MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Využití Velkých

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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Využití Velkých MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Historický ústav Využití velkých hladinových jednotek během první světové války Magisterská diplomová práce Vojtěch Slavíček Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Libor Vykoupil, Ph.D. Brno 2021 ....................................................................... Vedoucí práce PhDr. Libor Vykoupil, Ph.D. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci vypracoval samostatně s použitím jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Současně dávám svolení k tomu, aby elektronická verze této práce byla zpřístupněna přes informační systém Masarykovy univerzity ..................................................... Vojtěch Slavíček Poděkování: Děkuji panu PhDr. Liboru Vykoupilovi, Ph.D. za vedení této magisterské práce. Děkuji především za jeho dobrý přístup k vedení této práce a objektivní připomínky ať už k formální nebo obsahové stránce práce, které mi byly velmi nápomocné. Dále děkuji své rodině a především babičce, kteří mi v psaní této práce pomohli a podpořili mě. Obsah Úvod................................................................................................................................................. 6 Literatura a prameny ....................................................................................................................... 7 Ediční poznámka autora ............................................................................................................... 15 Velká hladinová jednotka ............................................................................................................. 16 Typy velkých hladinových jednotek ............................................................................................ 18 Bitevní loď (pre dreadnought) ................................................................................................. 18 Obrněný křižník ........................................................................................................................ 20 Pancéřový křižník ..................................................................................................................... 21 Semi dreadnought ..................................................................................................................... 22 Dreadnought .............................................................................................................................. 24 Bitevní křižník........................................................................................................................... 27 Námořní operace velkých hladinových jednotek během první světové války .......................... 28 Středozemní moře ..................................................................................................................... 29 První měření sil ..................................................................................................................... 31 Operace u Dardanel – Turecko je třeba z války vyřadit ..................................................... 35 Operace u Dardanel – Děla proti pevnostem ..................................................................... 38 Operace u Dardanel – Příliš pevná obrana .......................................................................... 40 Operace u Dardanel – Z úderných jednotek pouhá podpora .............................................. 42 Operace u Dardanel – Ukončení tažení ............................................................................... 45 Jaderské moře ............................................................................................................................ 47 Začátek války a demonstrace síly velkých hladinových jednotek ..................................... 47 Francouzské hlavní síly na Jadranu ..................................................................................... 48 Velká bitva nepřichází, malá válka začíná .......................................................................... 50 Rakousko-uherské loďstvo u italského pobřeží .................................................................. 52 Velké ztráty bez bitev ........................................................................................................... 54 Nečinností ke vzpouře .......................................................................................................... 58 Nešťastný dreadnought......................................................................................................... 59 Severní moře ............................................................................................................................. 62 Na prahu války ...................................................................................................................... 62 Malá válka mezi velkými loďstvy ....................................................................................... 64 Intermezzo na vzdálených mořích – Eskadra viceadmirála Maximiliana von Spee ........ 68 Britská města, rukojmí námořní války ................................................................................ 79 První bitva velkých hladinových jednotek v Severním moři ............................................. 85 Iniciativa velkých hladinových jednotek se zvyšuje .......................................................... 90 Schyluje se k velké bitvě ...................................................................................................... 95 Bitva u Jutska – Náhodné setkání ........................................................................................ 98 Bitva u Jutska – Bitevní křižníky v akci ............................................................................. 99 Bitva u Jutska – Smyčka se stahuje ................................................................................... 105 Bitva u Jutska – Střetnutí hlavních sil ............................................................................... 108 Bitva u Jutska – Únik z pasti.............................................................................................. 112 Bitva u Jutska – Výsledky a hodnocení............................................................................. 118 Vítězná bitva cestou k pasivní válce a poslední výpady německé Hochseeflotte .......... 123 Poslední střet velkých hladinových jednotek v Severním moři ....................................... 128 Vítězství Dohody v Severním moři ................................................................................... 132 Baltské moře............................................................................................................................ 135 Východiska a předpoklady ................................................................................................. 135 Začátek války a smůla křižníku Magdeburg ..................................................................... 136 Staré obrněnce, nové služby............................................................................................... 138 Miny a torpéda .................................................................................................................... 140 Zimní přestávka a nezměněné podmínky .......................................................................... 141 Bitva u Östergarnu .............................................................................................................. 143 Německé dreadnoughty poprvé na Baltu .......................................................................... 146 Malá válka pokračuje ......................................................................................................... 150 Velké finále u Moonsundských ostrovů ............................................................................ 152 Černé moře .............................................................................................................................. 157 Velká hladinová jednotka – eso v rukou diplomatů ......................................................... 157 Města a křižníky.................................................................................................................. 159 Zvláštní podmínky .............................................................................................................. 161 Podivná válka velkých hladinových jednotek................................................................... 163 Ruské dreadnoughty konečně na obzoru ........................................................................... 166 Nerozhodnuto až do konce ................................................................................................. 168 Závěr ............................................................................................................................................ 170 Seznam pramenů a literatury ...................................................................................................... 176 Prameny ................................................................................................................................... 176 Periodika.............................................................................................................................. 176 Odborné časopisy................................................................................................................ 176 Ročenky a almanachy ......................................................................................................... 176 Vydané prameny ................................................................................................................
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