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Index
Abacha, S. (President of Nigeria) Anti-Corruption Coalition, 73 Ghana 35 abuse of office 2, 36–7, 102, 104 election ‘ticket’ 9, 29 abuse of public resources 17, 63, failure of 24–6 81, 97, 108, 121, 136, 144–6, interventions and efforts 1, 8 157–8 laws see legal provisions accountability legislation 138, 146, 158, 186 horizontal and vertical 26 misuse 16–17, 182–3 in Ghana 39, 40, 44 misuse in Nigeria 74, 86–7 in Malawi 135, 138–9, 141, 144, misuse in Uganda 110 147–51 anti-corruption in Mozambique 129, 131 commission/bureau/office in South Africa 157, 170 (ACAs) 15, 17, 86–7, 110, in Uganda 96–7, 105, 110 147 of political institutions 10, 19, Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) 26, 40, 117 (Malawi) 137, 142–3, 147, parliamentary 23–4 183 accumulation 62, 81, 122, 130 Anti-Corruption Commission see also extraction (Kenya) 15 Code of Conduct Bureau and administrative corruption see Tribunal (CCB) (Nigeria) bureaucratic corruption 86, 183 ‘Africa works’ thesis 97–8 Directorate for Priority Crime aid, aid agencies see donors Investigation (South Africa) Amundsen, I. 176, 179, 182–4 156, 168 Anders, G. 137 Economic and Financial Crimes Andvig, J.C. 8, 11 Commission (EFCC) Angola 15, 119, 184 (Nigeria) 75, 84–6, 182–3 Honda company 15 Economic and Organised presidential system 7 (footnote Crimes Office (EOCO) 5) (Ghana) 42 ruling party business 12 Independent Corrupt Practices (footnote 10) and Other Related Offences anonymous entities 14, 77 Commission (ICPC) see also shell companies and (Nigeria) 86, 182 ‘dead meat companies’ Inspectorate of Government anti-corruption (Uganda) 110
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Kenya Anti-Corruption explained 11–13 Commission 15 in Kenya 60–61 Public Protector (South Africa) in procurement, South Africa 156, 159, 164–5, 167 161, 163 Royal Commission for of election bodies, Nigeria 82 Corruption Control (Nepal) of members of parliament, 20 Uganda 105 Serious Fraud Office (SFO) to win over critics and (Ghana) 35 opponents, Uganda 107 anti-corruption law see legal see also kickbacks provisions Brink, E. 163 Argentina (vote-buying) 19 Brusco, V. 19 Asante, K.T. 178–9, 182, 186 Budhram, T. 176–9 Attorney General Buhari, M. (President of Nigeria) as institution of oversight and 72–4, 77, 86 control 186 Buntaine, M. 147 in Ghana 37, 39–40, 42 bureaucratic corruption 1–5, 7–10, in Mozambique 129 20–22, 95–6 Auditor General bureaucrats 3, 5, 7–8, 22, 76, 96, as institution of oversight and 128–9 control 7, 17, 19, 184 businesses, businessmen in Ghana 42 as corruptors 6, 65, 109, 136, in Malawi 148 139, 149, 179, 185 in Mozambique 129 confiscation of 15 in Uganda 104, 110 co-optation of 17 authoritarianism 10, 18, 29, 137, extortion of 22, 34–5, 45, 141–2, 157 158, 163 opportunities 121, 123, 125–6, Baikonur scandal see Kazakhstan 180, 185 ‘Bakassi Boys’ see militants business-politics network see Banda, H. (President of Malawi) politics-business network 137 buying friends/supporters 4, 17, 81, Banda, J. (President of Malawi) 178 142, 145–6 see also clientelism Bangladesh (election commission) see also co-optations 19 buying impunity see impunity Bhorat, H. 166 buying institutions 4, 17, 19, 81, ‘big man’; ‘big men’ 53, 55–8, 98, 106, 176–8, 181–2 60–61, 78, 130, 181 buying off rivals see co-optation Brazil buying votes see vote-buying deals in Mozambique 122 vote-buying 19 Camerer, M.I. 157 bribery campaign spending/finance 16, 20, and the Halliburton scandal 80 178, 182 at the Osu Castle, Ghana 33 in Ghana 43, 45
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in Kenya 53–5, 57–9, 61–6 co-optation 4, 17, 19, 63, 86, 107, in Malawi 129, 140, 142, 145–6, 126, 184 151 inclusive 95, 98, 100 in Mozambique 125 contractors see businesses in Nigeria 79–81 corruption, see political corruption in South Africa 159 corruption commission see in Uganda 103–4, 110 anti-corruption commission see also vote-buying corruptors see businesses capture of state see state capture Cortêz, E. 130 captured economy 75, 165 Costa Rica 12 Centre for Multiparty Democracy Alcatel dealings 12 (CMD) 150 José Antonio Lobo 12 Chabal, P. and J.-P. Deloz 97 Côte d’Ivoire (party congress) 16 Chikoko, R. 140 courts Chirwa, W. 141 as control body 17 Chissano, J. (President of cases/hearings 15, 37–9, 42, 103, Mozambique) 122–5, 131 162–3, 165 civil servants see bureaucrats English High Court 84 civil society (CSO) 6, 181, 186 manipulation of 44, 183 in Ghana 29–30, 33, 35, 38, military courts 7 40–42, 45 Northern Cape High Court 163 in Kenya 60 supreme/high/constitutional 7, in Malawi 136, 143, 150 19, 162 in Mozambique 118, 131 crony capitalism, cronyism 4, in Nigeria 72, 83 17–18, 20, 185 NGOs 2, 170, 186 in Kenya 62 NGOs in Ghana 31–3, 35–6, 38, in South Africa 157, 160, 180 40, 42, 45 see also politics-business clientelism/clientelist/clientelistic 4, network 17, 30, 44, 53, 56–7, 60, 75, culture see political culture 78, 88, 131, 159 political settlement (Ghana) 31, D’Arcy, M. 54, 181–2 43, 45 de Klerk, F.W. (President of South political settlement (Uganda) Africa) 155 109 ‘dead meat companies’ 14 see also patronage democracy 23, 25, 45, 53, 67, 78, see also political settlement 88, 147, 170, 175, 177 codes of ethics 9 advent of democracy in South companies see businesses Africa 155, 160 Congo (DR) 111 ‘authoritarian democracy’ in consolidation Ghana 29–30 democratic 29, 45 ‘choiceless democracy’ in Ghana of power 43, 97, 111, 118, 30 169 electoral 29, 44 consumption 122–3, 129, 180 in retreat 175
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indexes 23, 175 commission in Malawi 149 multi-party democracy in Kenya commission in Nigeria (INEC) 63 73, 82–3, 182 multi-party democracy in contest 79 Malawi 137 corruption (in Nigeria) 82–3 pseudo-democracy in Uganda 98 democracies see democracy democratic consolidation 29, 45 Electoral Integrity Project 24 democratisation 44, 98, 157–8 fraud (in Mozambique) 125 development partners see donors integrity 24 dictatorship law (Nigeria) 73 in Ghana 29 politics 30, 145 in Nigeria 72–3 process (in Kenya) 67 in South Africa 155 process (in Nigeria) 79, 88 Dionne, K.Y. 145 support (in Malawi) 145 donors 30, 101, 103, 117, 120, system (in Ghana) 30 128, 136, 139–40, 141–2, ELF Aquitaine scandal 9 147, 185–6 embezzlement 2, 4, 11, 13–14, Dulani, B. 145, 150, 183, 186 157–8 of state funds, Nigeria 76–7 economic crime 4, 14, 86 of World Bank funds, Uganda election costs see campaign 102 spending endemic corruption see systemic election gifts see vote-buying corruption elections enrichment as control 9, 26 of political leaders 5, 11, corruption in, bribing of 2, 19, 118–25, 159, 180 79, 176 personal, individual 1, 11, 75, Election Campaign Financing 95–6, 112, 116, 130–31, Act 2013 (Kenya) 136, 157, 159, 177, 186 in Ghana 33, 39–49 see also institutional level in Kenya 52–7, 59–67 corruption in Malawi 138–40, 142, 144–6, entrenched corruption see systemic 148–50 corruption in Mozambique 119, 125–6, European Union (EU) 3, 182 130 Observer Mission (EUOM) 74 in Nigeria 72–4, 79, 81–5, 178 evil circle 8, 10, 177 in South Africa 159 extortion 11, 15–16, 157 in Uganda 102, 106, 111 extraction manipulations of 4, 16, 79, 181 as corruption 11, 32, 108 rigging 82 by individuals 33, 36, 38, 96, electoral 99–102, 107, 122, 162 calculations 35 for political purposes 43, 95–6, campaign 43, 129 101, 110, 119, 159–60, commissions 19 176–7 commission in Kenya 60 methods of 75–8, 179
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natural resources 74–5 Citizen Ghana Movement 39 opportunities for 25, 98 Commission on Human Rights upward spiral 7–8, 10, 177 and Administrative Justice extractive political corruption 4, (CHRAJ) 37–8, 44 21, 23 Convention People’s Party 35 defined 10–16 Ghana Anti-Corruption Coalition in Ghana 31–2, 35 35 in Kenya 53–4, 60–66 Ghana Integrity Initiative 37 in Malawi 135, 141, 150 GYEEDA scandal 40–42, 186 in Mozambique 116, 118–21, ‘kickback saga’ 33–5, 179, 186 131 National Democratic Congress in Nigeria 74, 76–8, 80–81 (NDC) 30–31, 34–5, 38, in South Africa 157, 159, 161–4, 40–41 166, 170 National Youth Employment in Uganda 95–9, 100–01, Programme (NYEP) 41 105–11 New Patriotic Party (NPP) 29–31, 33–5, 41 favours; favouritism OccupyGhana 38–40, 42 and kleptocracy 184–5 Radio Joy FM 41 as clientelism 53, 56, 66, 79, Smarttys Bus Branding 38–40 145–6, 158, 176–7, 180 ‘ghost names’ 42 as cronyism 14, 18, 73, 121, Gili, M. 161 159, 162, 166–9 Githongo, J. 15, 64 buying friends 3–4, 11, 17–19 Glaesera, E. 19 Fish, M.S. and M. Kroenig 23 Global Alliance for Vaccines and fraud 9 (footnote 7), 11–13, 14–15, Immunization (GAVI) 103 16–17, 73, 81, 104, 129, 157, Global Fund on AIDS 103 161 Gloppen, S. 146 at GYEEDA, Ghana 41 ‘godfather’ 78–9, 82, 176, 180 by ANC, South Africa 163, 169, ‘godson’ see protégé 179 good governance 25, 37 fraudulent withdrawals, Ghana graft 11, 15, 73, 77, 100, 157, 163, 42 179 in elections, Mozambique 125 gratification see bribery in elections, Nigeria 74, 83 greed see enrichment in Malawi 142 Guebuza, A. (President of in procurement, Kenya 63–4 Mozambique) 121, 123–5, in procurement, Nigeria 77–8 127, 129–31, 177 in travel vouchers, South Africa 156, 162 handouts see vote-buying in Uganda 101–2 Hanlon, J. and M. Mosse 119 Freedom House 175 Heidenheimer, A.J. and M. Johnston 1 Ghana 29–51, 96, 178–9, 182, 186 Heller, T.C. 75 Anane scandal 36–8 Hellmann, J.S. 165
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Hessami, Z. 3 Jonathan, G. (President of Nigeria) Heywood, P.M. 1, 2 73–4, 81–3, 85 Hjellum, T. 2 judges see courts Hyslop, J. 155 judiciary see courts
Ile de France scandal 9, 13 Kayuni, H. 150 impunity 4, 17, 19, 36, 72, 84–5, Kazakhstan (Baikonur scandal) 13 97, 150, 181, 183, 186 Kenya 7, 15, 18, 52–68, 180–82, incentives 1, 5, 10, 30, 53, 55, 184 60–62, 67, 75, 95, 107, 123, Anglo-Leasing scandal 15, 63, 180–81 65 incumbent/s 30, 33, 52, 58, 65–6, Goldberg scandal 63 73, 82–3, 109, 111, 145, gubernatorial elections 52–4 184 harambees 18 Independent Corrupt Practices and KANU party 63 Other Related Offences National Alliance (TNA) 62 Commission (ICPC) (Nigeria) National Youth Service (NYS) 86, 182 64 indexes see measurement Orange Democratic Movement indicators see measurement 53 Indonesia (favouritism) 18 Turkwell Gorge project 63 Institute for Democracy and Kenyatta, J. (President of Kenya) Electoral Assistance (IDEA) 56, 64–5, 184 53 Kenyatta, U. (President of Kenya) institutional level corruption see 64 level Khan, M.M. 25, 30 institutions Khisa, M. 177–9, 182–4, 186 corruption in state 36, 44 manipulation of 19–20, 56, 81, Kibaki, M. (President of Kenya) 82, 84, 88, 97, 107–8, 110, 15, 63 159, 166, 181–3 ‘kickback saga’ see Ghana of oversight and control, kickbacks 32–5, 128, 130, 162–3, regulatory 23, 25, 40, 52, 179 67, 75, 105, 117, 136–8, kleptocracy, kleptocratic 11 175, 186 (footnote 9), 176, 184–5 integrity 23–4, 117, 121, 170 Kufuor, J.A. (President of Ghana) interest see self-interest 29, 34 International Budget Partnership (IBP) 24 lawmakers see parliamentarians International Centre for Local laws see legal provisions Democracy 68 legal provisions international indexes see Access to Information Act measurement (Malawi) 138 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Combating of Corrupt Activities 127 Act (South Africa) 158
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Corrupt Practices Act (Malawi) ‘cashgate’ scandal 142–3, 185 137–8 Democratic Progressive Party Declaration of Assets Act (DPP) 139–40, 143–5 (Malawi 138 ‘development rallies’ 145–6 Election Campaign Financing Electoral Commission 149 Act (Kenya) 62 financial transparency 147–8 Fiscal Responsibility Bill hand-outs 144–6 (Nigeria) 77 Lutepo case 142–3 Freedom of Information Act Malawi Congress Party (MCP) (Nigeria) 79 139 Money Laundering Act (Malawi) Malawi Police Services (MPS) 138 143 Petroleum Revenue Management one-party state 137 Act (Ghana) 40 People’s Party (PP) 139, 142–3 Political Parties Act (Malawi) Pioneer Investments 143–4 135, 181 Political Parties Act (2018) 135, Prevention and Combating of 137–9, 147, 149–51 Corrupt Activities (PCCA) Political Parties (Registration Act (South Africa) 158 and Regulation) Act (1993) Public Audit Act (Malawi) 138 137, 141 Public Finance Management Act public resources for campaigning (South Africa) 167 146 Public Procurement Act Registrar of Political Parties (Malawi) 138 148 Public Procurement Act sugar and aid 141–2 (Nigeria) 77 United Democratic Front (UDF) legal sanctions 9 legitimacy 10, 25, 131, 166, 185–7 139, 141–2, 145–6 level United Transformation individual level corruption 31–2, Movement (UTM) 139 36, 96, 179 vote-buying 144–6 institutional level corruption Malaysia (1MBD scandal) 13 31–2, 35, 38, 40, 179 Mandela, N. (President of South ‘local content’ 14 Africa) 160 Loftis, M.W. 3 Marquette, H. and C. Peiffer 20, looting 166 24 see also embezzlement, Matoga, G. 141 enrichment, graft, extractive Mbaku, J.M. 157–8 political corruption Mbeki, T. (President of South Lord Acton’s dictum 159 Africa) 12 Lumumba, P. 159 measurement and research 20–24 Machel, S. (President of Corruption Perceptions Index Mozambique) 121–2, 124 (CPI) see Transparency Malawi 135–51, 181, 183, 185–6 International
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Ease of Doing Business (EDB) monopoly index 22 economic 14, 18, 22, 158 Electoral Integrity Project 24 political 78, 131, 146, 177 Human Rights Country Reports Moody-Stuart, G. 7 (US Dept. of State) 24 Mozambique 116–32 Ibrahim Index of African Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Governance (IIAG) 23 Dam 126 Illicit Financial Flows (IFF) civil war 117, 119, 122 reports 22 Confederation of Economic Index of Public Integrity (IPI) 23 Associations (CTA) 127 indexes 21–4, 161, 175 credit-worthiness 117 indicators 6, 21–2, 24, 175 District Development Fund Open Budget Survey 24 (FDD) 126 Parliamentary Powers Index elite formation 118–21 (PPI) 23 EMATUM (tuna fishing Political Control Indicator 23 business) 127–8 Political Influence Indicator 22 foreign debt 116–17, 119 ‘red flags’ method 22 Frente de Libertação de Rule of Law Index 24 Moçambique (FRELIMO) State of Democracy Index 23 118–23, 125–8, 130–31 Worldwide Governance Gestão e Investimentos SARL Indicators (WGI) 23, 24 (SPI) 125, 180 media 12 (footnote 10), 16 mass organisations 119 (footnote 14), 21, 181–2 natural gas 116, 119 in Ghana 29, 32–3, 35–8, 41–2, neo-liberalist ideology 119–20 45 Pequenos Libombos Dam 122 in Kenya 60 Petróleos de Moçambique 126 in Malawi 136, 143–4, 146 in Nigeria 71–2 privatisation/s 119–20, 122–4, Mehlum, H. 75 127 Middle East 125 Renamo 122, 124–5, 129 militants 34, 76, 79, 81, 178, 182 ‘Samoraism’/‘Samorian’ 121–3 military 7, 14, 17, 29, 44, 73, 86, secret loans affair 116–19, 124, 109, 118, 167, 184–5 127–31 dictatorship see dictatorship Muluzi, B. (President of Malawi) owned businesses 12 141–2 procurement 12, 76–7, 99–101, Museveni, J. (President of Uganda) 111, 122, 127–8, 197 95, 97, 99–102, 104–5, 107, misappropriation see embezzlement 178, 184 misuse of public resources see Mutharika, P (President of Malawi) abuse of public resources 141, 143–4, 147 Mobutu, S.S. (president of Zaire) 111 neo-liberal economy 43 money laundering 84, 129, 138, neo-liberal politics 43, 119–20 157, 169 Nepal (electioneering) 20
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nepotism 1, 4, 7–19, 72, 122, parastatals 63, 75, 98, 100–02, 157–8, 184 121–2, 149, 156, 167–8 NGOs (Non-Governmental pardon see impunity Organisations), see parliament/parliamentarians anti-corruption as institution of control 23–4, Nigeria 71–88, 119, 176, 178–9, 35–6, 39–40, 102–4, 127, 181–2, 184–6 138–9, 148, 161, 186 Alamieyeseigha case 84–5 as part of the elite 7, 80 All Progressives’ Congress bought/corrupted 19, 43–4, (APC) 74, 85, 87–8 105–6, 156, 161, 178, 180 colonial corruption 72–3 party finance/financing 53, 138–41, Fiscal Responsibility Bill 77 143 Freedom of Information Act patron-client networks see 79 patronage godfathers 78–9, 183 patronage 17–18, 30, 180, 184, Kano House of Assembly 186 (scandal) 71 in Ghana 33, 37, 44 oath of secrecy 79–80 in Kenya 53, 56–8, 62–3, 65 oil 71–5, 80 in Mozambique 120, 130–31 People’s Democratic Party in Nigeria 74–6, 78–9, 82 (PDP) 74, 82–3 in South Africa 180, 184 presidential pardon 84–5 in Uganda 97–9, 101, 106–7, resource curse 74–5 109, 111 security votes 76 see also clientelism SERAP 85 personal enrichment see Shell 75 enrichment Sinopec 75 Persson, A. 24 thuggery 73, 182 pervasive corruption see systemic ‘treasonable stealing’ 77 corruption Nuvunga, A. 177, 179–80, 184 Pesic, V. 166 Nyusi, F. (President of ‘phantom contracts’ 77 Mozambique) 129–30 see also ghost names political corruption 176–81, 185–7 Obasanjo, O. (President of Nigeria) defined 4, 6, 30 73, 82, 86 extractive see extractive political Ojo, E.O. 176, 179, 182–4 corruption Olken, B.A. 18 power-preserving see power 1MBD scandal see Malaysia preserving political Orre, A. 177, 179–80, 184 corruption O’Sullivan, P. 168 political culture 55–7, 78, 82, Oxfam 78 138–9, 141, 150–51 political decision makers see Page, M.T. 71, 75 politicians Pakistan 125 political elite, elites 2, 3, 11, 15, Panama Papers 103 18, 25, 176–7, 183, 185
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198 Political corruption in Africa
in Ghana 35, 43 principal-agent 5, 8, 10, 20, 25, in Kenya 63 95 in Malawi 136–7, 139 private businesses see businesses in Mozambique 117–18, 120, private sector see businesses 122–4, 126, 130 privatisations 4, 14, 98, 100–02, in Nigeria 75, 78–80, 86–7 109, 119–20, 122–4, 127, in South Africa 159, 160, 162 180 in Uganda 96–7, 110–11 procurement; public procurement political leaders/leadership see 4, 22–3, 64, 100, 122, 124–6, political elite 143, 179, 181, 184 Political Parties Act (Malawi) 135, Public Procurement Act 138–9, 141, 147, 149–50 (Malawi) 138 political power holders see political Public Procurement Act decision makers (Nigeria) 77 political settlement 18, 30–31, 43, Public Procurement Authority 45, 88, 98, 109 (PPA) (Ghana) 40 ‘political settlement thesis’ 184 prosecute, prosecution 20, 40, 86, political will 1, 5, 10, 25, 159–60 101, 103–4, 110, 147, 149, politics-business network 17, 22, 160, 169, 186 84, 186 protection in Ghana 34, 40, 44 market 11, 18 in Kenya 62–3, 65–7 of individuals 36, 125, 181, in Malawi 140, 142 183 in Mozambique 117, 120–27 of private property 22 in Nigeria 73, 78 political 16, 166 in South Africa 156, 167–8 protégé 12, 79, 129, 176 in Uganda 109, 124–8 Prusa, V. 176, 179, 182–4 ‘politics of the belly’ 100 public administration see poverty (as corruption driver) bureaucrats 55–7, 67 public prosecutor 7, 19, 105, 110 power abuse 4, 16, 23, 81, 178 public servants see bureaucrats power-preservation 23, 99, 177, public tender see procurement 186 power-preserving political radio and TV see media corruption 176–7, 181 Ramaphosa, C. (President of South defined 4, 10, 16–20 Africa) 169 measuring 21, 23–4 Rawlings, J.J. (President of Ghana) in Ghana 31, 33, 35 29–30, 44 in Kenya 53–61, 67 Record, R. 150 in Malawi 144–6 rents in Mozambique 119, 125–7, distribution 43, 88, 107 130–31 extraction, capture 43, 88, 166 in Nigeria 74, 81–7 management 98 in South Africa 159, 165–70 rent-seeking 44, 98, 107, 131, 137, in Uganda 96, 103–7, 110 155, 157, 166, 168
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research on corruption 3–4, 7, 20, de Lille, P. 161 95 Directorate for Priority Crime resource curse 74–5, 119 Investigation (DPCI) 156, Ribadu, N. 75 168 ‘ring-fencing’ 26 Economic Freedom Fighters Rodríguez, M.A. (President of 165 Costa Rica) 12 Eskom 167 Routledge Handbook of Political Gupta-Zuma relationship 156, Corruption 2 166–70, 176–7 Roy, P. 88 Independent Democrats 161 ‘rules of the game’ 6, 9, 61–2, Information Scandal 155 65–7 National Party (NP) 155 ruling class 108, 121, 179 National Prosecuting Authority ruling elite see political elite (NPA) 156, 168–70 Russia (privatisations) 14 Nkandla scandal 160, 163–6, 177 scams 14, 71, 128, 131, 147 Pan-Africanist Congress 161 secrecy 12, 75, 79–81, 157 Passenger Rail agency of South self-enrichment see enrichment Africa (PRASA) 163 self-interest 14, 25 Public Protector 156, 164–5, Setiyono, B. and R. H. McLeod 167 30 Secure in Comfort report 164 Shagari, S. (President of Nigeria) ‘shadow state’ 157, 159, 165–8, 73 176 shell companies 14, 63, 77 Social Security Agency see also anonymous entities (SASSA) scandal 159, 162 South Africa 12, 125, 129, 155–70, South African Defence Force 176–8, 185–6 African National Congress 155 (ANC) 155, 159–60, 163, South African Police Service 169–70, 185 (SAPS) 163 apartheid 155 Special Investigation Unit (SIU) ‘arms deal’ scandal see defence 169 contract scandal State Capacity Research Project Bhorat commission see (SCRP) 156, 159 Commission of Enquiry into Strategic Defence Procurement Allegations of State Capture Package (SDPP) 156, 161 Broederbond 155 ‘The Great Bank Heist’ 165 Cash Paymaster Services (CPS) Thompson CSF 162 162 Travel Vouchers scandal 162–3, Commission of Enquiry into 178 Allegations of State Capture Trifecta Group 163 156, 166, 168–9 VBS Mutual Bank 165 defence contract scandal 12, ‘Waterkloof’ scandal 167 156, 161–2 Zille, H. 160
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200 Political corruption in Africa
Zondo commission see Uganda 95–112, 177, 183–4 Commission of Enquiry into ‘beautifying Kampala’ scandal Allegations of State Capture 104 state capture 11 (footnote 9), factionalism 98–9 155–7, 159–60, 165–6, GAVI and Global Fund scandals 169–70, 176, 185 103 see also South Africa: ‘shadow helicopters scandal 100–01 state’ Inspectorate of Government (IG) state-owned companies see 110 parastatals National Resistance Movement state-owned enterprises see (RNM) 95, 97, 99–100, parastatals 104–6, 109, 111, 178 structural adjustment 63, 119, 122, National Social Security Fund 180 (NSSF) 105 stuck in transition 175 Public Accounts Committee 104, Sumich, J. 121 110 Sunday Times (South Africa) 168 ruling coalition 97–8, 101, 107 Svasand, L. 141 ‘supplementary budget’ 106 systemic corruption 10, 179 Uganda Airlines Corporation in Ghana 24–5 (UAC) scandal 101–2 in Mozambique 117, 123 Uganda Commercial Bank in Nigeria 71, 73, 76, 87 (UCB) scandal 101–2 in South Africa 162, 166 Uganda People’s Defence Forces in Uganda 96–8, 107–8, 110–11 (UPDF) 100–01 USA 129 Tangri, R. and A.M. Mwenda 100 ‘taxonomy for corruption’ 75 Venezuela 117 The Economist 84 ‘vigilantes’ see militants The Enquirer (newspaper) 33–4, Villoria, M. 3 37 vote-buying 2, 19, 180, 181–2, The Statesman (newspaper) 34 186 theft see embezzlement in Kenya 52–7, 60 trafficking in Malawi 136, 144–5, 149, drug 52, 125, 157 151 human 22, 157 in Nigeria 74, 83–4, 88 transparency 24–5, 44, 76, 79, 135, 138–9, 144, 147–9, 151, 157, ‘war chest’ 74, 81–3, 178, 180 184 Weimer, B. and J. Carrilho 121 Transparency International (TI) 2, white elephants 64 71, 161 WikiLeaks 103 Corruption Perceptions Index World Bank 5, 136 (CPI) 3, 21, 71 embezzlement of WB funds Turkey (military business) 12 102 (footnote 10) World Bank Group 22
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World Bank Institute 21, 23, zero tolerance (for corruption) 9 175 (footnote 8), 29, 34 Zimbabwe (seizure of farms) 15 Yar’Adua, U. (President of Zuma, J. (President of South Nigeria) 80, 82 Africa) 156–60, 162–9
Inge Amundsen - 9781788972529 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/03/2021 02:15:42AM via free access
Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Amundsen-Political_corruption_in_Africa / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 13 / Date: 19/9 JOBNAME: EE4 Amundsen PAGE: 14 SESS: 2 OUTPUT: Tue Oct 15 09:25:07 2019
Inge Amundsen - 9781788972529 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/03/2021 02:15:42AM via free access
Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Amundsen-Political_corruption_in_Africa / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 14 / Date: 19/9