Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola)(ca. October 23, 1491[1] – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight from a local Basque no- ble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and, on 19 April 1541, became its first Superior General.[2] Ig- natius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter- Reformation. Loyola’s devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by absolute obedience to the Pope.[3] After being seriously wounded in the Battle of Pamplona in 1521, he underwent a spiritual conversion while in re- covery. De Vita Christi by Ludolph of Saxony purport- edly inspired Loyola to abandon his previous military life and devote himself to labour for God, following the ex- ample of spiritual leaders such as Francis of Assisi. After experiencing a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus at the shrine of Our Lady of Montserrat in March 1522, he went to Manresa, where he began praying for seven hours a day, often in a nearby cave, and formulating the fundamentals of the Spiritual Exercises. In September 1523, Loyola reached the Holy Land to settle there, but was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans. Between 1524 and 1537, Ignatius studied theology and Latin in the University of Alcalá and then in Paris. In Sanctuary of Loyola, in Azpeitia, built over Ignatius’ birthplace. 1534, he arrived in the latter city during a period of anti-Protestant turmoil which forced John Calvin to flee France. Ignatius and a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. In 1539, name extquotedblÍñigo” (Latin: Enecus; Basque: Ene- they formed the Society of Jesus, approved in 1540 by ko; Spanish: Íñigo).[7] Ignatius did not intend to change Pope Paul III, as well as his Spiritual Exercises approved his name but rather adopted for France and Italy a name in 1548. Loyola also composed the Constitutions of the which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and Society. He died in July 1556, was beatified by Pope Paul which was more acceptable among foreigners.[8] V in 1609, canonized by Pope Gregory XV in 1622, and The youngest of 13 children, Íñigo López was brought up declared patron of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in by María de Garín, the local blacksmith’s wife, after his 1922. Ignatius’ feast day is celebrated on July 31. Ignatius own mother died soon after his birth.[9] Íñigo adopted the is a foremost patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Je- last name “de Loyola” in reference of the Basque village sus, the Basque Country, and the provinces of Gipuzkoa of Loyola where he was born. He later became a page [4] and Biscay. in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile. As a young aristocrat Ignatius had a “love of martial ex- 1 Early life ercises and a vainglorious desire for fame.”[10] At this pe- riod he framed his life around the stories of adventures of Íñigo López de Loyola (sometimes erroneously called El Cid, the knights of Camelot, and The Song of Roland Íñigo López de Recalde)[5] was born in the municipality (the tale has Roland slain by Muslims, when historically of Azpeitia at the castle of Loyola in today’s Gipuzkoa, his death was at the hands of Basques like Ignatius).[10] Basque Country, Spain. He was baptized Íñigo, after St. Joining the army at seventeen he strutted about “with Enecus (Innicus), Abbot of Oña,[5] a medieval Basque his cape slinging open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and name arguably meaning “My little one”.[6] It is unclear boots; a sword and dagger at his waist.”[10] Upon encoun- when he started using Ignatius instead of his baptismal tering a Moor who denied the divinity of Jesus he chal- 1 2 2 RELIGIOUS CONVERSION AND RELIGIOUS LIFE at the Nativity etc. etc. This is known as a method of prayer called Simple Contemplation and is the basis of the method that St. Ignatius sets out in his Spiritual Exercises.[12] 2 Religious conversion and reli- gious life During his period of convalescence in 1521, Ignatius read a series of religious texts, on the life of Jesus[13][14] and on the lives of the saints; he became fired with an ambition to lead a life of self-denying labour and to emulate the heroic deeds of Francis of Assisi and other great monas- tics. He resolved to devote himself to the conversion of non-Christians in the Holy Land. Upon recovery, he vis- ited the Benedictine monastery, Santa Maria de Montser- rat (March 25, 1522), where he hung his military vest- ments before an image of the Virgin. He then traveled on foot,[15] to the town of Manresa (Catalonia), and spent several months in a cave near [16] where he practiced rig- orous asceticism. Ignatius also began seeing a series of visions in full daylight while in hospital. These repetitive visions appeared as “a form in the air near him and this Ignatius in armor. form gave him much consolation because it was exceed- ingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but lenged him to a duel to the death and ran him through.[10] [10] were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation He dueled others until the events of 1521. from gazing upon this object ... but when the object van- In 1509, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de ished he became disconsolate.” [17] In 1523, he instituted Lara, Duke of Nájera and Viceroy of Navarre. Accord- a pilgrimage to the Holy Land on a path of self-denial and ing to Thomas Rochford, S.J., his diplomacy and lead- sacrifice. He briefly remained from September 3 to 23 but ership qualities made him a “Gentilhombre” (Spanish for was not permitted to stay. Twelve years later, standing “Gentleman”, but should be understood as “servant of the before the Pope with his companions, he again proposed court”. By contrast, the English term Gentleman denotes sending his companions as emissaries to Jerusalem.[18] a man of good family. In that sense, the word equates with Returning to Spain, he and his companions were occupied the French “Gentilhomme”, meaning “nobleman”, which in the University of Alcalá (the present-day Complutense in was Great Britain long confined to the peerage.) This [11] University of Madrid, not the newer University of Al- made him very useful to the Duke. Under the Duke’s calá established in 1977) with the task of making dis- leadership, he participated in many battles without in- ciples of women called as witnesses by the Inquisition jury. But when a French-Navarrese army supporting the under the direction of magistrate Alonso Mejias. Al- Navarrese monarchy, expelled in 1512, stormed Pam- though the alumbrados [Illuminated; Illuminati; Enlight- plona’s fortress on May 20, 1521, a cannonball wounded [11] ened Ones] of Spain were linked in their zeal and spiritu- one of his legs and broke the other. Heavily injured, ality to the Franciscan reforms of which Cardinal de Cis- Íñigo was returned to the castle. He was very concerned neros was a promoter,” the administrators of the Inqui- about the injuries and had several surgical operations, sition had mounting suspicions. These female disciples, which were very painful in the days before anaesthetics. Doña Leo, Doña Maria, and Doña Beatriz were so hys- During this time he read the De Vita Christi, by Ludolph terically zealous that “one fell senseless, another some- of Saxony, in a Catalan edition. This work influenced times rolled about on the ground, another had been seen his whole life. De Vita Christi is the result of forty years in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in of work by Ludolph. It is a commentary on the life of anguish.” This suspicious activity had taken place while Jesus Christ, a commentary on the Gospels borrowing Ignatius and his companions were regularly preaching in extracts from the works of over sixty of the Fathers of public. Because of his “street-corner perorations” being the Church. Ludolph particularly quotes St Gregory the identified “with the activities of the alumbrados,” Ignatius Great, St Basil, St Augustine and the Venerable Bede. was naturally singled out for inspection as one of these Ludolph proposes to the reader that he place himself at visionaries; however he was later released.[19] After these the scene of the Gospel story; that he visualise the crib adventurous activities, he studied at the ascetic Collège de 3 from 1522 to 1524. The exercises of the book were de- signed to be carried out over a period of 28–30 days. 3 Father General of the Jesuits Visions of Ignatius. Montaigu of the University of Paris, where he remained over seven years. In later life, he was often called “Mas- ter Ignatius”. This title was due to his taking a master’s degree from the before-mentioned university at the age of forty-three.[20] By 1534 he had gathered six key companions, all of Statue of St. Ignatius of Loyola at Gesù Church, Rome. whom he met as fellow students at the University[21]— Francis Xavier, Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, and Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of his Nicholas Bobadilla, all Spanish; Peter Faber, a French- religious order, invested with the title of Father General man; and Simão Rodrigues of Portugal.