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Torstein Jargensen AT THE EDGEOF THEWORLD : THE SUPPLICATIONS FROM THEN ORWEGIANPROVINCE OF NIDAROS Torstein Ja rgensen At the time when the office ofthe papal Penitentiary was at its peak in the fifteenth and the fust half of the sixteenth century, the archdiocese of Nidaros was still the northernmost of all church provinces in Western Christendom. To be sure, the discoveries of new Iands in the Americas in the years before and after the turn of the century were just in the process of opening up a whole new world. On the one band, the new discoveries paved the way for political and economic conquest, on the other they added new and virginal ground for the Catholic Church to extend its faith, practices and institutional order. The old world scope as seen from the papacy, and in which Norway held a position as the last country of the world at the very border of the enormous abyss sur­ rounding the Iands of the earth, was about to lose its relevance. Ancl, for sea­ fa ring nations like Spain, Portugal, and Norway, the ocean represented an easier and speedier way oftravel and communication than land. By means ofthe winds ofthe seas and efficient ships the miles ofthe seas were shorter in terms oftrav­ elling hours than miles on land, especially if one belonged to the strata of the population that bad to travel on fo ot. Despite these facts the distance from Rome to the metropolitan See ofNi­ daros in Norway was still a long journey. However, it is important to note that long distance in terms of kilometres was by no means equivalent to long dis­ tance in mentality, fa ith, and conduct. It is not difficult to point out distinctive fe atures and characteristics of Scandinavian ways of life, social organisation, behaviour, and thinking in the period; but, when looking at late medieval Nor­ wegian and Icelandic societies, one also cannot escape notice of the strong im­ print of an overarching common European culture, with its joint set of norms and practices. As in Naples, Wittenberg, Dublin, or whatever place on the map of Central and Western Europe at the time, the people of Norway and leeland were from the cradle to the grave framed by the religious apparatus of the Catholic Church in all its different aspects. Distance in geography, thus, did not by necessity imply distance in religious thought and practices. One field to which this fact applied indeed was the administration of grace and penance by the Apostolic Penitentiary. 29 TheNidaros material - a briefoverview 1 The register protocols of the Apostolic Penitentiary contain altogether a hundred supplications from the dioceses under the province of Nidaros? This means, for instance, when comparing with the German material, that for every Norwegian entry there are roughly 500 to 600 petitions to be counted from the German provinces. Nevertheless, in a Norwegian setting the collection of the penitentiary supplications represents the most comprehensive discovery of medieval sources related to the country for the last 50 years. The archdiocese ofNidaros3 consisted of five dioceses on the Norwegian mainland during the period concerned. Besides the See of Nidaros itself, these were Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, and Hamar. In addition, the province included - with some variations - five suffiagan Sees on the Norwegian-dominated islands in the North Atlantic, that is, Skälholt and H6lar on Iceland, the Orkney and Frero Islands plus Gardar (Greenland). In our material, we also have included 44 supplications from the Hebrides,4 as this group of islands was old Norwegian territory and the connecting ecclesiastical lines to Nidaros remained long after the political inclusion ofthese Iands into England and Scotland. For the dioceses of the Orkneys and Hebrides we have, however, circumscribed the evidence at the year 1472/1473 as these dioceses at this time were formally transferred to the newly fo unded Scottish archdiocese of St. Andrews. For the other dioceses we have searched the protocols up to the year of the Danish-Norwegian refor­ mation in 1537. Our last registration dates from September 1531. With July 1438, as the first dating of a registered - and preserved - supplication from Ni­ daros, our material covers a period of a little less than a century. In addition we have included one supplication from the Danish-Norwegian queen, Dorothea, wife of King Christian I. By the beginningthe of fo urteenth century the Norwegian mainland is es­ timated to have been home to a maximum of 350,000 souls. The numbers feil drastically from the Black Death and the subsequent plagues that ravaged 1 For a more detailed survey sec Torstein Jmgensen and Gastone Saletnich, Synder og Pavemakt: Botsbrev fra den norslre kirlreprovins og Suder��yene til Pavestolen 1438-1531. Diplomatarium Poenitentiariae Norvegicum [Sinners and papal power. Penitentiary supplications from the Norwegian Church province and the Hebrides to the Holy See, 1438-1531] (Stavanger: MisjonshBgskolens forlaget, 2004) (hereafter Jmgensen and Saletnich, Synder og Pavemakt). 2 Gi ving the exact nurober is a question of principles of counting. In this study, I bave counted entries with lists of persons being granted one and the same grace, but who must have addressed the penitentiary with different petitions, as one supplication. Also supplications with an additional case attached to them under the same date count as one entry in our study. (Jmgensen and Sa1etnich, Synder og Pavemakt, 62, 91-92, 133, 157-158). 3 The name of the city of the metropolitan See has throughout the ages altematively been Nidaros and Trondheim. Today, the city name is Trondheim, whereas the episcopal see carries the o1d name ofNidaros. 4 InNorwegian 'Sudemyene' means 'The Southem lslands', which is the background ofthe Latin dioces is Sodorensis. 30 Europe in the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, down to a mini­ mu.m of 150,000 around 1450, that is, a depopulation rate somewbere between 5 50 and 65%. Compared to what is known about the effects of these plagues in other part of Europe, Norway was one of the countlies to suffer the most severe 6 loss of people, taken from an already small population. Tbis is an important piece of information to bear in mind wben comparing the nu.mbers of Nidaros supplications with those from more central and densely populated provinces througbout Europe. Above all, one sbould not ju.mp too quickly to the conclu­ sion that the main or only explanation lies in geographical distance. A combina­ tion ofa scarcely populated area and a location on the very outskirts oftbe orbis christianae probably explains the matter. For a more definite conclusion, bow­ ever, a comparison of tbe nurober of supplications from different cburcb prov­ inces beld up against that of population in tbe same areas would be needed. 7 Table 1. Number and type ofpetitions fromthe Norwegian dioceses. Sta- Ber- Nidaros Orkn- Skat- van- Suder- Case RCD Hamar &crown eyene1 Oslo Holt ger eyenc Total Matrim. 0 0 2 1 I 5 0 10 19 Diversis fo rmis 6 2 12 0 12 I 4 0 37 Declara- toriis I I 3 0 I . 4 0 10 Def._ oot. I 2 9 3 8 I 1 28 53 Uberiori 0 0 2 I 0 2 0 3 8 Promotis I I 0 0 I 0 0 0 3 Conf 0 0 6 0 I 1 0 2 10 Sent. Gen. I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I Alt. Port. 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 I No cate- 0 I 0 0 I 3 .. �. 0 0 I Total 10 6 35 5 26 lO 9 44 145 Source: ASV, Pemtenzzena Ap ., Reg. Matrim. et Div., vol. 1-75. Tbe cbanges and sometimes lack of consistency to be found in the register protocols in this period when it comes to categorisation naturally also apply to the Norwegian material. Tbe simple Table 1, however, sbows bow the Nidaros supplications were actually classified at the time wben they were treated. 5 Oie Jergen Benedictow, Plague in the Late Medieva/ Nordic Countries: Epidemiologica/ Studies (Oslo: Midde1alderforlaget, 1992), 104-105, 272-273. 6 Andreas Holmsen, Norges historie: Fra de e/ds te Iider ti/ 1660 [History of Norway: from the oldest times until 1660] (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1977), 333. 1 From the dioceses of Fa:ro and Greenland (Gardar) there areno petitions. All contacts with the Norse population in Greenland were cut off in the 1420's, although titular bishops to Gardarwere still appointed later in the fifteenth century. 8 Until l472/1473. 31 The number of Nidaros supplications, however, is by far too low to de­ velop any sort ofbasis for statistic observations. Still, it is ofinterest to show the following survey of how the 96 supplications from the Norwegian mainland dioceses and leeland are spread in actual years and to add a few comments: Tab1e 2: Nurober of supplications per year 1438: 1 1468: 2 1484: 3 I500: 8 1441: 1 1470: 4 1486: 1 1504: 1 1454: 2 I471: 1 1487: 1 1510: 2 1456: 2 1472: 3 1488: 3 1515: 2 1457: 2 1473: 2 1489: 1 1516: 1 1458: 4 I474: 7 I49I :2 I517: 2 1460: 2 1475: 1 1492: 1 1518: 1 I461: 2 1476: 5 1493: 4 1519: I 1463: 1 1477: 2 1494: 1 1523: 3 1464: I 1479: 1 1496: 1 1525: 1 1465:2 1480: 3 1498: 1 1531: 1 1467: 1 1481 : 1 1499: 1 The only year clearly distinguished from the rest is 1500 with its eight supplications. This can only be explained by the fact that this year was a Holy Year with its marked increase in the number of pilgrims to Rome.
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