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A Study of the Influence of the Chinese Rhetorical Tradition on Current Speeches by Chinese Speakers in the Republic of China

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A Study of the Influence of the Chinese Rhetorical Tradition on Current Speeches by Chinese Speakers in the Republic of China South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1984 A Study of the Influence of the Chinese Rhetorical Tradition on Current Speeches by Chinese speakers in the Republic of China Jian Koh-cheng Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Koh-cheng, Jian, "A Study of the Influence of the Chinese Rhetorical Tradition on Current Speeches by Chinese speakers in the Republic of China" (1984). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4221. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/4221 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A STUDY. OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHINESE RHETORICAL TRADITION. ON CURRENT SPEECHES BY CHINESE SPEAKERS IN. THE REPUBLIC. OF CHINA BY JIAN KOH-CHENG A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts , Ma jor in Speech, South Dakota State University 1984 SOUTH DAKOiA STATE UNlVE�SITY LIBRA Y A STUDY. OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHINESE RHETORICAL TRADITION ON CURRENT SPEECHES BY CHINESE SPEAKERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA This th�sis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree , Master of _Arts1 and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree . Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. Feb. 7, 1984 Harold Widvey Date Thesis Adviser 0 Feb. 7, 1984 � /-- Judit�ft ivanovic Date �ead , Dep�ent of Speech ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely acknowledge my indebtedness to my advisor, Dr. Harold Widvey , for his constant assistance, ins truction , and time throughout this study and to Dr. Lois Widvey for her encouragement. I would express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Judith Zivanovic , Head of _ the Department of Speech, and Dr . Wayne Hoogestraat and Dr. Edward Meyer, �rofessors of Speech, for their support and advice. Dr. Robert Ristow of the Division of Education and Professor Beverly Lundberg of the Department of Computer Science both provided valuable encouragement and support. I owe deep gratitude to Dr . Shang-yung Liang , Dean of Studies, National Taiwan Normal University . His encouragement was instrumental in my decision to study in the United States . Professor Chao-hui Wang , former Chairman of the Department of Oriental Languages and Cultures, National Chengchi University , provided continued support and advice as he has always done . Dr . Cheng Tien-chi, President, and Mr . Huang Cheng­ wen , Chief Sec retary , of Chung Tai Junior College have my most sincere thanks for providing the economic assistance which made this study possible. Mr. Chou Yuen-hsiaoJ Mr. Tsai Lien-kong, Mr. Jian Koh-show , Dr. and Mrs. Chen Chia-chung , Miss Lin Shu-maan , Miss Jian Chiao-jen, and my wife all provided source mate­ rial needed in the search for Chinese rhetorical concepts . Encouragement was given by many friends, but I would especially like to mention Mr . Wang Ping, Miss Dai Wen-ying, Professor Kuo Tsung�hao, Professor Huang Chun­ hsiung, and Mr . Koh Yiao-tung who in many ways gave so much to this author. I would particularly express my thanks to r ia Asmus for her advice and checking and typing the work . I thank my father-in-law , Lin Mu-wei, for having suffic ient faith in me to provide financial help as I needed it. My wife, Lin Yu-hsia , deserves a large part of the credit for whatever is good in this study . She and our children , Jian Shang-en· and Jian Shang-wen , have provided constant support through their letters and international calls. My entire family have supported and encouraged me. Finally , I would present this work to my paren.ts in the Heaven , who lo.ved and helped me establish some knowledge of this study . Jian Koh-cheng TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of the Study . 1 Origin and Justification of the Study . 2 Justification of the Study Through Exam.ination of . cong-Meng Philosophy 3 Justification of the Study Through Examination of Recent Research . 4 Procedures . • . • . 5 Survey of Literature . • . & • 5 Development of the Rhetorical Model . 12 Application of the Cong-Meng Rhetorical Model . 1 4 Contributions of the Study . 15 Endnotes . • . 16 II . HISTORICAL INFORMATION . 18 Cong-Meng Philosophy , Cong-Meng Rhetoric and Chinese Culture . 19 The Background and Life of Confucius and the Rhetorical Situation . 21 The Background and Life of Mencius and the Rhetorical Situation . 31 The Derivation of Cong-Meng Rhetoric . 37 The Maintenance and Application of Cong- Meng Rhetoric in History . 53 The Maintenance and Application of Cong- Meng Concepts in the Empire Dynasties 54 The Maintenance and Application of Cong- Meng Concepts in Modern Time . 59 Endnotes . 68 I!I . DEVELOPING ANALYSIS MODEL 76 A Framework of Western Rhetoric 76 Definition and Three Essential Elements of Rhetoric . • . • 76 Three Types of Oratory . • . • 78 Canons of Rhetoric . • . 81 Ana lysis of Cong-Meng Rhetorical Concepts 105 Definition and Three Essential Elements of Rhetoric . & • • • • • • • • • • 105 Chapter Page Rhetorical Situation . 114 Canons of Rhetoric 115 Endnotes . 151 IV . THE INFLUENCE OF CONG-MENG RHETORIC ON THE MODERN SPEECHES . • . 163 Youth Day Message by President Chiang Kai- shek on March 297 1975 . • . 163 The Speaker : Chiang Kai-shek .... 164 Current Situation of the Country .... 167 Analysis of the Speech . 169 New Year 's Day Message by President Yen Chia-kan on January 1, 1977 ... 185 The Speaker : Yen Chia-kan ....... 186 Current Situation of the Country . 188 Analysis of the Speech . 190 Double Tenth National Day Message by President Chiang Ching-kuo on October 10 ' 1.9 8 3 . 2 10 The Speaker : Chiang Ching-kuo .... 211 Current Situation of the Country . 214 Ana lysis of the Speech • . 216 Endnotes . 231 v. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 239 Summary . 239 Conclusions . 248 Suggestions for Further Study 253 APPENDIX A . 254 APPENDIX B . 259 APPENDIX C . 265 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 268 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION No one word in the Chinese language bears the exact meaning-of the word , "rhetoric ,� as defined-by ancient Western orators . However, rhetorical concepts have existed in and been applied by Chinese people . - Rhetorical models and instruction exist in Cong-Meng philosophy and have influenced communication among the people . This study is designed to isol�te rhetorical concepts from Cong-Meng philosophy and to determine the influence of that rhetorical tradition on current speeches by Chinese speakers in the Republic of China. Pu�pose of the Study The purpose of the study wa s to determine the nature of the rhetorical tradition in China and its influence on the current rhetorical situation in the Republic of China . Speeches delivered from 1975 to 1983 were examined to see whether this tradition still influences speakers . This study sought to find the relationship of Chinese ·traditional rhetoric to modern rhetoric in the ROC . Answers to these questions were sought : 1. What is the rhetorical tradition of China as found in the philosophy of Confucius and Mencius? 2 2. Does this rhetorical tradition still influence speakers in Taiwan , Republic of China? To answer these major questions7 the following questions were considered . 1. What rhetorical concepts are found in the ideas of Confucius? 2. What rhetorical concepts are found in the ideas of Mencius ? 3 . To what extent does the Chinese rhetorical tradition include concepts similar to the Wes tern rhetorical tradition? 4 . Does an examination of the speeche s of modern speakers in Taiwan , Republic of China , reveal the influence of traditional Chinese rhetorical concepts? Origin and Justification of the Study Confucius and Mencius tried to put their idealism to practical use in their ages but they did not succeed under the situations of those days . Yet, by the way of peripatetic rhetoric and education they had tremendous . impact on the society . Their rhetoric emerged from some ten schools of thought and still has influence . Its struc­ ture has not been formalized . My father taught Chinese literature and Chinese cul­ ture emphasizing Cong-Meng learning for thirty years until his death. His teaching and his efforts to live the ideals 3 which he taught had great impact on his own community and the culture of central Taiwan . He was recognized as a great man and was called "The Sage of Tsao Tun .. " After his death people built a hall and made a statue in memory of him. This, again , makes me want to know the answers to questions this study will investigate . In recent_years , the Republic of-China in Taiwan stands stably in the torrent of the international situations . The trad�tional rhetoric may have influenced the rhetorical situation from 1975 to 1983 in Taiwan . This study attempted to clarify any such influence . An examination of research materials available justifies a study of the influence of the Chinese rhetorical tradition on current speeches. Justification·of the Study Through Examina­ tion of Cong-Meng Philosophy A reading of the works of Confucius and Mencius revealed varied advice to speakers . The following excerpts suggested the existence of a Cong-Meng rhetoric : Confucius said, "Clever words and ins inuating appearances are seldom associated with benevo­ lence ." (The Analects, 1. 3.) Confucius said , "To spread hearsay is to cast away our virtue ." (The Analects , 17. 14 .) Confuc ius said , "The reason why the ancients did not readily give utterance is that they feared their .
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