimetreus, Zro, D6, Pmadrid, EugeneZelenko, Discospinster, Brutannica, Xezbeth, Stbalbach, El C, Summer Song, Lima, Cigarette, Mairi, Madler, Bobo192, Shaka, ,VBGFscJUn3, Polylerus, Caeruleancentaur, Jonathunder, Jumbuck, Alansohn, JYolkowski, Ryanmcdaniel, JoaoRicardo ,לערי ריינהארט Redfarmer, Sabrebattletank, Wtmitchell, Ronark, BBird, Sketchee, Bsadowski1, Mahanga, Shimeru, Megan1967, Thryduulf, TSP, Ttulin- sky, Mindmatrix, FeanorStar7, Pol098, Jeff3000, Tabletop, J M Rice, Essjay, Palica, Mandarax, Graham87, Cuchullain, FreplySpang, Jclemens, Angusmclellan, Coemgenus, Jake Wartenberg, Bfigura, Rangek, FlaBot, Andruba, SouthernNights, RexNL, Str1977, Bmicomp, Chobot, Maltesedog, Jaraalbe, Flcelloguy, Vmenkov, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Luis Fernández García, Anony- mous editor, Briaboru, Kirill Lokshin, Pseudomonas, NawlinWiki, Nirvana2013, UDScott, Apokryltaros, Adamrush, Irishguy, Retired username, Tfarrell, BOT-Superzerocool, Bota47, Evrik, Jpeob, Gorgonzilla, Shyam, Andyluciano, Palthrow, Curpsbot-unicodify, CIre- land, Jake bogan, SpLoT, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Uthanc, Tetyler, Tony164, AlexNordeen, Eskimbot, Edgar181, Alsandro, Gilliam, Portillo, Eclectek, Carl.bunderson, Ludi, Improbcat, Johannjs, Jprg1966, MalafayaBot, Melburnian, George Ho, Banderas, TheKMan, Rrburke, Addshore, Mr.Z-man, Huon, Khoikhoi, Bowlhover, Dislittoboi, Jklin, Tux256ac, Workman, SashatoBot, Esrever, Akubra, Kuru, J 1982, Murcielago, Disavian, NewTestLeper79, Tdudkowski, Cielomobile, Rkmlai, Footballplayr69, Jmgonzalez, Kyoko, Waggers, In- terlingua, Mathsci, KirrVlad, H, Bwpach, Norm mit, MJO, Scskowron, Angeldeb82, FairuseBot, Tawkerbot2, Ptmccain, Dlohcierekim, Fetofsbot2, Geremia, KyraVixen, 5-HT8, Srenker, Ran9876, WeggeBot, Liist, Chicheley, MAlanH, Vaquero100, Cydebot, Derek Bal- sam, Ntsimp, Jasperdoomen, Ryan, Mike65535, Aristophanes68, TicketMan, Jayen466, Igjav, DumbBOT, Mamalujo, Kingstowngalway, Casliber, Chitomcgee, Lopakhin, Mojo Hand, Missvain, John254, Bobblehead, A3RO, Tjpob, Merkurix, AntiVandalBot, HarvardOxon, JimMillerJr, Antique Rose, Paste, Fayenatic london, Dunnhaupt, MER-C, Wumbo, Andonic, Mrmdog, Acroterion, Connormah, Elio1, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, QuizzicalBee, Doug Coldwell, Practical123, Chivista, Vssun, Pensador82, DerHexer, Wowaconia, R'n'B, Alex- iusHoratius, Johnpacklambert, Rinald, LedgendGamer, J.delanoy, Nev1, Numbo3, Uncle Dick, Libroman, Dogbox, Rockfall, LordAnu- bisBOT, Otaegi, Hut 6.5, NewEnglandYankee, Editor37, Cometstyles, Pastordavid, MishaPan, Specter01010, Samian, Idioma-bot, Fu- nandtrvl, VolkovBot, ABF, Stephen G Graham, Jeff G., Lear’s Fool, Philip Trueman, Fran Rogers, TXiKiBoT, Chameleon3322, ElinorD, Drestros power, Tusbra, Qxz, Anna Lincoln, LeaveSleaves, Akerbeltz, Jakec21, Doug, VanishedUserABC, Pazalov, Seraphita, EmxBot, AHMartin, SieBot, Ttony21, Calliopejen1, Scarian, BotMultichill, Dawn Bard, Yintan, Radon210, Richelieu08, Umrguy42, Monegasque, Oxymoron83, Jc3schmi, Lightmouse, Mk32, Afernand74, C'est moi, SemperFi501, Gr8opinionater, ClueBot, Supaagekireddo, The Thing That Should Not Be, Quinxorin, Boing! said Zebedee, Blanchardb, Piledhigheranddeeper, Kelryn firehand, Cirt, Arunsingh16, Puchiko, 718 Bot, Excirial, Jusdafax, Timber72, Yorkshirian, Sun Creator, Hudgensgal, Riccardo Riccioni, Jcvy1994, M.O.X, Kaiba, Razorflame, Xabiereus, SchreiberBike, Secret, Mattissa, Ingo11, MelonBot, Schinleber, DumZiBoT, Sarayjuan, Ambrosius007, BarretB, Iñaki LL, RogDel, Freshbakedpie, Jonneroo, Arthur chos, Stickee, Mifter, RyanCross, Kbdankbot, Dylanhardy, Addbot, Montgomery '39, Daugh- ,Andrevruas, Zorrobot, MamaGeri, Luckas-bot, Yobot ,ماني ,terofSun, Kman543210, LaaknorBot, Jjstott, Elan26, Jillianmk, Tide rolls Ptbotgourou, Cflm001, Amirobot, Yngvadottir, Azylber, Brougham96, KamikazeBot, Kjaer, Roltz, Mauro Lanari, Rubinbot, Killiondude, Galoubet, Kingpin13, Yachtsman1, Materialscientist, ImperatorExercitus, Knop92, Anthony of the Desert, Citation bot, UnlistedVermin, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Deut16, Jayarathina, Hato f, Infinauta, Ekwos, Capricorn42, Jeffrey Mall, Nasnema, Jsmith1000, Ched, The Ink Daddy!, Bernardojrodriguez, Karljoos, GrouchoBot, Erwin Mulialim, Omnipaedista, Zachary8762, Matthew7000, RibotBOT, Tabled- hote, Jack horishnocough, Erik9, Cekli829, Cherub712, FrescoBot, Nicolas Perrault III, DestroyBaalWorship, Endofskull, Moocow1500, Debater.archer, Citation bot 1, Nettadi, Gugu102, LittleWink, AmphBot, MastiBot, SpaceFlight89, Île flottante, Mikereineck, UncaBob, Vandorevek, Karnawalski, Cyborggg, Pollinosisss, Wolfehhgg, Oracleofottawa, Diannaa, Tbhotch, Alph Bot, DRAGON BOOSTER, Noommos, Skamecrazy123, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Aviate-x-14, Heymid, Scstatechamps, GoingBatty, RA0808, Wikipelli, Mar- cushugh, ZéroBot, Xabier Armendaritz, Tutu29*, Ankit Maity, Dynasteria, Thine Antique Pen, Abbyzwart, L Kensington, the Black, Thewolfchild, Dml757, ChuispastonBot, Genriquiz, Nick475, LikeLakers2, DASHBotAV, Sasnfbi1234, ClueBot NG, Gilderien, Asukite, Mannanan51, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Gnissah, Altaïr, A&M are the best, Snow Blizzard, Zujua, Greenypeanut, Pratyya Ghosh, Lolcatslolcats, Cyberbot II, Mediran, Dexbot, Webclient101, Mogism, Immerhin, Mr. Trolololololololololol, Qwertyuiiopasdfghjkl, Wasabi Chicken, RaphaelSmith11, AndersonCoopling, CsDix, Kap 7, Roysebsj, Lfdder, Silviabe333, Topfin, LTblb, Hughesyjj, Benny0625, Pal- mettoredbird, OccultZone, Quimpuig12, Barbara 325 and Anonymous: 666

12.2 Images

• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Apoteosis_de_San_Ignacio_1675_20131224.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Apoteosis_de_ San_Ignacio_1675_20131224.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Luis Fernández García • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Familie_wapen_Loyola.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Familie_wapen_Loyola.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Familie Loyola, see also http://www.santuariodeloyola.org/st-ignatius.html en http://animoateneo.com/cheers/ things_atenean Original artist: Original uploader was Dagoos at nl.wikipedia 12.3 Content license 9

• File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/ Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Creator:Hildegard von Bingen • File:Ignatius_Loyola_by_Francisco_Zurbaran.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Ignatius_Loyola_ by_Francisco_Zurbaran.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Art.co.uk Original artist: Francisco Zurbaran (1598-1664) • File:Ignatius_of_Loyola,_Church_of_Gesù,_Rome,_Jan_2013.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/ Ignatius_of_Loyola%2C_Church_of_Ges%C3%B9%2C_Rome%2C_Jan_2013.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Photo taken in Gesù Church Rome, Original artist: Roy Sebastian, SJ • File:Ignatius_of_Loyola_(militant).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Ignatius_of_ Loyola_%28militant%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://imagecache.allposters.com/images/pic/BRGPOD/ 31776~{}Saint-Ignatius-of-Loyola-1491-1556-Posters.jpg Original artist: French School, anonymous • File:JHS-IHS-Monogram-Name-Jesus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/ JHS-IHS-Monogram-Name-Jesus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:AnonMoos • File:Kruis_san_damiano.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Kruis_san_damiano.gif License: Public do- main Contributors: http://www.hyvinkaanseurakunta.fi/filebank/376-Risti_6_B.jpg Original artist: Unknown • File:Padlock-silver-light.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Padlock-silver-light.svg License: ? Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Santuario_De_Loyola,_Basque_Country,_Spain.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Santuario_ De_Loyola%2C_Basque_Country%2C_Spain.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: nigel321 • File:St_Ignatius_Spiritual_Exercises_c_1600.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/St_Ignatius_ Spiritual_Exercises_c_1600.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: Flickr: St Ignatius Spiritual Exercises c 1600 Original artist: Doug Coldwell • File:St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_(1491-1556)_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/ 15/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: AllPosters.com Origi- nal artist: Peter Paul Rubens • File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thomas_Aquinas_in_ Stained_Glass.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: e3000 • File:Tomb_of_St._Ignatius.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Tomb_of_St._Ignatius.jpg License: CC- BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Torvindus • File:Unbalanced_scales.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Vision_of_St._Ignatius_of_Loyola.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Vision_of_St._Ignatius_ of_Loyola.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.fineartprintsondemand.com/artists/rubens/vision_of_st_ignatius_of_ loyola.htm Original artist: Peter Paul Rubens • File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al. • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: ? Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0