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Origins of Public Speaking Chapter 2 www.publicspeakingproject.org origins of public speaking chapter 2 By: Peter A. DeCaro, Ph.D. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK introduction chapter outline: The art of public speaking was practiced chapter objectives: • Introduction long before the Greeks wrote about it in After reading this chapter, you should be • Ancient Greece their treatises more than 2,500 years able to: o The Rise of Democracy ago. For Greek men, it was a way of o The Nature of Rhetoric life, a way of being, just like football 1. Identify the historical events that o Dialectics and Logic and baseball are to us today. We led up to democracy and the o The Rhetorical Approach attribute today’s field of communication recognition of persuasion and • The Roman Republic’s Adoption to the ancient Greeks because they were public speaking as art forms in of Rhetoric the first to systematize the art of public Athens, Greece. o Cicero’s Influence Quintillion’s Influence speaking, which they called “rhetoric.” 2. Describe the nature of public o speaking in Athens during the 5th • The Middle Ages The art, or use of public speaking, is century B.C. and the role it o St. Augustine quite different today than when it was played in a democratic society. o Christianity practiced by the Greeks, and then the 3. Apply Plato’s approach to • The Renaissance Romans. Theirs was a time that didn’t dialectics and logic. o The Humanists The Rationalists have multimedia - television, radio, 4. Explain Aristotle’s descriptions of o • The Modern Period internet, movies, newspapers, and the rhetoric and public speaking. 5. Describe the Roman Republic’s o The Epistemological Tradition like - for getting their messages to the o The Belles Lettres Movement masses. Instead, the Greeks and adoption of rhetoric to public speaking. o The Elocutionary Movement Romans informed, praised, or persuaded 6. Elucidate Cicero’s influence on • Conclusion people the old fashion way - through the Roman Republic and public • Review Questions and Activities discourse - otherwise known as the oral speaking. • Glossary tradition. That meant speaking face to 7. Describe the relevance of • References face with their audience. Quintillion’s influence on the What we know today as the art of public Roman Empire, rhetoric, and public speaking. speaking has undergone a number of public speaking hasn’t changed, it has 8. Recognize the impact that St. changes since the days of Pericles, Augustine, Christianity, and the basically remained the same. However, Cicero, and Quintilian. Public speaking Middle Ages had on rhetoric and as the“Speech field of communication is power: speech brought us through the Middle Ages, public speaking. transitioned from one era to another, so experienced a rebirth as a result of the 9. Clarify the roles that the did isthe to understand persuade,ing of to public convert, Renaissance, redefined to conquer and Renaissance, Rationalism, and speaking.to compel” explain the known and unknown, the Humanists had on the rebirth -Ralph Waldo Emerson interpreted to perform theatrics, and of rhetoric and public speaking. God, that all-powerful finally, along this historical path from 10. Explain the role that Classical rhetoric and the advent of Creator of nature and the ancient Greeks and Romans, the art psychology in the 18th and 19th of public speaking was finally architect of the world, has centuries, known as the Modern reinvented to accommodate the Period, had on public speaking. impressed man with no electronic age of the twentieth and 11. Describe the influence of the character so proper to twenty-first centuries. Elocutionary Movement on distinguish him from other So what is public speaking? Has it public speaking. really changed since the days of the 12. Describe the restoration of public animals, as by the faculty of speaking in the United States. Greeks and Romans, St. Augustine, and speech. Descartes? Well, no, the concept of ~ Quintilian This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. PDF documents prepared by Lisa Schreiber and Donna Painter Graphics. Chapter 2 Origins of Public Speaking www.publicspeakingproject.org into the Aegean Sea), with the city of In 593 B.C. Draco’s laws were reformed This chapter is meant to give you, the Athens located at its center. The by Solon, an Athenian legislator, who reader, an accurate and detailed history citizens of Athens were known as introduced the first form of popular of how the art of public speaking came Athenians, and were among the most democracy into Athens. Solon’s courts into existence beginning with the prosperous of people in the became the model for the Romans and ancient Greeks and Romans. We will Mediterranean region. centuries later for England and America. learn how the Greeks came to develop It was in the Homeric Period, also Murphy and Katula (1995) argued that, the art and then followed by the Romans known as “The Age of Homer,” “It is with Solon’s reforms that we mark who codified and refined public between 850 B.C. and 650 B.C., that an the unalterable impulse toward popular speaking. After the fall of the Roman evolution in forms of government from government in western civilization” (p. Empire, we will see how public monarchy to oligarchy, and tyranny to 7). The Athenian period of speaking was kept alive by just a few eventual democracy, began in ancient democratization included legislative as individuals until the Renaissance, when Greece. Homer was the major figure of well as judicial reform. documents, or extants (which are ancient Greek literature and the author It was during the reign of Pericles, from treatises and writings that survived of the earliest epic poems, the Iliad and 461 B.C. to 429 B.C., that Athens history), were discovered in Italy, and the Odyssey. In the year 630 B.C., the achieved its greatest glory. Some of the approaches, both scientific and last tyrant of Attica, Ceylon, seized the these accomplishments included the humanistic, that defined the art of public Acropolis, which was the seat of installation of a pure democracy to speaking came about. Finally, we visit government in Athens, and established maintain, a liberalized judicial system to the latter part of the 19th and 20th himself as the ruler of all Attica. He include poor citizens so that they could centuries to understand contemporary didn’t rule for long. Ceylon was serve on juries, and the establishment of public speaking. overthrown within weeks by farmers a popular legislative assembly to review and heavily armed foot soldiers known annually all laws. In addition, he as hoplites. Many of Ceylon’s established the right for any Athenian followers were killed, and the few that citizen to propose or oppose a law escaped death fled into the mountains. during assembly. Pericles’ Thus, Athenian democracy was born. achievements far exceeded those In 621 B.C., the citizens of Athens mentioned. Because of his efforts, commissioned Draco, who was an elder Athens became the crossroads of the citizen considered to be the wisest of the world - the center of western civilization Greeks, to sort their laws into an - and with it came the need for public organized system known as speaking. codification, because until that time, “Persuasion is the civilized substitute they simply remained an oral form of ancient greece custom and tradition and weren’t the rise of democracy written like the laws of today. Draco In order to understand what was concerned only with criminal contemporary public speaking is, we offenses, which until this time had been first must understand the genesis of settled through blood feud (an eye-for- public speaking. We begin with the an-eye type of revenge between Greeks and rhetoric. Rhetoric, as families) or rulings by the King. Draco defined by Aristotle, is the “faculty of established courts, complete with juries, discovering in the particular case all the to hear cases of homicide, assault, and available means of persuasion” robbery. By conforming the codes for (Kennedy, 1963, p.19). For the Greeks, criminal offenses into standards of rhetoric, or the art of public speaking, practice, Draco began the tradition of was first and foremost a means to law, where cases were decided on for harsh authority and ruthless force,” persuade. Greek society relied on oral clearly enunciated crimes and penalties wrote R.T. Oliver (1950, p.1). Oliver expression, which also included the determined by statute rather than by the said that the recipients of any persuasive ability to inform and give speeches of whims of the nobility. His laws helped discourse must feel free to make a praise, known then as epideictic (to constitute a surge in Athenian choice. In a free society it is persuasion praise or blame someone) speeches. democracy. that decides rules, determines behavior, The ability to practice rhetoric in a and acts as the governing agent in public forum was a direct result of Speech is the mirror of action. human physical and mental activities. generations of change in the governing ~ Solon In every free society individuals are structures of Attica (a peninsula jutting continuously attempting to change the 2-2 Chapter 2 Origins of Public Speaking www.publicspeakingproject.org thoughts and/or actions of others. It is a argument. Both rhetoric and dialectic fundamental concept of a free society. are forms of critical analysis. Ian Harvey (1951) suggested that the Among the most significant thinkers of technique of persuasion is the technique the fifth century B.C.
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