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ODHAMS' A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

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A.B.C. 3 OF THE GREAT WAR

Compiled and Edited by E. W. GOLBROOK

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London: ODHAMS LIMITED 39 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2

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3LL that is claimed for this work is that it is a compilation of the various miscellaneous accounts, articles, etc., which have been issued from day to day, carefully collated from news- papers, text-books, biographies, geographies, etc., etc., set out in alphabetical order, which, it is hoped, will be found of service as a guide to the war and as a took of reference.

!t has been my endeavour to put in very brief form everything that it is desirable to know relating to the war, and which one could have ascertained for oneself by perusing the various newspapers, books, etc. (not, however, always accessible), on the subject ; but / have done it for you,

I have not gone into past history, but have merely stated how the war commenced, who is in it, and the dates when, and the places where, each event in the war took place after the commencement of it.

Germany's lust for world power, its aims at world domination, its intention to crush France and Russia and then Britain, taking the assassination of the Archduke Franz

Ferdinand and his wife as its excuse for committing its horrible atrocities, is left to others to expound in full.

I return my grateful acknowledgments to the proprietors " " " of The Times," The Daily Telegraph," The Morning Post," " The Daily Mail," " The Daily Chronicle," " The Daily Express," " The Evening Standard," " The Sunday Evening Telegram," "The News of the World," "The People," and the "National News" newspapers; and of ** Pear's Cyclopaedia," *' The Daily Mail Year Book," " Whitaker's Almanack," and various other works consulted, without the assistance of which I should have been unable to complete my labours. E. W. COLBROOK. Westminster, S.W. '919. l,n,r^^ r\.m jt3. v^« OF THE GREAT WAR

\|A.BENRAA. completed in 1912, and appears to

^ A seaport in Schleswig have beer, a vessel of about 600 tons, *" On the 8th November, 1918, the carrying a crew of 25. aviation camp here was in the hands ABERDEEN, Marquess of, P.C., of the revolutionaries. G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., K.T. A.BAGUIDO. Aged 67. Five miles south-east of Manchuli. Was Governor-General of India. On the 28th Was a close of ^ August, 1918, enemy personal friend Mr. ^cavalry, 100 strong, entered it. Gladstone. Was Viceroy of Ireland from 1905 JbERGONWAY, Lord. until the early part of 1915. 1 Aged 68. . Was raised to the rank of Marquis Was formerly Rt. Hon. Sir Charles in 1915. S. McLaren. Visited the U.S.A., 1916, in con- , Was Liberal M.P. for 30 years. nection with the War. ' Lost his son Francis in the war. "ABOUKIR," H.M.S. iERDEEN. An armoured cruiser, completed Royal burgh and city of County in 1902, having a displacement of Aberdeen. The chief port of the 12,000 tons and a speed of 21 knots. " North of Scotland, the granite She was sunk, with H.M. Ships city," famous for its university and '"Hogue" and " Cressy," off the fine buildings. Hook of Holland, by the German Has large textile industries. U 9 on the 22nd Septem- Population, 163,084. ber, 1914. Over 1,400 lives were On the morning of Sunday, the lost ; 900 were saved. " 9th August, 1914, the First Light The " Hogue " and " Cressy Cruiser Squadron, cruising about 40 were torpedoed while trying to save miles from here, was attacked by a lives off her. " squadron of German . It was thought that the " Cressy The attack seems to have been rather sank one submarine. unpremeditated, for one of the vessels, the U 15, rose only a short ABRI-DE-ST. LOUIS. distance ahead of the " Birming- On the 4th October, 1918, it was ham." Three rounds sufficed to captured by the Americans. disable the U 15, whose fate was ABU-HAREIRA. sealed by the cruiser's ram. The On the 5th November, 1917, the other vessels made off on seeing the British troops operating in fate of their comrade, and made good captured it. their escape, although, according to the story of one of the crew of an ACKROYD, Temporary Captain accompanying vessel, the U 15 Harold M. Cr., M.D. parted company from her consorts Late R.A.M.C. (attached to the and was alone when she met the Royal Berkshire Regiment). Gained British cruisers. Reliable details of the V.C. in the war. the U 15 arenot available. She was Lost his life in the war.

I A — A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

AGLAND, Rt. Hon. Francis Dyke, ACTON, Private Abraham. M.P. Border Regiment. Gairfed the

Aged 45. ' V.C. in the war. Son of the Rt Hon. A.H.D.Acland. AGY. Was Under Secretary for Foreign In the region of St. German-

Affairs from 1911 until 1915. . jumont, to the south-west of Rethel. Was Parliamentary Secretary to The British captured Acy on the the Board of Agriculture from 1915 15th October, 1918. to 1916. ADDISON, Rev. W. R. F. Was Financial Secretary to the Temporary-Chaplain. Gained the Treasury. V.C. in the war. Was Finance Member of the Army Rt. Council. ADDISON, Hon. Dr. Christo- pher, P.G., Was Private Secretary to Lord M.P. Haldane. Aged 50. Financial Secretary to the War Was Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Education in 1914. Office, on the 1st February, 1915, of in succession to Mr. Montagu. Secretary Munitions from 1914 Sat for the Richmond Division of to 1916. Yorkshire from 1906 to 1910. Was Minister of Munitions, ThenM.P.for N.W. Cornwall. which without Portfolio, in charge of Re- construction, seat he retained in the Victory Election. having been appointed in July, 1917. Is a member of the Senate of the Privy Councillor in 1916. University of London. M.P. for Hoxton Division since Has been a Privy Councillor since June, 1915. 1910, which seat he retained in the Victory Election. or ST. ACRE, JEAN D'ACRE. Appointed to the Local Govern- A city and seaport of Syria, 20 ment Board after the Victory Election. miles north-west of Nazareth, on the "ADMIRAL CHARNER." Bay of Ancre. The key of Palestine. A French battleship. Famous for its many sieges during and since the Crusades. She was sunk by a German sub- marine on the 8th Probably identical with the Aak of February, 1916; 374 officers and men were lost. the early Egyptians —Thotmes HI. B.C. !500. * ADMIRAL GAUTEAUME." Population, 11,000, principally A French steamer. Moslems. On the 26th October, 1914, this It was taken by the Crusaders in steamer, having on board between 1104, retaken"- by the Saracens in 2,500 and 2,600 Belgian and French 1187, and recovered by Richard refugees, was blown up by a torpedo Coeur de Lion in 1191 and given to when some distance out from Calais. Knights of St. of fortunate presence of the the John Jerusalem. The " It was taken by Ibrahim Pasha in Channel steamer " British Queen 1832, and taken by combined in the vicinity enabled all but from English and French squadrons in 1848 20 to 40 passengers to be saved. when the Allies were co-operating ADMIRALTY, Board of. with the Turkish Navy. Whitehall, S.W. 1. On the 24th September, 1918, the On the 12th February, 1915, it British cavalry captured it. announced that combined aeroplane ''ACTAEON." and seaplane operations had been An American steamer of 5,000 tons. carried out by the naval wing at

On the 28th November, 1 91 7, she Bruges, Zeebrugge, Blankenberghe, arrived at the port of Camarinas after and Ostend, to prevent the develop- being torpedoed. There were 21 ment of hostile submarine bases and survivors. Three boats with the establishments. Thirty -four aero- rest of the crew were missing. planes and seaplanes took part in the " A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

attack,, doing considerable damage, places, and, secondly, of the wilful Ostend railway station suffering or reckless bombardment of hospitals. heavily. AERTRYCKE. the 3rd January, 1917, it On A village in West Flanders. defined its policy as to the arming of 9th 1917, the " On the December. merchant ships, reasserting the im- aerodrome was bombed by the British memorial right " of the seaman to naval aircraft. Many bombs were defend his vessel " against attack or dropped on objectives. The bom- search by an enemy." bers were attacked by enemy aircraft ADRIANOPLE. scouts, two of which were driven out A city in European Turkey, of control. province of Rumelia, on the left bank AGAGIA. of the Maritz. Greatly developed by On the 26th February, 1916, a Kadrian in 125. 1366 to 1453 From column of Senussi Arabs was re- it was the residence of the Sultan. pulsed here and pursued by General Population of province, 1,006,500; Lake's column. of city, 70,000. AGAR-ROBARTES, Captain the . On the 4th April, 1916, British naval aeroplanes dropped bombs on Hon. T. G. the station here. Member of Parliament. "AEGUSA." Lost his life in the war in Septem- ber, 1915. An armed British yacht. On the 16th May, 1916, she was AINBREVILLE. sunk by a mine in the Mediterranean. North of Verdun. jAEGEAN SEA. On the 29th October, 1918, the American troops occupied the village t A branch of the Mediterranean, here, and established the Allies' lines studded with isles, between Greece north of it.

\ and Asia Minor, called the Grecian AIR BOARD. \ Archipelago. ' On the 14th July, 1915. the British On the 17th May, 1916, in the transport " Royal Edward " was sunk House of Commons, the constitution I of a new Air Board, with Lord |i here, with great loss of life. Curzon as President, was announced. i On the 21st November, 1916, the " [i British hospital ship Britannic AIR FORGE.

was sunk here ; 50 lives lost [I were On the 13th November, 1917, the AERIAL OFFENCES, Sub -Com- Air Force was put on the same status i mittee to Deal with. as the Navy and Army.

I Chairman, Sir Ernest M. Pollock, AIR MINISTRY. ! K.C., M.P. Strand, W.C. 2. ; In consequence of a request from AIR RAIDS. i the Air Ministry for the appointment On the 9th July, 1917, a secret I of arepresentativeof that Department session of the House of Commons upon the Committee of Inquiry was held to hear a statement from the |i into Breaches of the Laws of War, Premier on the position created by k and the creation of a Special Sub- the air raids and oh the adequate Committee to deal with aerial I defence of London. offences. E. H. Davidson, AIR RAID CASUALTIES. ( M.C., was appointed by the Attorney-

'' General upon the Main Committee, Killed, Total 1,570. Men, 864;

^ and two representatives from the Air Women, 411; Children, 295,

' Ministry upon the Sub-Committee, Wounded, Total 4041. Men, 2,059; which was appointed on the 15th Women, 1,210; Children. 772. ' December, 1918. AISNE.

To this Committee was referred the A river of 1 50 miles in N.E. France. examination, first, of the indiscrim- It is also a tributary of the River

inate bombardment of towns and 1 Oise. - A.B.e. OF THE GREAT WAR

It has a population of 534,204. century, as Haila or Ailat, the great .< It is a sugar-growing and agricul- port of Palestine. tural department. H.M.S. " Minerva" shelled it on The German retreating forces were the 4th November, 1914, and de- driven across here on the 14th stroyed the forts and barracks. September, 1914. " ALAUNIA." On the 25th September, 1914. the A Cunard liner. Battle of the Aisne had been proceed- On the 19th October, 1916, she ing for 14 days. Fierce attacks were was sunk ; all saved. made on the Allies by the augmented German troops. ALBANIA. On the 6th June, 1915, the French A mountainous province on the captured ground north of the Aisne, west side of the Balkan Peninsula, and occupied two-thirds of the having an area of 18,000 square miles. famous " Labyrinth." The population of 1,600,000 are On the 13th November, 1916, a warlike and half-civilised people. great battle on both sides began. She proclaimed her independence German defences were penetrated on the 2nd June, 1917. by the British on a five-miles front, On the 8th July, 1918, the Italians the strongly fortified villages of had a success here, supported by St. Pierre Divion, Beaumont Hamel, British monitors; 1,300 prisoners and Beaumont were captured, and taken. north of the riverthe original German " ALBATROS." front line defences were taken and A German ship of the Deutschland over 5,000 prisoners. type. On the 23rd October, 1917, the On the 1st July, 1915, a naval French won a brilliant victory on the engagement between Russian and Aisne front across the Paris-Brussels German battleships occurred, result- road, penetrating the German posi- ing in her being driven ashore. tions to a depth of over two miles. ALBERT. Malmaison Fort and other important An industrial town on the Ancre. strategical posts were taken ; 8,000 Population, 6,750. prisoners, including 180 officers, and The church of Notre-Dame 25 guns were captured. Brebrieres was restored in recent On the 15th October, 1918, a years, and attracts pilgrims. great line of smoke and fire beyond The village was called Ancre until the Aisne showed that the Germans the reign of Louis XIII., who pre-. were continuing to burn ajid destroy sented it in 161 7 to Charles d'Albert, everything on their route. The Due de Luynes. Germans left most of the evacuated On the 27th March, 1918, the villages in flames, after locking the Germans took it and Montdidier, inhabitants in cellars. within 12 miles of Amiens. On the 18th October, 1918, the On the 8th August, 1918, the French reported they had crossed British Fourth Army and the French the Aisne and were in the region of Third Army attacked, under Sir D. Grandpre. Haig, with tanks, from Albert to AISY. north of Montdidier. The Germans On the 20th September, 1918, were completely surprised, and the the French took some ground Allies broke through the lines, taking west of here and north-east of thousands of prisoners and hundreds Vailly. of guns. On the 28th September, 1918, the On the 22nd August, 1918, the French occupied it. British attacked between the Ancre AKABAH. and the Somme, and took Albert. A harbour and garrison at N.E. of ALBERT, The Good. King. Red Sea. Was known'in the tenth 3ee under " Belgians." . A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

ALBERT, H.R.H. Prince, K.G. Married to the Prince of Wales Aged 24. (afterwards Edward VII. )on the 10th He is the second son of King March. 1863. George and Queen Mary. Queen of England from the 22nd He was trained for the January, 1901, to the 6th May, 1910. at Osborne and Dartmouth. ALEXANDROVATZ. Was appointed to H.M.S. " Col- In the district of Krouchevatz. lingwood " in September, 1913. On the 16th October, 1918, it was Visited West^^ Indies in H.M.S. captured by the Serbian troops. " Cumberland "in the spring of 1913. On his recovery from an operation ALEXIEFF, GeneraL he rejoined the " Collingwood " on A Russian General. the 19th February, 1915. General Brusiloff succeeded him On the 20th November, 1916, he as Commander-in-Chief in Russia on was appointed for service on the the 4th June, 1917. Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, On the 13th October, 1918, his Portsmouth. death was announced. On the 5th June, 1917, he and ALEXINATZ. Prince George of Battenberg were Twenty miles north of Nish. On decorated by the Russian Govern- the 15th October, 1918, the Serbians ment for distinguished service in the occupied it. battle off Jutland. ALGIE, Lieut. Vi^allace Lloyd. ALBERT, Dr. Heinrich. Late 20th Battalion, 1st Central Ontario Regiment. Gained the V.C. Aged 44. the war. Was Under Secretary of the in Lost his life in the war. Imperial Home Office at Berlin. "ALCANTARA." ALIENS. On the 14th February, 1916. the An armoured patrol liner, built in Order for all aliens to register came\ 1913, with a tonnage of 15,300, belongingtothe Royal Mail Company. into force. Captain T. E. Wardle. ALLEGEMEINE ELECTRICI- On the 29th February. 1916, she TATS GESSELLSCHAFT. was sunk by German vessels ; 5 The largest industrial undertaking officers and 69 men were lost. in with the exception of "ALERT." 's. It was established by the A cutter of the training ship late Dr. Emil Rathenau in 1887. Cornwall." Has branches all over the world. On the 30th August, 1915, with a ALLEN, Captain William Barnsley, crew of lads on board, off Purfleet, M.G., M.B. she was run into by a tug and sunk ; R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C. in 16 boys were drowned. the war. ALESSIO. ALLENBY, General Sir Edmund An Albanian port at the mouth of H. H., G.G.M.G., K.C.B. the Drin. Aged 57. On the 27th October, 1918, it was Commanded the Calvary Expe- reported that the Allies had entered ditionary Force at the outbreak of here and were marching on St. the war. Giovanni di Medua (Albanian front). Has served in Bechuanaland, Zulu- ALEXANDER,Lie ut.-ColoneL,E .W land, and South Africa. promoted to General in June, R.F.A. Gained the V.C.inthe war. Was 1917, and appointed to tiie command ALEXANDRA, Her Majesty Queen. of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, Aged 75. and succeeded General Murray as Eldest daughter of the late King Commander in Palestine on the 29th Christian IX. of Denmark. June. 1917. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 1st November, 1918, the 8th July. 1915. Nearly all the com- King sent a telegram of congratula- plement of 700 officers and crew were tion to him on the surrender of saved. Turkey, and promoted him K.C.B. AMBLY FLEURY. ALSACE-LORRAINE. On the 24th October. 1918. the A province in the German Empire, French captured it. taken from the French in 1871. Has a total area of 5,601 square AMBLY HUNT. miles, and a population of 1,719,415. On the 19th October, 1918. the On the 23rd August, 1914. the French reported that on the Aisne French were checked here, and fell front the troops cleared the enemy back upon Nancy and Belfort, the from the region comprised between Germans entering France and Aisne Canal and the vvest of occupying Luneville. Alligny, and captured Ambly Hunt, In Upper Alsace the Allies vfere taking prisoners. closely investing Steinbach on the 29th December, 1914, and after a AMERICAN TROOPS. violent action seized a position north- Marched through London on the west of the town. 15th August, 1917. On the 31st December, 1914, in AMEY, Lance -Corporal William Upper Alsace the French entered (3078171). Steinbach, and carried half the village 1 /8th Battalion, Royal Warwicks, house by house." R.T.F. (Birmingham) Gained the On the 2nd January, 1915, in V.C. in the war. Upper Alsace the railway about Alt- kirch was bombarded, and at Stein- AMIENS. bach more lines of houses were Situated on the Somme, in the carried by the French infantry. North of France. On the 6th January, 1915 a slight It is famous for its fine cathedral German gain was reported, the enemy and velvet manufactories succeeding in recapturing one of the It-has a population of 90,758. " heights " on the east flank of Hill The Germans took Amiens on the 425, though the French still held its 1st September, 1914. summit. AMORA. the 7th January, 1915, the On In the Persian Gulf. French advance was continued with On the 3rd June, 1915, the British unabated success, and they reached forces took it. a point only about 2j miles west of Altkirch. •AMPHION," H.M.S. They also maintained at all points Captain C. H. Fox. the position recently captured from An unprotected third class cruiser, the Germans. On the 8th January, having a displacement of 3.350 tons 1915, the French ousted the Germans and a speed of 25 knots. from their trenches on the side of She sunk the German mine-layer Hill 425, and gained more ground " Konigen Luise " on the 5th August, on the slopes. Further south the 1914, but while reconnoitring on the French captured Burnhaupt-le-haut. following day she was sunk by a mine ALTKIRCH. in the North Sea, with the loss of 131 A village in upper Alsace. lives. Captain Fox was among the On the 18th November. 1918, it survivors, but 1 officer and 147 men was reoccupied by French and were lost. Americans. ANATOLIAN COAST. "AMALFI." Parts of Asia Minor. An Italian light cruiser. Up to the 17th January. 1915. the She was sunk by an Austrian sub- Russians torpedoed 163 sailing ships marine in the Upper Adriatic on the off this coast. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

••." ANDRASSY, Count. An Italian liner. Austrian statesman. On the 7th November, 1915, on On the 2nd November, 1918, it her way to with 422 was reported that he might be banish- passengers and 60 crew, she was ed on account of his Noteto President shelled and torpedoed by a sub- Wilson. marine, flying the Austrian flag, off ANDREW, Corporal Leslie Wilton Sardinia ; 270 persons were saved. (11795). ANCRE. Infantry Battalion, New Zealand The town of Albert was called Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. Ancre until the reign of Louis XIII., "ANGLIA." who presented it in 1617 to his the favourite, Charles d'Albert, Due de A steamer belonging to London Luynes. and North- Western Railway, having a speed On the 13th November, 1916, a a gross tonnage of 1,862 And 1900. great battle opened on both sides of of 21 knots. Built in the year Ancre, the British forces capturing Acted as a hospital ship. over 5,000 prisoners. On the 17th November, 1915, she On the 18th November, 1916, the was sunk, with the loss of 85 lives, in British front advanced on both sides. through striking a mine the On the 25th February, 1917, the Channel. Germans retired to a depth of 2 to 3 "ANGLO-DANE." miles on an 11 -mile front. A steamship belonging to the On the 4th August, 1918, the Ancre United Steamship Company. salient was evacuated by the Germans. She rammed a German , On the 15th August, 1918, British L 124, on the 23rd November, 1914. troops crossed the river Ancre. ANGUILCOURT. On the 21st August, 1918, Byng, North-east of La Fere. with the Third British Army, attacked 18th October,^ 1918, the north of the river Ancre, reaching On the

stated : Achiet-le-Petit. French official report "Emerg- Achery towards The British troops gained posses- ing from Choigny and the end of the night, our troops sion of the village on the 6th Novem- rearguards, ber, 1918. pursued the German ANDECHY. and occupied Anguilcourt." On the 17th March, 1917, the ANGUS, Lance-Corporal V/, French advanced between here and Highland Light Infantry. Gained the Oise. 'Many villages were taken, the V.C. in the war. and there was a general German of. retreat. ANHALT, Duke His death took place on the 12th ANDERSON, Temporary - Major 1918, at Dessan (Central (Acting -Lieut.- Colonel). September, Germany). Late Highland Light Infantry. Gained the V.C. in the war. ANIMALS, Diabolical Treatment Lost his life in the war. of. ANDERSON, Colonel A. J. J. During the German retreat in British troops who had A.S.C. Sandhurst sprinter. August, 1918, reoccupied a French town found on Lost his life in the war. the door of a house a kitten hanging ANDERSON, Corporal W. by its forepaws, which had been Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the nailed to the wood. It was mewing V.C. in the war. piteously and striving to release itself. ANDIGNY. A British soldier at once went to its On the 11th October, 1918, the help and pulled out the nail which Americans completed the capture of held it. As he did so an explosion it and St. Souplet. occurred, and he was killed and 8 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

thrown across the road. An ex- Army ; 2,000 of them were cut off, plosive charge had been connected and succeeded in escaping into with the nail. Holland. The British lost 300. ANNAY. On the 10th October, 1914. the On the 12th October, 1918, it was Germans imposed a war levy of captured by British troops. £20,000.000. ANSEGHEM. On the 16th October, 1918, the A town in West Flanders, 12 miles commander of the German Army east of Courtrai. here informed the Dutch authorities that On the 1st November, 1918, the 100,000 fugitives were going to British army captured this village. Holland. On the 13th November, 1918, ANTEN, Lieut. Harold, D.S.G. Soldiers' Councils were established R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the here, Landsberg, Warte, Glogan, and war. Sensburg. ANTILLES." On the 15th November, 1918, A U.S. transport. Belgian troops were ordered to march On the 12th October, 1917, towards here to occupy the town, in Scandinavian merchantmen, escorted consequence of acts of violence by by two British , were German troops to Belgian civilians. attacked by two heavily armed Ger- On the 18th November, 1918, it man raiders. The destroyers were was almost cleared of the Germans, sunk, with the loss of 135 lives and and Belgian cavalry arrived here. 9 of the merchant ships. The ANZAC. " Antilles " was torpedoed, and 67 fanciful name of which the lives were lost. A ANTWERP. letters represent "Australia New Zealand Army Corps." It was given A seaport in Belgium. to the first Australian contingent, the It has a famous Gothic cathedral heroic fellows who fought at Suvla with a spire of 366 feet, and contains Bay. Those who survived this works of Rubens. terrible "gamble" were granted the Vandyke was born here in 1599. right to wear a gilt capital A on their It is a great trading port. sleeves. Has a population of 285,600. The Belgian seat of Government APAPA." was removed from Brussels to here On the 9th December, 1917, this on the 19th August, 1914. vessel was torpedoed by an enemy

On the 4th September, 1914, the submarine without warning ; 70 lives Belgians opened the dykes near were lost. Antwerp, the Germans losing heavily. APIA. The seat of the Belgian Govern- The chief town of Upola, Samoa ment was removed from here to Isles. The centre of German com- Ostend on the 6th October, 1914. merce in the Pacific. The dykes were again flooded Has a population of 5,050. around here onthe7th October, 1914. On the 31st August, 1914, it sur- British A Marine Brigade and two rendered to a New Zealand Force. Naval Brigades, representing a total "APPAM." of 8,000 men, entered here on the 7th Elder-Dempster liner, which October, 1914, in aid of the Belgian An garrison. is believed to have been lost in 1916, her On the 8th October, 1914, the January, on homeward voyage from West Africa. bombardment continued, and terrible destruction was dealt by the German APREMONT. siege guns, the southern station, the On the 1st October, 1918, the Hoboken, being set on fire. Germans attacked here, but were Two of the British Brigades repulsed by the Americans with great successfully retired with the Belgian losses to the Germans. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

ARABIA." and from Bolshevik gunboats. The A P. & 0. liner. ice had by then broken up and the On the 8th November, 1916, she River Dvina would be navigable for was sunk in the Mediterranean by a British boats. The Russian Admiral German submarine without warning. Koltchak pushed on to Moscow, and • ARABIC." anti-Bolshevik forces were within 20 A White Star steamer. miles of Petrograd by the end of May. On the 19th August, 1915, she was ARCHIBALD, Sapper A. (213087)

torpedoed and sunk off Queenstown ; 218th Field Co., R.E. (Leith). 378 saved out of a total of 424 Gained the V.C. in the war. passengers and crew. ARCO, Count George von. On the 27th August, 1915, Count Aged 48. Bernstorff notified Mr. Lansing that A distinguished engineer and " full satisfaction " would be given inventor of a wireless telegraph by Germany to the U.S. for the system called " Telefun Ren ** (wired sinking of her. sparks). 'ARDENT," H.M.S. *' ARABIS." A British ship. A British destroyer. She was torpedoed by German She was sunk by the German Fleet in the destroyers in the North Sea on the North Sea on the 31st May, 1916 —see under 1 0th February. 1916. " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" • ARAGON." ARENSBURG. A British transport. The capital of Oesel, a town in On the 30th December, 1917, she Livonia, Russia. was sunk off Alexandria by a sub- On the 13th October, 1917, it was

marine. . taken by the Germans. • ARBUTUS,*' H.M.S. * ARETHUSA," H.M.S. A British gunboat. Commodore R. Y. Tyrwhitt. She was torpedoed on the 1st A light cruiser, completed in 1914, January, 1918. having a displacement of 3,750 tons ARCHANGEL. and a speed of 30 knots. A province in North Russia, in- On the 28th August, 1914, German cluding Nova Zembla. submarines, escorted by a number of " Population, 347,589. cruisers, engaged the " Arethusa On the 2nd August, 1918, the and 19 destroyers of the Third Flo- " Allies landed here, and were received tilla and the light crufser " Fearless with great enthusiasm by the people. (Captain W. F. Blunt) and 17 de- On the 9th September, 1918, it stroyers of the First Flotilla off Heli- was reported that the Tchaikowsky goland. The British destroyers were Government, which was constituted superior to the enemy's in number here, was overthrown the day after and power, but inferior in speed, and the landing of the Allies, and that the bulk of the hostile vessels evaded this was effected by a Russian officer action and left the brunt of the fight named Chaplin. to the cruisers. These were the On the 20th September, 1918, an protected vessels " Mainz," " Koln," " enemy aeroplane that had attempted and Ariadne." They fought a to bomb the Allied lines was brought strenuous action, and almost suc- down by gunfire. ceeded in destroying the" Arethusa," In April, 1919, it was reported reducing her speed from 30 knots to that the small Allied force here was 6, and putting all her guns except one in danger, unless assistance could be out of action. Concerted torpedo sent. attacks by the British destroyers General Ironsides was sent out with failed, and things were going badly a relief force at the end of April, and until the First Light Cruiser Squad- his troops were attacked both on land ron of five ships, " Southampton," 10 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Birmingham,*"* Lowestoft,"" Fal- ARIZ, von. mouth," and " Liverpool," com- Austrian Chief of Staff. manded by Commodore W. E. Good- On the 5th November, 1918, he enough, arrived on the scene. Thej' was reported to have signed the ei^ectively engaged the German ships Austrian armistice. on the spot, but further reinforce- ARLEUX. ments came out from Heligoland, and North-westof La Bassee.andsouth- doubtful, until the result again looked west of Fleubaix. of the First the five Dreadnoughts On the 28th April, 1917, the third Battle Cruiser Squadron (Vice- stage of the Battle of Arras began Sir David Beatty) appeared Admiral with a new thrust by the British east decided the issue. It was re- and of the Vimy Ridge, and Arleux was ported that the British lost no ships, captured. officers and were killed but 32 men On the 30th September, 1918, the wounded. The German loss and 56 British troops who had entered this at least 1,200 killed, and in men was village were compelled to withdraw. the " Mainz," " Koln," "Ariadne," On the 13th October, 1918, it was and V 187 were lost. recaptured. She accompanied the British sea- ARMADALE." planes in making an attack at daylight A British transport. on German warships lying in Schilig She was reported torpedoed on the Roads, off Cuxhaven, on the 25th 27th June, 1917, with the loss of December, 1914. 11 lives. She struck a mine and was wrecked in the North Sea on the 13th February, ARMENIAN." 1916. A Leyland liner. She was sunk off ARGES. the Cornish coast on the 1st July, 1915 ; 29 lives were On the 3rd December, 1916, the lost, 21 being Americans. Battle of Arges was fought; capture of ARMENTIERES. Tirgovistea. First Roumanian Army A manufacturing town in defeated and driven beyond Titu, Northern France, 10 miles from Lille. and army south-west of Bucharest Population, 30,000. thrust back ; furious fighting in the Dobrudja. On the 12th April, 1918, the British evacuated it. The Germans • ARGYLL," H.M.S. claimedinthis quarter6,000 prisoners A cruiser, completed in the year and 100 guns. 1905, having a displacement of On the 13th September. 1918, the 10,850 tons and a speed of 22^ Allies were about one mile from here. knots. On the 3rd October, 1918, it was

On the 28th October, 1915, she reported that it was captured ; but was wrecked, supposed by an acci- on the 4th October, 1918, it was dent. reported that it had not yet been " ARLA.DNE." occupied. " ARMISTICE. A German battleship of the " D This was signed on the type. Launched in the year 1910, 11th November, 1918. with a tonnage of 2,608. Germany's fiction On the 28th August, 1914, she was that her armies were undefeated was finally shattered destroyed by gunfire of British in a dispatch from Sir Douglas Haig, cruisers and destroyers off Heligo- land. published on the 7th January, 1919, as a supplement to the " London ARIEL," H.M.S. " Gazette," in which he stated : The A torpedo-boat destroyer. military situation on the British front She sank a German submarine, on the morning of November 11th

U 12. on the 10th March, 1915. can be stated very shortly. . . . A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

"In the fighting since November On the 4th October, 1914, the Istourtroops had broken the enemy's Allies assumed the offensive at many resistance bej'ond possibility of re- points, succeeding in the Argonne covery, and had forced on him a dis- district in throwing back the enemy orderly retreat along the whole front towards the north. of the Britisharmies. Thereafter the On the 9th October, 1914, the enemy was capable neither of accept- deadly French gunnery was employed ing nor refusing battle. The utter with splendid effect, beating the confusion of his troops, the state of enemy back, and in the Roye regions his railways, congested with aban- 1,600 prisoners were taken. doned trains, the capture of huge On the 19th December, 1914, the quantities of rolling stock and Allies gained further ground before material, all showed that our attack Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well had been decisive. . . . as east and south of Ypres, north of " The strategic plan of the Allies La Bassee, and north of here, while had been realised with a completeness the position east of Vermelles was rarely seen in war. When the maintained. armistice was signed by the enemy The Allies gained a brilliant success his defensive powers had already betv/een here and La Bassee on the been definitely destroyed. A con- 15th April, 1915. On the 8th May, tinuance of hostilities could only 1915, the French and British armies have meant disaster to the German started a vigorous offensive, the armies and the armed invasion of French to the north of Arras, and Germany." * the British to the north-east of Neuve ARMY COUNCIL. Chapelle. On the 9th April, 1917, On the 14th December. 1916, a a great battle was fought between new Army Council was appointed by Lens and St. Quentin, and from Lens the King. to here. Vimy Ridge was taken by ARNET, Admiral. Canadian troops. The British took over 1 1,000 prisoners, including 235 In command of the Second French officers, and over 100 guns. Naval Squadron. The second Battle of Arras com- He flew his flag from the menced on the 23rd April, 1917, and Diderat."and arrived at Constanti- the third on the 29th April, 1917. nople on the 13th November, 1918. On the 28th March, 1918, the ARNHEIM. great German attack here was com- The chief town of Gelderland pletely repulsed. province, Holland. Population, 56,812. ARSIERO. On the 11 th November, 1918, a On the 17th June, 1916, the semi-official Berlin telegram stated Italians took it and Posina. that the ex-German Kaiser, accom- ARTILLERY. panied by a suite of 10 persons, Sir Douglas Haig in his report, arrived here took his residence 7th and up " 1919, wrote : Four years of in the Villa Bentinck, Amerongen January (Holland). scientific warfare have seen a con- sistent and progressive development ARONDE. in the pov/er and influence of the 10th 1918, the On June, Ger- artillery. Despite the handicap mans advanced to the valley here under which we started the war, between counter-attacks, and were British artillery has played a large forced back. The Germans claimed part in that development, and of late 8,000 prisoners. has dominated the enemy's artillery ARRAS. to an ever-increasing degree. The A town in France. Capital of the influence of this fact upon the morale Department of Pas - de- Calais. both of our own and the enemy's Famous for tapestry. troops could scarcely be exaggerated." 12 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

ASGALON. He was educated at the City of An old Philistine town. London School and Balliol College, During the operations in the early Oxford. part of November, 1917, it was Was called to the Bar. reported it had fallen into the hands Was M.P. for East Fife from of the British. 1886. On the 9th November, 1917, the Was appointed Home Secretary Turks in Palestine retreated from in 1892. here with the loss of 10,000 men and Was Chancellor of the Exchequer 70 guns. from 1905 to 1908. ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE. Lord Rector of Aberdeen in 1908. Was an Elder Brother of Trinity On the 12th June, 1916, there was House, 1909. a munitions explosion here; 41 Was Prime Minister and First killed and 130 injured. Lord of the Treasury from 1908 to ASHWELL, Lena. December, 1916. A great English actress. He assumed the post of War She did invaluable war work Minister on the resignation of which will never be forgotten. Her Colonel Seely in March, 1914. concert parties organised for the In a speech made at Cardiff on the troops soon became a household word 2nd October, 1914, he disclosed the with the troops of allthe Allies. She fact that two years before the war was rightly described as " The Sol- Germany asked Great Britain to diers Pal." pledge herself to absolute neutrality ASIA MINOR. in the event of Germany being en- gaged in a war. Western portion of Asia ; part of Asiatic Turkey, On the 1st March, 1915, he an- Area, 200,000 square miles. Popu- nounced in the House of Commons to the lation, 8,000,000. Chief city, Smyrna. the reply of Great Britain " " campaign Most important part of the Levant. German blockade and The Russian troops entered here of piracy and pillage, and stated that on the 3rd November, 1914. the British and French Governments ASIAGO. held themselves free to detain and take into port ships carrying goods In the Val d'Assa, Italy. of " presumed enemy destination, On the 29th May, 1916, the ownership, or origin." Italians evacuated it. On the 13th May, 1915, on the On the 8th September, 1918. invitation of Sir John French, he British troops brought off two com- visited the British Army in France, bined raids lines here. on enemy and also met General Joffre. ASOLONE. He established the Coalition On the 26th October, 1918, the Ministry in May, 1915, which re- Italian official reports stated lively signed in December, 1916. fighting was taking place here and Brought in the Military Service

in Pertica ; 300 prisoners taken. Bill on the 2nd January, 1916, which On the 28th October, 1918, the passed on the 24th January, 1916. Austrians claimed to have recaptured On the 23rd February, 1916, in it and part of Pertica. the House of Commons he reiterated ASOLONE, Mount. the Government's fixed determina- tion not to sheathe the sword until On the 18th December, 1917, the Belgium and Serbia had recovered Germans captured it, with 2,000 all they had sacrificed, France was prisoners; and on the 19th December secured against further aggression, it was recaptured by the Italians. and the military domination of ASQUITH, The Rt. Hon. H H., Prussia finally destroyed. P.C.,F.R.S.,K.G., M.P. He visited the King of Italy on the Aged 67. 4th April. 1916. . A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 13

He visited the British and French ATHOS." Headquarters several times. A French transport. His son, Raymond, was killed in She and an Italian vessel, while action in September, 1916. taking troops to Salonika, were tor- On the llth October, 1916, in the pedoed on the 25th February, 1917. House of Commons he declared that ATTIGNY. there must be "no patched-up peace,' On the 2nd November, 1918, and pledged the Government and French-American attacks between Empire to perseverance with the war here and the Meuse were resumed. to the end. Resigned Premiership on the 5th ATIVA. December, 1916. On the Black Sea. On the 16th October, 1918, On the 4th March, 1917, it was speaking at the National Liberal occupied by the Russians. Club, he stated the " enemy game AUBERIVE. was given up." On the 18th April, 1917, the Lost his seat in Parliament in the French advanced to a point beyond Victory Election. here and captured 2,500 prisoners. * ASTURIAS." The Germans brought up 19 divisions to meet the attack, but were driven A British hospital ship. back. She was sunk by German sub- On the 9th September, 1918, the marines on the 30th March, 1917, with French official report stated : " A 900 on board ; 89 persons, including German coup de main failed west of 1 woman nurse, were killed. here." "ATAZ MENDI." AUCHBRENCHEUL-AU-BAC. Spanish steamer. On the 30th September, 1918, the the 1st September, 1918, while On British troops who had taken this carrying coal from England to Spain village were compelled to withdraw. she was torpedoed. ATHENS. "AUDACIOUS," H.M.S. A British battleship, having a dis- The capital of Greece, most placement of 23,500 tons and a speed renowned country in antiquity. of 21 knots. She was built by Ancient centre of Greek art and Messrs. Cammell, Laird & Co., of learning. , and was launched on the It has a population of 128,000. 24th September, 1912. She cost On the 26th November. 1916, the nearly £2,000,000. Allied representatives formally de- On the 14th November, 1918, the manded the handing over of 10 Admiralty announced that she sank mountain batteries by the 15th after striking a mine off the North December, 1916. Irish coast on the 27th October, 1914. On the 1st December, 1916, there It was stated that the sinking of her was a treacherous attack on Allied was kept a secret at the urgent request marines and seamen. Admiral of the Admiral Commanding the Fournat landed troops here, and the Grand Fleet, and that the Press had King offered to surrender 6 batteries. loyally refrained from giving it any On the 3rd December, 1916, the publicity. Reign of Terror of Athens began with Thus, after a little more than four the murder of Venizelists. years after the occurrence, the loss of ATHIS. the first British super-Dreadnought A town in Department Orne, sunk during the war was officially France, near Paris. announced. Her loss shortly after Population, 3,721 the occurrence was announced in the On the 6th September, 1918, it American and Dominion papers with was reported that British troops had the most lavish display. In some reached here American papers were published 14 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

photographs of the battleship taken Lough Swilly they heard and saw a as she was heeling over before tremendous explosion out at sea. foundering. Copies of these publi- " A high naval officer," added the cations reached England, but in paper, " came on board and conferred conformity with official request no with Captain Haddock, and subse- mention of the casualty appeared in quently everyone had it impressed on any newspaper in the United King- him that it would be highly dangerous dom. The Germans knew of the even to hint at what he had seen or loss, for they claimed the vessel among heard." " the best of their successes. From all information the Olym- The crew, who behaved magnifi- pic's " company could obtain, only cently, were rescued by the White two lives were lost. Star liner " Olympic," which, with AUDENARDE. her passengers, were held up in The French captured it on the 1st Lough Swilly for nearly a week, November, 1918. owing, it was stated, to the discovery by the Admiralty authorities of an "AUGHELIKE." extensive field of mines in the vicinity A Greek steamer. " " of the spot where the Audacious On the 29th October, 1916, she went down. As many as 50 floating was torpedoed near Attica by a mines were recovered. German submarine. The following is an extract from the " Standard " of the 14th Novem- AUGUSTOWA. ber, 1918: A town of Russian Poland, on the " A story of the end of the Suwalki Canal. * Audacious ' v.ss told in the ' New Population, 12,746. York World' of the 16th November, The Russians captured this on the 1914. 3rd October, 1914, the enemy retreat- " A former bandmaster and one of ing in disorder. the musicians of the ' Olympic* stated AUSPACK, or AUSBACK. * that 898 of the Audacious* ' crew of A town in Bavaria, 31 miles from 900 were rescued by the boats of the Nuremburg, south of Thaun, in liner. Alsace. " About an hour after they sighted On the llth December, 1914, the Tory Island they saw the ' Audacious' French captured the railway station wallowing helplessly, and big seas here. breaking over her quarter-deck, with

* the cruiser Liverpool ' by her. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, Emperor '* The ' Liverpool ' dashed several Karl (Charles) of. times across the bows of the * Olym- A.ged 31. pic,' and, in the belief of the narrator, He is the eldest son of the late the Captain of the * Liverpool ' did Archduke Otto, who died on the 21st this deliberately to save the ' Olym- November, 1916. pic ' and her passengers, calculating He was married in 1911 to the that if there were mines there it Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma, would be better to sacrifice his own and had a son, born in 1912. ship and save the liner. Succeeded the Emperor Francis ' " The crew of the ' Audacious Joseph in 1916. were standing as calmly as if they On the 31st March, 1918, writing

were on review at Spithead. to Prince Sixte of Bourbon, he stated : As soon as the boats were fairly "My dear Sixte— I beg you to convey alongside the rescue work began, and secretly and unofficially to M. as the men's names were called by Poincare, President of the French

the officers the men would step on Republic, that I shall support by every the rail and wait their chance for the means, and using all my personal in- lifeboats to rise almost level. fluence with my allies, the French just After the ' Olympic ' had reached claims regarding Alsace-Lorraine." A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 15

\USTRIA-HUNGARY. She presented a Note of Demand to Emperor Charles (Karl), succeeded Serbia on the 23rd July, 1914. in 1916. She received a reply from Serbia An extensive empire in Central on the 24th July, 1914, asking for . delay. Since 1867 Austria has been united She refused Serbia's application with Hungary, under one sovereign, for delay on the 25th July, 1914, and but each has its own laws, Parliament, declared war against Serbia on the and Ministers. 28th July, 1914. Vienna is the imperial capital. Montenegro declared war against Buda-Pest is the capital of Hun- her on the 7th August, 1914. gary. France declared war against her on Austria has a population of the 10th August, 1914. 29,372,000; Hungary one of England declared war against her 21,340,000. on the 12th August, 1914. Vienna is a city on a branch of the She declared war against Japan on River Danube, Lower Austria. the 25th August, 1914. !t has a university, fine cathedral Italy declared war on her on the (St. Stephen), Rath-hau^Parliament 23rd May, 1915, and Germany re- buildings), and magnificent Prater called Prince Biilow from Rome. park. On the 10th September, 1915. It has immense industrial activity, President Wilson informed the Aus- with thriving commerce and manu- trian Government that Dr. Dumba factories, was " no longer acceptable to the Population (including garrison, Government of the ." 27,000 strong), 2,031,100. On the 23rd September, 1915, the It is one of the most strictly modern U.S. Government refused to give a cities of Europe, its inner city and safe conduct to Dr. Dumba to go to Ringstrasse forming very handsome Vienna on leave, but insisted on his and fashionable quarters. The recall. cathedral of St. Stephen (I 300-15 10), On the 15th October, 1915, Dr. with a steeple 450 feet high, the Dumba sailed for Europe. Imperial Palace, the Hofburg, and Roumania declared war against her numerous palaces of the Austrian and Germany on the 28th August, nobility are among the striking 1916. features of the inner city. In the On the 5th November, 1916, Ringstrasse are the chief public and Germany and Austria proclaimed an commercial buildings, including the " independent State of Poland." Exchange, the Rath-haus, the Parlia- She declared war against the ment House, the Law Courts, the U.S.A. on the 6th April, 1917. Imperial Museums, and the Uni- Siam declared war against her on versity. Of Vienna's many public the 22nd July, 1917. parks, the Prater Park, 2,000 acres in On the 27th October, 1918, she extent, is the chief. It was opened asked for peace. in 1766. On the 3rd November, 1918, she

I Buda-Pest, twin-capital of Hun- surrendered. gary. Buda on the right bank and AVENGER," H.M.S. Pest on the left bank of the River A British armed ship. Danube, 170 milesfrom Vienna. Has On the 13th June, 1917, she was a population (including garrison) of torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea. 880,000. It has many fine buildings and institutions. Wine manufactur- AVESNES. I ing is i the chief industry. On the 9th September, 1918, the " Before the war she had 16 Army Allied official report stated : North Corps of 40,000to 50,000 men ; peace of the Somme we extended our strength of 450,000 men and 7,000,000 progress east of Clastres, and occupied k availableimen. La Motte Farm." 16 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

AVIATIK. Has a population of 145,000. The name of one of Germany's The province of Baghdad sta principal military and naval aero- between Persia and the Syi planes. Desert, and includes some of AVION. most fertile lands in the valleys of Tigris and Euphrates, and ha On the 27th June, 1917, it was population of 800,000 captured by the British. Mosle 50,000 Jews, and 8,000 Christian AXFORD, Lance -Corporal Thomas On the 8th March, 1917, Gen Leslie, M.M. (3399). Maude was reported to be withii Australian Imperial Force. Gained miles of the town. the V.C. in the warl On the 11th March, 1917. AYLMER, General. British troops put the Turks to fl He defeated the Turks, marching and occupied it. to the relief of Kut-el-Amara on the On the 28th September, 1917. 7th January, 1916. Turks were completely defeated ' On the 13th January, 1916, he of Baghdad. Thousands of priso defeated the Turks at Wadi. were taken by Sir Stanley Maudt •AZTEC." On the 28th October, 1918, t was a new British advance. T An American liner. were then no railways or roads bey was the She torpedoed and sunk on Baghdad, which was then sometl 2nd April, 1917. like 200 miles beyond the b BADEN. front. In the Grand Duchy of South- West Germany. BAILLEUL. Flei Area, 5,821 square miles. Popu- A curious and picturesque five no lation, 2,143,000. town on the Scheldt, miles west of Tournai. It has mines, minerals, and springs, and two universities (Heidelberg and Population, 13,450. Freiburg). It is largely engaged intheproi' Chief town, Carlsruhe. tion of hand- made lace. the Hotel de ' The British airmen bombed the The belfry of cent' station and railways here on two dated from the 15th-17th occasions. the church of St. Vaast from 14th- 17th. The musee coni " H.M.S. BADGER," a small collection of paintings A British destroyer, commanded by antiquities. Charles Freemantle, R.N. On the 30th August, 1918, sank a submarine on She German British occupied it. the 24th October, 1914. 1 On ^ the 21st October, BADLU SINGH, Ressaidar. Reuter's reported that the British Late 14th Lancers (attached 29th ran approximately through Ware Lancers), Indian Army. Gained the and Bailleul. V.C. in the war. BAIRNSFATHER, Captain Br Lost his life in the war. His humorous war pictures BADOGLIO, GeneraL gained great popularity. " Italian General. Producer of Fragments 1 Represented Italy at the signing of France." •• Better 'C the Austrian armistice at Padua on His play, The the 5th November, 1918. written in collaboration with Cap BAGHDAD. A. Eliot, was produced in Auj 1917. A famous city on the River Tigris, Asiatic Turkey, 500 miles from the BAKER, Newton D. sea. It was the capital of the ancient Secretary of War for U.S A Saracen Empire. President Wilson's Cabinet. , A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 17

BAKU. Appointed Foreign Secretary in A Russian petroleum town and the Lloyd George Government in port on Caspian Sea. December, 1916. Population, 120,000. Sits as M.P. for the City of London. The province covers parts of the Was returned unopposed in the plains of the Caucasus. Population, Victory Election. nearly 1,000,000. Secretary of State for Foreign On the 30th October, 1918, it was Affairs, 1919. reported that the Turks had evacuated Member of the War Cabinet and it. one of the British representatives at On the 1st November,^ 1918. the Paris Peace Conference. Turkey accepted the Allies' terms, BALL, Lieut. (Temporary-Captain) one of which was that they were to Albert, D.S.O., M.C. raise no objection to the occupation Late Notts and Derby Regiment of Baku. and R F.A. Gained the V.C. in the BALDWIN, Stanley, M.P. war. Aged 51. Lost his life in the war. Has been Unionist M.P. for 'BALLARAT." Bewdley since 1908. Was returned A troopship. unopposed in the Victory Election. Homeward bound, on the 27th Was Joint Financial Secretary to April, 1917, conveying a large Mr. Bonar Law prior to joining the number of Australian troops, she was Ministry in January, 1917. torpedoed and sunk. Owing to the 3ALFOUR OF BURLEIGH, Lord, magnificent discipline and steadiness K.T., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O. of the troops no casualties occurred. Has been Parliamentary Secretary BALLIN, Albert. to the Board of Trade. Aged 59. Was Secretary for Scotland, with The managing director of the a seat in the Cabinet, from 1895 until Hamburg-American Line. 1903. He commenced commercial life " " Lost his_ son end heir in the war. as a volunteer shipping clerk in Was appointed in July, 1916, England, he became an emigrant Chairman of the Committee of agent in Hamburg, then general Inquiry into " Trade after the War." manager of the Hamburg-American Line, which launched the world's 5ALFOUR , Rt. Hon. Arthur James largest steamships, the " Imperator," O.M., P.C., F.R.S., D.L., " M.P. "Vaterland," and the Bism-arck." He claims to have " laboured to Aged 71. the last for peace," and it is reported Was educated at Eton and Cam- that he was in conference with Lord bridge. Haldane in London ten days before Entered Parliament at the age of the declaration of war. 28, and was Private Secretary to his BALTIC. uncle, Lord Salisbury, from 1878 to the October, 1917, a 1880. On 20th British submarine torpedoed and Was President of the Local Govern- ment Board. sank a German transport here. Chief Secretary for Scotland from BALTIMORE. 1887 to 1891. A city and seaport in Maryland, First Lord of the Treasury. U.S.A., near the head of Chesapeake Unionist Leader, 1892. Bay. Prime Minister from 1902 until It has a fine harbour, and does an ^^^^•. extensive trade.

! Resigned Unionist Party Leader- Has a population of 558,485. I

' ship on the 8th November, 1911. On the 10th July, 1 91 6, the German First Lord of the Admiralty in the submarine " Deutschland " reached Coalition : Government of 1915. here with mails and cargo. B 18 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

BAMFORD, Captain Edward, "BARHAM," H.M.S. D.S.O. A battleship, completed in 1915, Royal Marine Light Infantry. having a displacement of 27,500 tons Gained the V.C. in the war. and a speed of 25 knots. She was engaged in the battle on BANBURY, Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick, the 31st 1916—see under Bart., M.P. May, "H.M.S. * Queen Mary.*" M.P. for City of London since 1906. BARING, Lieut. -Colonel the Hon. Lost his son in the war. Guy. Privy Councillor, 1916. Late Member of Parliament. BAPAUME. Lost his life in the war in Septem- In the Department of Pas-de- ber, 1916. Calais BARISIS. A small town which gives name to On the 8th September, 1918, in one of the severest battles fought the Barisis sector the French captured during the campaign of 1870-71. the sugar refinery here. Both the French and Germans claim BARK, M. to have won the Battle of Bapaume, of Finance. which was fought on the 3rd January, Russian Minister On the 9th February, 1915, he was 1871, blit the Germans after the received by the King. combat fell back behind the Somme. On the 17th March, 1917, the BARNES, Rt. Hon. George N. British took Bapaume and 14 villages Aged 69. north and south of the Somme. M.P. for Blackfriars Division of It was afterwards taken by the Glasgow since 1908. Retained his Germans, and the British recaptured seat in the Victory Election. it on the 29th August, 1918. Was Secretary to the Amalgamated On the 1st September, 1918, a Society of Engineers for 10 years. battle was fought with desperation Privy Councillor on the 1st January, between the Scarpe and here on the 1916. one hand, and Noyon and Soissons Was Minister of Pensions. on the other. A member of the War Cabinet " " The Echo de Paris stated that since the 13th August, 191 7, succeed- when the British entered Bapaume ing Mr. A. Henderson. they found 50 Germans in the ruins BARRATT, Private Thomas of the town. (17114). *• BARALONG," H M.S. Late South Staffordshire Regi- An auxiliary cruiser. ment. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 5th January, 1916, Sir Lost his life in the war. Edward Grey, replying to Germany's C. complaint that her officers and men BARRETT, Lieut. J. Regi- had shot the crew of a German sub- 1 /5th Battalion, Leicester marine instead of taking them ment (T.F.). Gained the V.C. in prisoners, offered to submit the case the war. to an impartial tribunal if Germany BARRON, Corporal Colin (404017). would do the same with three specific Canadian Infantry. Gained the cases of outrage by German seamen. V.C. in the war. BARBER, Private E. BARROW-IN-FURNESS. Grenadier Guards. Gained the A port of North Lancashire, V.C. in the war. England. BARBY. Iron and steel trade. On the north bank of the Aisne, Population, 63,775. west of Rethic. On the 30th December, 1915, " ^ On the 6th November, 1918, it was H.M.S. Natal" was sunk here by occupied by the French. internal explosion, A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 19

BARTER, Go.-Sergeant-Major F. Has had a successful career in the Special Reserve. Gained the V.C. British Navy, which he entered in in the war. 1868. BARTHON, M. Was appointed to the command of Was appointed a Secretary of the Second Cruiser Squadron in State in France and a member of the 1904. War Committee in the new Ministry Second - in - Command of the formed in 1917. Mediterranean Fleet in 1906. "BARUNGA." Commander-in-Chief of the Atlan- tic Fleet, 1908. British transport. A First Sea Lord, 1912, On the 15th July, 1918. she was Resigned on the 29th October, torpedoed. loss of life. No 1914, Lord Fisher succeeding him. BARZY. BATTEN-POOLL, Lieut. A. H. The French occupied it on the 6th ^ November, 1918. Royal Munster Fusiliers. Gained BASRA, or BASSORA. the V.C. in the war. A province on the Euphrates, BATOUM. Asiatic Turkey, 60 miles from the In Russian Caucasus. sea. On the 13th April, 1918, the Turks Population, 30,000. captured it. capital The of vilayet of same name, On the 1st November, 1918, including the great marshy district Turkey accepted the Allies' terms, of the Lower Euphrates and Tigris, one of which was that the Allies with a population of nearly 1 ,000,000. should occupy this Black Sea port. On the 21st November, 1914, British forces from India occupied it. BAXTER, Second-Lieut. E. F. BASSERMANN, Dr. Ernst. Late Liverpool Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. Leader of the National German Lost his life in the war. Liberal Party. BASSETT, Corporal R. G. BAY OF BENGAL, or GULF OF New Zealand Division, Signal BENGAL. part of the Indian Ocean, Company. Gained the V.C. in the A ^ war. washing east shores of India and *• BATAVIA." west shores of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. Receives waters of A Dutch steamer, London to Rotterdam. Rivers Krishna, Ganges, Brahma- putra, Irawadi, etc. On the 16th May, 1916, she was " The German cruiser " Emden blown up by a mine and sunk. was active among British merchant BATHURST, Captain Sir Charles, ships here in August, 1914. K.B.E,, M.P. •' M.P. for South Wilts Division BAYAN." since 1910. A Russian cruiser. Was Parliamentary Secretary to On the 23rd September, 1914, she the Food Control Department. sank three German war vessels in the Chairman of the Sugar Commis- Baltic. sion. "BAYANO." BATTENBERG, Prince Louis of. A British armed liner. Aged 64. She was sunk by submarine on the Son of Prince Alexander of Hesse. 12th March, 1915. Married to his cousin. Princess Victoria, daughter of Princess Alice BAZUEL. of England and the Grand Duke of On the 18th October, 1918, it was Hesse. captured by the British troops. 20 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

BEAL, Temporary- Second -Lieut. proposals for the carrying out of the E. F. naval sections of the armistice. Late Yorkshire Regiment. Gained BEAUCHAMP, Earl, K.G. the V.C. in the war. Governor of New South Wales for Lost his life in the war. two years. BEAN, C. E. W. Formerly Lord President of the The official correspondent with the Council. Australian Force in France. First Commissioner of Works, He has a vivid style, which has 1910. found plenty of scope for expression Appointed Lord Lieutenant of in detailing the gallant work of the Gloucestershire in 1912. Australians at the front. Appointed Lord Warden of the BEANDIGNES. Cinque Ports, November, 1913. On the 24th October, 1918, Sir Knight of the Garter, June. 1914. Douglas Haig reported the capture of Resigned office on the formation this village and securing crossings of the Coalition Ministry. of Escatillon river. BEAUMONT. On the 25th October, 1918. three In the Department of Ardennes, 14 bridges were captured intact here. miles S.E. of Sedan. BEATHAM, Private R. M. (272). The Americans captured it on the Late 8th Battalion, Australian Im- 6th November, 1918. perial Force. Gained the V.C. in See also under '* Aisne." the war. BEAVERBROOK, Lord. Lost his life in the war. Aged 39. BEATTY, Admiral of the Fleet, Was M.P. for Ashton-under-Lyne Sir David, CM., G.G.B., in the Unionist interest from 1910 to G.G.V.O., D.S.O. 1916. Aged 47. Author of brilliant records of the Commander of the First Battle war as official representative of the Cruiser Squadron from 191 2 to 1916. Dominion Forces in France. Commander-in-Chief of the British Was created Knight in 1911, a Fleet since November, 1916. Baronet in June, 1916, and a Peer in Formerly Naval Adviser to the December, 1916. Army Council. BECHICHTE. On the 31st of May, 1915, a great On the 18th September, 1918, the naval battle took place off Jutland Serbians captured it. between the British battle cruiser fleet, under the command of Admiral BECK, Cecil, M.P. Beatty, and the German battle fleet. Aged 45. Several important ships were lost on M.P. in Liberal interests for both sides and thousands of lives, Saffron Walden. the Germans suffering by far the Appointed a Whip, 1915. more severely. Parliamentary Secretary to Na- On the 28th November, 1916, tional Service since 1917. In the Admiral Sir John Jellicoe was ap- Coalition Ministry he was transferred pointed First Sea Lord, and Vice- to the post of Vice-Chamberlain of Admiral Sir David Beatty assumed the Household. the command of the Grand Fleet. BEERSHEBA. He was appointed Admiral of the A ruined ancient frontier post in Fleet, 3rd of April. 1919. the south of Palestine, 26 miles south- On the 15th November, 1918, it east of Gaza, and 46 miles south- was reported that the German dele- south-west of Jerusalem. It con- gates on the German light cruiser stantly appears in the Bible as the KcJnigsberg " would be met by southernmost town of Jewish Admiral Beatty (at a certain point at Palestine, and in Genesis is said to sea), who would receive the German have been founded by Abraham. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 21

BEESLEY, Private W. (B203174). that Fritz was awaiting his oppor- Rifle BrigadeXNuneaton). Gained tunity. Heroes all, they risked their the V.C. in the war. lives and gave of their all, their food, their clothes, and their beds. From BEGBIE, Harold. the commander to the cabin-boy, and Aged 47. not forgetting the stokers, there was A journalist. nothing in their power left undone. Was writer of "By the Way" for During the subsequent twenty-four " the Globe.' hours' journey to the place of landing Has written many war poems. the correspondent had long talks * with Lieut. -Commander Basil S. BEGONIA," H.M.S. Noake — a very gallant gentleman — A British gunboat, and had an insight into the hardships Lieut. -Commander Basil S. Noake, of the life which the men of our Navy R.N. were living. Even in June the boat On the 16th October, 1917, it was was half awash. Bitterly cold, wet, reported to be considerably overdue, able to snatch a little food occasion- and must be considered as lost with ally, constantly in danger of their all hands. lives, these men did their duty nobly, On the 2nd NoVember, 1917, a year in and year out, without com- " " correspondent of the Daily Mail plaint —their only one on this wrote asking to be allowed to pay a occasion was that they had not been slight tribute to a score or more of able to get a shot at the submarine. ' very gallant gentlemen," and stated When the" Begonia," after landing that early in June a large boat, home- the occupants of the boats, im- ward bound, in which he was travel- mediately steamed back to " her ling, was torpedoed without warning ceaseless vigil, it was little thought about 300 miles from land. Nine that withm so short a v/hile she would boats were launched (of which two go out to return no more. foundered with the loss of 7 lives), BEHNCKE, Admiral von. and he got safely away before the Late Chief of the vessel went down in a sea which was German Admir- becoming rougher every hour. The alty Staff at Berlin. noble Hun came to the surface to BEINARVILLE. gaze upon the sorry plight, but On the 30th September, 1918, the rapidly submerged again, doubtless French troops captured it. having knowledge of the armed help BELA PALANKA. which was coming, but of which the correspondent and the others did not West of Nish, Serbia. know. On the 14th October, 1918, the After four hours of hopeless misery, French troops captured it, and the by which time three boats were Serbs took the important county awash to the gunwales, a small boat town of Prokonplye. steamed up, and, rather to the surprise BELCHER, Lance- Sergeant D. A. of the correspondent and others London Rifle Brigade. Gained (knowing that Fritz was still about), the V.C. in the war. stopped and picked them up after great difficulty. Within the next BELFORT. two hours she stopped six times for A town in East France, in the ceded fifteen minutes at a- time, and took province of Haut-Rhin, between Jura aboard the occupants of the boats, and the Vosges. Strongly fortified. many of them seemingly past re- Has 9 population of 32,112. covery from exposure. On the 23rd August, 1914, the Seven times she and her noble crew French were checked in Alsace, and -took their chance of going to the fell back upon Nancy and Belfort, bottom in order to save the occupants the Germans entering France and of the boats, knowing all the time occupying Lun^ville. 22 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

BELGIANS, Albert, King of the. hostilities until Belgium had been Aged 44. restored to political and economic Son of the late Count of Flanders. independence and liberally indemni- Succeeded Leopold 1 1., of unhappy fied, Belgium adhering to the Pact of memory, in 1909. London. Married the Duchess Elizabeth of On the 8th November, 1916, it Bavaria in 1900. was reported that under a decree of Has two sons and one daughter. German Headquarters, dated the His manly heroism in the war has 3rd October, 1916, there was a won Europe's admiration. system of slave-raiding in Belgium, Received the Cross of the Knight many Belgians being deported to of St. George from the Czar in work in Germany. September, 1914. On the 22nd November, 1916, King George conferred the Order it protested to the neutral Powers on of the Garter on him during his visit the forced labour and deportation of to Belgium in December, 1914. Belgians by the Germans. On the 11th August, 1915, the On the 18th September, 1918. it King appointed him Colonel-in- was reported that Belgium had Chief of the 5th Dragoon Guards. refused separate peace offer. BELGIUM. BELGRADE. King Albert L, succeeded in 1909. The capital of Serbia. Area, 11,373 square miles. Popu- The centre of trade between lation, 6,700,000. Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, Small, but industrially important having a population of 70,097. European country, enclosed by It was bombarded by the Austrians France, Holland, Germany, and the on the 30th July, 1914. the December, 1914, it • North Sea. On 2nd Capital, Brussels. was taken by the Austrians. Chief port, Antwerp. On the 14th December. 1914, Universities at Ghent, Liege, Lou- after a severe contest the Serbians vain, and Antwerp. recaptured it. Before the war the man strength It was occupied by the Austro- was 53,000 and 1,000,000 available German troops on the 9th October, men. 1915, after fierce street fighting. On the 3rd August, 1914, Germany BELHAVEN, Master of. to her, sent an ultimatum and England Heir to Lord Belhaven. announced, through Sir E. Grey, Lost his life in the war. that it would stand by France in defending the neutrality of Belgium. BELL, Temporary-Captain E. N. F. The seat of Government was re- Late Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. moved from Brussels to Antwerp on Gained the V.C. in the war. the 19th August, 1914. Lost his life in the war. England and France lent BELL, Captain Gordon. £10,000.000 each to Belgium on the 21st August, 1914. Airman. On the 6th October, 1914, the Lost his life in the war. Belgian Government was transferred BELL, Captain J. C. A. to Ostend owing to the fierce bom- Only son of Sir J. Bell, Town Clerk of Antwerp. bardment of the City of London. On the 13th October, 1914, the Lost his life in the war. Belgian Government left Ostend for Havre, and the chief population BELL, Temporary -Second -Lieut. hurried away to France and England. D. S. On the 16th February, 1916, Great Late Yorkshire Regiment, Gained Britain, France, and Russia renewed the V.C. in the war. to Belgium the covenant not to end Lost his life in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 23

BELLENGLISE. BENTINCK, Count. On the 30th September, 1918, The ex-Kaiser has been staying English troops swam across this with him at his castle in Holland. canal and captured the town. BERGHTOLD, Count. BELLOC, Hilaire. Was the Austro-Hungarian For- Aged 49. eign Minister, Author. Resigned on the 13th January, Has made a high reputation for a 1915, being succeeded by Baron series of vigorous war articles. Burian. BELLUNO. On the 9th November, 1918, it was A city and province in Venetia, reported that he had flown to Switzer- North Italy. land from Vienna with Prince von Area of province, 1,293 square Schoenburg, the Ambassador to the miles. Population, 192,400. Holy See. Capital city. Has a fine cathedra). BERESTETCHKO. Population, 18,649. South of the Lipa. 1918, it On the 2nd November, On the 23rd July. 1916. the was occupied by the Italians. Russians occupied it. BENCKENDORFF, Count. BERGUES-SUR-SAMBRE. Russian Ambassador. In the region north of Guise. On the 11th January, 1917, he died. On the 5th November, 1918, the "BENEDETTO BRIN." French captured it ; 200 civilians set An Italian battleship. free. She was accidentally lost by an explosion in the harbour of BERLANCOURT. on the 27th September, 1915. On the 6th September, 1918, it BENEY. was taken by the French. West of Thiacourt. BERLIN. The Americans captured it on the The capital of Prussia and of the 13th September, 1918. German Empire, on the River Spree. It is the third city on Continent *• BEN-MY-CHREE." the of Europe for population, which, A seaplane carrier. with suburbs, is over 2j millions. On the 7th January, 1917, she was When the diplomatic relations sunk on the coast of Asia Minor. between the United States and BENNELLA, General. Germany were broken off on the 3rd Commanding 12th Italian Corps. February, 1917, Count Bernstorff On the 31st August. 1918, he was given his passport, and Mr. entered Asiago. Gerard was recalled from Berlin. BENNETT, Temporary-Lieutenant On the 17th October, 1918, a Eugene Paul. Berlin message, via Amsterdam, Worcester Regiment. Gained the stated that the German armies had V.C. in the war. had orders to cease all devastation in places being evacuated. BENNETT GOLDNEY, Major F. On the 6th November, 1918, Late Member of Parliament. Berlin delegates left Berlin for the Lost his life in the war. Western Front to conclude armistice BENT, Second-Lieut. (Temporary- and take up peace negotiations. Lieut. -Colonel ). On the 8th November, 1918, Late Leicestershire Regiment. Berlin was cut off from communica- Gained the V.C. in the war. tions with German naval bases for Lost his life in the war. the Baltic and the North Sea. The BENT, Drummer S. J. Navy was practically in the hands of East Lane* shire Regiment. Gained the rebels. the V.C. in the war. On the 9th November, 1918, 24 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Berlin was affected by the insurrec- BERNY. tion. Banks stopped payment. A town in the Eure Department On the 11th November, 1918, of France, near Rouen Berlin was completely in the hands Important horse fair. of the Socialists. Has a population of 8,150. On the 12th November, 1918. On the 16th September, 1916, there was fightine in the streets here. French captured this, Vermandrolles, On the 15th November, 1918, it and Deniecourt, taking over 1,600 was reported that the German prisoners. Government were taking severe BERRY-AU-BAG. measures to prevent soldiers from An old province of France. Bolshevistpractice of whole- adopting On the 29th October, 1914. the sale plundering. of A number French destroyed several German deserters formed a " flying divi- batteries by their artillery fire be- sion," and plundered several towns tween this and Soissons. and railway stations. Thirty-six of this division were caught in BERTHANCOURT. Berlin, and three of them shot. A On the 21st September, 1918, our score of others were condemned to troops captured it. death by court-martial. On the BERTINGOURT. afternoon of the 14th November, In the Department of Pas-de- 1918, some 50 soldiers and civilians Calais. entered the castle at Berlin, and, after On the 3rd September, 1918, it the guard, began removing plunder- was entered by British troops. ing and destroying. They took away many valuable objects of art, in- BESELER, General Hans von. cluding Daintings, and also much Aged 68. food. The commander described as the " BERNHARD, George. Victor of Antwerp." His brother was Prussian Minister Aged 43. of Justice, A Jew. Political editor of the He was in the Franco-Prussian Berlin Vossische Zeitung," a very War as a Lieutenant in the Guards, old German Liberal paper, once and was in retirement with the known as " The Times of the Father- rank of General of Infantry at the land." outbreak of the present war. BERNHARDI, General Friedrich von. BESNARK, M. Rene. Aged 67. Was appointed Minister for the A German cavalry officer and mili- Colonies in the new French Ministry tary writer. He published "Germany formed in 1917. and the Next War." BEST-DUNKLEY, Captain (Tem- BERNSTEIN, Dr. Edward. porary-Lieut. -Colonel). Aged 58. Late Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained A Jew. Son of an engine-driver. the V.C. in the war. A German Social Democrat. "BETHANIA." BERNSTORFF, Count Johann von. A German armed vessel. Aged 57. She was captured on the 15th German Ambassador to the United September, 1914. States. BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Theo- One of the most cunning diplomats bald von. ' in the Hohenzollern service. Aged 63. Was given a passport on the 3rd Former German Imperial Chan- February, 1917, when diplomatic cellor, appointed in succession to relations between the U.S A. and Prince von Biilow. holding the Gcrmanv were broken off. position from July, 1909, until the A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 25

14th July, 1917, when he was suc- Population, 140,800. ceeded by Dr. Michaelis. On the 1st October, 1918, it was Was a close friend of the Kaiser. reported that the French cavalry In 1907 he was created Imperial were advancing on here. Minister for the Interior. On the 6th October, 1918, French Conducted negotiations with and British warships entered the port France re Morocco in 1911. here, finding the town evacuated by Amongst his famous statements the enemy.

during the war are the following : On the 12th October, 1918, it was In the Reichstag on the 4th occupied by Allied troops.

August, 1914 : "Necessity knows no law." BEZOUVAUX. the 16th December,* it To the British Ambassador in On 1916, was captured, and progress was Berlin on the 4th August, 1914 : Our troops have occupied Luxem- made by the French in the Bois-des- burg, and perhaps have already Caurieres. On the 17th December, 1916, the entered Belgian territory. That is French gains increased to a breach of international law. The 11,387 prisoners, including 284 officers, 115 wrong — I speak openly —the wrong guns, and 107 machine-guns. we hereby commit we will try to make good as soon as our military BIGSWORTH, Squadron - Com. aims have been obtained. . . . Arthur W., R.N. "Just for a word, 'neutrality' — On the 26th August, 1915, single- a word which in war-time has so often handed, he dropped bombs on a been disregarded —just for a scrap of German submarine off Ostend and paper, Great Britain was going to sank it. make war on a kindred nation." BINGHAM, Com. Hon. E. S. B. BEVERIDGE, William Henry, C.B. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. Aged 40. - Director of Employment Ex- BIRDWOOD, Major General changes under the Labour Exchange Sir William R., K.C.S.I., Act, 1909. G.C.M.G., K.C.B. Performed much useful service in Aged 54. the war, joining the Ministry of Commander-in-Chief of the Aus- Munitions Staff. tralian Forces. BEYERS, General. Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. On the 26th October, 1914, he and He had a wide experience in South General de Wet joined the South Africa and India, and was Military African rebels, and Helbron was Secretary to Lord Kitchener in both seized. countries. On the 27th October, 1914. He went to the opera- General Botha drove Beyers' men tions in the war, and did good service. headlong, capturing 80. Was appointed G.C.M.G. in June, On the 29th October, 1914, 1915, and K.C.B. in June, 1917. Beyers' commandoes were scattered by the Union Force, Beyers himself BIRKENHEAD, Lord. escaping. See under "Smith, F. E." On the 7th December, 1914, he Second-Lieut. Frederick. was shot while attempting to cross BIRKS, the Vaal river. Late Australian Imperial Force. V.C. in the wax. BEYROUT, or BAIRUT. Gained the Lost his life in the war. A seaport on the Syrian coast, 57 miles west-north-west of Damascus. 'BIRMINGHAM," H.M.S.

An ancient and historical t Dwn ; now A light cruiser, completed in 1913» a busy shipping and mercantile having a displacement of 5,440 tons centre. and a speed of 30 knots. 26 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

She sank a German submarine, been in the possession of the Germans U 15, on the 9th August, 1914. since the 9th May, 1915. engaged in battle off She was the BLACKBURN, Second-Lieut. A. S. Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 Australian Infantry. Gained the — for details, see " Arethusa." V.C. in the war. BIRRELL, Rt. Hon. Augustine, "BLACK PRINCE," H.M.S. K.C., M.P. A British armoured cruiser, com- Aged 70. pleted in the year 1906, having a dis- barrister profession. A Chancery by placement of 13,550 tons and a speed Entered Parliament in 1889. of 222 knots. Was President of the Board of She was sunk by German gunfire Education in Sir Henry Campbell- in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on Bannerman's Goverment in 1905. 31st May, 1916—see under "H.M.S. " Irish Secretary in 1907. ' Queen Mary.' Retained Chief Secreta'^yship for Ireland in the Coalition Ministry, BLAIKIE, Captain. *' but resigned in May, 1916, after the Captain of the steamer Cale- Dublin rebellion. donia." BIRWAR. He was taken prisoner by the Germans on the 4th December, 1916, On the 14th March, 1916, ar- and it was announced in the German moured cars, commanded by the Press that he would be treated as Duke of Westminster, captured the Captain Fryatt had been, and would Senussi Arabs' camp here, releasing be mercilessly shot. The firm atti- 91 prisoners of war from the Tara. tude of the British public, however, BISHOP, Captain William Avery, prevented this atrocity, as it was D.S.O., M.C. clearly intimated that if he were Canadian Cavalry and R.F.C. killed a German prisoner of equal or Gained the V.C. in the war. superior rank in this country would BISSETT, Lieut. W. D. be shot in reprisal. Thus his life was saved. 1 /6th Battalion, Argyll and Suther- land Highlanders (T.F.). Gained BLANKENBERGHE. the V.C. in the war. A Belgian watering-place, three miles from Zeebrugge and ten miles BISSING, General Baron von. beyond Ostend. Aged 73. Population, 5,500. Governor-General of Belgium. On the 18th October, 1918. it was He left the Army in 1907 under reoccupied by British troops. circumstances which seemed to seal his military career, having been BLANKENSTEIN. relieved from the command of the In Germany. Eleventh Corps for conspicuous On the 8th November, 1918, the failures in manoeuvres. Another 3rd Infantry Regiment here joined reason assigned for his dismissal was the revolution. The aerodrome here his predilection to quarrel with the and in Westphalia also went over to Kaiser. the new movement. In an interview shortly after his BLATCHFORD, Robert. " arrival in Belgium he stated : My Aged 67. task is to see that German character, Founder and editor of the force, German and German work Clarion," the first successful are respected. I hope to bring back Socialist paper in England. order and calmness to Belgium." His war articles attracted much died He on the 19th April, 1917. attention in 1915. BIVAIL. BLEHARIES. On the 19th June, 1915, the French On the 23rd October, Sir J918, carried the Bivail Bottom, which had Douglas Haig reported : " We have . A.B.C. OF, THE GREAT WAR 27

reached the Scheldt's banks at BOIS SAILLY. Bleharies " (five miles north-east of On the 7th November, 1918, the St. Armand). Americans reported a big capture of guns and ammunition here. BLOCKADE, Ministry of. BOIS DE BELVAL. Foreign Office, S.W. 1. On the 4th November, 1918, the BLOCKADE. American official report was pub- On the 4th February, 1915, the lished that their troops had passed through the Bois de Belval and Bois German Government announced a Port " blockade " of England, to come du Gerache, and were on the heights of into operation on the 18th February, south Beaumont, and that further to the Merchant vessels belonging to the west they were ap- Verrieres. Allies were liable to be destroyed by proaching German vessels and submarines. BOIS DE PARGUY. Similar risks would be incurred by Between the Peren and the Serre. " neutral ships owing to the use of On the 5th November, 1918, it was neutral flags by British merchant- captured by the French. men." BOLIVIA. On the 5th January, 1915, there President Ismael Montes, suc- a protest neutral was strong by the ceeded in 1913. countries against the German " Inland Republic of South America, blockade." bounded by Brazil, Paraguay, the February, the On the 18th 1915, Argentine, Chili, and Peru. ** of threatened blockade " Great Area, 734,340 square miles. Popu- Britain by Germany began lation, 2,500,000. BLOOMFIELD, Captain William Capital, Oruro. Anderson. It severed its relations with Ger- many on the 14th April, 1917. Scouts Corps, South African Bor- On the 13th April, 1917, the derers. Gained the V.C. in the Minister his war. German was handed passports. *'BLUCHER," The. BOLO PASHA. An armoured German cruiser. On the 4th February, 1918, his " Together with the Derfflinger," trial for treason began in France, and " Seydlitz," and Moltke," she was on the 14th February he was con- engagedin a running fight with H.M. demned to death in Paris. Ships " Lion," " Tiger," " Princess BOLSHEVIKS. Royal," " New Zealand," and " In- On the 3rd March, 1918, they domitable," on the 24th January, concluded peace with Germany, but 1915. '* some part of the Russian population The Lion " was flying the flag refused to accept these terms. of Vice-Admirai Sir David Beatty. After the signing of the treaty The" Bliicher " capsized and sank. German troops continued to en- The British casualties were 14 croach upon Russian territory. Ger- killed and 29 wounded. man forces occupied many towns in Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 885, Western and Southern Russia, and "125 were saved. wherever they went treated the BOARD OF TRADE. population with ferocious cruelty. On the 25th June, 1918, Herr Whitehall Gardens, S.W. 1. Haase in the Reichstag said : " His BOELCKE, Captain. countrymen had treacherously vio- Famous German airman, who had lated the treaty." shot down his fortieth aeroplane. BON, Admiral. On the 29th October. 1916. he was Chief of French Navy General killed in an aerial duel. Staff. 28 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR BONA. BORDEAUX. A seaport in Algeria, in the Medi- The great wine port of France, 60 terranean. Occupied by France in miles from the mouth of the River 1832. It is seated in a fertile plain. Garonne. Has a population of 33,000, of which It has a population of 262,000. 12,000 are French. It was bom- The French Government left barded by the Germans on the 4th Paris for here on the 3rd September, August, 1914. 1914. BONGAINVILLE. BORELLA, Lieut. Albert, M.M. The largest of the Solomon Australian Imperial Force. Gained Islands. the V.C. in the war. On the 31st December, 1914, BORIS, King. it was taken forces. by the Australian Czar of Bulgaria. BONN. On the 2nd November, 1918, it A town in Rhenish Prussia, on the was reported that he had abdicated Rhine, 21 miles from Cologne. after a reign of 29 days, that Bulgaria It has a university. was in a state of revolution, and that Population, 87,967. a peasant Republic was being formed It was the birthplace of Beethoven. under Stambulinsky. The British airmen bombed the BORKOVITZ. railways here. The Germans captured it on the BONNER, Lieut. Charles, R.N.R. 18th October, 1915. Gained the V.C. in the war. BORTON, Lieut. -Colonel Arthur BONNET ROUGE. Drummond, D.S.O. On the 15th May, 1918, the trial London Regiment. Gained the in France was concluded, and Duval V.C. in the war. was sentenced to death. BOSCHEWEGE. Sergeant Frederick BOOTH, On the 16th October, 1918, the Charles (1630). capture of it and Edenwalle by the African South Forces (attached Allies was confirmed. to the Rhodesia Native Regiment). BOSELLI, Signor. Gained the V.C. in the war. Aged 80. Rt. Sir BORDEN, Hon. Robert L., Prime Minister of Italy in 1916; G.G.M.G., K.C., M.P. accepted Premiership in succession Aged 65. to Signor Salandra. Premier of Canada since 1911. Occupied minor Government posts Has led the Conservative Party under Crispi and Sonniho. since Sir Charles Tupper resigned On the 25th October, 1917, he in 1901. and the Italian Cabinet resigned. Accompanied by some of his BOSPHORUS. Ministers, he visited England in 1912 Between the Black Sea and the Sea to consult as to defence and other questions. of Marmora, separating Europe from Asia Minor. Was created G.C.M.G. in June, 1914. On the 15th January, 1917, two enemy ships were Russian Was again in England in 1915 and sunk by submarines near here. 1917, and was present at Cabinet Meetings. BOTHA, General, The Rt. Hon. On the 31st July, 1915, the Cross Louis. of the Legion of Honour was con- Aged 56. ferred on him by President Poincaire. Premier of the Transvaal, and Was present at the Imperial Con- First Premier of United South Africa. ference in April, 1917. Succeeded General Joubert in He arrived in England again on the command of the Boer War. 17th November. 1918. After the outbreak of the war took A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 29

the field at t'.e head of a Union force, on numerous occasions by British and, in addition to putting down a airmen. rebel movement, engineered by BOULOGNE (sur-Mer). Germany, conquered a large portion Watering-place and seaport on the African territory. of German north coast of France, 25 miles from dispatched against He forces Calais, the Roman Bononia Gesori- Germain South Africa on the 10th acum. 1914. September, Population, 50,000. the 14th December, 1914, he On On the 20th October, 1916, a announced the end of the rebellion, " Franco-British Conference took place and declared : Our next dutyis now here, Mr. Asquith and Viscount Grey to make it impossible for South- West attending. Africa to be again used as a base from On the 1st March, 1917, there was which to threaten the. peace and a Zeppelin raid here. liberty of the Union." The conquest of German South BOULT-AUX-BOIS. Africa was completed by the surren- On the 3rd November, 1918, the der of German forces to him on the First American Army continued 9th July, 1915. successful attacks, capturing in its On the 22nd July, 1915, he re- advance the following villages : ceived an enthusiastic greeting on his Boult-aux-Bois, Autruche, Belleville- arrival at Cape Town. sur - Bar, Harricourt, Germont, BOTHA." Baronthe, Fosse, Sourmanthe, Bel- val, Monart, St. Pierremont, Barri- A British destroyer. court, Tailly, Halles, Montigny, On the 21st March, 1918, she and Sassey, Chatillon-sur-Bar, and Bru- the " Morris," another British de- elles - sur - Bar. Several complete stroyer, with three French destroyers, batteries and whole battalions were engaged the German flotilla off captured. Dunkirk. Two enemy destroyers BOULTER, Sergeant William were sunk ; others damaged. Ewart BOTTOMLEY, Horatio. (14603). Northampton Regiment. Gained Editor of " John Bull." the V.C. in the war. Has done yeoman service in the war in recruiting and otherwise. BOURGEOIS, M. Leon. Has visited the front a number of Was appointed a Secretary of times. State and a member of the War The sailor's and soldier's friend. Committee for France in the new Returned with a huge majority as Ministry formed in 1917. Independent M.P. in the Victory BOURKE, Lieut. Roland, D.S.O. Election. R.N.V.R. Gainedthe V.C. inthe BOUGHEY, Second-Lieut. S. H. T. war. Late Royal Scots Fusiliers. Gained BOURLON WOOD. the V.C. in the war. It overlooks Cambrai. Lost his life in the war. On the 5th December, 1917, it was BOUILLON, M. Franklin. evacuated by the British. President of the French delegate On the 28th September, 1918, it section of the Inter-Allied Parlia- was captured by the Canadians. mentary Conference. BOUVET." Was appointed Minister for A French battleship of 11,843 Foreign Missions in new French tons, completed in 1896. Ministry formed in 1917. On the 18th March, 1915, an BOULAY. action was fought between the com- A town in Lorraine, near Metz. bined British and French squadrons Population, 2,740. and the great fortresses of the The aerodromes here were bombed Narrows in the Dardanelles. Four - 30 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

of the forts were silenced, but three Began as a pit worker in Wales. vessels of the Allied Fleets, the M.P. for S. Glamorgan since 1906. " Irresistible " and the " Ocean," of Was President of South Wales the British Fleet, and this vessel, Miners' Federation. were sunk by mines. A former Vice-Chairman of the BOVENT. Labour Party. a Privy Councillor in On the 9th October, 1916, the Made December, 1916. French made a successful attack, capturing the hamlet of Bovent and BRADBURY, Captain E. K. most of the woods of Chaulnes, and R.H.A. Gained the V.C. in the took over 1,230 prisoners. war. BOVILL, Lieut. C. H. BRADFORD, Lieut.-Gom. G. N. Revue writer. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. Lost his life in the war. Lost his life in the war. BOYCOTT, Lieut. H. G. BRADFORD, Lieut (Temporary- Captain of English hockev team in Lieut. -Colonel) Roland Boys, 1904. M.G. Lost his life in the war. Durham Light Infantry. Gained BOY-ED, Captain KarL the V.C. in the war. Aged 46. '*BRAEMAR CASTLE." Late German naval attache at A British hospital ship. Washington, and sub-chieftain of On the 24th November, 1916, she the German conspiracy service in was sunk by the enemy in the Medi- the United States. terranean, with loss of life. He is a very able seaman. BRAGA, Senor Theophilo. BOY SCOUTS—The Boy Scouts' Aged 76. Association. Ex-President of the Republic of Has done invaluable work in the Portugal. war, both overseas and at home. Was head of the Provisional President of the Council, H.R.H. Government established in 1910 the Duke of Connaught. Chairman when a revolution proclaimed the of Council and Chief Scout, Lieut. Republic- General Sir Robert Baden Powell, BRAILA-IBRAIL, or BRAHILOR. K.C.B. Headquarters, 116 Victoria A town on the Danube, near " Street, S.W. Organs, Head- Galatz, Roumania. quarters Gazette" (2d)., monthly, A great grain centre. The Scout" (Id.), weekly. Has a population of 60,000, one- BOYLE, Lieut.-Gom. E. G. tenth of whom are Jews. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the On the 18th December, 1916, the war. German advance on Braila was BOYS' BRIGADE, The. checked by the Russians at Botagne. On the 5th January, 1917, the Has done splendid worl: in the Germans captured it, and also took war. It is worked on similar lines Gurgueti and Romanul. to those of the Boy Scouts. President, Lord Guthrie. Head- BRANGOURT. quarters, 30 George Street, Glasgow. On the 16th September, 1918, the London Headquarters, 24 Pater- French captured it. noster Row, E.G. "BRANLEBAS." BRACE, Rt. Hon. W., M.P. A French torpedo-destroyer. Aged 54. She was mined in November, 1915. Under Secretary to the Home BRASSEY, Earl, G.G.B. Office since May, 1915, in the Aged 82. Coalition Ministry. Son of Thomas Brassey. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 31

Has been Civil Lord of, and BREMERHAVEN. Secretary to, the Admiralty. An outpost of Bremen, the chief Has been Governor of Victoria. emigration port of Germany. Was Lord Warden of the Cinque Population, 20,000. Ports from 1908 until 1913. On the 8th November, 1918, it was Created an Earl in 1911. seized by German revolutionaries. Handed over his famous yacht " "BRESLAU." Sunbeam for vv^ar use in 1916. A German ship. BRAY. She was chased to Messina on the A village in France, in the old 5th August, 1914, in company with Province of Normandy. Has a zinc the " Goeben," another German foundry. ship, and slipped from Messina on On the 23rd August, 1918, the the 6th August, 1914, and escaped British advance on a 30-miles front to the Dardanelles, when she and was pressed, and Bray captured, with the " Goeben " were sold to Turkey thousands of prisoners. on the 12th August, 1914. On the 25th August, 1918, British BREST LITOVSK. successes continued; 17,000 pri- A manufacturing town in Govern- soners were taken in the advance. ment Grodno, Russian Poland. BRAZIL. On the 25th August, 1915, its fall President de Wencesloa Braz, was announced. succeeded in 1913. BRIAND, Aristide. The largest State in South America. Aged 57. It contains 3,218,600 square miles, Prime Minister of France from and has a population of 21,500,000. 1909 until 1911, and again until It has vast forests and productive March, 1913. plains. On the 28th October, 1915. the Capital of the Republic, Rio'de French Ministry resigned, and M. Janeiro. Briand became Premier and Foreign It broke off relations with Germany Minister. on April, the 10th 1917, and entered On the 10th February, 1916, he the war on the 26th May, 1917. arrived at Rome on a special mission It revoked its neutrality decree on for closer co-operation with Italy. the 2nd 1917, June, and took over On the 17th March, 1917, the German interned ships. Briand Cabinet resigned. BREBIERES. BRIDGEMAN, W. C., M.P. On the 13th October, 1918, Aged 55. British troops held it. Parliamentary Secretary to the BREMEN. Ministry of Labour, joining the new Ministry in December, 1916. A Free State of the German Secretary Empire. Was Assistant Private to Lord Knutsford at the Colonial Area, 99 square miles. Popula- Office, and then to Sir M. Hicks- tion, 225,000. Beach at the Treasury. Capital city, Bremen, on the River Lost a son in the war. Weser, one of the Hanse towns. A busy commercial and maritime BRIE. centre. Population, 164,000. On the 6th September, 1918, the On the 8th November, 1918, there British captured it. was a revolutionary outbreak here. BRIERES. 'BREMEN." On the 10th October, 1918, the A German light cruiser. French took it. She was torpedoed in the Baltic BRIEY. by a British submarine on the 17th A town in France, in the Depart- * December, 1915. ment of Meurthe-et- Moselle. 32 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 24th September, 1918, the October, 1914, at a spot near Calais, " Kaiserin visited here, and distributed when the French steamer Admiral 400 Iron Crosses of the First Class. Gauteaume," having on board be- BRIGHT, Albert. tween 2,500 and 2,600 Belgian and French refugees, was torpedoed and An iron merchant of Sheffield. blown up, enabled all but from 20 On the 5th May, 1916, he was to 40 passengers to be saved. sentenced at the Leeds Assizes to penal servitude for life for collecting BROADSTAIRS. and attempting to elicit information A seaside resort of Kent, England. regarding war materials from the It and Margate were bombarded workmen of Messrs. Vickers. by German long-fire range on the • BRISBANE," H.M.A.S. 25th February, 1917. There were 2 deaths, but no material damage. On the 30th September, 1915, she On the 1st March, 1917, a German launched at Sydney. She was was naval ceaplane bombed Broadstalrs. the first cruiser built in the overseas dominions. BROCK, Wing -Commander (Lieut. - Colonel). BRISLEY, Major. Lost his life in the war. R.A.F. Cambridge Association footballer. BRODIE, Lieut. W. L. Lost his life in the war. Highland Light Infantry. Gained BRISTOL," H.M.S. the V.C. in the war. A light cruiser, completed in 1910, BRODIE, Lieut. -Colonel, V.C. having a displacement of 4,800 tons Lost his life in the war. and a speed of 25 knots. On the 23rd August, 1914, she BRODY. engaged the German cruiser " Karls- An important commercial centre ruhe " south of Bermuda, but the in Gallcla, Austria, near the Russian latter escaped owing to superior frontier. speed. The population of the town Is BRITANNIC." 17,000. and of the district 133.000. On the 22nd July, 1916, General British hospital ship. A Sakharofl's troops inflicted a severe the 21st On November, 1916, she defeat on the Austrians here and was sunk by the enemy In the Aegean near Vladimir Volhynch, and took lives lost. Sea ; 50 were over 14,000 prisoners. BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY After three days' fighting it was FORCE. captured on the 30th July, 1916, by Information was published on the the Russians, with over 20,000 16th August, 1914, that the B.E.F. prisoners. had been safely landed in France. BROKE," H.M.S. BRITISH FLEET. Of the Dover Patrol. Was mobilised on the 3rd August, Commander E. R. G. R. Evans. 1914.. On the 20th April, 1917, six BRITISH PRISONERS. German destroyers attempted a raid on Dover, and two of them were Onthe13thJuly, 1916, the German sunk by the "Broke" and H.M.S Government repudiated the charge " Swift." that British prisoners were in- The two ships were engaged sufficiently fed, and threatened to against the six German destroyers. prohibit the reception of parcels at The "Swift" tried to ram th< Ruhleben if the rations of German leading German boat, but misses prisoners in England were reduced. her, and, after torpedoing one of the BRITISH QUEEN." German boats astern, then gave A British Channel steamer which, chase to the German leading boat. by its fortunate presence on the 20th The " Broke " torpedoed the A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 33

second German destroyer and BROWN, Lieut. Gerald B., M.C. rammed the third destroyer. She Former Captain of Oxford Uni- fell alongside the enemy and engaged versity hockey team. her at thq closest quarters. The Lost his life in the war. " Germans boarded the Broke," but BROWN, Private Harry (226353). were promptly killed or taken Late Canadian Infantry Battalion. British prisoners, and the vessel Gained the V.C. in the war. wung clear. Corporal Walter Continuing the attack, she hit BROWN, Ernest another German destroyer on the bow (1689a), D.C.M. Australian Imperial Force. with a torpedo, but did not sink her, Gained and was herself struck in the engine- the V.C. in the v/ar. room by a shell. She drifted, dis- BROWNE, Lieut.- Colonel Lord abled, towards the destroyer which Alfred. she had previously rammed. The R.F.A. Germans, after shouting for mercy, Lost his life in the war. treacherously opened fire, to which BRUAY. the " Broke " replied with a torpedo A town in France, Department which finished her enemy off. A Nord, on the Scheldt, near Valenci- second German destroyer sank a few ennes. minutes later. This historic engage- Population, 4,867 ment only lasted five minutes. The On the 23rd October, Sir German destroyers sunk in it, G 85 "J918, Douglas Haig reported : We have both large and G 42, were and power- reached Bruay." ful vessels. The British Destroyer Commanders were promoted to BRUGES. Captains, and received the D.S.O. The capital ol East Flanders, for their fine work. Belgium. BROMLEY, Captain (Temporary- Fourteen miles east of Ostend. Major) Guthbert. Has lace factories and many fine Gained the V.C. in the war. old buildings. Population, 57,000. BROOKE, Lieut. J. A. O. It was entered by the Germans on Gordon Highlanders. Gained the the 14th October, 1914. V.C. in the war. British warships bombarded the BROOKS, Lance- Sergeant Oliver. entrance to the Zeebrugge Canal to 3rd Battalion Coldstreams. Gained Bruges, and destroyed the Colnay the V.C. in the war. Factory on the 18th November, 1914. BROOKS, Co.-Sergeant-Major Ed- On the 1st June, 1917, British aeroplanes bombed German bases ward (201154). Zeebrugge, Ostend, and here. Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry. at On the 14th December, 1917, a Gained the V.C. in the war. bombing raid was made by naval BROOME, Lieut. Frank Crossley. aircraft. One of our machines was On the 8th November, 1918, he missing. Usual fighter patrols were was awarded the Distinguished carried out. One enemy aircraft Flying Cross. was driven down out of control. He brought down a giant Gotha On the 4th October, 1918, it was bombing machine in France in the reported that the Germans were middle of September, when, of the removing U boats from here in pieces nine occupants, seven were burnt to by rail. death. On the 8th October, 1918, the BROWN, Sergeant Donal Forrester docks here were set on fire by the (83504). Germans. Late Infantry Battalion, New Zea- On the 17th October, 1918, it was land Forces. Gained the V.C. in occupied by the Belgian infantry. the war. On the 21st October, 1918, it was C 34 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

reported that a good deal of indis- 21st August, 1914, and imposed a criminate destruction was indulged fine of £8.000,000 as a war contribu- in by the Germans before their tion. departure, valuable pictures and On the 19th December. 1914, antiques being destroyed. Allied airmen dropped bombs on On the 22nd October, 1918, it was Zeppelin sheds here. statedthatthe Germanssankthe float- On the 24th December, 1914, ing docks, two large destroyers, and Squadron-Com. R. R. Davies. R.N., three large submarines, and blew up dropped bombs on Zeppelin sheds with dynamite the gigantic locks. here. On the 24th October, 1918, it was On the 14th October, 1918, the reported that the Belgian Govern- roads between Brussels and Antwerp ment were preparing to make this were blocked by tens of thousands the temporary capital of Western of refugees from Northern France, Flanders. whom the Germans were driving before them. The distress at Ant- BRUNSWICK, Duke of. werp and Brussels was frightful. Son of the Duke of Cumberland. The Germans were very depressed. Married Victoria Louise, the Prince Rupprecht's headquarters Kaiser's only daughter, in May, 1913. were moved from Brussels. the 9th November, 1918, it On On the 15th November, 1918, it reported that he had abdicated was ; was reported that extraordinary also his successor. scenes occurred here. German BRUSILOFF, General. snipers and machine-gunners were On the 4th June, 1917, he suc- ambushing their own officers from ceeded General Alexieff as Com- innumerable windows, making the mander-in-Chief for Russia. streets rather unsafe for the populace. On the 1st July, 1917, he attacked On the 18th November, 1918, on a 20-miles front on either side of Brussels was cleared of the Germans, the Brzezany, and captured 10,000 and King Albert returned back to his capital at the end of the week. prisoners ; and on the 2nd July he took 6,300 more prisoners. BRUSSELS." On the 1st August, 1917, he re- A Great Eastern steamer. signed, and was replaced by General On the 28th July, 1916, Captain Korniloff. Fryatt, in command of this steamer, In September, 1918, it was re- was captured in the North Sea. ported that he had been arrested Court-martialled and shot by the and incarcerated in the Kremlin, Germans at Zeebrugge. accused of revolutionary intrigue. BRUSSILOFF, General Alexei. On the. 13th September, 1918, it One of the most famous of Russian reported that killed was he had been fighting leaders. a few days prior in Moscow. BRYAN, William Jennings. BRUSSELS. Aged 58. The capital of Belgium, on the Was first elected to Congress at River Senne. 30 years of age. It contains many imposing build- Was Democratic Candidate for ings, and is of much industrial im- the American Presidency in 1900, portance, its carpet, lace, and other and again in 1906, but was defeated textile products being world-famous. both times by Mr. McKinley. It has a population of nearly In 1907 he was again unsuccessful. 700,000. In 1913 he received the appoint- On the 21st August, 1914, the ment of Secretary of State, but Germans arrived here, the Belgian resigned on the 8th June, 1915, retirement being dictated by the because of a disagreement with strategical situation. President Wilson as to his Note re The Germans entered here on the the torpedoing of the " Lusitania." A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 35

Mr. Robert Lansing was appointed BUCKLEY, Private (Temporary- Acting Secretary of State. Corporal) A. H. (1876). He now agrees with President Late 54th Battalion, Australian Wilson's war aims. Imperial Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. BRYCE, Lord. Lost his life in the war. A member of the Inter-AIIied Parliamentary Conference and a late BUCKMASTER, Lord, P.C. K.C. Ambassador to the U.S. Aged 58. BRZEZANY. M.P. for the Keighley Division from 1911 until 1915. A woollen manufacturing town of In September, 1912, he was Poland, miles of 63 south-west appointed a member of the Council Warsaw. of the Duchy of Lancaster. Has a population of 6,500. Was appointed Solicitor-General On the 1st July, 1917, Brusiloff on the 29th October, 1913. front either attacked on a 20-miles on Director of Press Bureau from side of here, and captured 10,000 September, 1914, until May, 1915. prisoners. On the 2nd July, 1917, Lord Chancellor from May, 1915, he took another 6,300 prisoners, and until December, 1916, when he was on the 6th July, 1,000 more. succeeded by Lord Finlay. Created Lord Buckmaster of BUCHAN, Second-Lieut. J. C. Ched- dington on the 14th 1915. Argyll and Sutherland Highlan- June, ders. Gained the V.C= in the war. BUCZACZ. BUCHANAN, Rt. Hon. Sir George, In Galicia, Austria-Hungary, near G.C.M.G., G.G.B., G.C.V.O. Stanislawow. Aged 65. Has a population of 11,500, British Ambassador to the late mainly Polish. Russian Court since 1910. Ori the 16th June, 1916, the His previous diplomatic experience Russians defeated the Austrians here, was in Japan, Austria, Italy, Ger- and took 6,000 prisoners. many, the Hague, etc. BUDA-PEST. Received G.C.B. on the King's The twin capital of Hungary. birthday on the 3rd June, 1915, in Buda on the right bank and Pest on recognition of his services during the left bank of the Danube, 170 the war. miles from Vienna. BUCHANAN, Lieut. (Temporary- Population (including garrison), Captain) A. S. 880,000. South Wales Borderers. Gained Has many fine buildings and the V.C. in the war. institutions. Wine manufacturing is the chief industry. BUCHAREST, or BUKAREST. On the 21st October, 1918, it was The capital of Roumania, on the reported that Hungary wanted a River Demboritza. separate peace. Great commercial and railway On the 28th October, 1918, it was centre. reported that all the Austrian Arch- One of the strongest fortresses in dukes had taken refuge at the Chateau Europe. of Godollo near here. Population. 282,000 On the 1st November, 1918, a On the 6th December, 1916, it fell revolution was reported here, and to the Germans. that the National Council had taken over the Government. BUCKINGHAM, Private W. On the 2nd November, 1918, it Leicester Regiment. Gained the was reported that the wires here V.C. in the war. were cut. 36 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

BUGDEN, Private Patrick (3774). expressed her willingness to co- Late Australian Imperial Force. operate with the Allies in return for Gained the V.C. in the war. certain concessions in Macedonia Lost his life in the war. and the Ravallo district. BUHL. She suddenly began to mobilise on the 22nd September, 1915. A town near Carlsruhe, in Baden. On the 3rd October, 1915, the Population, 3,200. Russians gave an ultimatum to her, The aerodromes here were bombed calling upon her to immediately on numerous occasions by British break with the enemies of Tsardom airmen. and to dismiss at once the German BUKOVITGH. and Austrian officers at Sofia; 24 Ten miles north of Stalitz. hours' limit for assent given. On the 24th October, 1918, the The Bulgarians entered Serbia on Serbians officially announced that the 11th October, 1915. the capture of the important ridge On the 12th October, 1915, she took place after severe fighting with declared war on Serbia. German and Austrian troops. Great Britain declared war against BUKOWINA. her on the 15th October, 1915. Situated in the province of Austrian France declared war on her on the East Galicia. 16th October, 1915. Has a population of 730,000. Italy declared war on her on the On the 5th January, 1915, the 19th October, 1915. advance into Bukowina reached She declared war against Roumania within a mile of the Roumanian on the 1st September, 1916. frontier. She declared war against the On the 25th June, 1916, the United States of America on the 9th Russians gained possession of the April, 1917. whole of the Bukowina. On the 28th September, 1918, she In a battle in .Southern Bukowina asked for armistice. on the 25th January, 1917, the On the 30th September, 1918, she Russians defeated the Germans, and signed armistice, withdrawing from took 30 officers and over 1,000 the war, and the envoys at Salonika other prisoners. made unconditional surrender, and hostilities ceased between her and BULGARIA. the Allies. Czar Ferdinand I., succeeded in 1887. BULL, Sir William, M.P. Including East Rumelia, it has Aged 56. an area of 43,000 square miles, and a Member of the London County population of 8,000,000. Council, and Chairman of various It is situated between the Danube Committees relating to the war. and the Aegean. Registrar of Society of Knights. After winning much additional M.P. for Hammersmith since 1900. territory by the Balkan War of 1912, Flottbeck it lost most of it again in the later war BULOW, Prince von of 1913, ceding 2,000 square miles to Holstein. Roumania. Aged 50. Capital, Sofia. Chief port, Varna. From 1900 to 1909 he was Chan- Before the war it had 10 Army cellor of the German Empire, in suc-

Corps of 40,000 to 50,000 men ; a cession to Prince Hohenlohe. peace strength of 60.000 men and Retired in 1909. 500.000 available men. From 1914 to 1915 he was Ambas- On the 19th July, 1915, through sador at Rome, but, failing con- M. Radoslavoff, she reaffirmed her spicuously to prevent Italy's inter- adhesion to neutrality. vention in the war, quitted Rome in On the 11th August. 1915. she June. 1915. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 37

BULOW, General Karl von. BURMAN, Sergeant William Francis (P649). Aged 71. Rifle At the outbreak of the war he was Brigade (Stepney, E.). Gained the V.C. in the Commander of the Third Army war. Corps, and was given the direction of BURT, Corporal A. A. one of the armies under the Crown 1st Battalion, Herts Regiment. Prince and von Kluck which failed to Gained the V.C. in the war. get to Paris. BURTON, Corporal A. S. He has held numerous positions Australian Imperial Force. Gained of high rank in the Army, and is a the V.C. in the war. Knight of the highest Prussian Order, the Black Eagle. BURY ST. EDMUNDS. ••BULWARK," H.M.S. An ancient town in the Isle of Ely, West Suffolk, England. The A third class British battleship, capital of East Anglia, it has monastic conipleted in the year 1902, having remains. a displacement of 15,000 tons and a Has a population of 16,785. speed of 18 knots. On the 29th April, 1915. the She was lying in Sheerness Har- Germans raided Ipswich and here. bour on the 26th November, 1914, There were no casualties. when she blew up and entirely dis- appeared. BUSHELL, Lieut. -Colonel, V.C. Nearly 800 lives were lost; only 12 Lost his life in the war. were saved. BUSHELL, Captain (Temporary- BUNZ, Dr. Karl. Lieut. -Colonel) Christo- Aged 74. pher, D.S.O. Hamburg-American official. Royal West Surrey Regiment. In New York in 1916 he was found Gained the V.C. in the war. guilty in the United States Federal BUSSGHE-HADDENHAUSEN, Courts of conspiracy to compromise Baron von Dem. American , neutrality by provisioning Aged 51. German commerce raiders. German Minister to Roumania. He and three confederates were He was one of Germany's most sentenced to eighteen months' im- skilful younger diplomats. prisonment. BUSSU. BURBACH. On the 6th September, 1918, the Germany. British held it, and v/ere close to The factories here were bombed by Templeux las Fosse, and Eguan- British airmen on seventeen occasions. court. (Temporary- BURGES, Major BUTLER, Captain J. F. R. Lieut. -Colonel) D., D.S.O. K.R.R. Corps. Gained the V.C. Gloucester Regiment. Command- in the war. ing 7th (S) Battalion, South Wales J. Borderers. Gained the V.C. in the BUTLER, Sergeant H. Chance. " war. Son of the editor of the Referee." BURIAN, Baron. Lost his life in the war. On the 13th January, 1914, Baron BUTLER, Private William Boynton Burian succeeded Count Berchtold (17-1820). as Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minis- West Yorks Regiment. Gained ter, the latter having resigned. the V.C. in the war. On the 19th October. 1918, it was BUXTON, Rt. Hon. Sydney C, reported that he had handed in his Viscount, G.G.M.G. resignation to the Emperor. Aged 66. BURLESON, Albert S. Governor-General of South Was Postmaster-General in Presi- Africa since 1914, and received the dent Wilson's Cabinet, honour of G.C.M.G. 38 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Was M.P. for Poplar from 1886 On the 7th July, 1915, there was until 1914. a conference here between the Prime Colonial Under Secretary from Minister, Lord Crewe, Mr. Balfour, 1892 until 1895. M. Viviani, M. Delcasse, M. Mille- Postmaster-General (with Cabinet rand, M. Angagneur, M. Thomas, rank) from 1905 until 1910. and General Joffre. Field-Marshal President of the Board of Trade French was also present. from 1910 until 1914. On the 20th April, 1917, German Created a Viscount in April, 1914. destroyers fired 500 shells on Calais, Lost his only son in the war. then directed a few shells on Dover. BYE, Sergeant Robert (939). Two of them were sunk by H.M. Ships " Broke " " of Welsh Guards. Gained the V.C. and Swift," the Dover Patrol. in the war. On the 29th October, 1917, it and BYNG, General the Hon. Sir Dunkirk were bombed. Only slight Julian H. G., K.C.B., material damage ; no casualties K.C.MG., M.V.O. among civilians. Aged 56. On the 13th November, 1917, Son of the Earl of Stafford. German aeroplanes bombarded here. Former Commander of the Cana- There were a certain number of dian Corps. victims among the civilian popula- Was knighted in 1915. tion. On the 24th November, 1917, he was promoted by the King to General CALDWELL, Sergeant T. (295536)! in recognition of distinguished ser- 12th Battalion, Royal Scotch vices in the field. Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. in the war. CAFFREY, Private J, 2nd Battalion, Yorks and Lanes *' CALEDONIA." Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the A British steamer. war. Captain Blackie, of this steamer, CAIRNS, Sergeant Hugh, D.C.M. was taken prisoner on the 4th December,. by the (472168). 1916, Germans, and it was announced in the German Late 48th Battalion, Saskatchewan Press that he would be treated as R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. Captain Fryatt had been, and would Lost his life in the war. be mercilessly shot. The firm atti- CALAIS. tude of the British public, however, A seaport town of France. prevented this atrocity, as it was It is a great embarkation point for clearly intimated that if he were killed travellers. a German prisoner of equal or It is opposite to, and 21 miles from, superior rank in this country would Dover, England. be shot in reprisal. Thus his life Has a population of 73,000. was saved. On October 26th, 1914, the French " steamer " Admiral Gauteaume," CALIFORNIA." An Anchor liner. ' having on board between 2,500 and the 8th February, 2,600 Belgian and French refugees, On 1917, she was torpedoed ; 43 passengers and crew was blown up by a torpedo when some were reported missing. distance out from here. The fortu- nate presence of the Channel steamer CALLAGHAN, Sir George A. G., British Queen " in the vicinity G.B., G.C.V.O. enabled all but from 20 to 40 passen- Aged 67. gers to be saved. Was appointed Admiral of the On the 20th November, 1914, the Fleet in April, 1917. failure of the German attempt to Commander of the Fleet at the " hack a way through to Calais " was Nore. reported. Succeeded Admiral Sir F. - A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 39

Bridgman as head of the Home Fleet " CAMERONIAN." when war broke out. A British transport. G.C.B. in June, 1916. She was sunk by a submarine in CALTHROP, Sir Guy. the Mediterranean on the 2nd June, The British Coal Controller. 1917; 63 lives were lost. CAMBON, M. CAMEROONS. French Ambassador. West Africa. On the 1st September, 1917, the The British force captured the King conferred G.C.B. upon him. capital of the German colony on the CAMBRAI, or CAMERAY. 28th September, 1914. A fortified town in French Flanders, H.M.S. " Cumberland" captured on the river Scheldt. nine German merchant steamers and A manufacturing city. Produces a gunboat off the Cameroon river on chicory, sugar, and cambrics. the 1st October, 1914. Has a population of 27,000. On the Eastern Cameroons, near The Allies fell back here on the the Congo, the French troops ex- 25th August, 1914. pelled the Germans from a large On the 24th November, 1917, a portion of the territory on the 9th number of fights took place with the November, 1914. enemy's low-flying machines, three The conquest of the Cameroons

of which were brought down, while was completed on the 1 7th February, two others were driven down out of 1916. control. One hostile balloon also CAMPBELL, Lieut. -Colonel D. F., was brought down in flames. Five D.S.O. of our aeroplanes were missing. Late Member of Parliament. On the 29th November, 1917, our Lost his life in the war. aeroplanes during the night, in boisterous weather, dropped over a CAMPBELL, Lieut. F. W. ton of bombs on Menin railway 1st Canadian Battalion. Gained station. the V.C. in the war. On the 18th October, 1918, Sir D. CAMPBELL, Gerald. " Haig reported : troops crossed Our War correspondent of the the canal on a wide front north of Times." here, were astride Douai- and the He was decorated in August, 1918, Denain road, four south-east miles for his brilliant work, covering a long of Douai, lot of and have captured a period of the war. villages." CAMPBELL, Commander Gordon, CAMBRIDGE, Marquis of. D.S.O. Aged 51. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the Brother of Queen Mary. war. Served in Life Guards and 17th Lancers. CAMPBELL, Major and - Fought in South Africa. Lieut. -Col. (Temp. Lieut. Married a daughter of the first Col.) John Vaughan, D.S.O. Duke of Westminster. Coldstream Guards. Gained the Personal A.D.C. to the King. V.C. in the war. In July, 1913, he was appointed CAMPOROVERE. Assistant Military Secretary to the On the 31st October, 1918, British War Office. troops operating on the Asiago In December, 1915, he was plateau entered here and captured the gazetted as on the Military Secretary heights of Mount Catz. Personal Staff and Temporary-Briga- dier-General. CANADIAN TROOPS. He relinquished the title of Duke On the 14th October, 1914, they of Teck on conferment of Marquisate first arrived at Plymouth, Devon, in June, 1917. England, amid great enthusiasm 40 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR CANDLER, Edmund. ' CARMANIA." Aged 45. A British auxiliary cruiser, of the War correspondent. Cunard Line, fitted with turbines, He was a '* Daily Mail " corre- of 19,600 tons, and has a speed spondent in the expedition of 1904 — of 21 knots. She sank the " Cap Burma, Siam, and India. Trafalgar " off South America on " The Unveiling of Lhasa " is one the 20th September, 1914. of his best known books. CARMICHAEL, Sergeant John GANTAING. (34795). On the 29th September, 1918, North Staffordshire Regiment British troops captured it. Gained the V.C. in the war.

CANTERBURY, Archbishop of. CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS. Aged 71. A range which separates Hungary Dr. Randall T. Davidson. from Moravia, Gajicia, and the Archbishop of Canterbury from Bukowina, and Transylvania from 1903. Roumania. Previously was Dean of Windsor Highest point, Mount Butschelge, from 1883 until 1891. Transylvania, 9,528 feet. Bishop of Rochester from 1891 to In December, 1914, the Russians 1895. won successes which gave them the Bishop of Winchester from 1895 command of important passes. until 1903. On the 29th December. 1914. the Paid a visit to the United States in Austrian advance was driven back in 1904. the utmost disorder. Has made many notable pro- On the 5th February, 1915, the nouncements during the war. Russians took the heights near Rave and captured about 1,000 prisoners. •• CAP TRAFALGAR." On the 17th April, 1917, the A German armed cruiser of the Russians claimed to have captured H " type, with a tonnage of 18,500. at least 70,000 men in the operations She was sunk by the Cunard liner here between March 19th and April Carmania " off South America on 12th. the 20th September, 1914. On the 3rd May, 191 7, the German CAPELLE, Rear-Adniiral Edward and Austrian forces broke through von. the Russian line here. Aged 63. CARPENTER, Captain, V.C. Was made Permanent Under R.N. Of H.M.S "Vindictive" Secretary of the German Admiralty and Zeebrugge fame. He sailed in 1913, having for many years from Liverpool to New York in previous been a Director of the November. 1918. Administrative Department. Gained the V.C. in the war. Has been German Minister of Marine since the resignation of von CARPENTER, Commander (Act- Tirpitz in March, 1916. ing-Captain) Alfred Fran- CARENCY. cis Blakeney. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 8th May, 1915, the French troops made an important advance CARROLL, Private John (1804). south of here. The German Australian Light Infantry. Gained positions " crumpled before them," the V.C. in the war. and 2,000 prisoners were taken. CARSON, Rt. Hon. Sir E. H., M.P., CARLESS, O.S. John H. K.C. ON. J43703 (Po.). Gained the Aged 65. V.C. in the war. Has had two legal careers. Lost his life (killed in action)in the Was called to the Irish Bar, 1877. war. In Ireland he rose from Counsel . 41 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR Second-Lieut. Bernard to position CASSIDY, to the Attorney-General, Matthew. of K.C. and Solicitor-General, and Late Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained afterwards Attorney-General. V.C. in the war. Was elected M.P. for Dublin the Lost his life in the war. University in 1892. Came to England in 1893, and be- "CASSINI." came K.C. and Solicitor-General here A French destroyer. in 1900, and was knighted. She was torpedoed in the Mediter- Reader He was appointed Autumn ranean on the 8th March, 1917. to the Inns of Court in 1912. died in CASTER. The first Lady Carson , ^ , November, 1918. the April, 1913. On the 1st captured the He remarried in September, 1914, Second British Army Miss Ruby Frewin. village here. He entered the Coahtion Govern- GASTLETON, Sergeant C. C. as Attorney- ment in May, 1915, Late Australian M.G.C. Gained resigned in October, General, but the V.C. in the war. that his reason for and explained Lost his life in the war. resigning was that he disagreed with of the Government. CASUALTIES. the Balkan policy , . r i in his hnal Was First Lord of the Admira ty Sir Douglas Haig, April. 1919. from December, 1916, to July, 19 7. dispatch, published 1 1th Became member of the War gives the following figures of total Cabinet without Portfolio on the 16th casualties. losses. Sir Douglas says, July, 1917, and resigned in 1918. Our total no larger than were to be ex- Sergeant.-Major N. V. were CARTER, pected, and he gives in detail figures Late Royal Sussex Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. ^"S"'^!:"~.. 3,076,388 4,800,000 CARTWRIGHT, Private G. (726). French .. ... 33rd Battalion. Australian Imperial Italian (not including ^400,000 Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. prisoners) .. 6.485,000 • CASABIANGA." . German .. .. Austro-Hungarian.. 4,500.000 A French mine-layer. i ^ j sunk by a mine on the 3rd She was .. 20,261.388 Total . June, 1915. Roger. CASEMENT, Second-Lieut. George 1916, a German CATES, On the 24th April, Edward. auxiliary, disguised as a neutral Rifle Brigade. Gained the merchant vessel, and a submarine Late the war. attempted to land arms and ammu- V.C. in The nition on the Irish coast. CATHER, Temporary- Lieut. G. auxiliary was scuttled by her crew St. G. S. Casement was the and sank. Roger Late Irish Fusiliers. Gained shore. He had taken prisoner on V.C. in the war. been trying to induce Irish soldiers imprisoned in Germany to join a GATOR, Sergeant Harry (5190). Gained German Irish Brigade. East Surrey Regiment. He was deprived of his knighthood. the V.C. in the war. began in His trial for high treason CATTARO. the High Court on the 26th June, A fortified seaport on the Dalma- 1916, and he was sentenced to be coast. Austria. hanged on the 29th June, 1916. He tian Population, 6,000. was hanged on the 3rd August, 1915, On the 15th October. 1916. the after appealing unsuccessfully against Allied Fleet bombarded it. his sentence. 42 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

CAUCASUS. took 3,520 prisoners and a number of A lofty mountain range between guns.

the Caspian and the Black Sea ; CAVE, Rt. Hon. Sir George, K.C. natural boundary between Europe Aged 63. and Asia. Highest summits, Mount Was M.P. for Kingston Division Elbruz (18,526 feet) and Kasbell from 1906. (16,546 feet). Length of system, Was Attorney-General to the about 800 miles ; greatest width, 120 Prince of Wales from 1914 until 1915. miles. Has many lofty passes and imposing glaciers. Made a Privy Councillor in June, On the 5th November, 1914, the 1915. Russian troops advanced, defeating Solicitor-General, in November, the Turks. 1915. Was Secretary from Decem- On the 5th January, 1915, a com- Home plete defeat overtook the Turkish ber, 1916. a Law Lord in 1918. army here. The battle was fought at Made an altitude of 1 0,000 feet. Two Tur- CAVELL, Nurse Edith. kish Army Corps were routed, and On the 16th October, 1915, infor- the whole of the 9th Corps sur- mation was received in London of her rendered, accounting for 80,000 military execution." She was for- Turks put out of action. merly head of a large training school further it From reports appears the for nurses at Brussels. She was shot defeat of the Turks here showed the by order of General von Bissing at affair to be the most wholesale putting Brussels on the charge of harbouring out of action that had occurred since Allied soldiers and assisting them to the war began. The retreat of the escape. was cut off remnant by roads deep in Her remains were brought to snow, and, situation findingthe hope- England and buried in Norwich less, the Turks surrendered in masses. Cathedral. The battle lasted 48 hours with great desperation. GAWLEY, Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick, Bart. On the 15th January, 1915, the Russians took 5,000 prisoners and Aged 69. M.P. in Liberal interest nearly 10,000 head of cattle from for Prest- defeated Turks here. wich Division. a 1906. On the 17th January, 1916, the Created Baronet, Chancellor of Russians attacked on a line of 66 Was the Duchy of miles of the front here, and drove the Lancaster from December, 1916. Turks back. His son, Harold, who was also an On the 20th January, 1916, the M.P,, died in the war. Russians completed the Turkish rout GAWLEY, Captain H. T. here. Late Member of Parliament. CAVALRY. Lost his life in the war. In Sir Douglas Haig's report of GAWLEY, Captain Oswald. " the final victory he wrote ^ Both Son of Lord Cawley. in the development of the successes Late Member of Parliament. of our infantry attacks and in follow- Lost his life in the war.

ing up the . various withdrawals CECIL, Lord Hugh, M.P. thereby forced upon the enemy the 50. different cavalry units have performed Aged of the work of the highest value." Son late Lord Salisbury. Was M.P. for Greenwich from CAVAN, Lord. 1895 until 1906. In command of an Italo-British M.P. for Oxford University since army in Italy. 1910. On the 28th October, 1918, he Joined the Army Flying Corps and reported that the 14th British Corps qualified in 1915. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 43

CECIL, Lord Robert, K.C., M.P. Was Secretary of State for India Aged 55. from 1915 until the 12th July, 1917, Third son of the late Lord Salis- when he resigned owing to the out- bury and Private Secretary to him. spoken Mesopotamia Report. Was Was Under Secretary for Foreign appointed Chancellor of the Ex- Affairs in the Coalition Ministry. chequer after the Victory Election. Was appointed Minister of Block- CHAMBERLAIN, Houston Stew- ade in December, 1916, with Cabinet art. rank. Aged 64, 'CETTA DI MESSINA." Son of a British Admiral. Born at An Italian armed vessel. Southsea. Stated his reason for She was sunk by submarine on the spending the most of his life in 23rd June. 1916. Austria and Germany as due to CETTINJE. inability to stand the English climate. For many years he has been a The capital of Montenegro. It has old palaces and monasteries. naturalised German subject, and in Population. 4,000. 1908 married Eva, the reputed daughter of the late Richard Wagner On the 13th January, 1916, it was taken by the Austrians. (there has been a money squabble among the Wagners to determine On the 29th October. 1918. it was reported that the Austrians had just which of the children are and are not the composer's offspring). evacuated it and the whole of the country. Montenegrin bands entered He is a writer by profession, and in 1 899 Foundations the city. A great quantity of produced "The material was abandoned. of the Nineteenth Century." Written originally in German, the book Private G. CHAFER, W. became the Kaiser's favourite volume East Yorks Regiment. Gained of history. He was fond of boring the V.C. in the war. his family circle and entourage by GHALLERANGE. reading aloud from it, and kept On the 3rd October, 1918, this copies on hand for presentation to big railway centre was captured by distinguished foreigners. the French. During the war he outdid himself in besmirching the name and distorting CHALMERS, Sir Robert, K.C.B. the history of his native land. Aged 61. He was decorated with the Iron Was Governor of Ceylon from Cross, White Ribbon. 1913 until 1915. Was formerly Permanent Secretary CHAMBERLAIN, Arthur Neville, to the Treasury and Auditor of the Aged 49. Civil List. Son of the late Rt. Hon. J. He resumed the Secretaryship of Chamberlain. M.P. the Treasury in 1916. Elected Lord Mayor of Birming- Was appointed in May, 1916, ham in 1915, and re-elected in 1916. Under Secretary for Ireland, but On the 19th December, 1916, he resigned. was appointed Director- General of CHAMBERLAIN, Rt. Hon. Joseph National Service, and resigned later. Austen, P.C., M.P. CHAMPAGNE. Aged 56. An old province of the North-East Son of the late Rt. Hon. J. of France, famous for its wines. Chamberlain, M.P. On the 22nd December, 1914, both Was Postmaster-General from hereand in the Argonne fierce bayonet 1902 until 1903. fighting resulted in the storming of Chancellor of the Exchequer from three German entrenched positions, 1903 until 1905. covering a front of a mile, near Was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty. PerthesIeS'Hurles, which is three 44 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

miles east of Souain, on the road CHATEAU- THIERRY. to Ville-sur-Tombe. Farther along On the 21st July. 1918, the French this road, on the outskirts of the recaptured it. Argonne, the Allies made good their capture of another mile of trenches. CHATHAM. On the 25th February, 1917, the A seaport and naval arsenal on the Allied airmen made a successful raid River Medway, Kent, England. on German lines of communication Population, 42,250. here. On the 3rd September, 1917, the On the 26th February, 1915, the Germans air-raided Sheerness and French took 2,000 yards of German Chatham with six machines; 108 trenches here. persons were killed and 92 injured. 'CHAMPAGNE." All the German machines escaped. An armed mercantile cruiser. "CHATHAM," H.M.S. On the 15th October, 1917. she An unprotected second class

was torpedoed and sunk ; 56 killed. cruiser. CHAPLIN, Viscount. On November 10th, 191'4. she Aged 78. discovered the German cruiser " in shoal Has been Chancellor of the Duchy Konigsberg hiding of Lancaster. water about six miles up the Rufigi President of the Board of Agricul- river (a river of German East Africa : ture. flows 450 miles to the Indian Ocean), ^ President of the Local Government and put her out of harm's way. Board. CHATILLON-SUR-BAR. Raised to the Peerage in April, On the 6th November, 1918, the 1916. Americans captured Hill 292, Hill Was unofficial Leader of the Oppo- 260, Liny, Devant, and Dun, and sition after the Coalition Ministry drove the Germans from Chatillon came into power in 1915. Wood. CHARESSE, Captain Noel Godfrey CHAULNES. M., C.M.B. In the German retreat between the Late R.A.?vl.C. Gained the V.C. Scarpe and the Aisne on the 28th in the war and Bar to V.C. August, 1918, it was captured. Lost his life in the war. CHAUME WOOD. CHARKOV, or KHARKOV. In the Verdun district. A town in the Ukraine, Russia. On the 8th September, 1917, it On the 18l.h October, 1918, it was was captured by the French. reported that the German garrison here of 30,000 men had protested CHAUMET, M. against an order sending them to the Was appointed Minister of Marine French front. for Franceinthe new Ministry formed CHARLEROI. in 1917. A town on the River Sambre, CHAVONNE. Belgium. A colliery distr-ct. On the 18th April, 1917, the Has a population of 25,000. French continued their progress on On the 21st August, 1914, the the Aisne, and took Chavonne, Chivy, Battle of Charleroi began, and ended Ostel, and the outskirts of Courtecon. the following day by the withdrawal CHEHERY LA FORGE. of the French. On the 5th October, 1918, it was ' GHATEAU-HERAULT." captured by the Americans. A French cruiser. CHELMSFORD, Lord, G.G.M.G., On the 14th December, 1917, she G.C.I.E., G.C.S.I. was torpedoed and sunk, with a loss Aged 51. of 10. Visited Australia, 1914 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 45

Appointed Viceroy of India in British ships off the coast of Chili, January, 1916. issued on the 4th November, 1914, His eldest son died of wounds in shows that H.M. Ships " Good May, 1917. Hope," " Monmouth," and *' Glas- CHEMERY. gow " engaged the " Scharnhorst," Gneisenau," '* Leipzig," and On the 7th November, 1918, the " Americans reached here. Dresden," in stormy weather, the *' CHEMIN-DES-DAMES. action lasting an hour. The Good Hope " caught fire, blew up, and On the 1st November, 1917, the sank. The " Monmouth," also on to it enemy was compelled abandon fire, drew off, but was again attacked. after clinging to it for six months, The " Glasgow " was not greatly and the villages of Courtecon, Cerny- damaged, and had few casualties. en-Loonnois, Allies, and Chevreux The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin were also taken. Elizabeth," which was in harbour CHERRY, Second-Lieut. (Tern- when the siege began, was blown porary - Captain) Percy up by the Austrians. Herbert, M.C. CHILSTON, Viscount. Late Australian Imperial Force. Aged 68. Gained the V.C. in the war. Formerly Rt. Hon. Aretas Akers- Lost his life in the war. Douglas. CHESTER, Lieut. R. H. V. Was First Commissioner of Works, R.A.F. Parliamentary Secretary to the Merchant Taylors School athlete. Treasury, and Chief Conservative Lost his life in the war. Whip. CHEVILLY. Was Home Secretary from 1902 until 1908. A village in France, in Loiret, 9 Was raised to the Peerage in 191 1. miles north of Orleans. CHINA. On the 1st September, 1918, the Li-Yuan-Hung, succeeded in 1916. French held it despite furious attacks Total area, square miles. by the enemy, who succeeded in 4,370,000 reoccupying the village twice in Population, over 400.000,000. succession. Most populous country in East Asia. GHEYLESMORE, Lord. Capitals, Pekin in the north, Nan- Aged 71. king in the south. Retired from the Army as Major- All important ports on the coast General. and rivers now open to foreign trade. Chairman of the L.C.C. in 1912. Russia had, prior to the war with Has presided over various courts- Japan, practically annexed Man- martial during the v/ar. churia, Port Arthur and Talienwan CHILI, or CHILE. being the naval and commercial President Juan Luis Sanfuentes, termini of Trans-Siberian Railway in succeeded in 1910. that part of what was once Chinese A Republic on the Pacific Coast of territory. South America. It has great industries in agricul- Area, 307,620 square miles. ture, tea, and silk culture, and many Independent of Spain since 1918. manufactories. Sometimes styled " The United Country partly mountainous, States of South America." partly fertile plains, with numerous Great nitrate output and general navigable rivers. mineral wealth, also agriculture. Broke off relations with Germany Capital, Santiago. Chief port, on the 13th March, 1917. Valparaiso. On the 14th August, 1917, she The Admiralty's report of the declared war against Germany and naval j battle between German and Austria- Hungary 46 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

CHINDA, Viscount. Left the Conservatives and joined Aged 63. the Liberal Party in 1904. Japanese Ambassador in London, Was Under Secretary for Colonies succeeding the Marquis Inouye in from 1905 until 1908. July, 1916. President of the Board of Trade, Was formerly Japanese Consul in 1908. San Francisco. Home Secretary, 1910. Was Consul-General at Shanghai. First Lord of the Admiralty in Was Minister to Brazil and Minis- 1911, and resigned in May, 1915. ter at the Hague. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- Was Envoy Extraordinary at caster from May to November, 1915. Petrograd in 1900, and Minister in Saw the Spanish campaign in Berlin in 1908. Cuba. Was with the British force through CHRISTIAN, Private H. the Indian frontier wars in 1897- 2nd Battalion, Royal Lanes Regi- 1898. ment. Gained the V.C. in the war. Served in the Soudan campaign CHRISTIANIA. of 1898. ' The capital and chief port of Won distinction in the Boer War. Norway. Was captured, and made a dramatic Population, 241,834. escape that raised a great deal of On the 25th June, 1917, the heated controversy. German Minister was recalled On the 15th February, 1915, in because of the discovery of a German the House of Commons, he outlined bomb plot in Norway. the answer of the Government to the threatened German " blockade," and CHRISTIE, Rifleman (Lance-Cor- said that its effect would be to apply poral) John Alexander. the full force of naval pressure to the London Regiment. Gained the enemy. V.C. in the war. Resumed active service as an CHURCH LADS' BRIGADE. officer in November, 1915, and Has done good work in the v/ar. gazetted Lieut. -Colonel in March, There are to-day 1,310 companies 1916. of the Church Lads' Brigade proper, On the 13th November, 1915, his including the Church Lads' Brigade resignation as Chancellor of the Cadets, which is for younger boys Duchy of Lancaster was announced. and serves as a school for recruits. On the 15th November, 1915 Something like 200,000 members are (referring to the Dardanelles expedi- " ex-members, and ex-members joined tion), he stated : I recommend it the colours voluntarily. as a legitimate war gamble." Among the many war distinctions Appointed Minister of Munitions gained by the Church Lads' Brigade in July, 1917. Transferred to the are no less than 10 V.C's. War Office after the Victory Election. President. Field- Marshal H.R.H. CIMA-TRE-PEZZI. the Duke of Connaught. Governor and Commandant, Field-Marshal On the 31st October, 1918, it was Lord Grenfell. Headquarters, Ald- reported that the Italian First Army wych House, Catherine Street, Ald- succeeded in capturing several im- wych, W.C. Chaplain and Secretary, portant heights in the Cima-tre-Pezzij the Rev. Edgar Rogers, M.A. with 40,000 prisoners and hundreds of guns. CHURCHILL, Rt. Hon. Winston L. S., P.C, M.P. •CITY OF ATHENS." Aged 45. A liner.

Son of the late Lord Randolph On the 1 1th August, 1917, she was

Churchill. mined off Cape Town ; 21 passengers Was a soldier at 19 years of age. and crew drowned A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 47

"CITY OF BIRMINGHAM." CLARKE, Private (Acting -Cor- She was sunk by a German sub- poral) Lea (73132). marine on the 27th November, 1916. Canadian Infantry. Gained the Passengers and crew of 315, except V.G. in the war. 4, saved. CLARKE, Sergeant J. (37721). CIVIDALE. 15th Battalion, Lancashire Fusi- In Venetia. liers (Rochdale). Gained the V.G. in the war, On the 27th October, 1917, it was ' taken by the Germans. CLAUDIO." A Spanish steamer. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. On the 12th December, 1917, she Burlington Gardens, 1. W. was submarined by the Germans. "CLACTON." Eight of the crew were drowned and A British armed vessel. several wounded. She was able to She was sunk by a submarine on reach port under her own steam. 'the 3rd August, 1916. CLAVEILLE, M. CLAMECY. Was appointed Minister of Public Works for France in the new Minis- On the 5th September, 1918, the try for France formed in 1917. French carried it. Bray, and Missy- sur-Aisne. CLEMENCEAU, M. Georges. Aged 78. Corporal William (43537 ). CLAMP, Premier of France, 1917. Late Yorkshire Regiment (Flem- Proprietor of " La Justice." ington). Gained the in the war. V.G Member of the Chamber of Lost his life in the war. Deputies, 1876. ••CLAN CAMPBELL." Acted as second to M. Floquet in A British merchant vessel. his duel with General Boulanger On the 6th April, 1916, it was thirty years ago. reported that she had been torpedoed Was Prime Minister 1906-1909. by a German submarine, without In the fourth year of the war he was warning, in the Mediterranean. called upon to form a Ministry. ••CLAN MACNAUGHTON." Has done yeoman service for France in the war, and is one of the A British armed liner. very few who have added lustre to She was accidentally lost on the their reputations. He was shot but

: 24th February, 1915. not killed by a degenerate called GLARE. Cottin, 19th February, 1919. A county, in the province of M. Clemenceau made a splendid Munster, Ireland. struggle to secure his country's future

I

Area, 1 ,294 square miles. Popula- safety from German revenge, but tion, 104,064. many conflicting interests had to be

I County town, Ennis. studied for the final Peace terms. On the occasion of the Sinn CLEMENTEL, M. 5 Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it Was appointed Minister of Com- became necessary to move columns merce for France in the new Ministry " of troops here—see under Dublin." formed in 1917. CLARE, Private George William " ," H.M.S. (6657). She sank a German destroyer off Late Lancashire Regiment (Plum- Holstein on the 28th March, 1916. stead). Gained the V.G. in the war. CLINTON, Private Thomas. Lost his life in the war. On the 15th February, 1 91 7, he was CLARK - KENNEDY, Lt. - Colonel sentenced to death at Manchester for W. H., C.M.G., D.S.O. the murder of Gompany-Sergeant- 24th Battalion, Quebec Rifles. Major Lynch, of the Royal Welsh Gained the V.G. in the war, Fusiliers, on the 13th January, 1917 48 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

GLIVE, Captain P. A. COL-DEL-ROSSA. Late Member of Parliament. On the 28th January, 1918, the Lost his life in the war. Italians captured it, with 1,500 prisoners. GLOUTMAN, Lieut. (Acting- Major) Mackay, M.G. GOL-DI-LINA. mountain, 7,500 feet high. 59th Field Company, R.E. (T.F.) A On the 18th April, 1916, it was Gained the V.C. in the war. captured by the Italians. COALITION GOVERNMENT. COLLET, Flight-Lieut. The first was formed by Mr. On the 23rd September, 1914, he Asquith, after he had lost the con- flew to Dusseldorf and dropped three '* fidence of the country by his Wait bombs upon the Zeppelin sheds, and See" policy. Mr. Lloyd Georsre returning safely. displaced him as Premier and formed the second (and present) Coalition COLLIN, Second-Lieut. J. H. Government. Late Lancashire Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. GOATES, Captain John. Lost his life in the war. A leading English tenor. Joined COLLINGS-WELLS, Captain (Act.j the Army during the war. ing-Lleut.-Colonel) J. S.j GOBLENZ, or GOBLENTZ. D.S.O. A city, strongly fortified, at the Late Bedford Regiment. Gained junction of the Moselle and Rhine, the V.C. in the war.

Germany. Lost his life in the war. i The headquarters of the Eighth COLLINS, Acting-Corporal JohiJ Army Co^rps. (355652). It has wine trade and piano Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Merthyr factories. Tydvil). Gained the V.C. in the Population, 56,000. war. The factories, barracks, stations, and COLMAR. railways here were bombed by British airmen on eight occasions. The capital of Upper Alsace.

20th 1 91 station On the 2nd October, 1917, French On the July, 5, the airmen dropped bombs here and on here was bombed by French aero- Stuttgart, Treves, and Frankfort-on- planes. Main. COLOGNE. On the 20th May, 1918, British A city and seaport, strongly forti- bombed here and Metz. fied, on the River Rhine. of Rhenish Prussia. COFFIN, Lieut. -Colonel (Tempor- Capital It has a magnificent cathedral with ary - Brig. - Gen.) Clifford, D.S.O. spires 515 feet in height. Population, 516,167. Royal Engineers. Gained the It has important trade and V.C. in the war. industries. COLCHESTER. The factories, station, and barracks A seaport town of Essex, England, here were bombed by British airmen on the River Colne. Oyster fisheries. on three occasions. Has a population of 43,463. On the 31st October, 1917, it was The Germans air-raided here on reported that the stained glass win- the 21st February, 1915. There dows in the cathedral here were were no casualties. being replaced by ordinary glass as * a precaution against air raids. COLCHESTER." On the 18th May, 1918, the British A Great Eastern steamer. dropped 33 bombs here and drove She was captured or sunk by the down two German machines. Ail Germans in March, 1916. the British machines returned. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 49

On the 9th November, 1918, it GOMBLES. was reported, that the insurrection On the 22nd September, 1916, the was spreading inland, Berlin and French made a surprise attack near Cologne being affected. here and took 100 prisoners. On the 14th November, 1918, On the 26th September. 1916, the American airmen landed here. Allies took Thiepval and Combles, On the 18th November, 1918, it and made great captures. was reported that rioting was taking GOMPIEGNE. place. A town on the River Oise, France. The city was occupied by the It contains a famous castle, sugar Allied forces- mills, manufactories, etc. GOLONIAL OFFICE. Ha- a population of 17,000. Downing Street, S.W. 1. On the 2nd September, 1914, the German advance was steadily con- GOLTMAN, Private (Lance- Cor- tinued, the enemy's cavalry reaching poral) W. H., D.CM., the forest of Compiegne. The Allies M.M. (241028). retired in good order, inflicting l/6th Battalion, North Staffs heavy losses. Regiment (T.F.) (Winchill, Burton- It Vv^as evacuated by the Allies on on-Trent). Gained the V.C. in the tKe 31st August, 1914. war. GOMPTON-RIGKETT, Rt. Hon. COLUMBINE, Private Herbert G. Sir Joseph, P.O., D.L.,M.P. (50720). Aged 72. Late Machine Gun Corps (Walton- Paymaster-General in Mr. Lloyd on-the-Naze). Gained the V.C. in George's Ministry. the war. GONDE-LES-ANTRY. Lost his life in the war. On the 30th September, 1918, it GOLVILLE, Admiral the Hon. Sir was captured by the French. Stanley, K.G.B., G.C.V.O. CONEGLIANO. Aged 57. A town in the north-east of Italy, Entered the Royal Navy in 1874. near Treviso. Became Captain in 1896; Rear- Population, 9,500. Admiral in 1906: Admiral in 1915. An important railway centre. Served in the Zulu War and the On the 29th October, 1918, British Soudan campaign. and Italian troops entered here. Commanded the flotilla on the Brevet->Major Wil- advance of the Egyptian army on GONGREVE, Dongola. liam La Touche, D.S.O., Was Commander-in-Chief atPorts- M.G. mouth. Late Rifle Brigade. Gained the V.C. in the war. COLVIN, Second-Lieut. Hugh. Lost his life in the war. Cheshire Regiment. Gained the CONNAUGHT AND STRATH- V.C. in the war. EARN, H.R.H. the Duke GOLYER-FERGUSSON, Second- of,K.G., K.T.,K.P.,etc. Lieut. (Acting - Captain) Aged 69. Thomas Riversdale. Third son of Queen Victoria. Late Northampton Regiment. Entered the Army, and held a Gained the V.C. in the war. command in the Egyptian expedition 1882. Lost his life in the war. of Was Commander - in - Chief at COMBE, Lieut. Robert G. Aldershot from 1893 until 1898. Late Canadian Infantry. Gained Was Field-Marshal in 1902. the V.C. in the war. Was made Inspector-General of Lost his life in the war. the Forces in 1904. D 50 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Commander-in-Chief of the Medi- Turkey accepted the Allies* terms. terranean Forces from 1907 until Army to demobilise. 1909. On the 14th November, 1918, Governor-General of Canada from Allied Fleets arrived off here. 1911 until 1916. Appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the CONSTANTSA. Volunteer Force on the 29th January, Was taken by the Germans on the 1917. 26th October, 1915. CONNAUGHT, H.R.H. Prince CONTALMAISON. Arthur of, K.G., K.T., On the 7th July, 1916, east of La G.C.M.G., G.G.V.O., G.B. Boiselle the British line moved for- Aged 36. ward 500 yards on a front of nearly Is an officer in the Scots Greys. 2,000 yards. Later in the day the Married the Duchess of Fife, British carried Contalmaison, but great-granddaughter of Queen Vic- failed to hold it. toria, in October, 1913. On the 12th July, 1917. strong Went to the front, attached to the German attacks were made, but they Headquarters Staff. completely failed. CONSTANTINE, King. CONTEMPTIBLE LITTLE On the 11th June, 1917, his abdi- ARMY. cation was demanded by M. Jonnart. An historical term of reproach used He abdicated in favour of his second by the Ex-Kaiser in reference to the son, Alexander. British Expeditionary Force under CONSTANTINESCO, M. George. Lord French. He expected to push A Roumanian by birth, naturalised back the British army into the sea, British subject. but the Battle of the Marne proved He v^as one of the scientific the turning point of the war. wonders of the war, and was in charge of the " Mystery Works " at COOK, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph, West Drayton, Middlesex. G.C.M.G.,P.C. CONSTANTINOPLE. Ex-Premier of Australia. Began life as a coal-miner in The capital and chief port of Staffordshire. European Turkey, at the south Elected in 1891 as a Labour Mem- entrance to the Bosphorus. Turkish ber in the House of Assembly, New town (Stamboul) and Christian sub- South Wales, but ultimately joined urbs (Galatea and Pera) separated by the Liberal Party, of which he is now the Golden Horn. The ancient leader. Byzantium. Created a Privy Councillor in 1914. Has a magnificent mosque, St. Sophia. COOK, Sir Edward T., K.B.E. Population, nearly 1,250,000. Aged 62. The British Ambassador left on Knighted in 1912. the 31st October, 1914. Wrote admirable pamphlets on the On the 14th April, 1916, British war in 1914. naval aeroplanes raided here, drop- Joined the Press Bureau during the ping bombs on a powder factory, war. aeroplane sheds, and on Adrianople Appointed Co-Director,June,1915. railway station. Received K.B.E. in 1917. On the 9th July, 1917, R.N.A.S. airmen attacked the Turkish Fleet off COOK, Sir Theodore A. Constantinople, and bombed the Aged 52. Goeben " and other ships. Since the war has written spirited On the 30th October, 1918, Tur- articles in the " Field," which at- key began negotiations for peace. tracted much attention. On the 1st November, 1918, Knighted in June, 1916. —

A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 51

COOKE, Private T. the 1st July, 1915, 29 lives being lost, Late Australian Infantry. Gained 21 of whom were Americans. the V.C, in the war. ' Lost his life in the war. CORNWALLIS," H.M.S. A battleship, completed in the year COOKSON, Lieut. - Commander 1904, having a displacement S. C, D.S.O. of 14,000 tons and a speed of 19^ knots. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. She was sunk by a submarine in COOPER, Sergeant Edward theMediterranean on the 8th January, (R2749). 1917, with the loss of 13 lives. K.R.R.C. (Stockton). Gained the V.C. in the war. CORNWELL, Boy John Thomas. " COQUETTE," H.M.S. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. Lost his life in the war. A destroyer of 335 tons. She was mined, together with CORPSES, Desecration of. Torpedo-boat II, off the east coast Information reached the Allies and sunk on the lOth March, 1916, early in the war that the Germans with a loss of 45 lives. were utilising corpses for the manu- CORBEHEM. facture of glycerine and other pro- On the 13th October, 1918, ducts, and that these corpses were British troops cleared the enemy out sent in bundles of four, fastened of here and Arleuse, both of which together with wire, from the battle- villages remained in our possession. fields. This was strenuously denied CORBETT, Sir Julian. by the Germans, though an advertise- Aged 65. ment had appeared in a German newspaper calling for chemists to Is engaged in writing the official " history of the war. direct Kadaveraustalt," or corpse- Knighted in February, 1917. reducing factory. CORBON. The Germans maintained that the word '' Kadaver " was never used of On the 11th October, 1918, human corpses—though this is not French troops took it. true, as German dictionaries show CORFU. and they professed that the whole The largest and most northern of story was a lie. Ionian Isles, Greece. During 1917, however, a German Has an area of 274 square miles, Army Order, dated the 21st Decem- and a population of 125,000. ber, 1916, fell into British hands, Mountainous. Produces olivesand which contained the following in- wines. structions : On the 11th January, 1916, the *' When corpses are sent to the French landed here, and the Greeks corpse-utilisation factories, returns protested. as to the unit, date of death, illness, On the 10th February, 1916, and information as to (contagious) „ 75,000 Serbian troops arrived here. diseases, if any, are to be furnished CORINTH. at the same time." An ancient city of Greece. Some weeks later photographs of On the 11th June, 1917, a French Germ.an dead being loaded into rail- force landed here, and Franco-British v/ay waggons v/ere captured on forces occupied Larissa. German prisoners, and showed the "CORMORAN." bodies to be bound together with wire exactly in the conditions described. A German light cruiser. She was sunk in November, 1914. '* CORRINGTON." CORNISH COAST. A U.S. transport. " The Leyland liner " Armenian On the 1st July, 1918, she was tor- was sunk off here by a submarine on pedoed and sank. 52 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

CORTEMARCK. COUNTER, Private J. T. (94081). On the 15th October, 1918, the King's Liverpool Rcgiment(Bland- French troops took it and Roulers. ford, Dorset). Gained the V.C. in the war. GOSGROVE, Gorporal W. Royal Munster Fusiliers. Gained COURCY. the V.C. in the war. On the 28th May, 1918, the Ger- it, and claimed to have RICA. mans took COSTA taken 25,000 prisoners. President Alfredo G. Flores, suc- ceeded in 1914. COURTRAI. West Republic in South Central A town on the River Lys, America. Flanders, Belgium. Has linen fac- Area, 18,400 square miles. Popu- tories. lation, 380,000. Population, 34,500. Agricultural, coffee, and banana On the 17th October, 1918, culture. British troops captured it. It severed its relations with Ger- COURY, Second - Lieut. Gabriel many on the 18th September, 1917. George. Regiment. COTTER, Lance- Corporal W. R. South Lancashire Gained the V.C. in the war. East Kents. Gained the V.C. in the war. COVERBALE, Sergeant Harry COTTIN. (4926). Manchester Regiment (Old Traf- A criminal degenerate who shot ford, Manchester). Gained the V.C. M. Clemenceau. Sentenced to death in the war. 14th March, 1919. COWDRAY, Viscount, of Midhurst, COUCY-LE-CHATEAU. P.C.,D.L. In the Department of Aisne, ten Aged 63. miles north of Soissons. Formerly Sir Weetman D. Pearson, A village famous for its formidable M.P. castle, now in ruins, one of the most President of S. Pearson & Son, striking monuments of the feudal Ltd. ages in Europe. This huge strong- Was appointed Chairman of the hold, which covered an area of 1 0,000 Air Board on the 2nd January, 1917, square yards, built early in the was in succession to Lord Curzon, but thirteenth century. wealthy The without salary. Louis d'Orleans bought it, and in Constructed Dover Harbour works, 1498 it passed to the French Crown. the East River Tunnel, New York, The castle, dismantled in 1652 by Blackwall Tunnel, etc. Mazarin's fought for its orders, had Interested in the Tehuantepec last lord Philippe Egalite of Orleans. Railway, Mexico, competitor of the The donjon is the finest specimen Panama route. in Europe of mediaeval military Was made a Viscount in 1916. architecture. Compared with this COWLEY, Lieut.-Com. Charles H. giant, the largest towers known R.N.V.R. Gained the V.C. in the appear spindles. It is mere 210 war. feet high and 100 feet in diameter, and the walls are in some places 34 "COWSLIP," H.M.S. feet thick. Four small towers, a A British gunboat. moat, and high walls also protected She was sunk by torpedo on the the fortress, which stands on an 25th April. 1918. eminence, approached by long steep COX, Brigadier-General E. W. slopes on all sides but one. On the 9th September, 1918, the In 1917 the Germans in their death was reported in France of this retreat from the Somme deliberately General by drowning while bathing. blew up this magnificent castle. His death removed one of the A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 53

most gallant of the younger officers CRAONNE. who had gained notable promotion In Mayenne, on the Oudon. since the war began. Gazetted in On the 27th December, 1914, the 1900 to the Royal Engineers, ap- French held the trenches captured pointed Captain ten years later, going near Puisaleine, on the heights of the to the War Office as a General Staff Meuse, consolidating the occupation Officer. In 1917 became General of the ground near here. Staff Officer, 1st Grade, and in On the 5th May. 1916, the French January last was appointed Brigadier- troops made a brilliantthrust forward, General (Intelligence Department). giving them the mastery of one of the He was only 35 years of age, and great barriers of Laon, and including served in France since the war began, the capture of Craonne Ridge, taking In 1915 he was av/arded the D.S.O. 6,400 prisoners. On the 25th COX, Private Christopher (13909). June. 191 7, the French gained a Bedfordshire Regiment. Gained crest of Craonne Ridge, and captured Dragon's Cave, taking 300 the V C. in the war. CRACOW. prisoners. " CRATHIE." The capital of the Austrian pro- A British hired trawler. vince of Galicia ; formerly the capital in of Poland. Sunk August, 1914, while acting as a mine-sweeper. It has a strong fortress and a university. CRAWFORD, Earl of. It is an important manufacturing Aged 48. town. Chief Conservative Whip in 1911. Has a population of 92,000. Went to the House of Lords on the The Austrians were making active 31st January, 1913. preparations to resist the Russians Enlisted in the Army in 1915, here, and up to the 1 1th November, receiving later a commission. 1914, the Russians had taken 22,000 Appointed President of the Board German prisoners. of Agriculture in July, 1916, On the 29th November, 1914. Was appointed Lord Privy Seal in the Russians v/on a signal victory ; December, 1916. 25,000 Austrians were taken prisoners within the then last fortnight. CREFELD. It was relieved on the 20th Decem- A busy manufacturing town in the ber, 1914. Rhine Province, Prussia. Manufac- CRAIG, Second-Lieut. John Man- tures, velvet and silk. son. Population, 107,000. On the 18th November, 1918, it Royal Scots Fusiliers. Gained the was reported that riots were taking V.C. in the war. place here. CRAIG, Colonel James, M.P. • CRESSY," H.M.S. Aged 48. armoured cruiser, Served in the South African War. An completed Elected M.P. for East Co. Down. in 1910, having a displacement of 12,000 tons a speed of 21 Appointed Treasurer of the and knots. She was sunk, together with H.M. Household in the new Ministry in " " " December, 1916. Ships Aboukir and Hogue," off the Hook of Holland, by German CRAIOVA. submarines on the 22nd September,

A town in Roumania, the capital 1914. Over 1,400 lives were lost ; of Little Wallachia. 900 were saved. Has a good trade in agricultural She and the " Hague" were tor- produce, and a population of 46,000. pedoed while trying to save lives. " On the 21st November, 1916, It was thought that the " Cressy Falkenhayn's troops occupied it. sank one submarine. - 54 A.B,C. OF THE GREAT WAR

CRETE. CROMIE, Captain, R.N. On the 28th September, 1916, the He was murdered in the attack on Provisional Government issued a the British Embassy at Petrograd, proclamation signed by M. Venizelos. where he was British naval attache. Greek battleships joined the CROOKS, Rt. Hon. Will, P.C, M.P. British Fleet. Aged 67. On the 2nd October, 1916, the Was a poor boy, brought up in a new Provisional Government, under Poor Law Institution. M. Venizelos, began to organise By hard work and determination public services here. raised himself to be a leader among On the 4th October, 1916, the working men. Greek Cabinet resigned. Mayor of Poplar in 1901, and a CREVECCEUR. member of the London County On the 1st October, 1918, it was Council since 1892. captured by the French troops. One of the most successful of recruiting advocates during the war. CREWE, Marquess of, K.G., P.C. Has addressed the troops on active Aged 61. service. Son of Lord Houghton. Was appointed a Privy Councillor Married the youngest daughter of in 1916. Lord Rosebery. Was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland CROSS, Private (Acting - Lance from 1892 until 1895. Corporal) A. E. (6299). Was Secretary for India in 1910, Machine Gun Corps (Camberwell). and was Lord Privy Seal and Leader Gained the V.C in the war. of the House of Lords. CROWE, Second-Lieut. J. Created Marquess in 1911. Worcester Regiment. Gained the Lieutenant of County of London V.C. in the war. in 1912. Was President of the Board of CROWN AGENTS FOR THE Education in the Coalition Ministry. COLONIES. Chairman of the London County 4 Millbank, Westminster, S.W. I. Council in 1917. GRUICKSHANK, Private Robert GRICHTON -STUART, Lieut.- Edward. Colonel Lord Ninnian. London Regiment (Harringay). Gained the V.C. in the war. Late Member of Parliament. Lost his life in the war. CRUTCHLEY, Lieut. Victor A. C, D.S.O. CRISP, Skipper Thomas. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. R.N.R. (10055 D.A.). Gained the V.C. in the war. CRYSTAL PALACE. Lost his life in the war (killed in On the 10th February, 1915, it action). was closed to the public by order of GROISILLES. the Admiralty. In the German retreat between CTESIPHON. the Scarpe and the Aisne on the 28th On the 22nd November, 1915. a August, 1918, it was captured. great battle took place here, 18 miles from Baghdad, the Turkish posi- CROIX DU BAG. tion being captured. The British Three and a half miles west of casualties amounted to 4,567 killed, Armentieres. wounded, and missing. On the 4th September, 1918, it CUBA. was taken by the Allied troops. President Mario G. Menocal, suc- CROIX SANS TETE. ceeded in 1913. On the 10th October, 1918, the Area, 45,000 square miles. Popu- French held the plateau here. lation. 2.150,000. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 55

Largest of West Indian Isles. CURREY, Private W. W. (1584a). Taken from Spain by the United 53rd Battalion, Australian Imperial States, but later relinquished to the Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. people and constituted an independ- GURRIE, General. ent Republic, Commander of Canadian troops. Has rich copper mines, and pro- On the 18th November, 1918, it duces tobacco, coffee, and sugar. was reported that he was leading his Capital, Havana. troops to the Rhine. Declared war against Germany on the 7th April, 1917. CURTIS, Sergeant H. A. (14107). Dublin GUBITT, Gaptain the Hon. W. H. 2nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (Newlyn, East Cornwall). Eldest surviving son of Lord Ash- Gained the V.C. in the war. combe. Lost his life in the war. GURZON OF KEDLESTON, Earl,

K.G., G. G.S.I. , G.G.I.E., CUINGY. P.G.,F.R.S.,LL.D., etc. the On 13th October, 1918, British Aged 60. troops took it. Son of Lord Scarsdale. 'GUMBERLAND," H.M.S. Entered Parliament in 1886. An armoured cruiser, completed Was Under Secretary for India, in 1904, with a displacement of 9,800 and then for Foreign Affairs. tons and a speed of 232 knots. Viceroy of India from 1898 until She captured nine German mer- 1905. chant steamers and a gunboat off the Created an Irish Peer in 1898. Cameroon river, West Africa, on the Chancellor of Oxford University 1st October, 1914. in March, 1907. An Irish Representative Peer, 1908. GUNLIFFE, Lord, G.B.E. Lord Rector of Glasgow, 1908. Aged 64. Made an Earl in 1911. Governor of the Bank of England Delivered stirring orations on the in 1913. war in 1914. Appointed a director of the Bank Became Lord Privy Seal in the in 1895. Coalition Ministry. Visited U.S.A. on important Received the Order of the Garter financial mission. on New Year's Day, 1916. Has done valuable work in connec- Became a member of the War tion with the war, for which he was Cabinet in July, 1916. raised to the Peerage in November, Lord President of the Council in 1914. December, 1916, and Leader of the CUNNINGHAM, Corporal John House of Lords. (8916). GUXHAVEN. Late Leinster Regiment. Gained An outpost of Hamburg, at the the V.C. in the war. mouth of the River Elbe, Germany. Lost his life in the v/ar. Has a line harbour. Population, 7,000. CUNNINGHAM, Private J. (1221). On the 25th December, 1914, East Yorks Regiment. Gained the seven British naval seaplanes made V.C. in the war. an attack at daylight on German war- CURRAGH. ships lying in Schilig Roads, of! here, " A plain. County Kildare, Ireland. escorted by H.M. Ships Arethusa," Large military camp and race- Undaunted," a destroyer Hotilla, course. and submarines. On the occasion of the Sinn The British ships, while standing Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, by to pick up the seaplanes, were troops weresentfrom here—see under themselves attacked by enemy Zep- " Dublin." pelins, seaplanes, and submarines. 56 A.B.C OF THE GREAT WAR

beating off the attack and succeeding The Russians reoccupied it on the in picking up six of the British sea- 29th October, ' 1914, and it was planes after they had discharged lost again. bombs on points of military import- On the 17th June, 1916, after seven ance. days' desperate fighting, it was cap- On the 8th November, 1918, it was tured by the Russians.

seized by revolutionaries. Onthe3rd July, 1 91 7, the Germans • CYMRIC." captured it, and entered the capital of Bukowina. A White Star liner, built in 1898, carrying the British flag, having a DAGO. gross tonnage of 13,370, a length of Islands in the Gulf of Riga. 585 feet, a breadth of 64 and a depth On the 14th October, 1917, there of 37 feet, and a speed of 15 knots. was a naval action off here. Russian She was sunkonthe8th May, 1916. torpedo-boat sunk; two German CYPRUS. torpedo-boats sunk. 18th-19th October, 1917. British isle in the Levant, having On the the captured it and Moon, an area of 3,584 square miles, and a Germans prisoners. population of 274,108. Greatest with 6,200 Russian length, 140 miles; greatest width, "DAGUE." 60 miles. A French destroyer. It has salt lakes, rock crystal, She was mined on the 24th asbestos, copper, etc. February, 1915. Capital, Nicosia. DALLHEIM. Chief port, Larnaca. Onthe31st July, 1915, the French Centre of wine trade, Limasal. aeroplane squadron bombarded the Was annexed by the British German aviation camp here. Government on the 4th November, 1914. DALZIEL, Driver Henry (1936). CZECHO- SLOVAKS. Australian Imperial Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 14th June, 1918, they captured Kazan. DAMASCUS. On the 29th June, 1918, General On the 2nd October, 1918, it was Dieterich's force of Czecho-Slovaks occupied by the British troops. secured the control of Vladivostock. D A N C O X, Private Frederick the On 8th July, 1918, they George (21654). occupied Irkutsk, Worcestershire Regiment (Worces- On the 25th July, 1918, they took ter). Gained the V.C. in the war. Simbirsk, on the Volga. On the 13th August, 1918, the DANGLIS, General. British Government recognised them In command of the Greek forces as an Allied nation, in Salonika. CZERNIN, Count. DANIELS, Co.-Sergt.-Major H. Austrian Foreign Minister. Rifle Brigade. Gained the V.C. the 15th April, ^ On 1918, he re- in the war. signed as the result of M. Clemen- DANIELS, Josephus. ceau's publication of Emperor Secretary of the Navy in President Charles's letter mentioning " the just Wilson's Cabinet. claim? of France to Alsace." On the 12th November, 1918, he GZERNOWITZ. announced that the U.S. Navy would A town on the River Pruth. police the seas, as it had suffered less The capital of Bukowina, in the than any other nation, and the province of Austria. burden would naturally fall on the Has a university, Greek cathedral, U.S. and a thriving trade. On the 14th November. 1918. he Population, 88,000. withdrew the U.S. censorship. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 57

*DANTON." Turkish transport was sunk in the A French battleship. Dardanelles. On the 19th March. 1917, she was On the 9th March, 1917, the torpedoed and sank In the Mediter- Government published the interim ranean. report as to the operations in the DARDANELLES. Dardanelles. Strait between Europe and Turkey BAR ES SALAAM. in Asia, 40 miles long. The capital of German East Africa. Commanded by forts. On the 4th January. 1915. British The Strait forms the well-known warships successfully bombarded " Hellespont," successfully swum by this port. Lord Byron. On the 4th September, 1916, it Also chief town of Turkish pro- surrendered to the British. vince of Bigha, Asia Minor, on the narrower part, of the Strait. DARMSTADT. Population (exclusive of garrison), A town in Germany. 13.000. Capital of Grand Duchy of Hesse The forts at the entrance to the Darmstadt, on the River Darm, near Dardanelles were bombarded by the Frankf ort-on- Main. Anglo-French Fleet on the 3rd Carries on carpet and machinery November, 1914. manufactory. The bombardment by the Allied Population, 88,000. Fleets was resumed on the4th Novem- The railways here were bombed by ber, 1914. British airmen. A fleet of 32 British and French warships attacked the forts at the DARTNELL, Temporary-Lieut. W. mouth of the Dardanelles, silencing Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. those on the European side and in the war. damaging those on the Asiatic side, Mir. on the 19th February, 1915. DAST, Jemadar The attack was renewed on the 55th Coke's Rifles. Gained the 20th February, 19.5, and two of the V.C. in the vv^ar. Asiatic forts were Destroyed. DAVEY, Corporal Philip (1327), On the 25th February, 1915, the M.M. Allies began to dredge for mines. Australian Imperial F"orce. Gained On the 27th February, 1915, the V.C. in the war. forts were attacked by the Allied the Fleets, H.M.S. " Queen Elizabeth" DAVID, M. taking part with crusuing effect. Was appointed Minister of Agri- the 191 On 3rd March, 5, the opera- culture for France in the new Minis- tions still in progress. British were try formed in September, 1917, battleships entered tie Straits and attacked several of the forts, doing DAVIS, Arthur N. much damage. For many years the Kaiser s On the 1 8th March, 191 5, an action American dentist, who has written was fought between the combined his reminiscences in the Press. British and French squadrons and the great fortresses of the Narrows DAVIES, Corporal J. R. in the Dardanelles. Four of the Welsh Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. forts were silenced, but three vessels in the war. of the Allied Fleets, the " Irresis- tible " and the " Ocean " of the DAVIES, Corporal James Llewel- British Fleet, and the " Bouvet " of lyn. the French squadron, were sunk by Late Royal Welsh Fusiliers. mines. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 12th August, 1915, a Lost his life in the v/ar. 58 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

DAVIES, Corporal J. T. (20765) to suicide to Holland. Twenty South Lancashire Regiment (St. Soldiers' Councils had already been Helens). Gained the V.C. in the established in Holland. war. DEBRECZEN. DAVIES, Squad-Com. R. B., D.S.O. A town in pastoral plain of Hun- R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. gary, 114 miles east of Buda-Pest. DAWSON, Corporal J. L. The capital of Harduk. chiefly in- Royal Engineers. Gained the Population, 75,000 ; habited by Magyars. V.C. in the war. DAY, Corporal Sidney James On the 28th October, 1918, it was (15092). reported that the Aus:rian Emperor Suffolk Regiment. Gained the Charles was on the point of starting for here. revolution was feared in V.C. in the war. A Vienna. DAYKINS, Corporal (Acting- Ser- DEDEAGATCH. geant) J. B. (205353). A seaport of Turkey, 10 miles 2/4th Battalion, York and Lanes north-west of the mouth of the River Regiment (T.F.) (Jedburgh, Scot- Maritza. Carries on oak and timber land). Gained the V.C. in the war. DAYLIGHT SAVING. trade, and has many antiquities. It has a population of 4,000. Bill passed on the 8th May, 1916, It was bombaraed by the British and renewed in 1917, 1918, and 1919. Fleet on the 21st October, 1915. DEAL. "DEFENCE," H.M.S. Ancient seaport and watering- An armoured cruiser, completed place. East Kent, England, opposite in the year 1909, laving a displace- to the Goodwin Sands, and near ment of 14,600 tons and a speed of where Julius Caesar is said to have 23 knots. first landed. She was sunk 3y German gunfire Population, 1,297. in the North Sea 3attle of Jutland on On the 20th March, 1915, there the 31st May, 1916—see under was an ineffectual air raid, the bombs " H.M.S. * Queen Mary.'" dropped falling into the sea. DEFENCE OF THE REALM ACT. DEAN, Temporary- Lieut. D. J. Commonly called " Dora." 8th Battalion, Royal West Kent No Act on the statute-book ha Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the ever had suchsweeping and compre- war. hensive powers as the Defence of the DEAN, Lieut. Percy Thompson. Realm Act. Under its provisions it R.N.V.R. (Motor Launch 282). is a serious crime to publish details Gained the V.C. in the war. relating to n\ilitary, naval, and aerial DEASE, Lieut. M. J. movements unless they have been sanctioned ly the Censor. Suspec- Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. in the war. ted persons are interned or deported. DEBENEY. Munition n'orks and workers are under the authority of the Act. French General. Lighting arrangements are controlled In command of the First French " Dora, ' and so are of Army. by some our commercia. transactions. In fact, On the 12th September, 1918. he it would not be easy to say what was promoted to be Grand Officer of department of activity in the kingdom the Legion of Honour. does not come within the scope of the DE BEERENBROUCH, Jonkheer. operations of the Act. The Dutch Premier. DE LA WARR, Earl. Speaking on the 6th November, Grandson of the late Lord Brassey, 1918, on the Dutch military irregu- and succeeded to the earldom on the larities, he stated that demobilisation death of his father, the eighth earl, in at the present lime would be equal 1915. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 59

He left Eton at the age of 16, and DE PASS, Lieut. F. A. joined the Royal Navy, where he 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own served during the war as an able Horse. Gained the V.C. in the war. seaman, and for over a year was DERBY, Edvv^ard George Villiers picking up mines. Stanley, Earl of, K.G., DELBRUECK. G.G.V.O., C.B. Aged 54. Chief of Imperial Civil Cabinet (Germany). Was formerly Lord Stanley, M.P. Was Postmaster-Generalfrom On the 2nd November, 1918. this 1903 until 1905. statesman was charged to inform the Was Chief Press Censor in Kaiser a second time of the decision South Africa during the South African of the Government with regard to his War. abdication. Was Lord of the Treasury. DELGASSE, M. Financial Secretary to the War Foreign Minister for France. Office from 1900 until 1903. On the 8th February, 1915, he was Was made Director of Recruiting received by the King at Buckingham on the 5th October, 1915, and upon Palace. entering into his duties he met in On the 13th October, 1915, he conference the Parliamentary Re- resigned as French Minister of cruiting Committee and the Joint

, Foreign Affairs. M. Vivian took Labour Recruiting Committee. over his portfolio. Received K.G. on New Year's Day. 1915. DELVILLE WOOD. The war's best recruiter. Managed On the 27th August, 1918, the the " Derby" Scheme. British captured it. Under Secretary for War in July, DEMIR HISSAI." 1916. Chairman of Air Committee, 1916. A Turkish destroyer. Was Secretary for War from She was sunk by gunfire on the December, 1916. 16th April, 1915. British Ambassador in Paris, 18th DENIECOURT. April, 1918. On the 18th September, 1916, the '*DERFFLINGER." French took it. A German warship, completed in September, 1914. Tonnage, 28,000. DENMARK. Together with the German ships King Christian X., succeeded in " Seydlitz,'' " Moltke," and " Blii- 1912. cher," she was engaged in a running A kingdom in North- West Europe, fight with H.M. Ships " Lion," consisting of Peninsula of Jutland Tiger," " Princess Royal," " New Islands in the Baltic. Zealand," and "Indomitable," on Area, 14,829 square miles. Popu- the 24th January, 1915. lation, 2,800,000. The " Lion " was flying the flag of Chiefly agriculture. Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. Capital, Copenhagen. The" Bliichei " capsized and sank. On the 1st January, 1917, she The British casualties were 14 stopped sailings in fear of the Ger- killed and 29 wounded man blockade. Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 885, DENT, Sir Francis H. 125 were saved. engaged in the Battle of Aged 52. She was on the 31st May, 1916—see General Manager of the South- Jutland " " ' Eastern and Chatham Railway Co. under H.M.S. Queen Mary.' Received knighthood on the 1st DERNBURG, Herr. January, 1916, for exceptional ser- Former German Colonial Minister. vices in In June, 1917, at the Buda-Pest the war. 1 60 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Economic Congress, he stated : On the 1st June, 1917, he resigned ** The German Empires have used as Food Controller. up their national resources to a Was created a Vircount in June,

greater extent than the Allies. . . . 1917. The world's means of transport are Duke of, K.G., and DEVONSHIRE, to a large extent destroyed by sea G.C.V.O. rendered inefficient by land. There Aged 51. is no doubt that there will be an Succeeded to the dukedom in 1908. immense world-wide demand for Son-in-law to Lord Lansdowne. war materials." Was Treasurer of the Royal On the 28th September, 1917, he Household from 1900 until 1903. stated : " Our lies are coarse and K.C.V.O. in 1912. improbable : our intrigues are with- Appointed a Civil Lord of the out salt and without grace." Admiralty in the Coalition Ministry DE RESZKE, Lieut. Jean. in June, 1915. Son of the famous tenor. K.G. on New Year's Day, 1916. Lost his life in the war. Appointed Governoz-General of DESBOROUGH, Lord. Canada on the 29th July, 1916. Aged 63. DEWAR, Lieut. D. Primrose Ex-Chancellor of the Machine Gun Corps. League. Downing College oarsman. Chairman of the Thames Conser- Lost his life in the war. vancy Board. A member of the Committee to DE WET. Organise National Thrift. An African General in the South His son died in the war. African War. D'ESPEREY, GeneraL On the 26th October, 1914, he and General Beyers joined the South On the 15th October, 1918, it was Heilbron was announced that, accompanied by a African rebels, and numerous Staff, he would depart seized. very shortly for Sofia, where he would On the llth November, 1914, he routed be installed for some time in order to was reported to have been by to escaped. supervise the execution of the im- General Botha, but have portant clauses in military conven- He was captured by the South the 1st December, tions at Salonika. African forces on 1914. •* DEUTSCHLAND." On the 30th March, 1915. he was German commercial submarine. A committed for trial at Bloemfontein On the 1 0th July, 1 9 1 6, she reached on a charge of treason, and on the Baltimore with mails and cargo. 21st June, 1915, he was found the 23rd August, 1916, she On guilty, and sentenced to six years' arrived at the mouth of the Weser imprisonment and fined £2,000. on her return from the United States. On the 21st December, 1915, his DEVONPORT, Viscount. pardon and that of other South Aged 62. African rebels was announced. Formerly Sir Hudson Kearley, Lieut.-Coloncl A. C. M.P. DE WIART, Dragoon Guards. Gained the Parliamentary Secretary to the V.C. in the war Board of Trade from 1905 until 1909. Chairman of the Port of London DEYNZE. Authority (without salary, at his own A town in East Flanders, on the request) since 1907. Lys. Food Controller in Ministry from Up to the 2nd November, 1918, December, 1916, to June, 1917. nineteen villages had been conquered On the 2nd February, 1917, he by the Franco-Americans, notably ordered voluntary rationing. the important centres of Deynze, A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 61

Nazareth, Cruyshanten, and Aude- Captain J. Myles) and several narde. injured. On the 9th November, 1918, DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES,Trea. Deynze had been plundered and 163 cherous Misuse of. civilians massacred by the Bavarians. In September the United States DIAZ, General. Government published messages sent Commander-in-Chief of the Italian by Count Luxburg, the German Army, being appointed on the 9th Charge d'Affaires in Argentina, in- November, 1917. structing his Government as to the On the 1st November, 1918, the position of Argentine ships, and Supreme Council at Versailles sent advising that Government either to to him the clauses of the armistice for turn them back or to " sink them Austria, and he communicated them without trace." These messages to the enemy. were sent through the Swedish DICKMAN, Major- General. Embassy. In June the Norwegian In charge of the Third American Government discovered in the bag- A.rmy. gage of the Baron von Rantenfels On the 17th November, 1918, the a ton of high ' explosives specially American army under his command prepared for the destruction of ships. began its march into the territory Twenty Norwegian vessels were lost evacuated by the enemy in accord- at sea, it is believed, through bombs ance with the terms of the armistice, placed on board them by this man A.t nightfall the advance had reached and his agents. His luggage was the line Ecovviez-Sorby-Gouram- marked with the special lead seal of court-Mars and La Tour (14 miles the German Foreign Office, addressed from Metz, and scene of the big to the German Legation in Chris- battle of August, 1870). tiania, and he carried a German diplomatic passport. DICKSON, Lieut. A. F. Germany impudently acknow- Cambridge oarsman. ledged that the explosives had been Lost his life in the war. sent from Berlin with the approval of DILLENGEN. the German Foreign Office, and A town on the River Danube, threatened war if Norway showed any Bavaria, near Augsburg. resentment. Population, 6,000. President Wilson declared that from The factories here were bombed by the opening of the war, and even British airmen on five occasions. before it, Germany filled the United " DIMMER, Lieut. - Colonel, V.C, States and even our ofTiCes of M.G. Government with spies, and set Lost his life in the v/ar. criminal intrigues everywhere afoot, v/ith the support and even under the DIMMER, Lieut. J. H. S. direction of official agents of the K.R.R. Corps. Gained the V.C. Imperial Government accredited to in the war. the Government of the United DINANT. States.' A fortified town on the River Meuse, in the province of Namur, DI REVAL, Thaon. Belgium. Famous for brass and Commander-in-Chief of the Italian copper. Navy. Population, 7,500. On the 9th November, 1918. he to It was sacked on the 3rd Seotem- issued a warning Austro-Hunga- ber, 1914. rian Fleet, who had not complied with "DIOMED." armistice naval clauses. A Holt liner. DIXMUDE. On the 22nd August, 1915. she A town on the River Yser, West

was sunk ; 3 killed (including Flanders, Belgium. 62 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 24th October, 1914, the " DONEGAL." Germans gained some ground here. A British hospital ship, built in The Germans succeeded in occu- 1904, belonging to the Midland

pying Dixmude on the 1 1th Novem- Railway Company, flying the British ber, 1914. flag, having a gross tonnage of 1,997 On the 16th November, 1914, the and a speed of 19 knots. Germans continued in possession of On the 17th April, 1917, she was th-e ruins that were once Dixmude, torpedoed without warning and sunk and made a further attempt to cross in the Channel, together with the " ** the canal, but were defeated. Lanfranc ; 75 drowned, including On the 30th September, 1918, the 16 Germans. Belgian Army captured it. "DONNETZ." " DJEMAL PASHA. A Russian battleship of the " K Turkey. type, launched in 1887, with a On the 14th November, 1918, it tonnage of 1,200. was reported that he had fled from On the 28th October, 1914, she the Turkish capital. was sunk by Turkish torpedo craft DOBERITZ CAMP. off the port of Odessa. Internment camp for English and DOONER, Lieut.- ColoneL other prisoners of the Germans. R.F.A. DOBRUDJA. Bradfield College athlete. Lost his life in the war. Roumania. On the 24th December, 1916, the DORNACH. whole of the Dobrudja, except the In Alsace. north-east corner, was in the hands On the 29th July, 1915, French of the Germans. airmen bombed an asphyxiating gas See also under " Arges." factory here. On the 26th August, 1915, the DOBSON, Lance- Corporal F. W. factory was again bombed by French Coldstream Guards. Gained the airmen. V.C. in the war. On the 18th November, 1918, it DOCKERS' BATTALION. was reoccupied by French and Americans. It was inaugurated on the 12th April, 1915. Three hundred and DORPAT. fifty men paraded in khaki at their On the 24th February, 1918, the headquarters. Germans took it and Jitomir. Bol- DOIGNIES. sheviks abandoned demands and abjectly surrendered, accepting the On the 3rd September, 1918, German demands. British troops entered here. DORRELL, Battery- Sergt.-Major DOINGT. G. T. On the 6th September, 1918, R.H.A. Gained the V.C. in the British troops took it. war. DOIRAN. DOUAI, or DOUAY. On the 12th December, 1915, the A fortified town near Lille, North- Bulgarians entered here and Ghev- Eastern France. Glass, bell-found- geli. ing, arsenal, etc. On the 24th September, 1918, Population, 37,000. the 3rd March, 1915, British and Greeks took it. On Douai and Don junctions were destroyed, DOMPIERE. and a train was blown up by British On the 7th November, 1918. the airmen. British troops took Dompiere and On the 8th September, 1918, fires Monceau St. Waast. were observed here. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 63

On the 9th September, 1918, H.M. Ships " Swift " and " Broke," German reports stated it was being of the Dover Patrol. evacuated. On the 22nd August, 1917, 10 On the 5th October, 1918, the German aeroplanes raided Margate, enemy was burning it. Ramsgate, and Dover, causing 24 On the 7th October, 1918, it was casualties, and bombing a hospital. in flames. British claim there were three On the 18th October, 1918, it was machines destroyed. captured by the British. On the 2nd September, 1917, the

Germans air-raided Dover, killing 1 DOUGALL, Lieut. (Acting-Cap- and injuring 6 persons. tain) E. S., M.C. On the 15th February, 1918, Ger- Late Royal Field Artillery (S.R.). man submarine bombarded it ; 1 Gained the V.C. in the war. killed, 7 wounded. Lost his life in the war. On the 16th February, 1918, there DOUGLAS-WYLIC, Lieut. -Colonel was a raid here, which was defeated; C. H. M. one machine was brought down. Headquarters Staff. Gained the V.C. in the war. "DOVER CASTLE." DOUGLAS HAMILTON, Major A British hospital ship. A. F. On the 26th May, 1917, she was torpedoed in the Mediterranean. Reserve of Officers. Gained the There were 6 killed. V.C. in the war. DOUMER, M. DOWNIE, Sergt. Robert (11213). Was appointed a Secretary of State Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Gained and a member of the War Committee the V.C. in the war. for France in the new Ministry Sir A. formed in 191 7. DOYLE, Conan. DOVER. Aged 60. He was a practising surgeon, but An old cinque port on the English is now a novelist. coast, in the county of Kent. The Wrote " Sherlock Holmes " and nearest point of passage to France, many other books and plays. the Straits of being only 21 Dover Energetic recruiter, lecturer, and miles wide. writer on the war. Interested in It is strongly fortified, and has a spiritualism. splendid national harbour, con- Is engaged in writing a comprehen- structed at a cost of £4,000,000. sive history of the war. It is now proposed to construct a tunnel between England and France, DOYLE, Go.-Sergeant -'Major under the Straits. Martin, M.M. (10864). Population of extended borough, 1st Battalion, Royal Munster 43,647. Fusiliers (New Ross, Co. Wexford). A German air raid, the first on Gained the V.C. in the war. England, occurred here on the 24th December, 1914. There were no DRAGON'S CAVE. * casualties. A German stronghold. On the 19th March, 1916, Dover, On the 25th June, 1917, it was Deal, Ramsgate, and Margate were taken by the French. raided by four German seaplanes, DRAIN, Driver J. H. C. 1 1 persons being killed. One of R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the the raiders was brought down at sea war. by Flight-Commander Bone. On the 20th April, 1917, six Ger- "DRAKE," H.M.S. man destroyers, after firing 500 British armoured cruiser. shells at Calais, attempted a raid on On the 2nd October, 1917, she was Dover. Two of them were sunk by torpedoed in the Atlantic and sunk. 64 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR "DRESDEN." DRINK. A German ship. On the 29th November, 1915. a According to the Admiralty report new Order restricting the hours for published on the 14th November, the sale of drink in London to 1914, she was engaged, with the between noon and 2.30 p.m. and German ships " Scharnhorst," betv/een 6.30 p.m and 9.30 p.m. Gneisenau," and " Leipzig," off the came into force. coast of Chili, against H.M. Ships The hours were extended after the Good Hope/' " Monmouth," and armistice. Glasgow," in stormy weather, the DRUMMOND, Lieut. Geoffrey H. action lasting an hour. R.N.V.R. Gained the V.C. in the The " Good Hope " caught fire, blew up, and sank. The " Mon- mouth," also on fire, drew off, but DRUMMOND, Captain R. K. was again attacked. The " Glas- Eldest son of Dr. R. Drummond, gow " was not greatly J. damaged, and A.F.C. Moderator. had few casualties. Lost his life in the war. The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin Elizabeth," which was in harbour DUBLIN. when the siege began, v/as blown up Metropolitan city and county of by the Austrians. Ireland. The " Dresden " escaped when, Population — of county, 476,909; together with the " Gneisenau," of city, 309,272. Niirnberg," " Scharnhorst," and On the River Liffey, at its entrance Leipzig," all of v/horn were sunk, to Dublin Bay. Has cathedral, uni- they were engaged off the Falkland versity, castle, spirit and chemical Islands by a British squadron, com- produce, stout and glass works, etc. manded by Sir F. Sturdee, on the On the 25th April, 1916. a con- nth December, 1914. siderable body of armed rebels, called On the 14th March, 1915, she was Sinn Feiners," seized the General caught near Juan Fernande? by H.M. Post Office, St. Stephen's Green, and Ships " Glasgow," " Kent," and the ammunition magazine in Phcenix '* Orama." After five minutes' light- Park. They besieged the Castle, cut ing she hoisted the v^^hite flag, and the telegraph wires, and tapped the blew up and sank. telephone. They held Sackville Street, the Four Courts, and blocks DRESSER, Private Tom (242697). of buildings which included Liberty Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the Hall, the " Daily Express " office. V.C. in the v/ar. South Dublin Union, and Jacob's biscuit factory. The unarmed police DREWRY, Lieut., V.C. were powerless, and a week of house- Lost his life in the war. to-house fighting ensued between the rebels (under Pearse Macdough and DREWRY, Midshipman G. L. a certain Countess Markievicz, who is R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the now the first and only woman M.P.) and bodies of troops, "most of whom ' were draft-finding battalions or young DRINA. Territorials from England," Lord A river, tributary of the Save, French, as Commander-in-Chief of separating Serbia from Bosnia. the Home Forces, having promptly Flows 300 miles from its Monte- dispatched the 59th Division, at St. negrin sourcetoabout 63 miles west of Albans, to the seat of the disturbance Belgrade. to reinforce the troops from the On the 21st September, 1914. the Curragh. Rebel barricades had to Austrians were beaten by the Serbians be destroyed by artillery fire, and on the Drina, and f.ed in a state of sniping tactics were met by the em- panic. ployment of bombing parties and A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 65

armoured motor-lorries. Many per- DULCIGNO. sons on both sides lost their lives, as An ancient city in Montenegrin well as civilian volunteers. The territory, formerly belonging to Tur- troops lost 440 of all ranks, of whom kish Albania. Passed by Berlin 106 were killed in action; and the Treaty of 1880. operations formed the subject of a Population, 5,000. dispatch from General Sir John In November, 1918, the Italian Maxwell, as Commander-in-Chief of Navy occupied it and the port of the Forces in Ireland, on the 25th Antivari. May, who mentioned that as soon as DUMBA, Dr. the Dublin rebels had been crushed The Austro-Hungarian Ambassa- it became necessary to move columns dor in Washington. of troops into various disaffected On the ! 0th September, 1915, he districts in Meath, Louth, Galway, was four d out in a " flagrant viola- Wexford, Clare, and Kerry. At tion of diplomatic propriety " in Ashbourne a party of the Royal America, and President Wilson de- Irish Constabulary was ambushed by manded his recall. rebels ; 2 inspectors and 8 constables were killed and 14 were wounded. DUN-SUR-MEUSE. On the 30th April, 1916, the sur- On the 6th November, 1918, the render of 707 rebels was announced. Americans, having crossed the Meuse south of Dun-sur-Meuse, captured it. DUFFY, Private James. "DUNDALK." Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (Let- Steamship of 794 tons. terkenny). Gained the V.C. in the On the 21st October, 1918, she war. was torpedoed in the Irish Sea ; 20 DUKE, Rt. Hon. H. E., K.C., M.P. of the crew of 33 missing. This fresh outrage was committed Aged 64. while the Germans were seeking Formerly a journalist in the West peace. of England. Then a barrister. Took silk in 1899. DUNKIRK. Conservative M.P. for Exeter. Most northerly port of France. Privy Councillor in June, 1915. Strongly fortified. Good harbour Was Chief Secretary for Ireland and trade. from July, 1916. Population, 41,500. Later appointed a Lord Justice of On the 30th December, 1914, a Appeal. German squadron of aeroplanes attacked here, 15 persons being killed •DUKE OF ALBANY." and 32 v/ounded. A British armed vessel, with a On the 30th April, 1915, the tonnage of 1,997, belonging to the German long-range guns shelled Lancashire and Yorkshire and the Dunkirk, killing 20 people. London and North- Western Railv/ay On the 26th March, 1917, the Company. Zeebrugge destroyers shelled Dun- She was sunk by submarine in the kirk, and sank a French destroyer. North Sea on the 24th August, 1916. On the 25th April, 1917, it was bombarded by a German flotilla. DUKE OF EDINBURGH," On the 1st October, 1917, German H.M.S. aeroplanes attacked it. An armoured cruiser, completed On the 31st October, 1917, enemy in 1906, having a displacement of aeroplanes dropped about 30 bombs 13,550 tons and a speed of 22i knots. here. No casualties or damage. She assisted the Indian troops in On the 9th November, 1917, capturing the Turkish forts at the enemy aeroplanes dropped about 50

southern end of the Red Sea on the bombs here ; 3 persons v/ere killed 15th November, 1914. and 3 injured. The hospital at 66 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Zuydcoote was also attacked by enemy industries, besides agriculture and aeroplanes, which dropped incen- stock-keeping. diary bombs. Seven persons be- On the 27th October, 1916, three longing to the hospital stai? were Zeppelins raided the British coast. killed and 9 were injured. There v/ere 17 British casualties. On the 24th November, 1917, it One Zeppelin was brought down off was bombed by enemy aeroplanes. the Durham coast by Lieut. L V. There were no victims, and the Pyott, R.F.C. Another was brought material damasje was insignificant. down off the Norfolk coast by Lieut. Sub-Lieuts. E. L. On the 6th December, 1 917, it was E. Cadburv, and Fane, R.N.A.S. bombed by enemy aeroplanes ; 2 Pulling and G. W. R. civilians were killed. DUSSELDORF. DUNSIRE, Private R. A town on the River Rhine, 13th Royal Scots. Gained the Prussia. One of the handsomest in V.C. in the war. and most flourishing districts Germany. Has iron foundries, Corporal W. DUNSTAN, m.achinery and other factories. I Gained Australian mperial Force. Population, 360.000. ihe V.C. in the war. Art and educational centre. DUNVILLE, Second-Lieut. John On the 10th October. 1914. British Spencer. airmen returned safely after a success- Late Dragoons. Gained the V.C. ful attack on the Diisseldorf airship in the war. shed, a Zeppelin being destroyed. Lost his life in the war. DUTCH COAST. DUPUY, M. Jean. On the 1st May, 1915. two German Was appointed a Secretary of State torpedo-boats and one British de- and a member of the War Com- stroyer were sunk off here. mittee for Francein the new Ministry On the 22nd January, 1917, two formed in 1917. actions in the North Sea took place DURAZZO. near here. first the British light forces A seaport of Turkey, in Albania. In the At midday on the 4th October, met a division of enemy destroyers, in 1918, the Allied warships entered sank one, and scattered the others ; the port, passing through minefields the second, off Schonwen Bank, one of the British destroyers was torpedoed, guarding it, and entirely destroyed the fortifications of the port and with a loss of 3 officers and 44 men. depots containing material for the On the 16th July, 1917, six large intercepted Austrian army operating in Albania. German steamers were DUREN. by British naval forces off here. Four were sunk and others badly manufacturing the A town, on damaged by gunfire. River Ruhr, Rhenish Prussia. Population, 28,500. DWYER, Private E. The factories here were bombed by East Surrey Regiment. Gained the in the war. British airmen on tvv'o occasions. V.C. DURHAM. DWYER, Sergeant John James (2060). A cathedral city on the River Wear. Australian Machine Gun Corps. Capital of County Durham, North- East England. Gained the V.C. in the war. University and m.anufacturing city. EAST COAST, ENGLAND. Population, 28.500. The following German air raids

Area of Durham County, 1,011 were reported : square miles. On the 16th April, 1915, when Population of Durham County, bombs were dropped on Lowestoft. 1,370,011. Halesworth, Maiden, and Southwold Many collieries and other but little damage was done. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 67

On the east and south-east coast on on it, the south-east and north coasts, the 4th June, 1915, when 24 were and North Midlands. In the indus- killed and 40 injured. trial districts of the latter region the On the 6th June, 1915, when 24 damage done was chiefly to small were killed and 40 injured, houses ; 36 persons were killed and Zeppelin raid on the 9th August, 37 injured. No military damage was 1915, when 14 were killed and 14 done. injured, and some fires were caused. On the 1st October, 1916, when 1

On the 11th August, 1915, when was killed and 1 injured. no damage was done. Air raid on this and the north coast

Zeppelin raid on the 12th A^ugust, on the 27th November, 1916, when 1 1915, when 6 v/ere killed and 23 was killed and 16 injured. Two injured, and damage to property. airships were brought down.

On the 13th August, 1915, when On the 23rd May, 1917, when 1 there were no deaths, but 7 injured. v/as killed. Zeppelin raid on the 17th August, On the 27th May, 1917, on the 1915, when 10 v/ere killed and 36 south-east coast, when 76 v/ere killed injured. and 1 7 injured. On the 11th and 12th September, On the 16th June, 1917, when a 1915, when there were no casualties Zeppelin v/as brought down in flames or damage. by a pilot of the R.F.C. ; 3 of the

On the 23rd Januarj', 1916, when 1 crew survived. was killed and 6 injured. A second airship raided the Kent

On the 20th February, 1916, by coast ; 3 were killed and 20 injured. German seaplanes dropping bombs, EASTERN COUNTIES, killing 1 boy and injuring another. On the 31st March, 1916, by five ENGLAND. Zeppelins on the east and north-east The following air raids were re- coasts, killing 43 persons and injuring ported : 66. Flight-Lieut. Brandon dropped On the 17th August, 1915, when a number of bombs on one Zeppelin. 10 were killed and 36 injured. On the 1st April, 1916, when 16 On the 7th September, 1915, when v/ere killed and 100 injured. 10 v-zere killed and 43 injured, and Zeppelin raid on the 4th April, damasre done to property. 1916. There was no damage and no On'' the 13th October, 1915, a casualties. Zeppelin raid was made on London

On the 1st May, 1916, it and the and the Eastern Counties ; 56 were Scottish border were raided by five killed and 114 injured, including 15 airships. soldiers killed and 13 injured. On the 2nd May, 1916, when 9 On the 31st March, 1916, six were killed and 27 injured. Zeppelins raidedthe Eastern Counties

Air raid by three German airships and the north-east coast ; 43 v/ere on the 30th July, 1916. There were killed and 66 were injured. Zeppelin no casualties. L 15 was brought down. On the 9th August, 1916, 160 On the 24th April, 1916, when high explosive and incendiary bombs there were no casualties or damage. were dropped by airships on it and On the 30th July, 1916, when the north-east coast districts and the there were no casualties or damage. south-east of Scotland ; 6 persons On the 3rd September, 1916, 13 were killed and 16 injured, and some enemy airships attacked the Eastern damage to property. Counties, and attempted to attack On the 24th August, 1916, v/hen London, but were driven ofr. One 8 were killed and 36 injured. of the Zeppelins was destroyed. On the 2nd September, 1916, when On the 24th September, 1916, 12 2 were killed and 13 injured. German airships raided London and On the 25th September, 1916. parts of the Eastern, South-Eastern, there was a raid by seven Zeppelins and East Midland Counties ; 38 68 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

persons were killed and 125 injured ECUADOR. in London. Two airships were President Leonidas Plaza, suc- brought down, one in flames, all the ceeded in 1912.

crew being killed ; the other landed, Republic of South America, be- and was destroyed by her crew, who tween Colombia and Peru.

surrendered. Area, 1 18,630 square miles. Popu- On the 1st October. 1917, by 10 lation, 1,750,000. Zeppelins. One of the newest type Cocoa the chief product. approached North London, but was Capital, Quito. driven off and brought down in It severed its relations with Ger- flames at Potter's Bar by Lieut. many during the war. Tempest, R.F.C. Another made ' EDEN," H.M.S. an unsuccessful attempt to attack A British torpedo-destroyer of the London from the north-east, 1 "E" class, completed in 1904-5, person being killed and 1 injured. having a displacement of 540-560 The others dropped bombs promis- tons and a speed of knots. cuously over the open country. 25^ She was sunk in the Channel by a On the 17th October, 1917, by 10 collision on the 16th 1916. or 12 Zeppelins here and on the June, North-Eastern Counties. One air- EDENWALLE. ship got through to London, and On the 16th October, 1914, the dropped three bombs. Total capture of it and Boschewege was casualties, 34 killed, 56 injured. On confirmed. their return journey, drifting over EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, France, four were brought down, one H.R.H. captured intact west of Belfort, and See under " Wales." another believed lost. EAUGOURT L'ABBAYE. EDWARDS, Private Wilfred South of the Ancre. (13303). On the 1st October, 1916, it was K.O, Yorkshire Light Infantry. taken in the course of a British Gained the V.C. in the war. advance. EDWARDS, Sergeant Alexander EBERT, Herr. (265473). On the 12th November, 1918, it Seaforth Highlanders. Gained the was reported that the German V.C. in the war. Cabinet would consist of Ebert, Barth, Dittman, Haase, Landsberg, EGG DAY. and Scheidemann. Organised by the National Egg Collection for the Feb- On the 14th November, 1918, it Wounded, was reported that he had appealed ruary 17th. to President Wilson for immediate EGERTON, Corporal Ernest dispatch of foodstuffs to Germany. Albert (71130). ECLAIRES. Notts and Derby Rifles (Longton). On the 8th November, 1918, Sir Gained the V.C. in the war. D. Haig reported sharp fighting in the neighbourhood of Eclaires and EGRI-PALANKA. In Limont Fontaine, south of Haut- Macedonia. 26th October, 1918, the mont. The villages were captured On the Italian reached the Bulgarian by our troops, together with a cavalry frontier Egri-Palanka. number of prisoners. and took ECOURT ST. QUENTIN. EGYPT. In the Department of Pas-de-Calais. Sultan Hujisein Kamel, succeeded Seven and a half miles south of in 1915. Resigned 9th October, Douai. 1917. On the 4th September, 1918, it Including the provinces recon- was occupied by British troops. quered in the Soudan, it contains A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 69

760,000 square miles, and has a On the 19th May, 1916, it was population of 11,000,000. raided by sea and air by British Egypt proper stretches from the ships, aeroplanes, and seaplanes, and Mediterranean to Wady Haifa, but the town was reduced to ruins. Egyptian and British authority has On the 21st December, 1916, it was now been extended over the whole of captured by the British troops. Eastern Soudan, up the Great Lakes, ELASALLE, M. including, by arrangement with Mayor of Lille. France and Babu, El Ghazai and Darfur, to the west of the Nile. "ELBING." Capital, Cairo. A German light cruiser. Chief port, Alexandria. She was sunk by British gunfire in Capital of Soudan, Khartoum. the Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, 1916— see under " H.M.S. Martial law was proclaimed here " 'Queen on the 3rd November, 1914. Mary.' In view of the state of the war ELGOCK, Lance -Corporal Roland arising out of the action of Turkey, Edward, M.M. Egypt was on the 16th December, 11th Battalion, Royal Scots (Wol- 1914, placed under the protection of verhampton). Gained the V.C. in England. The Khedive was deposed. the war. On the 23rd March, 1915, a Tur- _ EL-FASHER. kish raid here v/as frustrated by The capital of Darfur, East Soudan. British aeroplanes. Population, 12,000. EGYPT, Ex- Sultan of. It was occupied by the British on On the 9th April, 1915 (when the 23rd May, 1916. Sultan) his attempted assassination ELLIOTT-COOPER, Captain was reported. (Temporary - Lieut. -Col.), On the 10th July. 1915, a further N.B., D.S.O., M.G. attempt was made to assassinate him Royal Fusiliers Gained the V.C. by a bomb which failed to explode. in the war. EGYPT, Sultan of (Prince Ahined EL-MUGHIER. Fuad). Palestine. Aged 51. On the 21st September, 1918, Youngest brother of the Sultan British and Indian troops occupied Hussein Kamel, whom he succeeded it, and thus got astride the road which on October 9th, 1917. comes down from Shechem to the Son of the Khedive Ismail Pasha, Jordan. who reigned from 1863 to 1879. ELSEGHEM. Served for a time in the Italian On the 1st November, 1918, the Army. British army captured it. EHRANGE. EMDEN, Germany. A seaport on Dollart Bay, Hanover, The railway junction here was Prussia. Agricultural produce, live- bombed by British airmen on six stock, etc. occasions. Population, 17,000. EISNER, Kurt. On the 8th November, 1918, the In November, 1918, the Soldiers', revolution at German ports con- Workmen's, and Peasants' Council tinued to spread rapidly over the formed at Munich elected him Presi- entire area from Rostock to Emden, dent, and proclaimed the Bavarian and outbreaks occurred at Oldenburg, People's Republic. Bremen, and other places. EL-ARAISH. "EMDEN." A fortified seaport of Morocco, on A German light cruiser of the the Atlantic. "D" type, launched in 1908. Has a population of 5,000. Tonnage, 3,600. 70 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

She was active among British ENEMY TITLES. merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal On the 19th June, 1917, enemy in August, 1914. titles among members of the British She shelled Madras on the 22nd Royal Family were abolished, but September, 1914, and she also enemy members of the British Peer- captured six British merchantmen in age were not removed from the East Indian waters. records till March, 1919. She continued her depredations in ENGEL. the Indian Ocean, having destroyed On the 4th November, 1917, the four more British merchant ships on men of the R.N.A.S. carried out a the 27th September, 1914. successful bombing raid on the aero- On the 20th October, 1914, she plane sheds here. Bombs were seen still continued her exploits in the to fall among hangars and sheds in Indian Ocean, having sunk or cap- the aerodrome. tured five more British merchant ships. ENGLAND. She reappeared on the roadstead Area, 50,823 square miles. Popu- of Penang, flying the Japanese flag, lation, 32,526,071. and succeeded in torpedoing two war- South and most populous portion ships a Russian cruiser and a French of Great Britain, the largest European destroyer, on the 30th October, 1914. Isle. Nearest point to the Continent On the 9th November, 1914, she (Dover), 21 miles from the north-east was sunk at Keeling, Cocos Island, coast of France. Greatest length, " by H.M.S. Sydney." Berwick to the Lizard, 420 miles ; EMERGHIGOURT. greatest breadth, Lowestoft Ness to Land's End, 360 miles. On the 19th October, J918, Sir " Chief ports, (the Metropo- Douglas Haig reported : We have London driven German rearguards from lis of the Empire), Liverpool, Bristol, Emerchicourt and Pecquencourt, and Southampton, , Newcastle-on- are in contact with the enemy east Tyne, Sunderland, Yarmouth, Ply- of Vred and Cattlebb." mouth, and Falmouth. EMERSON, Temporary- Second- Before the war Great Britain had Lieut. J. S. a peace strength of 616,000 and available Late Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. 700,000 men. Gained the V.C. in the war. Sheannounced,throughSirE.Grey, that she would stand by France in Lost his life in the war. defending the neutrality of Belgium Lord, EMMOTT, G.G.M.G. on the 3rd August, 1914. Aged 61. Declared war against Germany on Chairman of Ways and Means the 4th August, 1914, at 11 p.m. 1906 until 1911. from Sent ultimatum to Germany, de- Raised to the Peerage in 191 1, and manding that Belgian neutrality made Under Secretary for the must be respected, on the 4th August, Colonies. 1914. Visited Australasia with Parlia- Declared war on Austria on the mentary party in 1913. 12th August, 1914. Received G.C.M.G. in 1914. Landing in France of the first Appointed First Commissioner of British Expeditionary Force on the Works in August, 1914, but retired 16th August, 1914. in May, 1915. England and France lent EMS. £10,000,000 each to Belgium on the A river of North Germany, of 205 21st August, 1914. miles, flowing to the North Sea. England, France, and Russia agreed A British submarine, E 9, sank a not to treat for peace separately on German torpedo-destroyer off the the 5th September, 1914. Ems on the 6th October, 1914, and Declared war against Turkey on returned safely. the 5th November, 1914. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 71

Declared war against Bulgaria on ERZINGAN. the 15th October. 1915. A tov/n in the Western Euphrates valley. Asiatic Turkey. Military ENVER PASHA. centre. The ancient Arainga. Turkish statesman. Population, 23,000. On the 19th September, 1918. it On the 26th July, 1916, the was reported that he made a request Russians captured it, thereby com- for a command in the German Army. pleting the conquest of Armenia. On the 14th November, 1918. it was reported that he had fled from ESPARGES. the capital, On the 10th April, 1915, it was reported that the French had cap- EPEHY. tured it. On the 21st September. 1918. it was captured by British troops. ESSEN. A tov/n in Rhenish Prussia. EPINOY, or EPINCY. Krupp's ordnance engineering On the 29th September, 1918. it works. was captured by British troops. Population, 125,000. On the 24th February, 1916. the ERSKINE, Acting- Sergeant J. Allies air-raided Essen. Scottish Rifles. Gained the V.C. On the 24th September, 1916, in the war. Krupp's works here were bombed by two French airmen, who returned ERZBERGER, Herr. safely after a flight of 500 miles. Secretary of State for Germ.any. On the 7th July, 1917, French Head of German delegates to airmen bombed here and ether Ger- General Foch. man towns as reprisal for enemy On the 8th November. 1918. he raids on the previous day on Nancy and his colleagues arrived in French and Epernay. lines at Guise, on the Oise. and were taken to a village on the Aisne, where ESSEX COAST, ENGLAND. they were to be received by General On the 21st February, 1915, there Foch, General Weygand, and Ad- was a German air raid here. Bom.bs miral Wemyss. were dropped on Colchester, Brain- On the 11th November. 1918. tree, and Coggeshall. There was he signed the arm.istice convention. no less of life, and only trifling On the 14th November. 1918, he dam.age was done. was appointed to the new German On the 26th April, 1916, there was Cabinet. a Zeppelin raid over here, Kent, ERZERUM. and the Thames estuary, resulting in 1 man being injured. Atown in Armenia, Asiatic Turkey, On the 2nd August. 1916, six Ger- in vilayet (district) of same name. man airships raided Norfolk, Suffolk, Has forest and mineral springs in and Essex. The total damage was district, and a large garrison. small. The massacre of Armenians took An air raid was made on the 5th place in 1895, and an earthquake June. 1917. on Essex and naval happened here in 1901. establishments in the Medway. Population, 40,000. Eighteen German machines were On the 16th February. 1916, it fell employed ; four machines were de- to the Russians, under the Grand stroyed or shot down, and six were Duke Nicholas, after five days' hard driven down ; 12 persons v/ere attacks, v.'ith a large number of killed and 36 injured. prisoners. On the 11th March, 1916, the ESSIGNY-LE-GRAND. Turks recaptured it from the Rus- On the 19th September. 1918, it sians. was captured by the French. -, 72 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

ETH. E 13. On the 4th November, 1918, it was British submarine. captured by the British. On the 19th August, 1915, she ran " EUPHRATES." ashore on her way to the Baltic, on the Danish island of Saltholm. A Belgian relief ship. She was sunk on the 25th February, E 14. 1917. A British submarine. EVANS, Sir Samuel. She was sunk by gunfire in the Dardanelles on the 28th January, President of the Probate, Divorce, 1918. and Admiralty Courts. Died on the 13th September, 1918. E 15. British submarine. EVANS, Sir L. Worthington, Bart., M.P. On the 18th April, 1915, while attempting a difficult reconnaissance Aged 51. of the Kephez minefields in the Great authority on company law Dardanelles, she ran ashore at Kephez and insurance. Point. The officers and crew were Special manager for the Globe made prisoners. Company in liquidation. Received a Baronetcy in 1916, and "FALABA." became Joint Parliamentary Secretary An Elder-Dempster liner. to the Minister of Munitions. On the 28th March, 1915, she was Appointed Minister of Pensions torpedoed to the south of St. George's

in the Victory Cabinet. Channel ; 1 12 of the passengers and EVANS, Major (Acting -Lieut. crew were drowned or killed by the explosion of the torpedo. Colonel ) Lewis Pugh D.S.O FALKLAND ISLANDS. Royai Highlanders. Gained the A British possession in South V.C. in the war. Atlantic. EWOOD. Area, 6,500 square miles. Popu- On the 7th September, 1918, the lation, 2,000. Americans attacked and entered Capital, Stanley, on Port William. here. Wool and cattle-rearing industry. EXHERE. The German ships '* Dresden," " Niirnberg,' " Leip- North of Brussels. Gneisenau," zig," " Scharnhorst " en- On the 7th June, 1915, the Zeppe- and were gaged off here on the 8th December, lin shed here was bombed by British squadron, airmen, A Zeppelin was destroyed. 1914, by a British com- EYDOUX. manded by Sir F. Sturdee. The engagement lasted five hours. The French General. Dresden " escaped. All the others Chief of French Mission to Greece. were sunk. On the 6th November, 1918, it was reported that he was killed through FALMOUTH. falling downstairs. A seaport on the south coast of •EYRIG." Cornwall, England. A British hired trawler. Has a population of 13,136. Sunk in August, 1914, while acting On the 22nd February, 1917, seven

as a mine-sweeper. Dutch ships were torpedoed off here ; three were sunk. E 11. On the 27th May, 1915, there was FALMOUTH," H.M.S.

a daring exploit by Lieut. -Comman- Captain J. D. Edwards. der Martin E. Nasmith in the Sea of A second class protected cruiser, Marmora and at Constantinople, completed in 1913, having a displace- torpedoing a transport lying along- ment of 5,250 tons and a speed of side the arsenal. 24i knots. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 73

She was engaged in the battle off She was engaged in the battle off Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 " —for details, see Arethusa." —for details, see " Arethusa." She was torpedoed by a submarine FELIXSTOWE, in the North Sea on the 19th August, A watering-place in East Suffolk, 1916. England, 12 miles south-east of FAMARS. Ipswich. A village in France, in the Depart- Population (with Walton), 8,667. ment of Nord. Three miles south On the 22nd July, 1917, the Ger- of Valenciennes. mans air-raided Felixstowe and Har-

On the 27th October, 1918, a wich ; 1 1 were killed and 26 were determined counter-attack was made injured. here, and was repulsed after severe On the 12th August, 1917, 20 fighting. German aeroplanes appeared o^ «'FANTASSIN." Felixstowe. They then turned south and attacked Southend and Margate, A French torpedo-destroyer. killing 32 and injuring 43 at South- She was sunk by accident on the end. One German machine is 5th June, 1916. reported to have been lost. FARNHAM, Lord. Maximilian Lost his life in the war. FERDINAND, Zu Solma Hohensolms Lich. FARRER, Sir George. German Prince. On the 20th May, 1915, he died Cousin of the Grand Duchess of from injuries sustained in a railway Hesse. accident in German South-West On the 8th September, 1918, it Africa, where he was acting as was reported that he had been killed Assistant Quarterm.aster-General to at the front. the South African Forces. FERDINAND, King of Bulgaria. FAULDS, Private W. T. On the 5th October, 1918, he South African Infantry. Gained abdicated in favour of Prince Boris. the V.C. in the war. **FAURETTE," H.M.S. FERDINAND FRANCIS, the Arch- duke of Austria. One of the fleet auxiliaries, of 2,644 Nephew and heir of the tons. Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. She was mined off the east coast Together with his consort, he was and sunk on the 13th March, 1916, assassinated on the 28th June, 1914, with 14 lives. at Sarajivo. The German Military FAVERSHAM. Party deliberately made this a pretext An old market town in Kent, for starting a world-war of aggression. England, 10 miles west of Canter- They had been secretly preparing bury. for a generation. Population, 10,619. FERON, M. An air raid occurred here on the President of the Belgian section of 16th April, 1915. There were no the Inter-Allied Parliamentary Con- casualties. ference. FAVRE, Jules. FERROL. In 1871 he asked Germany for an A seaport and naval arsenal on armistice and the right to provision north-west coast of Spain, near Paris. Corunna. *• FEARLESS," H.M.S. Population, 36,000. Captain W. F. Blunt. On the 14th November, 1918, the A light cruiser, completedin 1913, German submarines UC 48 and having a displacement of 3,440 tons UB 23 were put in dock for repairs and a speed of 25 knots. and cleaning and for replacing of - 74 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

guns which had been removed. In Is a Trustee of the British order to prevent flight of the crews Museum. Spaniards were substituted for Ger- President of the Board of Education mans. since December, 1916, BEY. FETHI FISHER, Second-Lieut. Edmund. Formerly Minister at Sofia, Brother of the Minister of Educa- On the 18th October, 1918, he was tion. appointed new Minister of Interior Lost his life in the war. for Turkey. FIELDING, Major- General. FISHER OF KILVER STONE, At one time Commanding London Admiral of the Fleet, Lord, District. O.rvl., G.C.B., G.C.V.O. Aged 78. FINCH, Sergeant Norman Augus- Was in the Crimean War. tus. Has been Controller of the Navy, R.M.A. Gained the V.C. in the Senior Naval Lord of the Admir- war. alty from 1904 until 1910. FINLAY, Lord, Lord Chancellor, Created Peer, 1909. P.G., G.G.M.G., LL.D.,K.G. Retired, 1910. Aged 77. Served on Special Naval Com- Graduated in medicine before mittee, 1912, being called to the Bar. Appointed Hon. Colonel of 1st Entered Parliament in 1885. Royal Naval Brigade in September, Solicitor-General from 1895 to 1914. 1900. Returned to the Admiralty as Attorney-General in September, First Sea Lord during the war, but 1900. resigned in May, 1915. Lord Chancellor in December, Chairman of the Inventions Com- 1916. missions July, 1915. Succeeded by Sir F. E. Smith in the Victory Cabinet. FISMES. A town in France, in the Depart- FINLAY, Lance-Gorporal David. ment of Marne, Black Watch. Gained the V.C. On the 4th August, 1918, the AlHes in the war. took it, and crossed the Vesle at FIRMAN, Lieut. Humphrey Osbal- several points. deston Brooke. FITZ CLARENCE, Brigadier- R.N. Gained in the war, the V.C. General. FISHER, Hayes. 2nd Worcesters. Gained the On the 8th November, 1918, the V.C. in the war. seal of the Duchy of Lancaster was bestov/ed upon him, which had FIUME. previously been surrendered by Lord At the mouth of the Flamara river Beaverbrook, the retiring Chancellor 40 miles south-east of Trieste, ir of the Duchy, Appointed Minister Hungary. for Education after the Victory On the 25th October, 1918, it was Election, reported that the Croats rose and FISHER, Lance-Corporal F. seized this port. On the 26th October, 1918. the 13th Canadian Battalion. Gained revolt crushed and order re- the V,C, in the war. was stored. FISHER, Rt. Hon. Herbert A. L., M.P. FLEMING -SANDES, Temporary Aged_53. Second-Lieut. A. J. T. Appointed Vice-Chancellor of the 2nd East Surrey Regiment. Gained University of Sheffield in 1912. the V.C, in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 75

FLEMING, Major Valentine. Specially employed in South Africa Late Member of Parliament. as Assistant Financial Adviser to Lord Lost his life in the war in May, Kitchener in 1901. 1917. Appointed asain for special duty in FLENSBURG. South Africa in 1903. Appointed Principal A.ccountant, A seaport of Prussia, on the Baltic Assistant: Director of Accountsin June, coast, Schleswig - Holstein. Has 1904, and Direccor uf large coal and other trade. Army Accounts in January, 1907. Population, 50,000. Appointed War Office representa- The old Danish capital of tive the Pensions Schleswig. on Commutation Board in October, 1908. On the 8th November, 1918, it was Appointed C.B. on the 24th June, completely in the hands of the revo- 1910. lutionaries. The railway line be- Director of Finance to the tween Flensburg and was Ministry of Pensions. Appointed on destroyed, the 14th November, 1916. FLEURY. Acting Secretary to the Ministry On the 3rd August, 1916, French of Pensions, troops retook the village of Fleury, and captured 1,750 prisoners. FOCH, Marshal Ferdinand. On the 4th August, 1916, the Aged 68. Germans regained the chief part of Educated at Tarbes and St it; also the Thiamont works. Etienne. FLEVILLE. Was in the war of 1870. On the 6th October, 1918, Ameri- Became Captain at the age of 27. can troops forced the enemy to evacu- Marshal of France in 1918. ate it. He wrote books and delivered many " FLIRT," H.M.S. notable lectures on tactics and strategy. A torpedo-destroyer, completed in In the preface of one of his books 1899, having a tonnage of 380 and a on war he quotes Napoleon to this speed of 30 knots. effect: " It is notgeniusthat suddenly On the 26th October. 1916, 10 reveals to m.e what I must say or do German destroyers from Zeebrugge in a circumstance which to others raided the Channel and pushed nearly v/ould be it is " unexpected ; reflection to Folkestone, sinking the Flirt." and meditation." FLORINA. In his volume '* Manoeuvres in South of Monastir. Battle " he shows how much con- On the 3rd May, 1916, it was sideration goes to any successful occupied by French troops. exploit. On the 20th August, 1916, the One of his sayings is knov/n all over " Bulgarians captured it. France : A battle won is a battle in which one v/ill not FLOWERDEW, Lieut. G. M. ov/n oneself beaten." Late Canadian Cavalry. Gained He v/as raised to the command at the V.C. in the v/ar. Nancy of the 20th Corps, and v/as FLYNN, Sir Albert, C.B., B.A. holding this post v/hen war broke out. Late Director of Army Accounts, He is a man of simple tastes, loving War Office. Appointed in January, the open air. Very much interested 1907. in forestry, and is fond of literature Appointed to a Higher Division and music. Clerkship in the Royal Dockyard, Not long ago he uttered these " Chatham, in January, 1884. revealing words : Ah, you do not Transferred to the War Office in know what a father suffers when November, 1885. m.ourning enters into his house

B.A,, London University, 1891. permanently I My son is gone, and 76 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

one of my daughters Is widowed. I German party entered French lines, shall return to a house that I left full to Spa.

of happiness on a summer Sunday, to On the 1 1th ISlovember, 1918, the find poor wee orphans who never armistice was signed at 5 a.m., and even knew their father. I am nearing hostilities ceased on the whole front

the twilight of my life, and I think I at 1 1 o'clock (French time). have been a faithful servant, whose On the 11th November, 1918, hope is to rest in the peace of our General Foch arrived at his house in Lord. There are, like myself, thou- Paris, and received a great ovation. sands and thousands of fond old On the 14th November, 1918, fathers who have lost all they loved, Foch warned German High Com- the sons on whom their hope was mand as to German violence and set. But we haveno right to self-pity. pillage at Brussels and other places, Our country — our beloved patrie — is and that steps would be taken to put all that matters. Let us accept the an end to it if it did not cease. sacrifice. The whole of humanity is at stake. Liberty must first FOCSANI, or FOKTCHANY. triumph. Afterwards we may weep." A fortified town on the River On the 30th March, 1918, he was Milkov, Putuz district of Roumania. appointed Generalissimo of all Allied It has a population of 25,000. forces in France. On the 7th January, 1916, the On the 5th November, 1918, he Germans took it by storm. was placed at the head of strategic FOLKESTONE. direction of all forces against Ger- Watering-place and steampacket many in the last phases of the war. station, Kent, England, 70 miles from Full agreement reached by Allies on London and 29 miles Boulogne. German armistice. Germany told to from Population, 33,495. apply to Foch for terms. the 25th 1917, it was On the 7th November, 1918, Ger- On May, raided 17 machines; 3 man delegates arrived on the Western by German were destroyed. Seventy-six persons Front, and Foch, by wireless, said if were killed 176 injured. The they wished to ask him for armistice and British claim aeroplanes they were to advance by the Chimay- there were 3 Fourmies-La Capelle-Guise road. brought down. The Germans only Orders had been given to receive admit 1 lost. them and conduct them to place fixed FONTAINE-NOTRE-DAME. for the interview. A village two miles west of Cambrai. the 8th November, 1918, On On the 23rd November, 1917, armistice terms were handed by Foch British troops attacked and captured to German delegates with the formal it, together with a number of pri- demand that they should be rejected soners. It was later retaken by or accepted within 72 hours, expiring the enemy in a counter-attack. at 11 on the Monday morning On the 28th September, 1918, it following. was captured by British troops. The German courier bearing the text of armistice was sent to Spa (17 FOOD, Ministry of. miles south-east of Liege, near Palace Chambers, Bridge Street, Prussian frontier). It was officially S.W. 1 announced that the members of the German delegation were General of FOOD, Theft of. Infantry von Gruedell, Secretary of With almost incredible meanness State fderr Erzberger, Ambassador the Germans stole the good flour Count Oberndorf, General von Win- supplied by the charity of the Ameri- terfeld, and Naval Captain von can people to feed the Belgians and Selow. the civilians in the occupied territory The German courier had 100 of Northern France, substituting miles to travel from Guise, where their own bad flour for it. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR ^ 77

FORBACH. " FORTUNE," H.M.S. A town near Saarbruck and Metz, A British destroyer. German Lorraine. She was sunk by German gunfire Population, 8,500. in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on The railways here were bombed by 31st May, 1916—see under " H.M.S.^ British airmen. Queen Mary ' ". FORBES -ROBERTSON, Captain FOSCANI. (Acting -Lieut. -Colonel) J., On the 8th January, 1917, it was D.S.O., M.C. captured by the Ninth Army, under Border Regiment. Gained the Falkenhayn ; 5,499 rank and file V.C. in the war. were taken prisoners. FOREIGN OFFICE. FOSS, Captain C. G. Downing Street, S.W. L Beds Regiment. Gained the V.C. FORET-DE-MORMAL. in the war. On the 25th October, 1918, Haig reported successful operations on the FOSTER, Corporal Edward (13290) bordcx-s of Foret-dc-Mormal, captur- East Surrey Regiment. Gained ing hill known as Mount Carmel and the V.C. in the war. the village of Engle-Fontaine. FOSTER, Maximilian. On the 28th October, 1918, he The official American correspond- " reported : We have improved our ent at the front. positions on the borders of Foret-de- Mormal and north of Foret-de- "FOUCAULT." Raisnes." A French submarine. FORET-DE-RAISNES. On the 14th January, 1916, she sank an Austrian cruiser off Cattaro. On the 24th October, 1918, Haig " '*FOURCHE." reported : We have cleared this big forest north of Valenciennes." A French torpedo-destroyer. * FORMIDABLE," H.M.S. She was submarined on the 23rd A battleship, completed in the year June. 1916.

1901 , having a displacement of 1 5,000 FOURIE, Captain. tons and a speed of 18 knots. On the 20th December. 1914, he Had a complement of about 750 and his brother, Lieut. Fourie, ring- officers and men. leaders in the South African re- On the 1st January, 1915, she was bellion, v^^ere found guilty of treason. sunk in the Channel by torpedoes Captain Fourie was shot, and his fired from a German submarine. A brother was sentenced to five years' British light cruiser and a Brixham imprisonment. fishing-smack saved between them 199 lives. FRANCE. President, M. Poincare. FORSHAW, Lieut, V/. I. Republic (former Manchester Regiment. Gained A powerful Monarchy and Empire), West Europe. the V.C. in the war. Bounded on the north by Belgium FORSTER, Rt. Hon. H. Y/., M.F. and the English Channel ; west by Aged 53. ^ the Bay of Biscay ; south by the Conservative M.P. for Sevenoaks Pyrenees and the Mediterranean ; Division for 25 years. east by Italy, , and Was a Lord Commissioner for the Germany. Treasury from 1902 until 1905. Greatest length, about 600 miles ; Financial Secretary to the War greatest breadth, 540 miles. Office, 1915. Area, 207,146 square miles, or 3^ FORT LA FOMPELLE. times the size of England and Wales. At Rheims. It is divided into 87 Departments. On the 1st June, 1918, it was lost The chief towns are Paris (the

and retaken by the French. capital ; next to London, the largest 78 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

cltyin Europe), Bordeaux, , FRANCE'S FLAG DAY. Toulon, Brest, and Havre. Organised by London Committee Her colonies include Algeria^ of French Red Cross. Cochin China, Senegambia, Reunion, FRANCENIGO. Pondicherry, Martinique, and Guad- On the 31st October. 1918, the I4th eloupe ; besides three protectorates, British Corps reached the Livenza at Tunis, Annam, and lonquin. Francenigo. Population of the Republic, 39,500.000, one-third of whom live "FRANCONIA." in towns. An Admiralty transport, Cunard' Before the war she had a peace liner. strength of 790,000 men and6,000,000 On the 4th October, 1916, she was available men. sunk by a submarine in the Mediter- Germany invaded a portion of the ranean. French territory on the 2nd August, FRANKFORT. 1914. A city on the River Main, a tribu- " On the 3rd August, 1914, Germany tary of the Rhine. A " free city declared war against France. until 1866, when it was annexed to England, through Sir E. Grey, Prussia, province Hesse-Nassau. announced that it Vvould stand by The headquarters of the 18th France in defending the neutrality of German Army Corps. Belgium on the 3rd August, 1914. Restored cathedral, and thriving France declared war against Aus- trade. tria on the 10th August, 1914. Population, 416,000. France and England lent The factories, station, and railways £10,000,000 each to Belgium on the here were bombed by British airmen 21st August, 1914. on six occasions. France, England, and Russia On the 2nd October, 1917, French agreed not to treat for peace separ- airmen dropped bombs here and on ately on the 5th September, 1914. Stuttgart, Coblentz, and Treves. The sale of absinthe was prohibited 'FRAUENLOB." on the 7th January, 1915. A German light cruiser. France declared war against Bul- She was sunk in the Jutland battle garia on the 16th October, 1915. on the 31st May, 1916—see under On the 14th March, 1917, General " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" Lyantey resigned as Minister of War. FREIBURG. On the 19th March, 1917, a new A busy town in Baden, Black Government was formed, v/ith M. Forest, Germany. Has Ribot as Prime Minister. many fine buildings and fountains. In September, 1917, the French Population, 85,000. Government notified Germany that On the 7th December, 1914, German officers would be carried in French airmen raided the German all French hospital ships. The plan air sheds was executed, and on the 10th here. September the German Government On the I4th April. 1917. it was bombed by a small force of British was obliged to abandon its brutal aeroplanes, and notices were dropped practice of attacking such ships. to the effect that this was a reprisal Germany undertook to stop the for the sinking of the attacks on the condition that the hospital ships " " " officers were landed. Asturias and Gloucester Castle." On the 28th October, 1915, the French Ministry resigned, M. Briand On the 13th March, 1918, British becoming Premier and Foreign aeroplanes bombed here. Minister. FREMLOIS. He wasfollowed by M.Glemenceau, On the 8th November. 1918, the the most successful Premier of recent French reported; "We have pene- years. trated into suburbs of Fremlois." A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 79

FRENCH, Field-Marshal Viscount, FREYA- STELLUNG. O.M., K.P., K.G.M.G., On the 4th November, 1918, the G.C.B., G.C.V.O. Germans, having lost Buzancy and Aged 67. this place, were being pursued by the Joined H.M.S. "Britannia" in 1866 Americans. and served in the Royal Navy for- FREYBERG, Captain (Temporary- four years. Joined the Hussars in Lieut. - Colonel) Bernard 1874. Cyril, D.S.O. Made a name as a cavalry officer in Royal West Surrey Regiment. 1884-5 in the Egyptian campaign. Gained the V.C. in the war. Served in the South African War, under Lord Roberts, with splendid FREYTAG-LORINGHOVEN, success. General. " Had chief command at Aldershot. In his Deductions from the " " Appointed General in 1907, and World War he states : We had Field iMarshallin 1913. already, before the war, taken steps Was Inspector-General of Forces to restore the character of universality from 1907 until 1911. which belonged to universal military Chief of Imperial Staff from 1911 service by the lav/. We shall have until 1914. to continue to pursue this road in Was appointed at the outbreak of future, quite apart from the necessary the war Commander-in-Chief of the increase of garrison artillery and British Forces in France, and arrived technical troops." in Paris on the 15th August, 1914. FRICKLETON, Lance - Corporal In December, 1914, he received Samuel (6/2133). the Order of Merit. New Zealand Infantry. Gained decorated Medaille Was with the the V.C. in the war. Militaire in March, 1915. His complaints as to the wrong FRICOURT. " " kind of shells being supplied was See under Somme, taken up bv the "Times" and FRIEDBERG. "Daily Mail."" The Field Marshal A town in Upper Hesse, on the resigned on the 15th Decem.ber, River Usa, near Frankfort-on-the- 1915, and was created Viscount Main. French of Ypres, and became Com- It has a population of 5,500. mander-in-Chief of the Home Forces. On the 17th April, 1917, it was On the 6th June, 1917, he was bom.barded by British aeroplanes as invested with the K.P. a reprisal for German attacks. Appointed Viceroy of Ireland in " 1918. FRIEDRICH CARL." A German armoured cruiser. FRESGATY. She was sunk by mine in Novem- Germany. ber, 1914. The aerodromes here were bombed FRIEDRICH, Prince Eitel. by British airmen on numerous The Kaiser's second son. occasions . In April, 1918, his death from FRESNOY. typhus contracted at the front v/as reported, but this does not seem to In the Department of Aisne, ten have been officially confirmed. miles north east of St. Quentin. On the 8th May, 1917, it was FRIEDRICHSCHAFEN. attacked by Germans in great A small town on the Lake of Con- strength and recaptured, but with stance, Wiirtemburg. verv heavy casualties. Population, 4,750. On the 22nd September, 1918, it On the 21st November, 1914, the was captured by English and Scottish Zeppelin factory here was raided by oops. British aeroplanes. 80 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 27th June, 1915, the The Germans stated he was Zeppelin sheds here were bombed sentenced to death for attempting by French airmen. in March to ram a German sub- FRISBY, Lieut. (Acting -Captain) marine. G. H. His callous murder forms one of the many outrages of the Coldstream Guards (B.R.) (at- War. tached to the 1st Battalion). Gained FUCINO, Lake. the V.C. in the war. Now drained. FRISE. In the province of Aquila, Central On the Somme. Italy, formerly 37 miles round. On the 30th January, 1916, it was On the 13th January, 1915, a captured by the Germans. severe earthquake occurred, with FRISIAN. great destruction and loss of life. On the 11th August, 1918, there FUERSTENBERG-STAMM- was a skirmish between the British HEIM, General Count. and German light naval forces on German Consul. the Frisian coast. A Zeppelin was FULLER, Lance-Corporal W. destroyed and six British motor-boats Welsh Regiment. Gained the lost, but crews saved. V.C. in the war. On the same day a Zeppelin of the D. latest type was brought down in FULLER, Lance-Corporal W. flames by British air squadron off Grenadier Guards. Gained the the coast here. V.C. in the war. FRIULI (Central). FUNCHAL. On the 1st November, 1918, the The capital of Madeira. Italian cavalry overran the whole of Wine trade. the Central Friuli plain, enveloping Population, 31,000. and capturing the enemy. On the 3rd December. 1916, a, FROIDMONT-GOHARTILLE. German submarine bombarded it. i: On the 28th October, 1918, the FUNDENI. French obtained a footing in enemy A strong position on the Sereth. trenches north of this place, and On the 20th January, 1917, it was maintained positions despite several captured by the Germans. counter-attacks. FYNN, Private J. H. S. On the 5th November, 1918, in the Welsh Borderers. Gained the region of the north of Soissons, the V.C. in the war. French reached a line running through the sugar factory here. GAINFORD, Lord. Aged 59. FROYENNES. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- On the 22nd October, 1918, Sir with seat in Cabinet, 1910. " caster, Douglas Haig reported : We drove President of the Board of Educa- the enemy out of the woods in this tion from 1911 to May, 1915. neighbourhood, are and our troops GALICIA. now less than two miles from the town." A province of Austrian Poland. Area, 30,308 square miles, and a FRY, Captain. population of 7,500,000. He was taken prisoner the by On the 1st and 2nd July, 1915, the Germans on the 9th January, 1917. German armies overran Galicia, and FRYATT, Captain. the Russians retreated into Poland. Captain of the Great Eastern On the 15th September, 1915, the steamer " Brussels." Russian victories were resumed, and He was captured in the North Sea. the Russians claimed to have taken Court-martialled and shot by the 40,000 prisoners in a fortnight ending Germans at Bruges. the 12th September. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 81

On the 6th July, 1917, the Russians brought down in the German lines advanced and took 1,000 more and taken prisoner. prisoners. It was stated by a Berlin message " GALLIA." on the 4th October, 1918, that he was shot down and killed A French transport. on the German side of the lines. On the 4th October, 1916, she was sunk by a German submarine while GARUB. she was carrying 2,000 French and The British South African forces Serbian troops. operating in German South-West Several hundred lives were lost. Africa occupied Garub on the 24th GALLIENI, General. February, 1915. The French Minister for War. ' GASCONIER." On the 16th March, 1916, he A Dutch steamer. resigned, and was succeeded by On the 20th August, 1918, when General Roques. she was en route from Brooklyn to He saved Paris early in the war. Rotterdam with grain and flour for He died on the 27th May, 1916. the Belgian Relief Committee, pro- after an operation. vided with the special flag and the GALLIPOLI. Relief Committee's marks, and under A seaport in European Turkey, on a safe conduct from the German the Dardanelles. Has vineries. Government, she v/as attacked in Population, 30,000. Norwegian waters by a German On the 4th June, 1915, the Allies submarine, which opened fire on her attacked the Turkish positions here, without warning, and v/hen the boats were lowered continued to fire gaining 500 yards along a front of on her. nearly three miles. The steamer caught fire and sank quickly, and of the 21 rescued seamen On the 8th January, 1916, it was completely and successfully evacu- several were wounded. ated, with only one casualty, all the GASCOYNE-CECIL, Captain J. artillery, except 17 worn-out guns, Son of the Bishop of Exeter. being got away. Lost his life in the war. GALWAY. SERVICES. A county, on Galway Bay, Con- GAS In Sir D. Haig's victory report he naught, West Ireland. Seat of the " : idea of the Queen's College Fishery. wrote Some magni- tude of the work performed and of Capital of same name. the energy and zeal displayed by all Area, 2,453 square miles. Popu- ranks can be gained from the fact lation —county, 181,680; capital, that the 21 special companies, with 13,249. the assistance of two American com- On the occasion of the Sinn panies attached for instruction, dis- Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it charged during the period March- became necessary to move columns November a total of over 2,250 tons of troops here —see under " Dublin." of gas. Between the 1 1th March and GALWAY CASTLE." the 7th October gas was discharged A British vessel. on 1 19 nights out of 210." On the 10th September, 1918. she ;unk by subn 154 GAUCHE WOOD. persons were killed. On the 18th September, 1918, the GARFORTH, Corporal C. E British recaptured it. 15th Hussars. Gained the v.c. GAUCHET, Vice-Admiral. war. in the On the 12th December, 1916, he GARROS. succeeded Admiral de Fournet in

I The famous French airman. command of Allied Fleet in Mediter- On the 19th April, 1915, he was ranean, , 82 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

" GAULOIS." and anti-submarine craft, asserting A French battleship. that a boat menace was greater than -' On the 27th December, 1916, she ever. was sunk by a submarine in the GEE, Lieut. (Temporary-Gaptain), Mediterranean. M.G. GAVRELLE. Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. On the 27th August, 1918, the in the war. British captured it. • GEELONG." GAZA. A P. & 0. liner. An ancient Philistine city of Syria, She was sunk by enemy submarine near the Mediterranean. on the 2nd June, 1916, in the It has a population of 40,000. Mediterranean. On the 27th March, 1917, General "GEIER." a complete victory Murray gained A German cruiser. 900 j over 20,000 Turks, capturing On the 7th November, 1914, she prisoners. was interned at Honolulu. On the 7th November, 1917, " H.M.S. General Allenby captured it. GENISTA," "GAZELLE." A mine-sweeper. On the 23rd October, 1916, she was German cruiser. A torpedoed and sunk by an enemy On the 26th January, 1915, she submarine, fighting till she sank. All was damaged by a Russian sub- the officers and 73 men were lost. marine in the Baltic. GENSAN, M. van GEARY, Second-Lieut. B. H. Dutch Minister of War. East Surrey Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. ., His Majesty, Emperorj of India. GEDDES, Rt. Hon. Sir Auckland, K.G.B.,P.G. Aged 54. The second son of Edward VII. Minister of National Service, 1917. and Queen Alexandra. On the 8th November, 1918, he Entered the Navy as a cadet in was sworn in as President of the 1877, and spent two years on the Local Government Board, in succes- training ship " Britannia," later sion to Mr. Hayes Fisher, who making a three year voyage round succeeded Lord Beaverbrook as the world on the " Bacchante." Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- On the death of the first son of caster. Edward VII. and Queen Alexandra, GEDDES, Rt. Hon. Sir Eric, K.G.B. the Duke of Clarence, in 1892, hef G.B.E., P.G., M.P. became heir to the throne. Aged 42. He was married to Princess Mary Is M.P. for Cambridge. of Teck in 1893. Was Inspector-General of Trans- On the accession of his father he portation from March to July, 1917. became Duke of Cornwall and, later, On the 14th May, 1917, he was Prince of Wales. appointed Comptroller at the Ad- In 1901 he made the tour of the miralty. colonies with the Princess. Appointed First Lord of the In 1905 they visited India. Admiralty on the 16th July, 1917. He succeeded to the throne in May,

He was succeeded by Mr A. 1. 1910, and was crowned in 191 1 , visit- j Balfour after the General Election in ing India, with Her Majesty, December, 1918 December of that year. On the 14th October, 1918, He visited Berlin in 1913, with speaking at a dinner of the Pilgrims, Queen Mary, for the marriage of

in New York, he appealed to America Princess Victoria Luise ; and visited to expedite construction of destroyers Paris in April, 1914, A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 83

After the war broke out the King undertook the newly created post of entered heart and soul into the Minister of Munitions. country's cause. On the death of Lord Kitchener He has visited the Headquarters in he became Secretary for War. France, and has inspected the Fleet At the Lord Mayor's banquet on on active service several times. the 9th November, 1914, he affirmed On the 3rd December, 1914, he the decision of the Government to visited the Headquarters of the carry on the war to the last extremity. Belgian Army, and invested King On the 9th September, 1915. he Albert with the Order of the Garter. addressed the Trade Union Congress, " On the 28ch October, 1915, while and asserted that the country is not on a visit to France to inspect the doing its best." He claimed, in troops at the front, he met with an answer to the challenge to show how accident, caused by his horse rearing the Government had kept its promise and falling on His Majesty's leg. to intercept war profits, that the State He returned to London, and took had taken control of practically the open-air exercise for the first time on whole of the engineering works in the the 30th November, 1915. country, and appropriated the profits On Armistice Day, the 11th made for the purposes of the State. November, 1918, the King, with On the 28th September, 1916, he Queen Mary and Princess Mary, declared that any step at this time by drove through the streets of London, the United States or any other and were greatly cheered. The neutral in the direction ofpeace would King previously appeared on the be construed by England as an un- balcony at Buckingham Palace and neutral, pro-German m.ove. addressed the people. On the 1st December, 1916, he On the 12th November, 1918, the made proposals to Mr. Asquith for King and Queen attended a thanks- the reform of war administration and giving service in State at St. Paul's. a smaller Cabinet. He has contributed largely to the He resigned on the 5th December, various charities, and on the 2nd 1916, and on the 6th December April, 1916, gave £100,000 to the accepted the Premiership, and nation for war purposes. became First Lord of the Treasury GEORGE, Prince. and a member of the War Cabinet. He was one of the most prominent Fifth son of King George and members of the final Peace terms, Queen Mary. Aged 17. although it is generally believed that On the 19th January, 1917. he left he was largely responsible for the Sandringham for the Royal Naval long delay. College, Osborne. GERARD, James W., G.C.B. GEORGE, Rt. Hon. David Lloyd, Former U.S.A. Ambassador to P.C.,M.P. Germany, appointed in 1913. Aged 56. Formerly Justice of the Supreme The son of late William George, Court in the State of New York. Master of Hope Street Unitarian On the outbreak of war discharged Schools, Liverpool. He was born delicate duties as representative of in Manchester, not in Wales as is neutral U.S.A. erroneouslysupposed by manypeople. On the entry of the U.S.A. into the A solicitor by profession. war he was accorded a great welcome Entered Parliament in 1890. on returning to New York. Was President of the Board of Published amazing book detailing Trade, 1905. incidents of historic importance, in- Was Chancellor of the Exchequer cluding interviews with the Kaiser. from 1908 to 1915. ^Received G.C.B. in August, 1917. Introduced the National Insurance GERMAN Ex-EMPEROR,Wilhelm Bill, 1911. II., Ex-King of Prussia. In the first Coalition Ministry Aged 61. | 84 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Succeeded his father in 1888. of our King as Sovereign of the His first notorious act was the Order. virtual dismissal of Bismarck. During 1917 he held important In September, 1907, he spoke of conferences, one resulting in the the German nation as " the block of overthrow of the Imperial Chancellor, granite upon which the Lord our God Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg. can build up and complete His work Among his famous utterances

of civilising the world." during the war are the following : In October, 1908, the " Daily In an Army Order of the 19th Telegraph " published the report of August, 1914: "Address all the an interview in which the Emperor skill and all the valour of my soldiers revealed a series of startling secrets to exterminate first the treacherous in reference to European diplomacy English, and walk over General during the Boer War. This led to French's contemptible little army." an unexampled storm of criticism in In a telegram to President Wilson " Germany. on the 10th August, 1914 : Belgian In 1910 the storm broke out again neutrality had to be violated by when he repeated his claim to Germany on strategical grounds." autocracy in Prussia, but quieted Order to the German Army in the down on assurance being given that East on the 13th September, 1914: he did not mean what he seemed to Remember that the German people say. are the chosen of God. On me, the He spoke at Hamburg in August, German Emperor, the Spirit of God

1 91 1 , of Germany's need for strength- has descended. I am His sword, His ening her Navy, so that " no one can weapon, and His viceregent. Woe to dispute with us the place in the sun the disobedient, and death to cowards " that is our due." and unbelievers ! He visited London for the un- Published in the " Daily Tele- veiling of the Queen Victoria graph " on the 13th August,^ 1917, memorial. on the torpedoing of the " Lusi- " " His only daughter married on the tania : No gentleman would kill 24th May, 1913, Prince Ernest of so many women and children." Cumberland, in the presence of King Published in the " Daily Tele- George, Queen Mary, the Tsar, and graph " on the 15th August, 1917: a brilliant company. The young There was no longer any inter- couple became Duke and Duchess of national law." Brunswick, and had an heir born in On the 16th October, 1918. it was March, 1914. stated that the Kaiser had been in He was chief instigator of Austria Berlin during the past week-end. in issuing the ultimatum to Serbia in According to a Berne dispatch, at a July, 1914, which led to the great recent meeting of the Crown Council war. at Imperial Headquarters he declared He has been the restless War Lord he would do his duty to the end, and ever since. that he would not permit any adver- Has visited Bulgaria and lunched sity to damp him. with King Ferdinand. On the 1st November, 1918, he Has paid visits to the front, east left for General Headquarters, and and west. there were rumours of his abdica- On the 13th May, 1915, the names tion. of the German Emperor, the German On the 2nd November, 1918, Crown Prince, the Emperor of replying to messages sent to him by Austria, the King of Wiirtemburg, the municipality of Berlin on the the Grand Duke of Hesse, Prince occasion of the anniversary of Sedan, " Henry of Prussia, the Duke of Saxe- he said : I am fully convinced that Coburg, and the Duke of Cumber- no enemy will ever be able to shake land were struck off the roll of the the strong structure of the German Knights of the Garter by command Empire. Never could the German A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 85

people be vanquished when it was Seitz surrendering all the German united." forces to General Botha. On the 9th November, 1918. he GERMANY. abdicated, and the Crown Prince Ex-Kaiser, Wilhelm II., succeeded renounced succession. in 1888. On the 12th November, 1918, the Empire of Central Europe. Workmen's and Soldiers' Council in Area, 208,780 square miles. Popu- Berlin announced the arrival of the lation, about 65,000,000. Kaiser, the Empress, and the Crown Composed of 4 kingdoms, 6 grand Prince in Holland. duchies, 7 principalities, 3 free towns, On the 14th November, 1918, the besides the conquered territory of property of the Prussian Crown was Alsace-Lorraine. confiscated, and placed under the Politically and commercially Ger- administration of the Ministry of many was one of the leading Powers. Finance. The personal property of Main rivers, Rhine, Danube, Elbe, the King and Royal Family was not Weser, and Vistula. affected thereby. Before the war she had 25 Army of to GERMAN Ex-CROWN PRINCE Corps 40,000 50,000 men ; a WILHELM. peace strength of 871,000 men and available men. Aged 38. 9,898,000 the 5th July, 1914. the German Eldest son of the German Em- On Ambassador in Constantinople told peror. " In June, 1905, he married the the Italian Ambassador, We are in Duchess Cecilie Augustine Maud, for war," and mentioned the secret Council of Potsdam. youngest sister of the Grand Duke the 21st 1914, the pre- Frederick Francis IV. of Mecklen- On July, burg-Schwerin. liminary mobilisation notices were sent out in He toured in the Far East in Germany. 1910-11. On the 24th July, 1914. secret instructions were given by German He represented the Emperor at at to covering troops on the Coronation of King George in officers Metz 1911. the French frontier, and the inter- national held in He commanded one of the armies mails were up Ger- which marched on France in August, many. the railway 1914, but has secured no fame. On the 25th July, 1914, stations in Germany were occupied GERMAN SAMOA, or NAVI- by the military authorities, and the GATOR ISLES ARCHI- PELAGO. civilian traffic interfered with. On the 26th July, 1 91 4, the cavalry, In the Pacific Ocean, between New infantry, and artillery were moving Hebrides and Tahiti, the two largest by train in Germany to the Belgian isles of the group Savaii. frontier. Area,660 square miles. Population, On the 27th July, 1914, the Ger- 17,000. man reservist officers at Antwerp They were ceded to Germany in were recalled. 1900, and Tituila (5,439 miles; On the 28th July, 1914, the Ham- population, 3,000) and Manur, with burg-Amerika steamers at Antwerp square miles Ofu and Olesanga (20 ; and Port Said were recalled. The population, 2,000) to the United German reservists from abroad States, Great Britain withdrawing. arrived in Germany. They were surrendered to the New On the 29th July, 1914, there was Zealand Force on the 29th August, a German Councilat Potsdam. Large 1914. numbers of additional Germanreserv- OERMAN SOUTH-WEST ists were warned, and the decision to AFRICA. invade Belgium was reached. The On the 9th July, 1915, the con- German covering force was posted on quest was announced. Governor the French frontier. 86 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Germany sent an ultimatum to Note " was delivered to the Foreign Russia that there would be war if Office. Russia did not stop her preparations. On the 25th December, 1916, The Tsar offered to accept Hague Germany replied to President arbitration, and ordered Yanushke- Wilson's Note, ignoring his sugges- vich to suspend local mobilisation. tion to state terms, but proposing an On the 30th July, 1914, German immediate peace conference. mobilisation was declared. On the 28th December, 1916. she On the 31st July, 1914, Germany replied to the Swiss Note. declared to be in a state of war. On the 30th December, 1916. the Declared war against Russia on the Allies replied to the German Note, 1st August, 1914, and detained British rejecting the enemy's overtures as an steamers. ' empty and insincere " proposal, Invaded Luxemburg and tore up and demanding safeguards against rails on the 1st August, 1914. future aggression. Invaded a portion of the French On the 31st January, 1917, the territory on the 2nd August, 1914. German Government announced that Declared war against France on the its submarines would sink British 3rd August. 1914. hospital ships, and announced unre- ^ Received Britain's declaration of stricted submarine war, all sea traffic war on the 4th August, 1914. to be stopped in a zone of water round Received ultimatum from Great Great Britain, France, and Italy. Britain, demanding that the neu- On the 3rd February, 1917, diplo- trality of Belgium should be respected, matic relations between the U.S.A. on the 4th August, 1914. and Germany were broken off. Japan declared war against Ger- Count Bernstorff was given his pass- many on the 23rd August, 1914. ports, and Mr. Gerard was recalled Great Britain declared the blockade from Berlin. of Germany on the 1st March, 1915. The U.S.A. declared war against On the 12th January, 1915, the Germany on the 6th April, 1917. use by Germans of poisonous shells Cuba declared war against Ger- was reported from Paris. many on the 7th April, 1917. Italy declared war on Austria on Panama declared war against Ger- the 22nd May, 1915, and Germany many on 10th April, 1917. recalled Prince Biilow from Rome. Brazil broke off relations on the Italy declared war on Germany on 10th April, 1917. the 28th August, 1916. Bolivia broke off relations on the Roumania declared war on Ger- 14th April, 1917. many and Austria on the 28th August, Guatemala on the 27th April. 1917. 1916. Honduras on the 17th May. 1917. On the 5th November, 1916, Nicaragua on the 19th May, 1917. Germany and Austria proclaimed an Haiti on the 18th June, 1917. " independent State of Poland." Siam declared war against Ger- On the 12th December, 1916, the many on the 22nd July, 1917. Chancellor announced in the Reich- China declared war against Ger- stag that peace overtures had been many on the 14th August, 1917. made by four enemy Powers to the Costa Rica broke off relations on Allies through neutral Govern- the 18th September, 1917. ments. Peru on the 6th October, 1917. On the 15th December, 1916, the Uruguay on the 7th October, 1917. British Government replied to Ger- Ecuador and San Domingo also " man proposals," declaring that the broke off relations. " Allies still required adequate The terms of armistice signed by

reparation for the past and security the Germans on the 1 1th November, for the future." 1918, were read out in the House of On the 18th December, 1916, the Commons by Mr. Lloyd George in official text of the German ** Peace the afternoon. Such terms included A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 87

the evacuation of invaded territories, GIBBS, Philip. Belgium, France, Alsace-Lorraine, War correspondent. and Luxemburg, to be completed Was an editor at Cassell's at 21 within 14 days. Railways of Alsace- years of age, and afterwards was Lorraine to be handed over. Ger- literary editor of the " Daily Mail," man troops who had not left these the " Chronicle," and the ill-fated territories within 14 days to be Tribune." treated as prisoners of war. The His dispatches have appeared in occupation by the Allied and U.S.A. the " Daily Chronicle," " Daily forces to be kept up pending the Telegraph," and a New York paper. evacuation. The evacuation of GIBERCOURT. Rhinelands to be completed within On the 10th September, 16 days. Immediate repatriation 1918, the French captured it. without reciprocity of Allied and U.S.A. prisoners. All German GILL, Sergeant Albert (2815). troops in Russia, Roum.ania, and Late King's Royal Rifles. Gained elsewhere to be withdrawn. Com- the V.C. in the war plete abandonment of treaties of GIRLS, Rape of. Bukarest and Brest- Litovsk. Imme- It was stated in the French official diate cessation of all hostilities at sea. report of the 20th March, 1917 : "In Handing over to Allies and U.S.A. of evacuating Noyon the enemy has all submarines. The surrender by carried away by force young girls of the German Government of the from 15 to 25." following equipment : 5,000 guns, of which 2,500 to be heavy and GIROUARD, Sir E., P.C, K.C.M.G. 2.500 field guns, 30,000 machine- Aged 53. guns, and a large number of trench Was Governor of British East mortars. Africa. GHENT. High Commissioner and Com- mander-in-Chief of Northern Nigeria A large commercial and cathedral from 1909 until 1912. city. The capital of East Flanders, Director of Soudan Railv/ays. Belgium, on the River Scheldt. Has Railway Commissioner for the extensive cotton and other manufac- Transvaal after the Boer War. tories. Contains a splendid town hall. Has rendered valuable assistance Has a population of 166,000. in Army organisation during the war. On the 12th October. 1914, the Germans occupied Ghent without GIVENCHY. opposition. On the 3rd June, 1915, the British On the 7th June, 1915, a Zeppelin captured German trenches here. was destroyed between here and On the 11th June, 1915, at the Brussels by R. A. J. Warnford at a north-east of Givenchy, the British height of 6,000 feet. expelled the enemy from his trenches On the 15th June, 1917, British on a front of 200 yards. aeroplanes bombarded Ghent aero- On the 5t"h September, 1918, it drome. was reported that south of Neuve On the 19th October, 1918, the fate Chapelle as far as here the British of Ghent was sealed. regained the old lines held by us On ,the 26th October, 1918, prior to the 9th April, and east of General Plumer's army was marching Givenchy occupied portions of the on Ghent. old German positions. GHISTELLE. GLADSTONE, Viscotmt, of Hawar- On February 16th, 1915, the den, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., British made an air raid here, Middle- G.B.E., P.C.

kerke, Ostend, and Zeebrugge ; 240 Aged 65. bombs were dropped by 40 aero- Youngest son of William Ewart planes. Gladstone. 88 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Entered Parliament in 1880, and GLENART CASTLE."

became his father's Private Secretary. A hospital ship. I

Made a Lord of theTreasury inl88 1 . On the 26th February, 1916, she Financial Secretary at the War was deliberately torpedoed and sunk Office in 1886. by the Germans. She was outward Under Secretary at the Home bound at 4 a.m., showing all her Red Office in 1892. Cross lights. She filled rapidly and First Commissioner of Works in v/ent down. Of 182 persons on 1894. board, only 22 were saved. The Home Secretary from 1905 until submarine is believed to have 1910. attacked the survivors in the boats, as Appointed Governor-General of bodies were discovered afterwards in South Africa in 1910 until 1914, and one of the boats with wounds in them was raised to the Peerage. v/hich could only have been inflicted Created G.B.E. in 1917. by fire from German weapons. Organised successfully the relief Partly for this reason the loss of life of Belgian refugees. was exceedingly heavy.

GLADSTONE, Lieut. W. E. C. * GLENGYLE." Late Member of Parliament. A merchant vessel, belonging to Lost his life in the v^ar on the 13th Messrs. McGregor, Son & Co., April, 1916. having a gross tonn* of 9,000 and a "GLASGOW," H.M.S, speed of 13 knot Built in the year A protected second class cruiser, 1914. completed in 1910, having a displace- She was sunk by enemy submarine ment of 4,800 tons and a speed of 25 on the 2nd January, 1916, in the knots. Mediterranean. She was, according to the Admir- "GLOBE." alty's report issued on the 4th London Independent Evening November, 1 91 4, engaged, with H.M. Newspaper. " " " Ships Good Hope and Mon- On the6th November, 1915, it was mouth," off the coast of Chili, against suspended at the instance of the War " the German ships Scharnhorst," Office. Gneisenau," " Leipzig," and On the 22nd November, 1915, Dresden," in stormy weather, the after being suspended for a fortnight, action lasting an hour. it resumed publication. The " Glasgow " was not greatly damaged, and had few casualties. "GLOUCESTER CASTLE." " British hospital ship. The Good Hope " caught fire, blew up, and sank. The " Monmouth," On the 30th March, 1917, she was in the Channel the also on fire, drew off, but was again torpedoed by attacked. enemy and sunk. All on board were The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin rescued. Elizabeth," which was in harbour "GNEISENAU." when the siege began, was blown A German armoured cruiser. up by the Austrians. She v/as sunk by gunfire by the On the 14th March, 1914, in Brilish off the Falkland Islands on " company with H.M. Ships Kent" the 8th December, 1914. " and Orama," she caught the Ger- Accordingto the Admiralty's report man cruiser " Dresden" near Juan published on the 4th November, Fernandez. After five minutes' 1914, she was engaged, with the Ger- " " flighting the Dresden hoisted the man ships " Scharnhorst," " Leip- white flag, and blew up and sank. zig," and "Dresden," off the coast of GLAZEBROOK, Major P. K. Chili, against H.M. Ships " Good Late Member of Parliament. Hope," "Monmouth," and " Glas- Lost his life in the war in March, gow," in stormy weather, the action 1918. lasting an hour. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 89

The "Good Hope" caught fire, «' GOLIATH," H.M.S. blew up, and sank. The " Mon- A third class battleship, completed

mouth," also on fire, drew off, but in the year 1 900. She had a displace- was again attacked. The " Glas- ment of 12,950 tons and a speed of " gow was not greatly damaged, and 18i knots. had few casualties. She was torpedoed in the Darda- She was sunk, with the " Scharn- nelles on the 12th May, 1915, by a " " horst," Niirnberg," and Leip- Turkish destroyer ; 500 lives were zig," whei, they were off the Falkland lost. Islands, by a British squadron, com- GOMPERS, Mr. Sir F. Sturdee, the 8th manded by on American Labour leader. December, 1914. " In May, 1918, he stated : When The engagement lasted five hours. you begin to discuss peace you lose The " Dresden " escaped. the will and po\ser to fight." GODIYAK. GONNELIEN. In the bend of the Cerna. Near Cambrai. On the 20th September, 1918, On the 1st December, 1917, the Serbian troops took it. British recaptured it. GONTRODE. GODLEY, Private S. F. On the 7th November, 1917, City of London Regiment. Gained during the night over three tons of the V.C. in the war. bombs were dropped on the enemy's GODOLLO. aerodromes here and at St. Denis aerodromes in the A market town near Buda-Pest, Westrem, and on Railway Hungary. The King's summer valley of the River Lys. also palace. communications were bombed, results observed. Population, 6,000. and satisfactory A. On the 1st November, 1918, it was GOOD, Sergeant reported that the Austrian Emperor Canadian Scottish. Gained the Karl had fled to his castle here. V.C. in the war. " GOE3EN." 'GOOD HOPE," H.M.S. An armoured cruiser, completed in A German ship (nominally Tur- 1902, having a displacement of 1 4,1 00 kish), completed in August, 1912. tons and a speed of 24 knots. Tonnage, 22,600. According to the Admiralty report She was chased to Messina on the issued on the 4th November, 1914, 5th August, 1914, in company v/ith she was engaged, with H.M. Ships the" Breslau," another German ship. Monmouth" and " Glasgow," off She escaped from Messina on the the coast of Chili, against the German 7th August, 1914, and escaped to the ships " Scharnhorst," " Gneisenau," Dardanelles, v/hen she and the Leipzig," and " Dresden," in " Breslau" were sold to Turkey on stormy weather, the action lasting an the 12th August, 1914. hour. On the 20th January, 1918, she The " Good Hope " caught fire, and the " Breslau " sallied out from blew up, and sank. The " Mon- the Dardanelles, and sank the mouth," also on fire, drew off, but British monitors " Raglan " and was again attacked. The " Glas- M 28. " Breslau " was driyen into a " was not greatly damaged, and minefield and sunk. " Goeben," gow had few casualties. damaged, and followed by the British destroyers " Lizard " and " Tigress," GOOLD-ADAMS, Sir Hamilton J. beached at Nagara Point, and was Aged 60. there bombed by British aircraft Was Governor of Cyprus from without success. 1911 until 1914. On the 27th January, 1918, she was Appointed Governor of Queens- refloated and taken to Constantinople, land in November, 1914. 90 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

GORDON, Lance- Corporal Ber- GRAHAM, Lieut. John Reginald nard Sidney, M.M. Noble. 41st Battalion, Australian Imperial Argyle and Sutherland Highlan- Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. ders. Gained the V.C. in the war GORITZIA. GRAHAME-WHITE, Claude. On the 9th August, 1916, it was Aged 40. captured by the Italians, who routed Great aviator. the Austrians, their prisoners amount- Is Chairman and Managing Direc- ing to over 12.000. tor of the Grahame White Aviation On the 28th October, 1917, it fell, Company, Ltd. and the Italians retreated towards the After the outbreak of war he served Tagliamento. The Germans claimed for a short time as a flight commander 10,000 prisoners and 700 guns, on special service in the Royal Naval GORLE, Temporary -Lieut. R. V. Air Service, making one of the first A Battery, 50th Brigade, Royal patrol night flights over London. Field Artillery. Gained the V.C. in He also took part in one of the first the war. big air raids on the German positions GORRINGE, GeneraL along the Belgian coast. With the approval of the Admiralty On the 6th April, 1916, he suc- he resigned his commission to give ceeded General Aylmer in command attention to the Hendon Aerodrome, of the Kut Relief Force. the principal aviation centre in Great GORT, Captain and Brevet-Major Britain, belonging to the company of (Acting - Lieut. - Colonel) which he is Managing Director. Viscount John Standish Gurtees Prendergast Vere- GRANDCOURT. ker, D.S.O., M.V.O., M.C. On the 6th and 7th February, 1917, British line near here 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards. the advanced Gained the V.C. in the war. and captured 1,000 yards of German trenches, and on the 7th February, Rt. Hon. Sir E., GOSCHEN, W. 1917, the British captured the town. Bart., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., P.C. GRAND PRE. Aged 72. It was captured on the 17th Ambassador. Vienna, 1905-1908; October, 1918. Berlin, 1908-1914. GRANET, Sir Guy. Has had 46 years' experience in Aged 52. the diplomatic service. General Manager of the Midland Was treated with extreme dis- Railway for the last 12 years, having courtesy by the Kaiser and the Berlin been Assistant Manager previously. populace on the declaration of war. Married the Hon. F. J. Gully, Received a Baronetcy on the 1st daughter of Viscount Selby, former January, 1914. Speaker of the House of Commons. GOSLING, Sergeant William Knighted, 1911. (645112). Did important war work on various R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the Committees on the war. war. GRANT, Sergeant J. G. (10/2950). GOURAUD. 1st Battalion, Wellington Regi- French General. ment, N.Z.F. Gained the V.C. in On the 18th November, 1918, he the war. stated he would lead his troops into GRAPPA. Strasburg next day. On the 28th October, 1918, the GOURLEY, Sergeant C. E. (681886 ), Italian infantry defeated several M.M. counter-attacks, consolidated posi- Royal Field Artillery (West Kirby). tions, and took 500 prisoners. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 1st November, 1918, the A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 91

enemy's front collapsed. The hostile On the 21st June, 1916. Great artillery was all captured. Britain, France, and Russia set out GRAVES George. their ultimatum in a Note to Greece. Aged 43. On the 22nd June, 1916, the new Famous actor and comedian. Greek Cabinet met, and they agreed Married on 18th September, 1918, to the proposals of the Entente to dissolve the Chamber, reconstruct Miss Madge Compton, a popular young actress. the gendarmerie, and guarantee an Did much useful work for attitude of benevolent neutrality. charities in the war. On the 19th September, 1916, the Allies declared a blockade of the GREAVES, Acting- Corporal Fred Greek coast. (23715). On the 10th October, 1916, the Notts and Derby Rifles (Bal- Allied Government demanded the borough). Gained the V.C. in the handing over of the Greek Fleet, war. except three warships, and this was GREECE. complied with. The treacherous King Constantine On the 4th December, 1916, the was deposed and was succeeded by Greek Government offered to sur- his son King Alexander, in 1917. render eight batteries. A kingdom in the south part of On the 17th December,^ 1916, the Balkan Peninsula. Bounded on the Greeks accepted the Allies* demands. north by Turkey, on the west and She was reported to be in a state of south by the Mediterranean, and on war with Germany on the 5th July,

the east by the ; and 1917. ncluding islands in the Mediter- GREEN, Captain J. Leslie. anean, Aegean, and Ionian Sea?. Late R. A.M. C. Gained the V.C. Up to the time of the Balkan War in the war. it comprised 24,977 square miles, GREENLAND HILL. and had a population of 2,700,000. Afterthe war she received additional On the 27th August, 1918, the British it. territory, extending her area to about captured 43,500 square miles, and increasing GREENWOOD, Temporary-Major the population to nearly 5,000,000. (Acting - Lieut. - Colonel) The capital is Athens. Harry, D.S.O., M.C. On the 7th October, 1915, a 9th Battalion, King's Own York- Coalition Ministry was formed. M. shire Light Infantry. Gained the Zamis became Premier. V.C. in the war. On the 10th October, 1915, she GREGG, Lieut. M. F. declared armed neutrality. Royal Canadian Regiment, Nova On the 17th October, 1915, Great Scotia. Gained the V.C. in the war. Britain offered Cyprus to Greece in return for her full and immediate GREGG, Sergeant W. (S6522), support of Serbia against Bulgaria. D.C.M., M.M. On the 26th October, 1915, Sir Rifle Brigade (Derby). Gained Edward Grey stated in the House of the V.C. in the war. Commons that Greece had refused GREGORY, Thomas W. the offer of Cyprus, which therefore Was Attorney-General in President lapsed. Wilson's Cabinet. On the 25th November, 1915, the '*GREIF." Entente Note was sent, requesting A German armed vessel. security for Allied troops in Mace- She was destroyed by gunfire on donia, to which a favourable reply the 29th February, 1916. was sent Greece conceding the de- mand of the Allies to make Salonika GRENFELL, Captain F. O.

their base for operations in the i 9th Lancers. Gained the V.C. in

Balkans. I the war. 92 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

GRETNA GREEN. Russia had given Belgium a guarantee

A village at the head of Solvvay that she would be asked to take part 1 Firth, on the borders of Scotland and in peace negotiations, and the Allies

England, formerly noted for clandes- would not cease hostilities until i tine marriages. Belgium was reinstated and amply On the 22nd May, 1915, the worst indemnified. disaster in the history of British rail- On the 6th July, 1916, he was ways took place at Quinton's Hill, a given an Earldom, which was, at his mile north of Gretna Green, on the request, changed to a Viscountcy. Caledonian line, a heavily laden On the resignation of the first troop train, going southward with Coalition Ministry he retired from the 500 officers and men, running into a Foreign Office. local passenger train, the Scotch GRIBBLE, Lieut. (Temporary- express from Euston crashing into Captain) J. R.

the wreckage of both of them ; 157 Royal Warwickshire Regiment. killed (among them many of the 7th Gained the V.C. in the war. Royal Scots, including three officers) GRIEVE, Captain Robert Cuthbert. and 200 injured. Australian Infantry. Gained the GREVILLIERS. V.C. in the war. On the 13th March, 1917, it was GRIFFITH, Rt. Hon. Ellis J., K.C., taken by the British. M.P. GREY OF FALLODEN, Viscount, Aged 59. K.G. Was Parliamentary Under Secre- Aged 55. tary to the Home Office from 1913 Was Under Secretary for Foreign until 1915. Affairs. 1892. Privy Councillor in June, 1914. Was Secretary for Foreign Affairs Resigned his post in the Govern- ment. from 1905 until 1916. ; Received honour of K.G. in GRIFFITHS, Colonel Sir J.Norton, February, 1912. M.P. On the 27th July, 1914, he an- Aged 48. nounced his proposals for a Confer- Served in the Matabele War of ence of Germany. France, Italy, and 1896-7. Great Britain, and their acceptance Served in the South African War by France and Italy ; but on the as Captain and Adjutant to Lord following day Austria-Hungary de- Roberts' bodyguard. clared war on Serbia, and com- Took a. strong military attitude in menced operations. the present war. Announced on the 3rd August, Received Knighthood in February, 1914: "England will stand by 1917. France in defending the neutrality of Colonel Belgium." GRIFFITHS-BOSCAWEN, Sir Arthur, M.P. , On the 22nd March, 1915, pre- Aged 54. siding at a lecture on the war, he laid Was the Parliamentary Secretary to upon Germany, by a refusal to settle the Minister of Pensions. the dispute by a conference, the the Coun- appalling responsibility for the war. Was on London County One essential condition of peace, he cil for three years. Secretary to the said, must be reparation to Belgium, Acted as Private for five and the admission of the claim of the Chancellor of the Exchequer Allies of the right to pursue a national years. existence in the enToyment of their GRIMBALDESTON,Sergt.(Acting- own liberty as well as the liberty of C.Q.M.S. (13531). other nationalities. King's Own Scottish Borderers On the 21st March, 1916, he slated (Blackburn). Gained the V.C. in that Great Britain, France, and the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 93

GRIMSHAW, Corporal (now On the 9th April, 1915, she was

Sergeant) John (2609). wrecked ; 7 of the crew were Gained the V.C. in the war. drov/ned. • GRIVE." GUEST, Captain the Hon. Fred- A British armed steamer. erick, M.P., D.S.O. Her loss was announced on the 31st Aged 43. December. 1917. Son of the late Lord Wimborne. GRODNO. Served in South Africa. A town in Russia, 80 miles from Appointed Treasurer to the House- Vilna. hold in 1912. On the 2nd September, 1915, it Awarded D.S.O. in 1917. fell after fierce house - to - house Chief Whip May, 1917. fighting. "GUILDFORD CASTLE." GRODUS. A hospital ship. A town and province of Lithuania, On the 10th March, 1918. the North- West Russia. Germans unsuccessfully tried to Has an area of 15,000 square miles, torpedo her. and a population of nearly 2,000,000. GUILLEMONT. Agricultural, stock-raising, and has On the 9th September, 1916, after wool and tobacco factories. a brilliant attack, it and Guichy were On the 1st September, 1915, the captured by the Irish troops. fall of Grodus wai; reported. GROENER, General. GUISE. A town on the Oise, in the Depart- On the 30th October, 1918, he was ment of Aisne. appointed as successor at General On the 19th October, 1918, the Headquarters to General Ludendorff. French reported that their troops GROGAN, Major and Brevet- were only three miles from here. Lieut. -Colonel (Tempo- On the 28th October, 1918, they rary - Brigadier - General) reported they had occupied La Motte George William St. George, Farm, west of Guise, and reached C.M.G., D.S.O. approaches to west of Heril-la- Worcester Regiment. Gained the Vievielle, west beyond Monce-au- V.C. in the war. Le New, and pushed their lines to the GUATEMALA. outskirts west of Parguy-Ies-Bois. President Don Manuel Estrada- " GUISEPPE GARIBALDL" Cabrera, succeeded in 1917. An Italian armoured cruiser. Republican State in Central She was sunk by an Austrian sub- America. Adjoins Mexico, Hondu- marine on the 18th July, 1915. ras, San Salvador, and the Pacific. " Area, 48,300 square miles. Popu- GULFLIGHT." lation, 2,000,000. A United States oil tank vessel. Coffee and sugar produce. On the 1st May, 1915, she was a Capital, New Guatemala city, torpedoed by German submarine ; seated on broad and high plain, 3 American lives lost. mountain surrounded. Population, GULF OF FINLAND. 72,000. On the east arm of the Baltic Sea, Old Guatemala is a small place, 25 extending about 250 miles between miles v/e"st-south-west of the capital. Finland and the north, and the Population, 6,000. Government of Petrograd (late St. It severed its relations with Ger- Petersburg) and Esthonia on the many on the 27th April, 1917. south. '• GUERNSEY." The German cruiser " Magde- A London and South- Western burg " was sunk here by the Russians cross-Channel steamer. on the 27th August, 1914. 94 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

GULLAND, Rt. Hon. John W., On the 24th September, 1918, it Ex-M.P. was captured by British cavalry. Aged 55. HAIG, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, Appointed Junior Lord of the O.M.,K.T.,G.C.B.,K.C.I.E., Treasury and Scottish Whip in 1909. G.C.V.O. Succeeded the late Mr.Illingworth, Aged 58. and became Chief Liberal Whip in January, 1915, Was Commander - in - Chief at Aldershot. Privy Councillor, December, 1916 Served in the Soudan, 1898. Lost his seat at the Victory Election. Served in South Africa from 1899 GUMBINNEN. until 1902. An industrial town in the province Inspector-General of Cavalry in of East Prussia, Germany, on the India, 1903-6. River Pissa. Director of Military Training, Has a population of 14,500. 1906-7. On the 20th August, 1914, the Director Staff Duties at Head- Russians took the offensive along the quarters, 1907-9. while line and occupied Gumbinnen, Chief of Staff in India. 1909-11. GUYGNCOURT. Was in command of one of the On the 9th September, 1918, the Corps of the Expeditionary Force in British captured it. France. G 194. Received G.C.B. as a birthday A German destroyer. honour in 1915. She was rammed on the 25th Succeeded Viscount French as March, 1916. Commander-in-Chief of the British HABAROVSK. Forces in France on the 15th Decem- ber, 1915. the 16th On September, 1918, it Promoted to Field- Marshal on the was captured by the Japanese. 1st January, 1917. HAGKETT, Sapper W. Knight of the Thistlein July, 1917. Late Royal Engineers. Gained After the disastrous retreat of the V.C. in the war. March, 1918, Marshal Foch was Lost his life in the war. given the supreme command of the HAGONDANGE. whole allied forces In the held. Germany. In his victory report Haig wrote : At the moment when the final The factories and railways here triumph of the Allied cause is assured were bombed by British airmen on we and all others of the Allied and six occasions. HAGUE, The. Associated Armies can look back on the years that have gone with a satis- The capital city of South Holland faction undimmed by a hint of dis- and seat of the Dutch Government. cord or conflict of interest and ideals. It has palaces, art galleries, etc. Few alliances of the past can boast Population, 280,515. such a record. Few can show a On the 24th June, 1917, delegates purpose more tenaciously and faith- of the British and German Govern- fully pursued, or so fully and ments met here to discuss questions gloriously realised." relating to prisoners of war. HAGUENAC. HAIG-BROWN, Colonel. A fortified town of Alsace, Ger- Son of the former Head Master of many, near Strasburg. Charterhouse. Population, 14,500. Lost his life in the war. The station and barracks here were HAINE, Second-Lieut. Reginald bombed by British airmen. Leonard. HAIFA. H.A.C. Gained the V.C. in the A town of Syria, on the Bay of Acre. war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 95

" HAIRREDIN BARBAROSSA." HALL, Corporal A. C. (2631). A Turkish battleship. 54th Battalion, Australian Imperial She was sunk by British sub- Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. marines on the 9th August, 1915. HALL, Arthur Daniel, F.R.S. HAITI. Aged 55. President, Genera! Dartiguenave, Was a DevelopmentCommissioner, succeeded in 1915. and has written on agriculture after Isle in the West Indies. the war. Area, 28,523 square miles. Has been Permanent Secretary to It severed its relations with Ger- the Board of Agriculture and many on the 18th June, 1917. Fisheries since March, 1917, HALAHAN, Captain. R.N. HALL, Col.- Sergeant F. W. 8th Canadian Battalion. Gained Lost his life in the Zeebrugge fight. the V.C in the war. "HALCYON," H.M.S. A torpedo vessel, completed in HALLES. 1895, having a displacement of 1,070 On the 4th November, 1918, the tons, engaged in patrolling. Americans reported that all the She was fired on early in the towns on the west bank of the Meuse, morning of the 3rd November, 1914, south of Halles, were in our hands. off Yarmouth, England, bv a German The attack that morning extended to squadron, which made off, throwing the east bank of the Meuse. out mines. HALLIWELL, Lance -Corporal Joel HALDANE OF CLOAN, Viscount, (9860). K.T., O.M. Lancashire Fusiliers (Middleton). 63. Aged Gained the V.C. in the war. At the close of 1905 he was made War Minister, and organised the HALLOWES, Temporary- Second- Territorial Force. Lieut. R. P. Succeeded Lord Loreburn as Lord 4th Middlesex Regiment. Gained Chancellor in 1912. the V.C. in the war. Made a Knight of the Order of the Thistle in April, 1913. HALTON, Private Albert (241475). Resigned Lord Chancellorship in King's Own Rifles, Lancashire the Cabinet crisis of May, 1913. Regiment (Carnforth). Gained the HALICZ. V.C. in the war. A town in Stanislau district, HAM. Galicia, Austria. A tov/n on the River Somme, near Has brine wells. Amiens, France. Population, 5,000. It has an old castle. Napoleon III. On the 27th June, 1915, the Ger- escaped from prison here in 1846. mans captured it. Has a population of 3,135. On the 5th September, 1916, the On the 19th March, 1917, the Russians achieved victory near here, French took Ham and Chaniy. taking 4,500 prisoners, of whom In September, 1918, the Germans

2,000 were Germans ; and on the 6th placed incendiary bom.bs, many of September, they captured the bridge- them connected by wire with their head of Halicz and set the town on forces which had retreated, and then exploded these charges, setting the On the 10th July, 1917, Korniloff place on fire and completely wrecking captured Halicz, and took 2,000 it. According to the statements of prisoners and 30 guns. prisoners, the German Staff intended On the 23rd July, 1917, the Ger- " to raze everything standing in the rnans recaptured it. country to the ground." 96 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

HAMBURG. HAMILTON, Private John. Important commercial city of Ger- 1st Australian Imperial Force. many, on the Elbe. Great transit Gained the V.C. in the war. port. "HAMPSHIRE," H.M.S. Population, 1,050,000. An armoured cruiser, completed in the 8th it was On November, 1918, 1905. It had a displacement of reported that hard fighting taking was 10,850 tons and a speed of 22^ knots. place in the streets here. The She was torpedoed and sunk while soldiers occupied the railway station, on her way to Russia on the 5th June, and were masters of the greater part of 1916. Lord Kitchener went down the city. in her. the 9th the On November, 1918, The evidence given at the inquiry Prussian diplomatic representative upon her loss has been strictly kept was arrested in his hotel, and Ham- from the public. burg was under revolutionary ad- On the 18th November, 1918, Dr. ministration, and all prisons were Macnamara stated in the House of opened. Commons that it had not been found possible to salve the " Hampshire." EL. HAM The position was not exactly known, On the 13th October. 1918, British but she was lying in 32 fathoms. troops captured it. Inquiries showed that she had struck a mine. HAMILTON, General Sir Ian, HANKEY, Lieut. - Colonel Sir G.C.B., D.S.O. Maurice, K.C.B. Aged 67. Aged 42. Was in the Boer War, and com- Joined the Royal Artillery in 1895 manded the infantry at Elandslaagte Secretary to the Committee of and the troops on Waggon Hill and Imperial Defence. Cessar's Camp. Sergeant-Major Robert Afterwards Chief of Staff in South HANNA, Africa. (75361). Present at much of the fighting in Canadian Infantry. Gained the the Japanese War of 1904-5. V.C. in the war. Commander - in - Chief of the HANNAPPES. Southern Command from 1905 until On the 19th October, 1918, the 1909. French reported that it was in their Adjutant-General to the Forces. hands, as well as most of the localities Commander-in-Chief in the Medi- bordering the Oise Canal. terranean, and Inspector-General of HANOVER. the Overseas Forces, 1910-14. A province of Prussia, formerly an Sent brilliant dispatches as to the independent kingdom. Allies* gallant fight in Gallipoli in Area, 14,869 square miles. Popu- July, 1915. lation, 2,950,000. Took command of the attack on the Has great mineral wealth. Dardanelles companies in the early The Capital of the Province, on part of 1915. Resigned in October, the Leine. 1915. On the 8th November, 1918, the On the 4th September, 1918, he rebels seized the barracks and dis- was appointed Lieutenant of the armed the officers here. Tower in succession to General Sir HANSEN, Captain P. H. Horace Smith-Dorrien. Lincoln Regiment. Gained the HAMILTON, Private (Acting-L.- V.C. in the war. Corporal ) John Brown HARCOURT, Viscount. (331938). Aged 57. Highland Light Infantry. Gained Secretary for the Colonies from he V.C. in the war. 1910 until 1915. , -

A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 97

He acted for a long time as Private Became again Permanent Under Secretary to his father, Sir William Secretary for Foreign Affairs in June, Harcourt. 1916. Appointed an Ecclesiastical Com- Was severely criticised by the missioner, 1913. Mesopotamian Commission in 1917. First Commissioner of Works HARDY, Rev. Theodore Bayley, until December, 1916, and on his D.S.O., M.C. resignation was made Viscount. Fourth Class Army Chaplain De- HARDEN, Maximilian. partment, attached to the Lincolnshire

Aged 57. _ Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the A German journalist and poli- war. tician. HARDYMAN, Lieut. -Colonel. Editor of " Zukunft." The youngest British Lieut. A great friend of Prince Bismarck. Colonel. He wrote during the war some Lost his life in the war. unpalatable " home truths " as well as bitter attacks on Germany's HARGICOURT. opponents, amongst them the follow- On the 22nd September. 1918, it was captured by the Australians. '''In October, 1914: " We willed HARLMANUSV/EILERKOPF. this war. We had to will it." On the 26th April, 1915, it was The 14th October, 1914: " The retaken by the Germans, and re- sovereign fault was the confession captured by the French. that Germany violated the neutrality HARLOCK, Bombardier E. of Belgium. . . . From this confes- G. sion neither God nor devil can set us R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the free. The attempts made after- war. wards to insinuate that others were HARMSWORTH, Captain the Hon. preparing to violate this neutrality H. A. V. innocent." do not render us The eldest son of Lord Rother- In October, 1914: "One prin- mere. ciple, one principle only, counts. and Lost his life in the war. It sums up and contains all others, " ' Force.' HARNES. " On the 13th October, 1918, it was In March, 1918 : The weak are the British. the prey of the strong." captured by HARDINGE OF PENSHURST, HARRIS, Rt. Hon. F. Leverton, Lord,K.G. ,G.C.B. ,G.C.M.G. M.P. G.C.S.I., G.G.I.E., G.C.V.O. Aged 54. Aged 61. Joined the Ministry in December, Formerly Sir Charles Hardinge. 1916. Secretary to the Was permanent head of Foreign Parliamentary Office from 1906 until 1910. Minister of Blockade. Ambassador to Petrograd from HARRIS, Dr. J. Rendel. 1904 until 1906. Learned scholar, who suffered Was Viceroy of India, 1910-16. severely from being torpedoed on a Has filled many diplomatic ap- voyage in 191 7. pointments at ConstantinopiC, Berlin, HARRISON, Lieut.- Commander Washington, Sofia, Bucharest, Paris, A. L., R.N. and Teheran. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 14th June, 1915, at the Lost his life in the war. request of the Government, he agreed to retain the Viceroyalty of India HARRISON, Lieut. -Colonel E. F. until March, 1916. Officer of the Legion of Honour Was appointed K.G. in March, and Deputy Controller of Chem.ical 1916. Warfare. G 98 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

and The remains of this officer were 1 1 enemy destroyers near here buried at Brompton. chased them back to Zeebrugge. HARRISON, Temporary- Second- On the 3rd July, 1915, an air raid place. There were no casualties. Lieut. John, M.C. took On the 4th July, 1917, an air raid East Yorks Regiment. Gained the was made, 12 to 14 German machines V.C. in the war. being employed ; two machines were

HARTLEPOOL. destroyed or shot down ; 1 1 persons A seaport on the Durham coast, were killed and 36 injured. England, sometimes called East There was another German air raid Hartlepool. With adjoining town- on the 22nd July, 1917, here and on ship of West Hartlepool, officially Felixstowe, 15 to 20 German machines

considered one port. being employed ; one was driven

Good trade. Flourishing ship- down ; 1 1 persons were killed and building and other industries. 36 injured. Population of East Hartlepool, HASSAN KALCH. 20,618, and West Hartlepool, 63,932. A town in Asia Minor. On the 16th December, 1914, a Has a population of 8,000. German cruiser force made a raid, On the 20th January. 1916, the shellingit, Scarborough, and Whitby, Russians captured the town and took between 8 and 9 a.m. A British many prisoners. patrolling squadron cut them off, but, favoured by mist and superior speed, 'HAUSATONIC." they succeeded in making good their An American steamship.

escape. Much damage was done, On the 3rd February, 1917, she I churches (including Whitby Abbey), was sunk in daylight off Scilly Isles! prominent buildings, hospitals, and by a German submarine. hotels being struck. The raid re- HAUTMONT. sulted in the deaths of 127 civilians See under "Eclaires." and the wounding of 567, chiefly HAUVINE. i women and children. On the 7th October, 1918, French On the 13th March, 1918, two troops entered it. Zeppelins raided here ; 8 persons were killed and 22 injured. HAVRE. On the 28th October, 1918, it was HARVEY, Major F. J. W. stated that the Belgian Government R.M. Light Infantry. Gained the would definitely leave Havre in the V.C. in the war. course of a few days and establish itself HARVEY, Lieut. Frederick Maurice on reconquered Belgian territory. Watson. "HAWKE," H.M.S. Canadian Force. Gained the V.C. A protected first class cruiser, in the war. completed in 1892, with a displace- HARVEY, Private S. ment of 7,350 tons and a speed of 19 1st Yorks and Lanes Regiment. knots. Gained the V.C. in the war. She and the " Theseus " were HARVEY, N. (42954). attacked by German submarines 1st Battalion, Royal Inniskilling the North Sea on the 15th October, 1914, and the " " was sunk Fusiliers (Newton - le - Willows). Hawke Gained the V.C. in the war. There were about 70 survivors. HARWICH. HAWKER, Captain L. G. A seaport and watering-place in Royal Flying Corps. Gained the Essex, England, on the River Stour. V.C. in the war. Has a population of 13,623. HAYWARD, Lieut. (Acting -Cap- On the 10th May, 1917, a scouting tain) R. F. J., M.C. force of light cruisers and destroyers, Wiltshire Regiment. Gained the under Commodore Tyrwhitt, attacked V.C, in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 99

" HAZARD," H.M.S. Two German destroyers and two A British gunboat. German cruisers were sunk and a She was sunk in collision on the third cruiser disabled here by a 28th January, 1918. British battle squadron on the 28th HEALY, Lieut. August, 1914. Another vessel dis- Famous swimmer. appeared on fire, and many destroyers Lost his life in the war. were damaged. The British vessels HEAVSIDLE, Private Michael were scarcely damaged, and casual- (4/9720). ties numbered 69 killed and wounded for details, see " Arethusa." Durham Light Infantry. Gained — On the 17th November, 1917, a the V.C. in the war. German patrol vessel was sunk 30 HEDGES (Temporary - Lieut.) miles from here by British light Frederick William. cruisers. Four German Dread- Bedford Regiment (attached to 6th noughts attacked them, and drove Battalion Northampton Regiment). them off. Gained the in the war. V.C. On the 19th July, 1 918, the British HEIDELBERG. Fleet swept the Bight of Heligoland, A famous university, on the River and its aircraft bombed Zeppelin Neckar, near Mannheim, in the sheds at Tondern, destroying two Grand Duchy of Baden. Zeppelins ; four British ships were Population, 57,000. lost, three in neutral territory. The station here was bombed by * HELIGOLAND." British airmen. An Austrian light cruiser. HEITHO. She was submarined and sunk on A Renter's telegram from Tokio, the 13th January, 1916. dated the 20th September, 1918, HELLDORF, Captain von. " stated : The War Office announces The German courier who, on the that 15,000 armed Austrian and 9th November, 1918, carried the German prisoners of war from terms of armistice from Foch to Spa. Blagovestchensk have reached here, He was held up by German fire. and have been disarmed." HELSINGFORS. "HELA." The seaport capital of Finland. German light cruiser of the A On the 10th November, 1917, it D" type, launched in 1895, with was reported that the Germans a tonnage of 2,004. landed troops here and entered the She was torpedoed from British town. Submarine E 9 (one of the 17 of the On the 14th April, 1918, the " class, which were completed in E Germans captured it from the Red 1912-14, and having a displacement Guards. of 810 tons) on the 13th September, Rt. Hon. Arthur, off Heligoland, and sunk. HENDERSON, 1914, M.P. HELFERICH, Dr. Aged 56. 46. Aged Was President of the Board of Secretary of State for the German Education from May, 1915, to 1916. t Interior. Appointed in May, 1916. Minister without Portfolio in Mr. A Rhinelander by birth. Lloyd George's Ministry from Professor of Political Formerly December, 1916, to 13th August, Science in the University of Berlin. 1917. At the outbreak of war he was made Elected Chairman of the Labour Secretary to the Treasury. Party on the outbreak of war. HELIGOLAND. Co-operatea on Parliamentary Re- An island in the North Sea, off the cruiting Committee. mouth of the Elbe (now a base for the Appointed Privy Councillor in German Navy; formerly British). January, 1915, 100 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

First Labour member to receive HERRING, Temporary - Second - Cabinet rank. Lieut. Alfred Cecil. His son David fell in the war. Northamptonshire Regiment. On the 23rcl August. 1916, he Gained the V.C. in the war. became Paymaster - General and HERTLING, Count. Adviser. Labour On the 1st November, 1917, he 1917, was On the 9th May, he succeeded Dr. Michaelis as German deputed, with two colleagues, to go Chancellor. to Petrograd to impress upon HERTZ, The Very Rev. Dr. J. Her- Russian Labour and Socialist repre- man, Chief Rabbi. sentatives the necessity of avoiding Aged 47. a separate peace. A Hungarian. On the 29th May, 1917, his depar- Was in South Africa from 1898 ture for Russia was announced, Mr. until expelled by President Kruger, G. Barnes taking his place in the War and then Rabbi in New York. Cabinet in his absence. On the 16th February, 1913. he On the 11th August, 1917, he was elected Chief Rabbi in England. resigned from the War Cabinet, being succeeded by Mr. G. Barnes. Visited the front in 1915, and addressed many Jewish soldiers. Lost his seat as M. P. in the Victory Election. HERZING. Germany. Major (Acting- HENDERSON, The railways here were bombed by Lieut. - Colonel) Edward British airmen. Elers Delavel. Late North Staffs Regiment. "HESPERIAN." Gained the V.C. in the war. An Allan liner, carrying 653 passengers and crew. HENDERSON, Second-Lieut. (Act- On the 4th September, 1915, she ing-Captain) Arthur, M.G. was torpedoed south-west of the Late Argyll and Sutherland High- Frasnet. Passengers landed at landers. Gained the V.C. in the war. Queenstown. The vessel sank later, HENDICOURT. with the loss of 20 lives and 3,400 mail bags. On the 13th September, 1918, its capture by the Allies was reported. HESSE. On the 11th November. 1918, a HERMANNSTALL. Republic was proclaimed. On the 1st September, 1916, the On the 12th November, 1918, it Russians advanced into the Bukowina, was reported that the Grand Duke of on the north flank of the Roumanians, Hesse had been placed under preven- and it. captured tive arrest. HERMES," H.M.S. HEW^ART, Sir Gordon, K.C., M.P. An unprotected second class Aged 49. cruiser, completed in 1899, having a M.P. for Leicester since 1913. displacement of 5, 600 tons and a speed Solicitor-General since December, of 20 knots. 1916, and knighted. On the 31st October, 1914 she Became Attorney-General in the was torpedoed in the Straits of Dover Victory Cabinet. and sunk by a German submarine, all HEWINS, W. A. S., M.P. the crew being saved except 45. Aged 54. HERPY MILL. Was Under Secretary for the On the 26th October, 1918, the Colonies. French pushed their line forward as HEWITSON, Lance-Corporal J. far as the road from Recourrance to (15883). Condeles Herpy, and captured Herpy Royal Lancashire Regiment (Coni- Mill. ston). Gained the V.C. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 101

HEWITT, Second-Lieut. Denis HILL 227. George Wyldbore. On the 11th August, 1916, after a Late Hampshire Regiment. bombardment of Doiran, the French Gained the V.C. in the war. advanced and captured the station Lost his life in the war. and Hill 227. HEWITT, Lance -Corporal William HILL 304. Henry (8162). On the 17th June, 1917, all South African Infantry. Gained positions on Hill 304, Verdun, lost the V.C. in the war. by the French since the 29th June, 1917, were won back, and the German •HIGHFLYER," H.M.S. line proper was pushed astride the A protected second class cruiser, Esnes-Malancourt road on a front completed in 1889, having a displace- of a mile and a half. ment of 5,600 tons and a speed of 20 HILL, Private A. R. knots. She sank the '' Kaiser Wilhelm der Welsh Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. Grosse " on the 27th August, 1914, in the war. off Rio de Oro, in the Spanish colony HINDENBURG, von. of North- West Africa. On the 30th August, 1916, he was •'HILARY," H.M.S. appointed Chief of the German General Staff, in succession to A British armed ship. General von Falkenhayn. On the 29th May, 1917. she was torpedoed and sank in the North Sea, HINTZE, von. with the loss of 4 men. German Admiral. On the 19th October, 1918. it was HILL 60. reported that he had taken up his On the 18th April, 1915, the British new office at Main Army Head- exploded a mine under Hill 60, on quarters as the representative of the the Ypres-Comines Railway, and Foreign Office. captured the hill. HIRSCH, Second-Lieut. (Acting- On the 19th April. 1915, the Ger- Captain) David Philip. mans made desperate but unsuccess- Late Yorks Regiment. Gained the ful attempts to retake it. V.C. in the war. On the 1st May, 1915, an attack was again made here by the Germans, HIT. who used asphyxiating gases. In Mesopotamia. The Germans obtained a footing On the 9th March, 1918, General on the 5th May, 1915, but were dis- Marshall occupied it. lodged, except for a small portion at HOBHOUSE, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles the of hill, , foot the on the 6th Mav, Edward, M.P. 1915. Aged 57. HILL 63. Chancellor of the Duchy of It was captured by the Allies on Lancaster from 1911 until 1914. the 5th September, 1918. Postmaster-General from 1914 until 1915. 70. HILL Knighted in 1917. On the 15th August, 1917, the British captured this hill, penetrating HOBOKEN. the enemy's position to a depth of A town in the province of Antwerp. from 500 to 1,500 yards. A shipbuilding industry. Population, 10,000. HILL 140. Has many important public On the 29th September, 1915, the buildings. French gained this hill, the highest On the 8th October, 1914, in the point of the crests of Vimy, east of bombardment by the Germans on Givenchy. Antwerp it was set on fire. Tv;o of 102 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

British the Brigades successfully 1914. Over 1,400 lives were lost ;

retired with the Belgian Army ; 900 were saved. " 2,000 of them were cut off, and suc- The " Hogue " and " Cressy ceeded in escaping into Holland. were torpedoed while trying to save The British lost 300. lives. " On the 24th March, 1915. the It was thought that the " Cressy British naval wing attacked here, sank one submarine. dropping bombs on submarines in course of construction. HOLBROOK, Lieut.-Com. Nor- HOBSON, Sergeant Frederick man D., R.N. (57118). On the 13th December, 1914, he entered Late Canadian Infantry Battalion. the Dardanelles, dived under five rows of mines, the Gained the V.C. in the war. and torpedoed Turkish battleship " Messudiyeh." Lost his life in the war. The submarine returned in safety. HODGE, Rt. Hon. John, M.P. He was awarded the V.C. Aged 64. Formed and became Secretary of HOLES, Private Thomas Wil- the British Steel Smelters' Mill Iron liam (838301). and Tinplate Workers' Association. Canadian Mounted Rifles. Gained Was President of the Trades Union the V.C. in the war. Congress in 1892. Elected M.P. for Gorton Division HOLLAND. of Lancashire in 1906. Queen Wilhelmina, succeeded in Was appointed Minister of Labour 1890. in Mr. Lloyd George's Ministry. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, Was Chairman of the Labour North Europe, including the pro- Party. vinces of North and South Holland. Was Minister of Pensions until Area, 12,588 square miles. Popu- 1919. lation, 5,950,000. HODGSON, Second-Lieut. Hope. Agriculture, manufactories, and fisheries. Author. Capital, Amsterdam. Lost his life in the war. In 1917 the Dutch Government HOETZENDORF. complained that the neutrality of The Austrian Commander-in- Dutch waters had been violated by Chief. the British, but there was no ground On the 16th July, 1918, he was for this charge. The Germans were removed from the command. taken 4 miles from the coast, and the HOFFMANN, Herr. territoriallimit extends for three miles only. if the charge had been Swiss Foreign Minister, who Even /

true, the Germans so habitually vio- i forwarded German peace terms to lated neutral waters that the British Herr Grimm in Petrograd. Navy could no longer be expected to On the 18th June, 1917, he re- j submarines signed. respect them. German operated and sank ships within 3 J. HOGAN, Sergeant miles of the Spanish and Norwegian Manchester Regiment. Gained coasts ; 2 years earlier they had the V.C. in the war. bombarded the British submarine "HOGUE," H.M.S. E 17 when ashore on the Danish An armoured cruiser, completed coast. in 1902, having a displacement of On the 1st February, 1917, Hol- 12,000 tons and a speed of 21 knots. land, Sweden, and Denmark stopped She was sunk, with H.M. Ships sailings in fear of the German '* Aboukir " and " Cressy," off the blockade. Hook of Holland by German sub- On the 18th March, 1918, she marine U 9 on the 22nd September, accepted the Allies* demands for use — . A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 103

of her shipping in return for supplies Area, 46,250 square miles. Popu- of food. lation, 744,000. HOLLAND, Lieut. John Vincent. Capital, Tequcigalpa. It severed its relations with Leinster Regiment. Gained the Germany on the 17th May, 1917. V.C. in the War. HONEY, Lieut. S. E., D.C.M., M.M. HOLLWEG, Bethmann von. Late 78th Battalion Manitoba The German Imperial Chancellor. Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the the 14th June, 1917, the Kaiser On war. dismissed him, and appointed Herr Lost his life in the war. Michaelis as his successor. HONOLULU. HOLMES, Lance-Corporal F. W. The capital of the Hawaii Islands. Yorks Light Infantry. Gained the Has a good harbour. V.C. in the war. Population, 53,000. " HOLMES, Private William Edgar. The German cruiser Geier ' was Late 2nd Battalion, Grenadier interned here on the 7th November, Guards (Didbrook, near Winchmere, 1914. Gloucestershire). Gained the V.C. HONOURS GRANTED DURING in the war. THE WAR. Lost his life in the war. Mr. Churchill has circulated the HOLNON WOOD. following figures of the honours On the 17th September, 1918, the awarded to officers and men of the Regular Forces, Territorial Forces, British captured it. and New Armies, between August, HOLSTEIN. 1914, and February 28th last :— Formerly Danish duchy, now a BRITISH FORCES. province of Germany. HONOURS CONFERRED FOR SERVICES On the 28th March, 1916, a Ger- IN THE FIELD man destroyer was sunk off here by V.C 563 M.C bars— H.M.S. "Cleopatra." V.C bars .. 2 1st .. .. 2,421 G.C.B. .. 5 2nd.. .. 133 HOLT, William Albert. K.C.B. .. 102 3rd .. .. 4 714 Royal Red Cross— On the 21st February, 1916, at CB CC.M.G. .. 11 1st Class .. 350 a cotton Manchester Assizes, he, K.CMG. .. 99 2nd Class .. 1,048 manufacturer, and Dionysius Cooper, CM.G. .. 1,812 Bars.. .. 17 .. D.C.M. .. manager, director, and secretary to GB.E. 22.800 K.B.E. 3 D.CM. bars— W. A. Holt & Co., Ltd., Bolton, were C.B.E. .. 33 1st .. .. 392 sentenced to twelve months' im- O.B.E. .. 750 2nd .. .. 6 .. 147 Military Medal 91.721 prisonment (second division) and a M.B.E D.S.O. .. 8,435 M.M. bars— fine of £400, and to six months' D.S O. bars— 1st .. .. 3.773 imprisonment (second division), re- 1st .. .. 609 2nd .. .. 98 2nd.. .. 52 M.S.M. .. 13.789 spectively, on a charge of being 3rd .. .. 3 M.S.M. bar .. 8 concerned in yarn transactions with M.C. .. .. 35.802 the Swiss agent of Austrian firms. Tbe appointments to the Order of the British HOMBURG. Empire are in the Military Division. FOR SERVICES IN CONNECTION WITH Seven miles north-west of Frank- THE WAR.

fort. V.C 1 D.S.O. .. 21 On the 13th November,. 1918, the G.CB. .. 7 D.S.O. bar .. 1 K.C.B. .. 31 M.C 23 German Headquarters were removed, CB 182 M.C Bars- with the Government's approval, G CM.G. .. 2 1st .. .. 1 from Spa to here. K.CM.G. .. 43 2nd .. .. 1 CM.G. .. 465 Royal Red Cross- HOME OFFICE. Order of British 1st Class .. 275 2nd Class . 1,960 Whitehall, S.W. 1. Empire (Mili- tarv Divn.) Bars.. .. 6 HONDURAS. G.B.E. .. 2 D.CM. .. 29 President Francisco Bertrand, suc- K.B.E. .. 5 M.M 12 C.B.E. .. 57 M.S.M. .. 2 ceeded in 1913. OB.E. .. 167 Republic of Central America. M.B.E. ..Ill I 104 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

HOOGE. Commission of Relief in Belgium, On the 2nd June, 1916, the achieving magnificent success. Canadians by a gallant counter-attack When the U.S.A. entered the war regained much of the territory' President Wilson called him to the occupied by the enemy near here. new task of controlling the food On the 6th June, 1916, the battle supply of this country. for Ypres extended, the Germans HOPE, Lieut.-Colonel George gaining some ground north of here. Everard. HOOGLEDE. Lord Rosebery's nephew. Lost his life in the war. On the 2nd October, 1918, the Belgians took it and Handazene. HOPKINSON, Colonel B., F.R.S. Eminent scientist. HOOK OF HOLLAND. Was killed flying. A Dutch port in direct communi- HOPWOOD, Lord, of Rosyth, cation with Harwich, England. G. C. B., G. G., M. G., H.M. Ships" Aboukir,"" Hogue," K.C.V.O. and " '* Cressy were sunk off here by Aged 59. German submarines on the 22nd Has been a member of innumerable September, 1914. Over 1,000 lives Royal Commissions. were lost. Has been Under Secretary for the *' " " " The Hogue and Cressy Colonies. were torpedoed while trying to save Vice-Chairman of the Develop- lives. ment Commission. HOOVER, Herbert G. Secretary to the Order of SS. Michael and George. Aged 45. K.C.V.O., in June. 1917. A native of Iowa, who has lived in Secretary to the Irish Convention. California. Raised to the Peerage in October. Food Contioller of the U.S.A. Was additional Civil Lord to the Born of Quaker parentage in Iowa. Admiralty. Became in 1899 Director of Mines in China, and then joined a London HORNE, Lieut.- General Sir H. S. firm as junior partner. Aged 58. Afterwards managed mining in- Entered the Army in 1881. terests in various parts of the world. Served in the South African War. From the beginning of the war he Distinguished himself at Mons and had been working on the food the Battle of the Marne. problem with regard to the starving Promoted to Major-General " for population of Belgium and Northern distinguished service in the field," France. October, 1914, and appointed to the A successful career in business had command of an Army Corps. taught him the supreme gift of His great success at Vimy Ridge winning helpers. His tact and skill and in the Arras offensive in April, in setting them at work to the best 1917, drew general attention to his possible advantage was the product qualities of leadership. of a varied career. HORNE, Sir R. S. , K.B.E., M.P. and He his wife went through the Labour Minister after Victory Boxer riots in China. Election. The Food Act in the United States HORSFALL, Second-Lieut. B. A. was signed on the 10th August, 1917, Mr, Hoover's forty-fourth birthday. Late East Lancashire Regiment. At the outbreak of the war he aided Gained the V.C. in the war. Lost his life in the U.S.A. Embassy in London in the war. organising the return of American I HORSLEY, Captain O., M.C. citizens. Gordon Highlanders. He then launched the U.S.A. Lost his life in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 105

HORTON, Commander Max K., HOUSE, Colonel. R.N., D.S.O. U.S.A. Was given the Board of Trade On the 28th October, 1918, the silver medal for bravery in December, Allies conferred in Paris, and Colonel 1911. House saw Haig and Milner. His brilliant exploits in submarine HOUSTON, David F. warfare since has the war commenced Was Secretary of Agriculture in brought him fame. President Wilson's Cabinet. In command of Submarine E 9, he torpedoed the German cruiser HOUTTAVE. *' Hela " in September, 1914. On the 15th November, 1917, it A month afterwards he sank a was announced that numerous patrols German destroyer, and was awarded were carried out hereby the R.N.A.S., the D.S.O. several engagements with enemy In the Baltic he sank the " Pom- machines taking place. One hostile machine three mem " a German battleship, July, was destroyed and 1915. others driven down completely out of control. HOSEBURG, von. A bombing raid was also carried A German General. out on the aerodrome here. Many Was mentioned as a likely suc- bombs were dropped with good cessor to Ludendorff. eil'ect, a direct hit being reported on sheds. All our machines returned Lieut.-General. HOSKINS, safely. On the 28th January, 1917. he J. succeeded General Smuts in the HOWELL, Corporal George command of the East African Ex- (2445). peditionary Force. Australians. Gained the V.C. in the war. HOSPITALS, Bombing of. HUCKS, Captain B. C. In August, 1917, the Germans R.A.F. began the deliberate bombing of On the 6th November, 1918, this Allied hospitals at the front. pioneer airman died from pneumonia the 22nd August, 1917, a force On follovv'ing influenza. of German aeroplanes raided the He was the first Englishman to Kent coast, and deliberately bombed loop the loop and fly upside down. a British hospital, which v/as plainly He was the holder of 1914 star. marked as such, and which was well HUDSON, Sir Robert. known to them from its conspicuous appearance, causing casualties among Aged 54. the inmates. Took an active part in the British Red Cross organisation in the war. ^HOSPITAL SHIPS, Sinking of. HUDSON, Captain (Temporary- On the 21st November, 1916, the - Colonel) I Lieut. Charles " '* hospital ship Britannic was sunk Edward, D.S.O., M.C. by the enemy in the Aegean, and 50 Notts and Derby Regiment of those on board were drowned. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the following day, in the same Second-Lieut. James hospital ship " HUFFAM, sea, the Braem_ar Palmer. Castle," with wounded on board, 5th Battalion, West Riding Regi- was sunk, v/ith loss of life. (T.F.) (attached 2nd Battalion). In January, 1917, the German ment the V.C. in the war. Government, on the false pretext Gained that British hospital ships were being HUGHES, Sam. used for the transport of combatants On the 24th August, 1915, the and munitions, announced that the King conferred a knighthood on submarines would sink them in the Major-General Sam Hughes, Cana- war zone.' dian Minister of Militia. 106 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Onthe24th April, 1918 he stated: the 25th ^^ On June, 1915, she bom- There is only one way to peace — barded the ports of Tchesme, Lidia, to extinguish the Hohenzollerns and and Agletia in Asia Minor. the militarists." HUSSAREK, Baron. HUGHES, Private Thomas Austrian statesman. Premier. (315027). HUTCHESON, Captain R. S. Connaught Rangers. Gained the Canadian Army Medical Corps V.C. in the war. (attached 75th Battalion, 1st Central HUGHES, Rt. Hon. W. M., P.G. Ontario Regiment). Gained the V.C. Aged 55. in the war. Prime Minister of Australia, 1915. HUTCHINSON, Private J. Born in Wales. Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained the Went to Australia in 1884. V.C. in the war. Elected M.P. there in 1894. Was three times Attorney-General. HUTIN, Marcel. High Commissioner there in 1915. The French correspondent. Devoted himself to the Labour HUTT, Private Arthur (267110). interests, advocating an advanced Royal Warwickshire Regiment. policy. (Earlsdon, Coventry). Gained the Attended the Allies' Economic V.C. in the war. Conference in Paris, and delivered M. Camille. many memorable addresses in HUYSMANS, England, Scotland, and Wales. On the 6th November, 1918, the Sailors' and Firemen's Union refused HULL. permission for him to travel. On the 13th November, 1918, it M. Paul. was reported that early in the HYMANS, Minister. following week the prisoners of war Belgian in the 3rd would begin to arrive here. They Arrived London on 1915. were to be brought over at the rate of March, 2,000 a day. "HYTHE." HULL, Shoeing- Smith G. A British mine-sweeper. 21st Lancers. Gained the V.C. in She was accidentally lost by the war. collision off the Gallipoli Peninsula HULST. on the 28th October, 1915. " North-east of Cambrai. IBERIAN." Leyland liner. On the 17th October, 1918, it was A taken by our troops. On the 30th July, 1915, she was sunk by a German submarine. HUNTER, General Sir Archibald, G.G.B., G.C.V.O., D.S.O. "ICELAND." British trawler. Aged 63. A armed the 9th 1917. she de- A very distinguished soldier, who On July, was Lord Kitchener's right-hand stroyed two German seaplanes. man during the first Soudan cam- "I. F. S.," H.M. Drifter. paign. Lieut. H.B.Bell Irving, R.N. V.R..

He commanded a division in South while on duty on the 1 1th June, 1917, Africa. engaged a group of five German sea- Was Governor of Gibraltar, 1910- planes, and brought down two. 1913. ILLINGWORTH, Rt. Hon. Albert Retired from Aldershot Command H., M.P. in October, 1917. Aged 53. •' HUSSAR," H.M.S. Was on the Advisory Committee A torpedo vessel, completed in the of the Ministry of Munitions. year 1895, having a displacement of Is Postmaster-General in the 1,070 tons. present Government.

} A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 107

IMMELMANN. Of the ** Bliicher's " crew of 885, The famous German airman. 1 25 were saved. He was brought down and killed by The British casualties were 14 a British aviator on the 18th June, killed and 29 wounded. 1916. She was engaged in the battle on IMPERIAL DEFENCE, Com- the 31st Mav, 1916—see under " H.M.S, ' Queen Mary.'" mittee of. 2 Whitehall Gardens, S.W. 1. INFANTRY. In Sir Douglas Haig's report of "IMPETUOSO." " the victory he wrote : Despite the An Italian torpedo-destroyer. enormous development of mechanical She was submarined on the 10th invention in every phase of warfare, July, 1916. the place which the infantryman has "INDEFATIGABLE," H.M.S. always held as the main substance An armoured cruiser, completed in and foundation of an army is as 1911, having a displacement of secure to-day as in any period of 18,750 tons and a speed of 30 knots. history. The infantryman remains She was sunk by German gunfire the backbone of defence and the in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on spearhead of the attack. At no time 31st May, 1916—see under " H.M.S. has the " reputation of the British Queen Mary.' infantryman been higher, or his "INDIA." achievement more v.'orthy of his renov/n. praise can too A British armed liner of 7,940 tons, No be high for the vaIo.ur they have built in 1896, belonging to the shown, no gratitude too deep for the P. & 0. Company. work they have accomplished." She was sunk by submarine off Norway on the 8th August, 1915; " INFLEXIBLE," H.M.S.

22 officers and 1 19 men saved. A battle cruiser, completed in 1908, INDIA OFFICE. having a displacement of 17,250 tons and a speed of 27 knots. St. James' Park, S.W. I. She was engaged in the battle onthe INDIAN NATIVE STATES. 31st May, 1916^ee under "H.M.S. " The rulers, nearly 700, offerea Queen Mary.' their services in aid of British arms on INGELHEM. the 9th September, 1914. On the 26th October, 1918, British "INDIEN." troops carried the villages of Ingel- A French armed vessel. hem and Coteghem, and advanced She was sunk by submarine on the towards the Scheldt. 8th September, 1915. INGELMUNSTER. "INDOMITABLE," H.M.S. It was occupied on the 18th An armoured cruiser, completed in October, 1918. the year 1908, having a displacement INGRAM, Lieut. G. M., M.M. of 17,250 tons and a speed of 27 24th Battalion, Australian Imperial knots. Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. Together with H.M. Ships "Lion," INSALL, Second-Lieut. G. S. Tiger," " Princess Royal," and M. Royal Flying Corps. New Zealand," she was engaged in Gained the V.C. in the war. a running fight with the German ships " Derfflinger," " Seydlitz," INSTERBURG. Moltke," and the " Bliicher " on Atown in Prussia, near Konigsberg. the 24th January, 1915. Has iron foundries. The " Lion " was flying the flag of Population, 29,200. Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. On the 23rd August, 1914, the The " Bliicher " capsized and Russians gained a victory over the sank. Germans hereand occupied thetown. 108 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

•INVINCIBLE," H.M.S. IRISH OFFICE. An armoured cruiser, completed in Old Queen Street, Westminster, 1909, having a displacement of S.W. 17,250 tons and a speed of 27 knots. "IRRESISTIBLE," H.M.S. She was sunk by German gunfire battleship, completed in in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on A 1902, having a displacement of 15,000 tons the 31st May, 1916—see under a speed of knots. " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" and 18 On the 18th March, 1915, an action INWOOD, Private Reginald Roy was fought between the combined (506). British and French squadrons and Australian Imperial Force. Gained the great fortresses of the Narrows the V.C. in the war. in the Dardanelles. Four of the forts IPSWICH. were silenced, but the " Irresistible " " A market and manufacturing town and the Ocean of the British " of Suffolk, England, on the River Fleet, and the Bouvet " of the Orweli. French squadron, were sunk by Has a population of 73,939. mines. An air raid occurred here and on "IRVINE, T. W." Bury St. Edmunds on the 27th April, A British hired trawler. 1915. There were no casualties. Sunk in August, 1914, while acting IPSWICH, Viscount. as a mine-sweeper. Grandson of the Duke of Grafton. ISHTIB. Lost his life in the war. On the 27th September, 1918, it IRBID. was captured by the Serbians. Palestine. ISLINGTON, Lord, D.S.O., On the 6th October, it 1918, was G.C.M.G. captured by the British. Aged 53. IRELAND. Was Governor of New Zealand. The most v/esterly of the two Was a member of the L.C.C. from principal British Isles. 1898 until 1904. Area, 32,393 square miles. Popu- Served in the South African 'X'ar, lation, 4,458,000. 1900. Capital, Dublin. Was appointed Chairman of Indian Divided into the provinces of Public Service Commission, 1912. Leinster, Munster, Ulster, and Con- Under Secretary for the Colonies, naught. August, 1914, Industries, agriculture, fisheries, Under Secretary for India since mining, and manufactories. May, 1915. A rising commenced on the 25th April, 1916. ISPAHAN." The disturbances in Dublin were A Turkish supply ship. most serious. There were many On the 22nd August, 1915, she was killed. torpedoed by a British submarine at On the 27th April, 1916, the rebels Haidar Pasha. held important public buildings in ITALY, Victor Emmanuel III., Dublin, and street fighting continued. King of. By the 9lh May, 1 9I6,''the. civilian Aged 50. casualties were 180 killed and 614 Succeeded to the throne in wounded. 1900. Married in 1896 Princess Helene IRENE." of Montenegro. A Trinity House yacht. Led his nation to join the cause of On the 10th November, 1915, she the Allies in the spring of 1915.

was sunk ; 22 of the crew were Received G.C.IB. in November, reported missing. 1915. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 109

ITALY. IZZET PASHA, General. King Victor Emmanuel III., suc- On the 18th October, 1918, it was ceeded in 1900. reported that he had been appointed A kingdom of South Europe ; an new Grand Vizier and Minister of extensive peninsula portion of the War for Turkey. continent. JABIR. It has numerous isles, the largest On the 24th iNovember, 1917, it being Sardinia and Sicily. was reported that an action was It has a total area of 1 14,410 square fought on a larger scale than usual, in miles, and a population of 34,700,000. which we attacked and captured the Capital, Rome. Turkish port here and its neigh- Exports, silk, velvet, olive oil, bouring pickets. Losses were in- sulphur, fruits, wines, anchovies, etc. flicted on the enemy, and his defences Before the v^ar she had a peace were destroyed. strength of 304,000 men and6,000,000 available men. JACKA, Lance- Corporal A. On the 23rd May, 1915, she de- Australian Imperial Force. Gained clared war on Austria, and Germany the V.C. in the war. recalled Prince Biilow from Rome. JACKS &: Co., Wil iam. On the 2nd June, 1915, the Italians the crossed the Isonzo. On 18th April, 1915, Robert Hetherington and On the 20th August, 1915, she Henry Arnold Wilson, declared war against Turkey. members of the firm of William She declared war on Bulgaria on Jacks & Co., were sentenced the 19th October, 1915. in the Court of Justice, Edinburgh, to six months' imprisonment and fine On the 17th April, 1916, the Italian a of £2,000 each for being instrumental Government prohibited all trading in supplying part of a cargo of iron between Italy and Germany. She declared war on Germany on ore to Krupp s, the Phoenix, and the 28th August, 1916. Rheinische Companies in Germany. On the 21st August, 1917, Italy JACKSON, Admiral Sir Henry B., scored a fine victory on the Carso G.G.B., K.C.V.O. plateau, making over 13,000 prisoners. Aged 64. On the 28th October, 1917, a new First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, Italian Cabinet was formed with in succession to Lord Fisher, from Signor Orlando as Premier. the 27th May, 1915. to the 29th The stand made by the Italian dele- November, 1916, when he was suc- gates for full possession of Fiume ceeded by Sir John Jellicoe. under the Peace Treaty almost led to Commanded the Third Cruiser a break between her Allies and herself. Squadron in 1908.

, Mr. Wilsontook up an almost impos- First and Principal Naval Aide-de- sible attitude, but was forced to give Camp to the King. way to more moderate counsels. JACKSON, Sergeant H. (18474). General. IVANOFF, East Yorkshire Regiment (Kirton, On the 4th April, 1916, he retired near Boston, Lincolnshire). Gained the of the from command Russian the V.C. in the v/ar. Armies of the South, and was suc- ceeded by General Brusiloif. JACKSON, Private (Lance-Cor- IVERNIA." poral) T. N. (20810). Late 1st Battalion, Coldstream A British transport, built in 1900, Guards (Swinton). Gained the V.C. belonging to the Cunard Line, having in the war. a gross tonnage of 14,278 and a speed Lost his life in the war. of 16 knots. On the Ist January, 1917, she was JACKSON, Private W, sunk by a submarine in the Mediter- Australian Infantry. Gained the

ranean ; 153 killed. V.C. in the war. 110 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

"JACOB JONES." Consists of Hondo, Kin-Sin, and A U.S. destroyer. Shikoku Yesso, and numerous On the 6th December, 1917, she similar isles. miles. was torpedoed and sunk ; 37 saved. Total area, 177,661 square tobacco, JAGOW, Herr von. Produces rice, silk, cotton, tea, and hemp.

. Aged 56. Has much mineral wealth, many Became German Ambassador to thriving industries, great commercial Rome in 1909. and political enterprise. Formerly German Secretary for Mountainous, volcanic. Foreign Affairs. Resigned in 1917. Population, 52,000.000. Married in 1914 Countess von Capital, Tokio. Solins Laubach. Sent ultimatum to Germany de- Amongst his famous statements manding evacuation of Kio-Chau on during the war are the following : the 15th August, 1914. To the British Government on the Declared war on Germany on the 4th August. 1914: "It is obvious 23rd August. 1914. that we could not profitably annex Belgianterritory without makingatthe JAROSLAV, or JAROSLAW. same time territorial acquisitions at A manufacturing town in Galicia, expense of Holland." Austria, on the River San. Has a Even in the case of armed conflict garrison. with Belgium, Germany will under Population. 24.100. no pretence whatever annex Belgian It was captured by the Russians on territory." the 22nd September, 1914. JAMES, Temporary- Captain M. A., JARRATT, Corporal George M.G. (55295). Gloucestershire Regiment. Gained Late Royal Fusiliers. Gained the the V.C. in the war. V.C. in the war. JAMES, Second-Lieut. H. Lost his life in the war. Worcestershire Regiment. Gained JARVIS, Lance-Corporal C. A. the V.C. in war. the Royal Engineers. Gained the V.C. JANOTHA, Maria Cecilia Natalie. in the war. The Kaiser's favourite pianist. " JASAN." On the 8th August, 1915, she was An American ship, styled the arrested in London and expelled Santa Claus " ship. Sailed on the from the country. 14th November, 1914, with millions JAPAN, Emperor Zoshihito of, of Christmas presents from Ameri- K.G. can children for the children of Aged 40. belligerent nations. Succeeded in 1912. Son of the late Mikado. JASPROW, Herr. Elected Crown Prince, 1889. Professor of Political Economy in Lieut. -General in Japanese Army, Berlin University.

and Vice-Adm.iral in Navy since In July, 1916, he stated : "Above November, 1909. all no obstacles must be placed in the

Married in I 900 to Princess Sadako, way of the supply of raw materials and has four sons. after the war. In particular the most His heir is Crown Prince Hershito. favoured nation system must be built Made K.G. in 1912. up." JAPAN. JEFFERIES, Captain Clarence Emperor Zoshihito, succeeded in Smith. 1912. Late Australian Imperial Force. Insular empire of East Asia, south Gained the V.C. in the war. of Corea, China, and Asiatic Russia Lost his life in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 111

JELLICOE OF SGAPA, Viscount, JENSEN, Private Jorgan Chris- Admiral of the Fleet, O.M., tian (2389). G.C.B., K.C.V.O. Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- Aged 59. perial Forces. Gained the V.C. in Entered the Navy in 1872. the war. Won £80 prize for gunnery when JERRARD, Lieut. A. a Lieutenant. R.A.F. (formerly South Stafford- Served in the Egyptian War, 1882. shire Regiment). Gained the V.C. Has been Third Sea Lord and in the war. Second Sea Lord. Commanded the Red Fleet in the JEWISH LADS' BRIGADE. 1913 manoeuvres. An organisation having for its G.C.B. conferred in February, objects the teaching to its members 1915. " habits of orderliness, cleanliness, Advanced from rank of Vice- and honour, so that in learning to Admiral to that of Admiral on the 5th respect themselves they will be a March, 1915. credit to their community." The Commander-in-Chief of British drill and discipline taught by the Fleet from August, 1914, until Brigade has proved of great benefit to November, 1916. lads joining the Army, those who Promoted Knight Grand Cross of have been non-commissioned in the the Roval Victorian Order after the Jewish Lads' Brigade being rapidly North Sea Battle in 1916. promoted to non-commissioned rank. On the 15th September, 1916, he Headquarters, Camperdown House, was given the Order of Merit. Half Moon Passage, Aldgate, E. Com- Appointed First Sea Lord on the mandant, Colonel Sir Frederick L. 29th Navember, 1916, in succession Nathan. Secretary, B. M. Woolf. to Sir H. Jackson. Marshal. On the 4th May, 1917, he was JOFFRE, appointed chief of an enlarged War Aged 67. Staff at the Admiralty. French Commander-in-Chief in On the 14th May, 1917, he took the war from the beginning until the 1916, the new title of Chief of the Naval 12th December, when he was Staff. He was succeeded by Vice- succeeded by General Nivelle. Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss. He Entered the Army in the Franco- Prussian a was created a Viscount in 1918. He War as Second-Lieuten- was appointed Admiral of the Fleet, ant, commanding a battery in the 3rd April, 1919. ^iege of Paris. a Captain at the of 22. On the 29th October, 1918, at Was age Neath, he said the end of the war was On the 3rd December, 1915, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief in sight, and a glorious end it would be. of the French Armies. Created Marshal of France on the " JEMTCHUG." 26th December, 1916. " " A Russian battleship of the D Visited the U.S.A. on a special type, launched in 1913, having a mission in April, 1917. tonnage of 3,130. JOHNSON, Captain (Acting-Lt.- On the 28th October, 1915, she was " Colonel) D. G., D.S.O., torpedoed by the Emden." M.C. JENIN. South Wales Borderers (attached Palestine. 2nd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regi- On the 28th September, 1918, it ment). Gained the V.C. in the war. was occupied by the British. JOHNSON, Second-Lieut. James. JENNINGS, Private D. W. 2nd Battalion, Northumberland Kent county cricketer. Fusiliers (attached 36th Battalion). Lost his life in the war. Gained the V.C. in the v5^ar. 112 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

JOHNSON, Temporary - Second- JONNART, M Lieut. F. H. The Allied Plenipotentiary. Royal Engineers. Gained the Reached Greece on the 6th June, V.C. in the war. 1917. JOHNSON, Sergeant W. H. JOTHAIN, Captain E. (306122). 51st Sikhs. Gained the V.C. in l/5th Battalion, Notts and Derby the war. Regiment (T.F.) (Worksop). Gained JOUY. the V.C. in the war. On the 29th September, 1918, the JOHNSTON, Captain W. H. French occupied it. Royal Engineers. Gained the JOYNSON-HICKS, William, M.P. V.C. in the war. Aged 55. JOINT WOMEN'S VOLUNTARY Chairman of Automobile Associa- AID DETACHMENT DE- tion and Motor Union. PARTMENT. Interested in increasing British The splendid work of these organi- aircraft in the war. sations is carried on by the British JOYNT, Lieut. W. D. Red Cross and the St. John of 8th Battalion, A.LF. Gained the Jerusalem. V.C. in the war. The work is not confined to Eng- land alone, as over 2,000 of the mem- JUAN FERNANDEZ. bers are in hospitals abroad, and A rocky island, belonging to Chili, about 200 are working in France as in the South Pacific Ocean. drivers of motor ambulances, cars, It has an area of 28 square miles. etc., and they are at work at Famous as a solitary residence. and as far east as Egypt and Salonika. Robinson Crusoe was said to be JOLIMETZ. here from 1704-9. On the 14th March. 1915, H.M. On the 5th November, Sir 1918, Ships " Glasgow," ** Kent," and Douglas Haig reported the capture of "Grama" caught the German it, Le Rond Quesne, Frasnoy, and cruiser " Dresden" near here. After Le Petit Marais. " five minutes' fighting the " Dresden JONCQ. hoisted the white flag^ blew up, and To the north-west and west of sank. Beaumont. JUGO-SLAV. On the 6th November, 1918, On the 31st October, 1918, the Americans captured Joncq (nine and Jugo-Slav National Council opened a half miles south-east of Sedan), La negotiations with the Serbian Govern- Besace, and Stonne. ment. JONES, Lieut. R. B. B. JUROV- (or GOUROV)-KAMEN, Loyal North Lancashire Regi- The. ment. Gained in the V.C. the war. Five thousand one hundred and JONES, Com. Loftus William. eighty-four feet high. On the 20th September, 1918. it R.N. Killed in action. Gained was taken by Jugo-Slavs after terrific the V.C. in the war. fighting. JONES, Private Thomas Alfred (11000). JUSSAY. A town in the province of Haute Cheshire Regiment. Gained the Saone, France. V.C. in the war. Population, 3,123. JONES, Sergeant David (14951). On the 21st March. 1917, the Liverpool Regiment. Gained the French carried Jussay, and forced the V.C. in the war. Crozat Canal, f A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 113

* JUSTICIA." Monmouth," and " Glasgow " en- A steamer. gaged the German ships " Scharn- On the 20th July, 1918, she was horst,"" Gneisenau," " Leipzig," and sunk after a long struggle with Dresden," in stormy weather, the several submarines. One German action lasting an hour. " submarine was sunk by the destroyer The Good Hope " caught fire, Marne." blew up, and sank. " JUTLAND. The Monmouth," also on fire, drew off, and was again attacked. A peninsula of Denmark, washed The *' Glasgow " was not greatly by the North Sea, Skager Rack, and damaged, and had few casualties. Cattegat. The Austrians blew up the Area, 9,762 square miles ; flat, " Kaiserin Elizabeth." low-lying, and unfertile. Population, 1,200,000. KAISER WILHELM DER A great naval battle took place off GROSSE." here on the 31st May, 1916, betv/een A German ship, having a tonnage the British battle cruiser fleet, under of 14,349. Admiral Beatty, and the German She was sunk by H.M.S. " High- battle fleet. Several important ships flyer " on the 27th August, 1914, off were lost on both sides and thousands Rio de Oro, in the Spanish colony of of lives, the Germans suffering by far North- West Africa. the more severely. KAISERSLAUTERN. 1st September, 1917, a sea On the A manufacturing town, near fight took place off here ; four German Mannheim, Bavaria. Has great destroyed. mine-sweepers were industrial activity. JUVIGNY. Population, 54,480. Two kilos north of Chavigny. The factories, station, railways, and On the 1st September, 1918, it was barracks here were bombed by carried by the Allies, after an British airmen on ten occasions. obstinate struggle, as well as Crouy. KALEDIN, General. jKACHKOV. On the 19th February, 1918, he On the 19th September, 1918, it committed suicide in Russia. was captured by the Serbians. KALISZ. K A E B L E, Corporal Joseph In the Government of Russian (889958). Poland, adjoining Prussia. Late Quebec Regiment. Gained An agricultural and cattle-breeding in the valley of Prosna. the V.C. in the v/ar. centre the Linen factories. Lost his life in the war, Population, 22,600. KAISERIN, The. On the 11th July, 1917, it fell to On the 22nd October, 1918, she General Korniloff's troops after a celebrated her 60th birthday very pitched battle. quietly. KAMEN. On the 31st October, 1918, it was the 19th it was stated that she was very weak and ill, On September and insisted upon the Kaiser's captured by the Serbians. abdication. KAMPOLUNG. "KAISERIN ELIZABETH." On the 2nd August, 1917, the Germans took it. An Austrian cruiser, launched in 1890, having a tonnage of 4,060. KAPLAN, Dora. She was in harbour when the A well-known revolutionary. Born siege reported by the Admiralty in Kieff. on the 4th November, 1914, began. On the ist September, 1918, it was In the action off the coast of reported that Lenin had been mur- Chili, H.M. Ships " Good Hope," dered by a young girl. On the 2nd H 114 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

September, 1918, it was found that On the 23rd October, 1914, she Lenin was not dead, and that his appeared on Atlantic waters and assailant was Dora Kaplan. destroyed 13 British merchant ships, On the 9th September, 1918, it and successfully eluded capture. was reported that Dora Kaplan had On the 2nd November, 1914, she been executed. sank three more British merchant KARABAGH. ships. She was sunk in the same month On the 13th November, 1918, it was reported that two Turkish by explosion. divisions had abandoned Turkish KAROLYI, Count. uniform, were serving as Tartar On the 6th it troops, and bombarding villages in November, 1918, was reported that he this region. had gone to Padua to visit General Diaz. KARL, Emperor of Austria. It was reported on the 12th KARS. November, 1918, that he had A strongly-fortified town in Trans- abdicated. caucasia, Russia. It is the capital of On the 14th November, 1918, it the province of the same name. was reported that he had left for On the 27th April, 1918, it was Southern Austria, en route for captured by the Turks. Switzerland. •KARL F." KARTHAUS. A German armoured cruiser. Germany. She is said to have been sunk by The railways and bridges here the Russian Fleet in the Baltic on the were bombed by British airmen on llth December, 1914. nine occasions. KARLOKRONA. KAVALA, or GAVALLA. On the 14th November, 1918, the Swedish Admiralty announced that A town in Turkey, on the Bay of Kavala. officers of the five German sub- marines which were here had asked Great tobacco preparing and ex- to be interned. The submarines porting centre. Population, were to be disarmed immediately and 18,000. On the 17th September, 1916, a crews interned, i.e., U 124, UB 143, Greek Army Corps was practically UB 148, UB90, and UC 7. KARLSRUHE. kidnapped here in a body by the and deported to Germany, Germany. Germans to be interned as " guests " until the The capital of the Grand Duchy Entente evacuated Greece. of Baden. The factories, station, railways, and KAZAN. docks here were bombed on twelve Government of Middle Russia, at occasions by British airmen. the confluence of the Volga and On the 15th June, 1915, as a Kama. reprisal for the bombardment by the Area, 24,601 square miles. Popu- Germans of open French and British lation, 2,750,000, mainly agricultural. towns, Allied airmen it. bombarded Capital, Kazan. Population, Bombs were dropped from 23 aero- 140,000. planes upon the castle, the arms Important trade centre for East factory, and the station, railway with Russia, Turkestan, Bokhara, and reported great loss of life and damage Persia. Soap and candle factories. by fire. On the 3rd October, 1918, it was • KARLSRUHE." reported that Trotsky had given out A German light cruiser. Class 2, an order delivering all women of completed in 1912, having a tonnage Kazan into the hands of the Red of 4,820 and a speed of 28 knots. Guards. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 115

KECSKEMET. KENNY, Private Thomas. Hungarian Public Prosecutor. Durham Light Infantry. Gained On the 9th November. 1918. the V.C. in the war. prisoners who had been set at liberty '*KENT," H.M.S. murdered him. An armoured cruiser, completed KEELING. in the year 1903, having a displace- An island, called also .Coco and ment of 9,800 tons and a speed of Cocos Keeling, in the coral group, in 23i knots. the Indian Ocean, included in the On the 14th March. 1915, she Straits Settlements Government. and H.M. Ships " Glasgow" and The German raider cruiser " Em- " Orama " caught the German den " was captured and destroyed cruiser " Dresden " near Juan Fer- here by H.M.A S. "Sydney" in nandez. After five minutes' fighting October, 1914. the " Dresden " hoisted the white KEETMANSHOOP. flag, blew up and sank. In German South- West Africa. KENJTISH COAST. On the 20th April. 1915. the Union 1 he Germans torpedoedfour ships troops occupied it. off here on the 23rd February, 1915. KELLY,Temporary-Lieut. (Second) On the 17th May, 1915, there was Henry. an air raid, and bombs were dropped West Riding Regiment. Gained on Ramsgate, 3 persons being in- the V.C. in the war. jured. Chased by British airmen on its return, it was attacked off Nieupoort KELLAWAY, Frederick G., M.P. by eight naval aeroplanes from Dun- Aged 48. kirk, and reported to be damaged. Joint Parliamentary Secretary of On the 27th May, 1915, there was the Munition Board in December, another Zeppelin raid. Bombs were 1916. dropped on Southend ; 2 women KEMMEL HILL. v/ere killed and 1 child injured. On the 26th April, 1918, it was On the 13th September, 1915, captured by the Germans. German aeroplanes dropped bombs Much heavy fighting took place in here ; 7 were injured, and some this neighbourhood. damage was caused. Hostile craft KEMMERN. chased off by naval aeroplanes. On the 12th November, 1915, the Zeppelin raid on Suffolk, Kent Russians captured it and Cuiting, coast, and' Midland Counties on the west of Riga. 31st January, 1916; 67 killed and

1 1 7 injured. KENEALLY, Private W. (1809). Air raid cnthe9th February, 1916; 1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. no casualties. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 19th March. 1916, four KENNEDY, Captain R. S., M.C. enemy seaplanes raided the Kent Brilliant alumnus of Guy's Hospital. coast; one machine pursued 30 m.iles Lost his life in the war. out to sea by Flight-Commander KENNY, Private Thomas James Bone, who forced it to descend; H Bede (4195). persons were killed and 31 injured in Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- the raid. perial Force. Gained the V.C. in the On the 19th May, 1916, hostile war. seaplanes raided the Kent coast moonlight raid. One seaplane KENNY, Drummer G. in a was brought down on its return Highlanders. Gordon Gained the journey. V.C. in the war. Air raid on the 16th March, 1917. KENNY, Private H. It was entirely futile, and no damage Loyal North Lancashire Regi- done. L 39 on her return was ment. Gained the V.C. in the war. caught by a storm and blown over to 116 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

France, where she was shot down in Became Prime Minister of Russia

flames by the French at Compiegne. on the 22nd July, 1917, in succession , On the 5th April, 1917, there was to Prince Lvoff. another air raid ; no casualties. KERMAN. On the 16th June, 1917, there was In the province of the same name a Zeppelin raid ; 3 killed and 20 in Persia. injured. Area of the province, 9,652 square Air raid here and on London on miles. Population, 6,000,000. the 7th July, 1917; 43 killed and 195 Capital, Ghirdjan. injured. Kerman Popu- lation, 30,000. On the 22nd August. 1917, the the 12th Sir Percy Germans raided the Kentish coast On June. 1916, Sykes entered here at the head of a with 12 machines ; three were British column. destroyed or shot down ; 1 1 persons were killed and 13 injured. KERR, Lieut. G. F., M.C., M.M. On the 2nd September, 1917, 3rd Battalion, 1st Central Ontario German aeroplanes crossed the Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the Kentish coast by night and bombed war.

Dover, killing 1 and wounding 6 KERR, Private John Chipman persons. (101465). On the 28th September, 1917, Canadian Infantry. Gained the there was another raid on the Kent V.C. in the war. coast and on Essex and Suffolk. About 10 German machines were KERRY. employed. There were no casual- A maritime county, Ireland, pro- ties. vince Munster. On the 30th Septeniber, 1917, Area, 1 ,816 square miles. Popula- there was another air raid here and tion (decreasing), 159,268.

on London ; 9 persons killed and Capital, Tralee. 42 injured. On the occasion of the Sinn On the 31st October, 1917, there Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it was another air raid on the Kentish became necessary to move columns coast by one German machine. of troops here (see under " Dublin "). There were no casualties. On the 22nd December, 1917, KEYES, Admiral Sir Roger, about five German machines raided K.G.B., G.V.O., D.S.O. here. There were no casualties. Commander of the Dover Patrol, On the 29th January, 1918, there succeeding Vice-Admiral Bacon on was another air raid by about 15 the 11th January, 1918. He landed at Ostend on the 17th German machines : 10 killed and 10 injured. October, 1918. On the 20th July, 1918, there was KEYSOR, Private L. another raid by one German machine. 1st Australian Imperial Force. No casualties. Gained the V.C. in the war. KEOGH, Sir Albert, G.C.B. KEYWORTH, Lance-Corporal L. J. Aged 62. London Regiment. Gained the Served in the South African War. V.C. in the war. Created C.B. in 1900. Became Director-General of the KHABAROVSK. Army Medical Service in 1904. The capital of maritime province, K.C.B. in 1906. 300 miles from Vladivostock. G.C.B. in 1917. On the 7th September, 1918. Japanese cavalry occupied it. KERENSKY, Alexander F. Aged 37. KHAN, Nark S. Russian statesman. Punjabis. Gained the V.C. in the Was Minister of Justice for a time. -

A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 117

" KHEYR - ED - DIN - BARBAR hands. Prince Henry of Prussia OSSE." escaped in a car, flying the red flag A Turkish battleship. and wearing a red armlet. He was She was sunk by a submarine on chased in another car containing some the 8th August, 1915. marines, who fired about a dozen KHUDADAD, Sepoy. shots at him without, however, hitting him. Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis. Gained the V.C. in the KIFRI. war. One hundred miles north-north- KHUWERLFEH. east of Baghdad. On the 31st October, 1917, British Eleven miles from Beersheba. aeroplanes dropped bombs on the On the 5th November, 1917, the enemy's aerodromes here with good Allied troops, operating in Egypt, results. captured the town. KILBY, Captain A. F. G. BAY. KIAO-CHAU South Staffords. Gained the V.C. A Japanese cruiser was sunk by a in the war. mine here on the 17th October, 1914 ; •KINGANI." 260 lives v/ere lost. A German armed steamer. KIEL. On the 26th December, 1915, a A seaport, Schleswig-Holstein, naval expedition sent to Lake Tan- Prussia. Germany's chief naval port ganyika was captured by her. on the Baltic. Has shipbuilding and VII.," allied industries. "KING EDWARD H.M.S. Population, 212,000. A battleship, completed in the year having On the 4th September, 1914, seven 1905, a displacement of tons a German destroyers and torpedo- 16,350 and speed of 18^ knots. Captain C. Maclachan. boats arrived here in a damaged con- She was sunk by a mine on the 9th dition, and it was believed that one 1916, to squadron had mistaken another for January, and had be aban- doned owing to the heavy enemy's ships. weather. The whole of the On the 3rd November, 1918, riots crew were saved. occurred among German naval KING'S LYNN. crews. There was firing in the A borough and seaport town in

streets ; 8 killed and 29 wounded. Norfolk, England, on the River Ouse. The demand of the crew for the Population, 20,205. release of stokers of the German A Zeppelin raid occurred here and battleship " Markgraf," who had on Yarmouth on the 19th January been imprisoned for insubordination, 1915; 4 persons were killed. was loudly proclaimed. The rioters KINNAIRD, Lord, K.T. prisoners released some and de- Aged 72. molished the building. Lord High Commissioner for On the 7th November, 1918, Kiel Scotland, 1907-9. ships hoisted the red flag, and were Knight of the Order of the Thistle, believed to have sailed for neutral June, 1914.

ports ; and there were strikes at Lost his eldest son in the war Cuxhaven and Wilhelmshaven im- (killed in action). perial wharves. All Kiel was re- KINROSS, Private Cecil ported to be in the hands of revolu- John (437793). tionaries. Twenty thousand soldiers broke prisons. Hamburg, Altona, Canadian Infantry. Gained the Hensburg, and Apengrade were V.C. in the war. affected by the revolutionary move- KIPLING, Rudyard. ment. Aged 53. On the 8th November, 1918, it was Poet, novelist, and miscellaneous reported that all the Fleet was in rebel writer. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Has been active with pen and of the day was issued to the Army speech during the war. expressing the King's profound His only son was killed in the war. regret at the disaster by which Lord At Folkestone on the 15th Feb- Kitchener lost his life, and testifying " ruary, 1918, he stated : Our hearts, to his great services to the Empire. our reason, every instinct in us that 'KLEBER." lifts us above the mere brute, shows A French cruiser. us that the war must go on. Other- She was sunk by a mine off Brest wise earth becomes a hell without on the 27th June, 1917. hope." KLOTZ, M. KIRK, Second-Lieut. J. Was appointed Minister of Finance Late 10th (attached 2nd Battalion) for France in the new Ministry Manchester Regiment. Gained the formed in 1917. V.C. in the war. KNIGHT, Sfirgeant Alfred Joseph Lost his life in the war. (370995). KIRKUK. London Rifles (Nottingham). In Mesopotamia. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 7th May, 1918, the British KNOCKE. captured it. On the 19th October, 1918, the The British retirement from it Kaiser Wilhelm Battery here was was announced on the 1st June, blown up, and soon afterwards 1918. Belgian troops entered Zeebrugge. KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, KNOX, Temporary- Second-Lieut. EarL C. L. Born in 1850. Died in 1916. Royal Engineers. Gained the Entered the Army in 1871. V.C. in the war. Served in Cyprus, Egypt, India, KNYAZEVATZ. South Africa, etc. French cavalry and Serbian in- in India, Commander-in-Chief fantry entered here on the 16th 1902 until 1909. October, 1918. Raised to the Peerage in 1898, and KOCHANE. accorded a grant of £30,000. On the 26th September, 1918. the Received his Viscountcy and a Serbian cavalry entered here. further £50,000 for his work in the " South African War. KOENIGSBERG." Succeeded Sir Eldon Gorst as A German cruiser. Consul-General in Egypt in 1911. On the 1st November, 1918, she to sea plenipotentiaries of Was made Secretary for War at the put with Sailors' outbreak of hostilities in August, the Workmen's and Council of the Fleet in order to 1914. German meet j At the Lord Mayor's banquet on the representatives of the British Admiralty. The Chief of the High the 9th November, 1 91 4, in a vigorous speech he called for " more men, and Seas Forces, von Hippe, was to take part in the negotiations as expert still more men, until the enemy is crushed." adviser for the deliberations con- cerning execution of naval On the 1st June, 1915, he was the con- given the Order of the Garter. ditions of the armistice. Started for tour of inspection "KOLBERG." a to " the Near East on the 5th November, A German battleship of the " D 1915, returning to London on the type, launched in 1908, with a tonnage 30th November. of 4.280. Drowned on the 5th June, 1916, On the 28th August, 1914, she was while on his way to Russia in the destroyed by gunfire of British " Hampshire/' oflF the Orkneys. cruisers and destroyers off Heligo- On the 6th June, 1916, an order land. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 119 "KOLN." KOONO. A German light cruiser. On the 17th August, 1915, it fell after fierce Sunk by the British Fleet off a bombardment with Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 heavy guns by the Germans. —for details, see " Arethusa ". KORBER, Dr. von. '•KOLNISCHE ZEITUNG." Austrian Premier. He resigned on the 13th December, " The Cologne Gazette." 1916, being succeeded by Dr. von Pan-German and Krupp organ. Spitzmiillen. An old-established newspaper. The KORNILOFF, General. favourite semi-official mouthpiece of Succeeded General Brusiloff as the German Government andForeign Russian Commander-in-Chief on the Office. Its circulation is small but 1st August, 1917. select, and it wields wide influence in On the 3rd September, he Germany. 1917, was dismissed by M. Kerensky, In its issue of the 28th December, " negotiations to restore discipline in ] 91 4, it stated : Under the absolute the Army, urged by the former, necessity of circumstances we have having failed. often been compelled to depart from KOZIAK. the road of uprightness." In the Balkans. 'KONIGEN LUISE." On the 18th September, 1918, the German mine-sweeper of the Allies completed the capture of H " type, having a tonnage of the dominating position of Kaikov 2.163. Kamien, north-east of Koziak. She was sunk by H.M.S. " Am- KRALGEVO. " phion on the 5th August, 1914. One hundred and seventy miles east of Bosnian frontier. ' KONIGSBERG." It has about 20,000 inhabitants, German light cruiser of the A and is the centre of a large industria " type, launched in 1905, with a D and fruit district. tonnage of 3,400. On the 22nd October, 1918, the disabled She H.M.S. "Pegasus" Serbian troops occupied this plain, in Zanzibar in East Africa, Harbour, and crossed to the river next on the 19th September, 1914. morning. On the 30th October, 1914, she KRASNOYARSK. was discovered by H.M.S. " Chat- A Siberian town, capital of the ham " hiding in shoal water about six Government of Yeniseisk. miles up the Rufigi river (a river of On the 28th August, 1918, the Germ.an East Africa ; flows, 450 Japanese cavalry took it. miles, to the Indian Ocean) and forced out of harm's way. KREUTZWALD. On the llth July, 1915, she was Germany. burnt by British monitors in the The electric power station here Rufigi river. was bombed by British airmen on four occasions. "KONINGIN REGENTES," KRIEMHILDE. A hospital ship. On the 16th October, 1918, in the 6th 1918, she, in On June, spite of desperate resistance, the of " with company the Sindoro," American troops carried the Kriem- British delegates to treat regarding hilde line, capturing the important exchange of prisoners, was treacher- Hill 299 (about a mile and a half ously torpedoed and sunk. north-east of Cunel). KONOWAL, Acting-Corporal F. KRITHIA. (144039). The Allied armies captured the Canadian Infantry. Gained the heights of Krithia on the 20th May, V.C. in the war. 1915. 120 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

KRIVOLAK. KUROPATKIN, General. On the 26th November, 1915, the Was appointed to chief command French repulsed a Bulgarian attack of the Russian armies on the Northern here, and occupied Brusnik. Front on the 27th February, 1916. **KRONPRINZ WILHELM." KURSK. German vessel. In the Government of Middle She put in at Hampton Roads, Russia. Virginia, on the 1 1th April, 1915. Area, 17,937 square miles. Popu- «'KRONPRINZESSIN CECIL." lation, 3,500,000. Capital, Kursk, a town in a fruit- A Hamburg-Amerika liner seized growing district, with thriving manu- at the outbreak of the war. factories and good trade. Annual On the 23rd March, 1916, the fair. Population, 82,000. Prize Court condemned her as enemy On the 9th September, 1918. an property. explosion occurred in which 200 KRONSHEVATZ. persons were killed and injured. It On the 15th OctoJDer, 1918, was believed that munitions carried by a train fire. Serbian troops occupied it. goods caught KRUISTRADT. KUT-EL-AMARA. On the 30th September, 1918, it On the 29th April, 1916, it fell w&s captured by British troops. after a gallant resistance lasting for 143 days, caused by the exhaustion KRUPP, von Bohlem und Halbach. of supplies. Son-in-law of the late Herr Krupp. General Townshend surrendered A director of Krupp's. with 2,970 British troops of all ranks It was stated on the 13th Novem- and 6,000 Indian troops, all guns and ber, 1918, that he had fled with the munitions being destroyed. Kaiser. At the south bank of the Tigris on KUEPFERLE. the 21st January, 1917, it was re- ported An alleged German spy. to have been cleared by the enemy. On the 20th May, 1916, he com- the mitted suicide in Brixton Prison. On 24th February, 1917, British forces recaptured the city. KUHLMANN, Richard von. Aged 45. LA BASSEE. Served as Councillor at the German A town in France, Department Embassy in Londonfor sfxyears prior Nord, near Lille. to the war. Population, 3,867. Afterwards Councillor at Stock- On the 24th November, 1914, the holm and Minister at the Hague. gallant recapture of trenches here by German Minister for Foreign Indian troops was reported. Many Affairs in August, 1917. German officers, men, and guns were On the 9th July, 1918, he was suc- taken. ceeded by Admiral von Hintze. On the 19th December, 1914, the KUM. Allies gained further ground before Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well as A small province of Persia, south east and south of Ypres, north of of Teheran province. La Bassee, and north-west of Arras, A place of pilgrimage. while the portion Population, 20,000. east of Vermelles was maintained. It was captured by the Russians On the 30th January, 1915, the on the 21st December, 1915. Germans were checked by the British KUMANOO. here, 200 dead being counted in front On the 1st October, 1918, Serbian of the British trenches. troops entered here. On the 15th April. 1915, the Allies . A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 121

gained a brilliant success between LAGNICOURT. Arras and here. On the 26th March, 1917, it was Abandoned in the disasters of captured by the British, and Couchy- March. 1918. le-Chateau and Folembray were taken On the 3rd October, 1918, it v/as by the French. captured by the British. LAGOSBA ISLAND. LABOUR CORPS. On the 26th July, 1915, a French In Sir Douglas Haig's report of the destroyer demolished the Austrian " victory he wrote : The British submarine and aeroplane supply Labour Companies were composed station here. entirely of men unfit for active operations, and more than half their LAHR. number owed their incapacity to An industrial town of Baden, near wounds or sickness incurred while Karlsruhe. serving with fighting units. The Population, 10,120. The stations railways here men of the corps, however, made and were light of their disabilities. Many bombed by British airmen on companies worked for months on two occasions. marches end under shell fire, long LAIDLAW, Piper D. were willingly undertaken, and the 7th King's Own Scottish Borderers. essential work entrusted to them was Gained the V.C. in the war. cheerfully performed, often under conditions entailing all the hardship LALA, Lance-Naik. and strain without the excitement of 41st Dogras. Gained the V.C. in actual fighting." the war. LABOUR, Ministry of. LA PvlAISONETTE. Montagu House, Whitehall. S.W.I. On the 16th July, 1916, under LABOUR PARTY. cover of a fog, the Germans captured On the 23rd January, 1917, at a it and Biaches, but the French re- conference at Manchester, by a large gained them. majority it approved the acceptance LAMP DAY. of office by Labour Members in the Flag Day, arranged in aid of Ministry. London units of the Scottish "LACONIA." Women's Hospitals and Women's A Cunard liner, built in the year Service. 1912, having a speed of 16 knots, '* LANCE," H.M.S. flying the British flag. A torpedo-boat destroyer of the She was torpedoed on the 25th class, completed 1913-14, February, 1917. Several people were "L" having a displacement of 965 tons killed, including two Americans. and a speed of 29 knots. LA FERTE. Accompanied by the " Un- " " On the 25th October, 1918, it was daunted," Lennox," Loyal," and surrounded, and crossings of the Legion," she engaged off the Dutch Serre and Souche north-east of Laon coast four German destroyers on the effected. 17th October, 1914, all of which were sunk. The damage to the British

LA FERTE-SOUS-JOUARRE. vessels was slight, and only 1 officer The Germans crossed the Marne and 4 men were wounded. here on the 6th September, 1914. LANCHESTER, F. W. LAFONE, Major Alexander Malius Author of " Aircraft in Warfare." Late Yeomanry. Gained the V.C. A member of the Advisory Com- in the war. mittee for Aeronautics appointed by Lost his life in the war. the Government. 122 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

LAND, Sub-Committee on Offences with the " Donegal," without warn-

on. ing ; 75 were killed, including 16 Appointed 6th November, 1918. Germans. Chairman, Mr. Justice Peterson. LANSDOWNE, Marquess of, K.G., A Sub-Committee of the Com- G.G.S.I., G.C.I.E., G.C.M.G. mittee of Inquiry into Breaches of the Aged 74. Laws of War. To this Sub-Com- Was Secretary of State for Foreign mittee was entrusted the examination Affairs from 1900 to 1905. of all violations of the laws of war Governor-General of Canada, 1883 the against committed by enemy to 1888. British subjects on land. The bur- Viceroy of India, 1888 to 1893. this was den thrown upon Committee Secretary for War, 1895 to 1900. very heavy. Amongst the offences Became a member of the Coalition entrustedtothis Sub-Committee were Government in May, 1915, with a the ill-treatment of prisoners of war, seat in the Cabinet without a Port- the of prisoners behind employment folio. the firing lines in France and else- On the fall of the Coalition of poisonous where, the employment Government he retired from active gas and liquid fire and all other politics. illegal methods of warfare, the abuse On the 29th November, 1917, he of the Cross flag, the bombard- Red published an indiscreet letter advo- ment of hospitals, and the illegal cating peace with the Germans by execution of Cavell Edith and negotiation. Captain Fryatt. In the case of the ill-treatment of LANSING, Robert. prisoners of war, some 100,000 cases Aged 53. have already been investigated. It Secretary of State for U.S.A. is estimated that at least 150,000 still Made notable addresses on the remain to be sent in. These com- war. plaints are being carefully examined LAON. and tested by a special staff, under A fortress of the third class. the direction of the Sub-Committee. Population, 14,629. LANDAU. It is the capital of the Department of the Aisne. The town is built in A town in the Rhenish Palatinate, the midst of an extensive plain on a Bavaria. miles of Eighteen N.W. long isolated hill running east and Karlsruhe. west, and curving towards the south

manufacturing ; Cigar trade in at the west. wine and corn. Here the carriages On the 14th October, 1918, M. called after the name of the town Marcel Hutin stated that the Mayor were first made. carried and 300 civilians of Laon were j Population, 17,500. away by the Germans as hostages, I Thegas works, station, railways, and and that the new German Govern- ! barracks here were bombed by British ment, which pretended to give airmen on four occasions. different instructions to the military i:.ANDRICOURT WOOD. leaders, had thus perpetrated an additional infamy. On the 10th October, 1918, the It was reported in flames on the French captured it. 7th October, 1918. LANE, Franklin K. LARISSA. Secretary to the Interior of the See under Corinth. U.S.A. LASCELLES, Second - Lieut. "LANFRANC." (Acting - Captain ) Arthur A hospital ship. Moore. On the 17th April, 1917, she was Durham Light Infantry. Gained torpedoed by the enemy, together the V.C. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 123

LASSGO," H.M.S. of the Sub-Committee, Sir John A British destroyer. Macdonell, Mr. Justice Peterson, She was mined or submarined off and Mr. C. F. Gill, K.C., were called the Dutch coast on the 13th August, in for consultation, and as a result of 1916. this meeting a special report was LA TERRIERE. presented to the Attorney-General. This Sub-Committee came to the On the 4th October, 1918, British unanimous conclusion that it was troops gained possession of it. desirable to take proceedings against LAUDER, Sir Harry. the ex-Kaiser. Aged 49. LAW, Rt. Hon. A. Bonar, M.P., Scottish comedian. P.C. His son enlisted and became a Aged 61. Captain, and was killed in 1917. Succeeded Mr. Balfour as leader He sang to the men at the front. of the Unionist Party on the 13th LAUDER, Private David R. (7709). November, 191 1. Royal Scotch Fusiliers. Gained He joined the Coalition Cabinet in the V.C. in the war. May, 1915, as Secretary for the *' LAURENTIC." Colonies. In the Ministry he A steamer belonging to the White new became Chancellor of the Exchequer, Star Line, built in the year 1908, Leader of the House of Commons, and a having a speed of 17^ knots. Taken over by the Government. member of the War Cabinet. He introduced his first Budget on She was sunk off the Irish coast on the 2nd May, the 29th January, 1917; 12 officers 1917.^ Lord Privy Seal after Victory and 100 men v/ere saved. Election. LAURIER, Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfred. His two sons enlisted during the Aged 78. war. Both were killed. French- Canadian. LAWLEY, Hon. Sir Arthur. Was Premier of Canada in 1896. Aged 59. Liberal leader. Resigned in Lieut. -Governor of the Transvaal October, 1917. from 1902 to 1905. LAVARSKY, Dr. Has been Governor of Western Austrian Chief of Police. Australia, Administrator of Matabele- On the 1st November, 1918, it was laixd, and Governor of Madras. reported that he had been killed by Published a volume on Red Cross revolver shots at Lubbin. work in 1917. LAW, Sub- Committee on. I AWS OF WAR, Committee of Appointed the 6th November, Inquiry into Breaches of. 1918. Chairman, Sir John Macdonell, Chairman, Professor J. H. Morgan. K.C.B, A Sub-Committee of the Com- Vice-Chairm.an, Professor J. H. mittee of Inquiry into Breaches of Morgan. the Laws of War. To this Sub- Secretaries, Hugh H. Bellot, Committee was referred all legal D.C.L., and J. E. G. de Mont- problems arising in the course of morency, LL.B. investigation demanding examination Offices, 2 King's Bench Walk. and solution. Temple. Towards the end of November, at 1 his Committee has appointed the request of the Attorney-General, four Sub-Committees, i.e., Sub- Professor Morgan convened a special Committee on Law, Sub-Committee meeting of the Sub-Committee for on Offences on Land, Sub-Com- the purpose of considering the mittee on Offences at Sea and in the position of the ex-Kaiser. To this Air, and Sub-Committee to deal meeting, in addition to the m.erabers with Aerial Offences. -

124 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

LEACH, Second-Lieut. J. LEGION," H.M.S. Manchester Regiment. Gained A torpedo-boat destroyer of the " the V.C.in the war. L" class, completed 1913-14, having a displacement of 965 tons and LEAKE, Lieut. A. M. a speed of 29 knots. R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C, in Accompanied by the " Un- the war. daunted," " Lennox," ** Lance," and " Loyal," she engaged off the Dutch Captain (Acting LEARMOUTH, coast on the 17th October, 1914, four Major) Okill Massey, M.C. German destroyers, all of which were Late Canadian Infantry. Gained sunk. The damage to the British the V.C. in the war. vessels was slight, and only 1 officer Lost his life in the war. and 4 men were wounded. LE BIZET. LE HAVRE. On the 1st October, 1918, it was A seaport of France, on the English taken by General Plumer's troops. Channel, at the m.outh of the River Seine. LE CATEAU. Has an immense trading and Formerly Cateau-Cambresis. thriving industry and fine boulevards. In the Department of Nord, 14 Population, 135,000. miles from Cambrai. On the 13th October, 1914, the On the 13th October, 1918, the Belgian Ministry removed from enemy opened a heavy bombardment Ostend to here, and the civil popula- on a wide front at Le Cateau. Under tion turned away to France and cover of the artillery strong infantry •England. attacks were launched against the LEININGEN. position held by us east of the Selle Germany. river, in the neighbourhood of The station here was bombed by Solesmes. These attacks were British airmen. successfully repulsed after stiff fighting. Other attacks, in which LEININGEN, Prince Erik Ernst of. Tanks were employed to support the A cousin of the German Emperor. infantry assault, were delivered by the He was killed in the fighting around enemy without success against our St. Quentin in April, 1918. positions opposite the village of " LEINSTER." patrols for- Haspres. Our pushed Irish mail boat. ward at a number of points south and Captain Birch. of and north Douai, gained ground, On the 10th October, 1918, she was prisoners. took torpedoed in the Irish Sea. Nearly the 15th October, 1918, Sir On 800 lives vvere lost. Douglas Haig reported that the Americans crossed the Selle south of "LEIPZIG." Cateau, in the neighbourhood of A German light cruiser, engaged, Le " St. Souplet, and brought back 30 with the German ships Scharn- " " prisoners. horst," Gneisenau," and Dres- off coast of Chili, against On the 17th October, 1918, a new den," the " " British offensive was launched on a H.M. Ships Good Hope," Mon- " 10-miles front south of Le Cateau. mouth," and Glasgow," according to Admiralty's report of the 4th It was meant to harass the enemy the retreating from La Fere between the November, 1914, in stormy weather, ^ Rivers Oise and Serre. the action lasting an hour. The " Good Hope " caught fire, "LEELANAW." blew up, and sank. The " Mon- A United States steamer. mouth," also on fire, drew off, but She was sunk by a German sub- was again attacked. The *' Glas- marine off the Orkneys on the 25th gow " was not greatly damaged, and July, 1915. The crew were saved. had few casualties. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 125

The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin suburbs of Lens were taken by the Elizabeth," which was in harbour British. All German attacks were when the siege began, was blown up repulsed. by the Austrians. Heavy fighting again occurred on This ship, together with the the 16th April, 1917. " Scharnhorst," " Gneisenau," and The Canadians entered Lens on " Niirnberg," was sunk o£F the the 21st August, 1917. Falkland Islands by a British squad- On the 3rd September, 1918, it ron, commanded by Sir F. Sturdee, was captured by the Allies. on the 8th December, 1914. 'LEONARDO DA VINCI." The engagement lasted four hours. " " An Italian battleship of the Dread- The Dresden escaped. nought type. LEMAN, General. She was accidentally lost on the Aged 68. 2nd August, 1916; 248 lives were Heroic defender of Liege. Taken lost. prisoner on the 7th August, 1914. LEMBERG. LEON GAM3ETTA." A French cruiser. A manufacturing and university She was torpedoed by an Austrian city of Austria. The capital of steamer on the 27th April, 1915. Galicia. Nearly 700 lives were lost. Has a population of 207,000. The Russians routed four Austrian L'EPINETTE. Army Corps near here on the 31st South-east of Armentieres. August, 1914. On the 12th March, 1915, it was The Austrians suffered a great captured, enabling the British to defeat here on the 2nd September, push their line forward a considerable 1914. distance in the neighbourhood. The Russians captured Lemberg "LEROS." on the 4th September, 1914. A German steamer. It was recaptured by the Austrians On the 21st Decem.ber, 1915, she on the 22nd June, 1915. and other vessels were sunk by a LE MESNIL BRUNTEL. British submarine in the Sea of On the 5th September, 1918, it Marmora. was captured by the British. LE SARS. LEMPIRE. On the 7th October, 1916, the On the 18th September, 1918, Anglo-French attacked from the British troops gained possession of it. Adbert-Bapaume road and advanced LENIN. some 1,000 yards, and captured it. The notorious Russian Anarchist. "LESBIAN." He ad-mitted in April, 191 9,thatthere An Ellerman liner. had "only" been 3,300 executions She was sunk on the 9th January, under his regime in 17 months. 1917. " LENNOX," H.M.S. LES GAUSEURS. See under " Lance." North of Fontaine-en-Dorm-ois. LENS. On the 28th September, 1918, it v/as captured by the French. A town in the Department Pas- de-Calais, France. LES GRANDE S ARMOISES. On the 9th April, 1917, there was Seven miles east-north-east of Le a great battle between Lens and St. Chesne. Quentin and from Lens to Arras. On the 5th November, 1918, it was Vimy Ridge was taken by Canadian occupied by the Americans. troops. The British took over LESQUIELLES. 11,000 prisoners, including 235 On the 30th October, 1918, the officers, and over 100 guns. French troops captured Plaufort On the 14th April, 1917, the Farm, v/est of here. 126 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

LESTER, Private F. (51674). LIBERIA. Late 10th Battalion, Lancashire President D. E. Howard, succeeded Fusiliers (Irby, near Birkenhead). in 1916. Gained the V.C. in the v/ar. Negro Republic of West Africa, Lost his life in the war. on the Guinea coast. Area, about 45,000 square miles. LETANNE. Population, over 2,000,000, including The Americans captured the village 20,000 civilised negroes. here on the 6th November, 1918. Capital, Monrovial. ; ' LE THERLL. Exports, coffee, palm oil, ivory, On the 6th November, 1918, sugar, etc. Italian troops, fighting with French On the Allies' side in the war. troops, captured it, and reached the LICHNOWSKY, Prince. stream of Le Herbaut, to the south- Was German Ambassador in east of Montcornet. London in August, 1914. LE VERQUIER. In his account of his mission " On the 21st September, 1918, published in 1918 he stated: We insisted upon war. Berlin went on Australian divisions captured it insisting that Serbia must be LEVER, Sir S. Hardman, K.C.B. massacred." Was Assistant Financial Secretary Is it not intelligible that our to the Ministry of Munitions. enemies declare that they will not Financial Secretary to the Treasury rest until a system is destroyed which in 1916. constitutes a permanent threat to our Appointed K.C.B. in February, neighbours ? 1917 In view of the indisputable facts, LEVERGIES. it is not surprising that the whole On the 30th September, 1918, the civilised world outside Germany attributes to us (Germans) the sole British troops captured it. guilt for the whole war." LEVIGO. LICHTERVELDE. On the Asiago Front. A village in West Flanders, 13 miles On the 4th November, 1918, the from Bruges. 48th Division occupied it. This On the 16th October, 1918. Allied division during the previous forty- infantry reached a point near here, eight hours had taken over 20,000 and on the 17th October, 1918, had prisoners, including four Divisional passed it. Commanders, and several hundred guns. LIDDLE, Captain J. A. Royal Flying Corps. Gained the LEWIS, Lance - Corporal Allen V.C. in the war. Leonard (58062). Late 6th Battalion, Northamp- LIDGETT, Lieut. ton Regiment (Whitney, Hereford). Only son of Dr. J. Scott Lidgett, Gained the V.C. in the war. Lost his life in the war. Lost his life in the war. LIEBKNECHT, Herr. LEWIS, Private Herbert William German Socialist leader. (16244). On the 8th November, 1918, in Welsh Regiment. Gained the Bremen, he arranged for the forma- V.C. in the war. tion of Soldiers' Councils. He was killed in the streets of LIBAU. Berlin, 22nd January, 1919. On the 18th November, 1914, it was shelled by a German squadron. LIEGE. On the 25th January, 1915, the Situated in the province of the forts brought down a Zeppelin and same name in Belgium. Partly hilly, captured the crew. pasLoral, and mineral. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 127

Area, 1,117 square miles. Popu- cost. The enemy's loss here was lation, 899,000. about 5,000. It was attacked by 80,000 Germans It was taken by the Allies on 30th 5th August, 1914. October. 1914. The Germans were repulsed here On the 14th January, 1916, it was on the 7th August, 1914, after three shelled by the British, days' and nights' fighting. On the 17th October, 1918, the The Germans entered here and British captured it. occupied it on the 10th August, 1914, On the 18th October, 1918, 500 most of the forts holding out. Germans surrendered here. About On the 24th August, 1914, the 120,000 inhabitants still remained.

Liege forts were finally destroyed by All boys over 1 5 were removed by the the German siege artillery. Germans. The Germans illegally This wonderful resistance, during extracted £1 0,000,000 from the town the fateful first three weeks of the during occupation. war was the real cause of the German On the 28th October, 1918, the defeat some four years later. formal entry into Lille was made by our troops. LIEVIN. LINCOLNSHIRE, Marquess of. A manufacturing town near Be- Aged 76. thune, Pas-de-Calais Department, Lord Great Chamberlain. France, adjoining Lens. Was Lord Privy Seal from 1911 to Population, 12,500. 1912. On the 1 4th April, 1 9 1 7, the British Formerly President of the Board captured it and St. Pierre, north-west of Agriculture. of Lens and Gricourt, the Germans Became a Marquess in 1912. offering a stout resistance Lost his only son. Lord Wendover, in the war in May, 1915. LIFEBOAT DAY. Flag Day, aaranged in aid of the "LINDSELL." Royal National Lifeboat Institution. A British hired trawler. Sunk in August, 1914, while acting "LIKA." as a mine-sweeper. An Austrian destroyer. *'LION," H.M.S. She was sunk by a mine on the 29th A turbine cruiser, having a dis- December, 1915. placement of 26,400 tons and a speed of 30 knots. LILLE, or LISLE. The " Lion," flying the flag of A fortified town in France, on the Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty, River Deule. The seat of university, together with the" Tiger,"" Princess " " and chief centre of French linen and Royal," New Zealand," and In- cotton manufactories. domitable," on the 24th January, It is the capital of the Depart- 1915, sighted three German battle " " ment of Nord in French Flanders. cruisers, Derfflinger," Seydlitz," " The German cavalry were to the and Moltke," and an armoured " north of here on the 7th October, cruiser, the Bliicher," steering 1914. westward. A running fight ensued, It was attacked and occupied by a and shortly after one o'clock the German Army Corps on the 13th "Bliicher" capsized and sank. No October, 1914. British ships were lost. The British On the 25th October, 1914, the casualties were 14 killed and 29 " " Allies gained some little advantage wounded. Of the Bliicher's in the directions of this and Roulers, crew of 885, 125 were saved. and the Germans crossed the Yser, She was engaged in the battle on 31st May, 1916 see under the order having been given that this the — " " ' must be achieved at no matter what H.M.S. Queen Mary.' 128 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

LIPTON, Sir Thomas Johnstone, Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 " Bart., K.C.V.O. —for details, see Arethusa." Aged 68. " LLANDOVERY CASTLE." Helper of starving Serbs in 1915, A hospital ship. and had a high Order conferred upon On the 27th June, 1918, she was him the of by King Serbia, deliberately torpedoed and sunk at He was knighted in 1898, and dusk off the Irish coast by the Ger- created a Baronet in 1903. mans. It was a horrible crime. She LIQUID FIRE. had all her lights showing. On Sworn statements of Scottish board her were 258 persons, including soldiers show that the Germans 14 Canadian nursing sisters. When turned liquid fire upon parties of the survivors took to the boats the British prisoners captured at Monchy submarine came up to one of the boats on the 28th March, 1918. In one and brutally ill-treated a Canadian case a party of 17 officers and medical officer, who had the small men, 10 of whom were wounded, bone in his foot broken by the hand- after being disarmed, were lined ling he received. The German up in a trench. A German officer officers accused the captain of the arrived with a man who had a liquid "Llandovery Castle" of carrying fire container on his back. The eight American flight officers on officer gave an order, and a stream board. The submarine then dashed of liquid fire was turned upon to and fro amid the wreckage and the living men for six or seven boats, and was observed, by the sole minutes. A few who could move boat which escaped, to fire twelve scrambled away and reached the shells at some unseen targets, pre- British. sumably the other boats, none of In another case an officer and 4 which reached harbour. No fewer wounded men had liquid fire squirted than 234 persons were murdered by over them after they had been ordered this act. If the submarine com- to go to the German lines. The mander suspected that there were British Government made a formal flying officers on board, he had a protest to the German Government perfect right to search the boat, and regarding this affair. because he did not do so he convicted LIQUOR TRAFFIC CENTRAL himself of falsehood. CONTROL BOARD. LLOYD,Lieut.-General Sir Francis. Latimer House, 134 Piccadilly, On the 28th September, 1918, he S.W. 1. made his last public appearance as the London LIRY. Officer Commanding " District, when he inspected " B On the 10th October, 1918, the Group, City of London National French captured it. Guard Regiment, at Wellington LISTER, Captain W. H., D.S.O., Barracks, and bade them farewell. M.C. LLOYD, Captain T. G. Fellow of University College, London. Welsh Regiment. Rossall hockey back. Lost his life in the war. Lost his life in the war. LISTER, Sergeant Joseph (8133). LLOYD GEORGE, Rt. Hon. Lancashire Fusiliers (Reddish, David, Stockport). Gained the V.C. in the See under George. war. • LIVERPOOL," H.M.S. LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD. Whitehall, S.W. 1. A light cruiser, completed in 1910, having a displacement of 4,800 tons LOCKHART, Bruce. and a speed of 25 knots. A member of the British Mission to She was engaged in the battle off Moscow. A.B.C. OF THE GREAl WAR izv

He reached London on the 19th injured (including 15 soldiers killed October, 1918, after his arrest in and 13 injured). 1916, bombs Russia. On the 24th August, on the outskirts of INGLIS). were dropped LODY (alias London by two Zeppelins, 8 persons German naval spy. A being killed and 21 injured, and con- the 11th November, 1914, he On siderable damage done to property. sentenced by court-martial to be was Other airships raided the Eastern executed at the Tower. shot, and was Counties, but did no damage. LODZ. There was another raid on the 2nd A textile manufacturing town in September, 1916. ^Thirteen enemy the government of Piotrkow, Russian airships raided the Eastern Counties Poland. The " Manchester of and attempte:^ to attack London, but Poland." were driven off. Flight-Lieut. W._L. It has a population of 394,850. Robinson attacked one airship, which The Germans evacuated it on burst into flames and came down at the 26th October, 1914. CufHey, near Enfield, the crew being Between here and Lawicz two killed. In the Eastern Counties 2 German Army Corps were almost persons were killed and 1 1 injured. destroyed on the 30th November, On the 5th September, 1916, Lieut. 1914, but cut their way out, with Robinson was awarded the V.C. for heavy loss, by the aid of reinforce- bringing down the airship. ments opportunely filing in. On the 24th September, 1916, 12 On the 5th December, 1914, it was German airships raided London and officially stated by the Russians that parts of the Eastern, South-Eastern, 38 it had been evacuated in perfect and East Midland Counties ; order for strategic reasons. persons were killed and 125 injured On the 9th December, 1914, the in London. Two_ airships were Germans claimed to have captured brought down, one in flames, all the retreat. landed, Lodz and put the Russians in crew being killed ; the other who LODER-SYMONDS, Captain W. C, and was destroyed by her crew, surrendered. R.A.F. Air raid on the 25th September, Lost his life in the war. 1916 • 38 killed and 125 injured. LOIORE. On the 28th October, 1916, a On the 2nd October, 1918, it was German aeroplane dropped bombs, captured by French troops. and was captured in France. LONDON. Air raid on the 21st November, 9 injured, no deaths. The capital of England. 1916 ; 28th November, 1916, The seat of government of the On the aeroplanes dropped six bombs, British Empire. enemy injured. Situated on the River Thames, 9 persons being 19th January, 1917, there mainly in the counties of Middlesex On the a munition and Surrey, but extending into Kent was an explosion at London. There v/as and Essex. factory near damage to property, and It comprises 30 parliamentary considerable killed, 72 seriously boroughs, and has a population of 69 persons were 328 slightly injured. 7,251,358. injured, and May, 1917 ; 3 The exports exceed a quarter of Air raid on the 7th those of the entire kingdom. the 13th June, 1917; Zeppelin raid on the 31st May, Air raid on and 432 injured. 1915 ;*6 killed. Another on London 157 killed the 15th June, 1917, by west districts on the 8th Septem- Airraid on and City injured. 15 German aeroplanes on the ber, 1915 ; 20 killed and 86 104 persons were Another raid on London and the and East London ; injured. One hostile Eastern Counties on the 13th killed and 432 brought down, October. 1915; 56 killed and 114 machine was I 1 130 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Air raid on the 4th July, 1917; 59 On the 31st October, 1917, an air killed and 193 injured. Four of the raid was made by groups of hostile raiders were brought down on the machines to the number of 30, which return journey. Two British crossed the Kent and Essex coasts. machines were destroyed, and two One penetrated to London, and crashed from other causes. dropped some bombs on the south-

There was another air raid on the west district ; 8 persons were killed 7th July, 1917, by 22 German aero- and 21 injured. planes of the Gotha type, which flew Further air raids occurred on the

over the Isle of Thanet, where they following dates, viz. : inflicted some casualties. A number December 6th, 1917, by about 25

of bombs were dropped in the City German machines ; 7 killed, 22

and Metropolitan area ; 43 persons injured. were killed and 197 injured. On December 18th, 1917. by about 20 their return journey four of the German machines; 10 killed. 75 raiders were brought down, and wounded. seven enemy machines not engaged January 25th, 1918, by about 15 in the raid were accounted for by German machines; 53 killed, 173 R.N.A.S. men from Dunkirk. injured. One raider shot down. On the 4th September, 1917. 20 February 16th, 1918, by about six

German aeroplanes raided the German machines ; 1 1 killed, 4

London area by night, and killed 1 injured. and wounded 62 persons. February 17th, 1918, by about On the 24th September, 1917, the seven German machines; 17 killed, Germans made a night raid on 34 injured. London. Barrage fire was used. March 7th, 1918, by about eight

Two of a German squadron of 24 German machines ; 20 killed, 45 succeeded in penetrating the outer injured. defences and dropped bombs, killing May 19th 1918, by about 30 15 persons and injuring 70. machines; 44 killed, 179 injured. On the 25th September, 1917, LONG, M. Maurice. there was a further enemy air raid. Was appointed Minister of Sup- Two machines got through the de- plies for France in the new Ministry fences, and dropped bombs on the formed in September, 1917. south-east districts ; 7 were killed and 25 injured. A second group of LONG, Mrs. raiders were driven off by gunfire ; Late Deputy Chief Controller of one hostile machine was destroyed. theQ.M.A.A.C. On the 29th September, 1917, the Lost her life by being torpedoed. Germans made another night raid on the London area by three groups of LONG, Rt. Hon. Walter, P.C.,M.P.

aeroplanes. There were 1 1 killed and Aged 65. 82 injured. Has been President of the Local On the 30th September. 1917, Government Board. there was another air raid by 10 Was Chief Secretary for Ireland. German machines. Four or five Was President of the Board of penetrated the outer defences. Agriculture. Bombs were dropped on London, Joined the Coalition Cabinet In

Kent, and Essex ; 9 were killed and May, 1915, again as President of the

42 injured ; 2 were killed in London. Local Government Board, and intro- A Gotha was brought down off duced the National Register Bill. Dover. Joined the new Ministry as On the 1st October, 1917, four Colonial Secretary. groups of enemy aeroplanes attacked Appointed First Lord of the Ad- London. Bombs were dropped on miralty after the Victory Election. the south-west district; 10 persons Lost his son, Brig.- General Long, were killed and 38 injured. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 131 LOOS. LOUVAIN. A suburb of Lille, in the province An important manufacturing town of Nord, France. of Belgium, 27 miles east of Brussels. Has a population of 6,846. It has a population of 45,408. On the 26th September, 1915, the Has a famous university. British made further progress near The Belgian forces retired from here. here on the 19th August, 1914, when On the 28th January, 1916, an it was occupied by the Germans. infantry attack made by the Germans The Germans destroyed Louvain on a salient in the British trenches on the 25th August, 1914. was repulsed. It was retaken by the Belgians on the 11th September, 1914. LOOSEMORE, Private Arnold (15805). "LOUVAIN." West Riding Regiment. Gained A British armed steamer. the V.C. in the war. On the 21st January, 1918, she was •LT. PUSHIN." torpedoed and sunk. A Russian torpedo destroyer. LOWERSON, Sergt. A. D. (2358). She was sunk by a submarine on 21st Battalion, Australian Imperial the 9th March, 1916. Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. LORAINE, Lieut. -Colonel Robert. "LOWESTOFT," H.M.S. An actor. A light cruiser, completed in the Took to the air, and became a year 1913, having a displacement of leading airman. 5,440 tons and a speed of 30 knots. Active in the war. She was engaged in the battle off He was awarded the Military Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 Cross in 1916. —for details, see " Arethusa." LOUCHIER, M. LOWESTOFT. Was ap{)ointed Minister of Arma- A watering-place and seaport of ments for France in the new Ministry Suffolk, England. formed in September, 1917. Great fishing industry. LOUDOUN- SHAND, Temporary- Population, 33,780. Major S. W. On the 15th April, 1915, the Late Yorks Regiment. Gained Germans made an air raid. There the V.C. in the war. were no casualties. Lost his life in the war. On the 20th February, 1916, ••LOUIS," H.M.S. German seaplanes raided Walmer and here ; 1 killed and 1 injured at A British destroyer of the class, "L" Walmer. completed 1913-14, having a dis- On the 25th April, 1916, there was placement of 965 tons and a speed an attack by a German battle cruiser of 29 knots. squadron and a Zeppelin raid, all She was wrecked in the Mediter- apparently parts of a concentrated ranean on the 10th November, 1915, German plan. The squadron was with no loss of life. engaged by British light cruisers and LOUTH. destroyers, and made a speedy

A maritime county of Leinster retreat ; no casualties, except that province, Ireland. 4 persons were killed on shore and Area, 316 square miles (decreas- 12 injured. ing). Much turf, bog, and barren On the 26th November, 1916, the land. Salmon fishing prosperous. Germans made a naval raid, and one Capital, Dundalk. armed trawler was sunk. On the occasion of the Sinn On the 26th July, 1918, a German Feiners* rebellion in April, 1916, it submarine operating off here looted became necessary to move columns and sank two smacks and took the of troops here —see under" Dublin." crews on board. They were placed —

132 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

forward of the conning tower, which Population, 64,000. was then shut down and the boat On the 27th May, 1915, French submerged, with the fishermen on her airmen bombed a chemical factory*

deck, drowning — Thomas Croucher, here, where poisonous gases for the . Frederic Simons, Thomas Claxton, German front were manufactured. and Frank Pieters, a Belgian. These LUINGHE. four were sucked down. The Ger- Four miles east of Tourcoing. mans took the lifebelts away men's It was captured on the 19th and smashed the boats of the smacks. October, 1918, by the Second British "LOYAL," HM.S. Army. A torpedo-boat destroyer of the LUISINGEN, General von. "L" class, completed 1913-14, Commander of Berlin area. having a displacement of 965 tons On the 8th November, 1918, he and a speed of 29 knots. declared that the formation of Accompanied by the " Un- Soldiers* Councils and Workmen's daunted," " Legion," " Lance," and *' Councils was illegal. Lennox," she engaged ofl the Dutch coast on the 17th October, LUKE, Driver F. 1914, four German destroyers, all of R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the which were sunk. war. The damage to the British vessels "LULEA."

was slight, and only 1 officer and 4 A German steamer, with a cargo men were injured. of 3,000 tons of metal torpedoed by LUBLIN. British submarine E 19 in the Baltic A province in Russian Poland. on the 10th October, 1915. Covered with forests. Mainly a LUMSDEN, Major Frederick thickly populated plain. William, D.S.O. Area, 6,499 square miles. Popu- R.M.A. Gained the V.C. in the lation, 1,250,000. war. Capital, Lublin, a city the on Lost his life in the war. River Bistritza. Population, 51,240. LUNEVILLE. On the 31st July, 1915, it was evacuated by the Russians, and An industrial town, in Department occupied by the Austrians. Meurthe-et-Mosselle, France. LUDENDORFF, GeneraL Manufactures, hosiery, watch- glasses, porcelain, and motor-cars. The real German war leader Has salt works in provinces. Hindenburg being more or less a Has a population of 25,160. figurehead. On the -^3rd .August, 1914, the In the counter-offensive on the French were checked in Alsace, and 18th July, 1918, the French captured fell back upon Nancy and Belfort, the following order issued and signed " the Germans entering France and by him : The enemy must in no occupying Luneville. circumstances be permitted to bury his dead or recover his wounded in "LURCHER." front of our lines, not even under the A German destroyer. Red Cross flag. If the enemy should She was engaged in the battle off attempt this, a warning shot will be Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 " fired to make him desist. If this has —for details, see Arethusa." no effect, the enemy will be thoroughly "LUSITANIA." engaged at once." A Cunard liner, built in the year On the 28th October, 1918, it was 1907, having a speed of 25 knots. reported that he had resigned. On the 1st May the German LUDWIGSHAFEN. Embassy at Washington issued a An industrial town of Bavaria, on warning in the newspapers to in- the River Rhine. Has factories and tending passengers in her. foundries. On the 7th May. 1915, she was A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 133

torpedoed by a German submarine It has a population of 15,480. off the Old Head of Kinsale, nearly On the 5th June, 1916, the 1,500 lives being lost, including over Russians entered here, taking 58 100 Americans. officers and 11,000 men. Probably the foulest act of civilised •'LUTZOW." times. A German battle cruiser. 1 1 91 a telegram On the 0th May, 5, She was sunk by gunfire from the was sent to Washington by the Ger- British Fleet in the Battle of Jutland Government placing the blame man on the 31st May, 1916 see under —" for the sinking of her on the British " ' " H.M.S. Queen Mary.' Government, which, through its LUXBURG, Count. plan of starving the civilian popula- German Charge d' Affaires in tion, has forced Germany to adopt Argentina. retaliatory measures." From a telegram from him pub- On the 10th May, 1915. Mr. lished in the " Daily Mail ": ** As Churchill stated in the House of regards Argentine steamers, I Commons that the Admiralty sent recommend either compelling them a warning to her and directions for to turn back or sinking them without her course. It was denied that the leaving any trace." liner v/as armed. the 12th September, 1917, he At the inquest held on the victims On was handed his passports. on the 10th May, 1915, the jury returned a verdict of " Wilful -and LUXEMBURG. wholesale murder " against the Ger- An independent European State, man submarine officers, the German adjoining Belgium, and bounded by Emperor, and the German Govern- South France east and north, and ment. having an area of 998 square miles. President Wilson made a public It contains considerable mineral *' wealth. declaration, stating : There is such a thing as a man being too proud to Has a population of 240,600. fight, such a thing as a nation being Was invaded by Germany on so right that it does not need to con- the 1st August, 1914. vince others that she is right." LUXEMBURG, Grand Duchess of. On the 15th May, 1915, the U.S. On the 5th October, 1914. the Governmenc sent a Note to Germany Grand Duchess was deported to and dealing with the method of German interned in a castle near Nuremberg submarines and the sinking of the LUXEMBURG, ROSA. " Lusitania." In strongly expressed Known as Red Rosa, a Socialist terms it warned Germany against Comrade of Karl Leibknecht—she the recurrence of such outrages. was killed at the same time. On the 31st May, 1915, the reply LVOFF, Prince George. of the German Government to the Was elected Premier of the new American Note gave great dissatis- Russian Government on the 14th faction in the States by its evasive and March, 1917. unsatisfactory tone, being character- On the 22ndjuly, 1 91 7, he resigned, ised by the American Press as " in- and was succeeded by M. Kerensky, sulting to the United States and who retained the Portfolio of War unworthy of a civilised Power." and Marine. On the 17th July, 1915, Lord Lieut. T. Mersey delivered the report of the LYALL, G. Court of Inquiry into the loss of 102nd Battalion, 2nd Central On- the " Lusitania," which was found tario Regiment. Gained the V.C. to be due to a German submarine. in the war. LUTSK. LYANTEY, GeneraL A town near Vladimer, in Vol- French Minister of War. hynia, Russia. An industrial and He resigned in the French Cabinet commercial town. crisis on the 14th March, 1917. 134 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

"LYNDIANE." crippled off the Norwegian coast, and A French steamer. subsequently sank. On the 18th July, 1918, she was L22. torpedoed by the Germans off the A German Zeppelin. Spanish coast at 9.45 p.m. There On the 14th May, 1917, it was were 46 persons on board, one of destroyed in the North Sea. them a woman. They took to two 43. boats and a raft, and got clear of the L ship. The submarine came to the A German Zeppelin. surface and rammed both the boats On the 14th June, 1917, it was in succession. The prow caught the brought down in the North Sea. woman, threw her into the air, and L77. killed her. Then the submarine A German Zeppelin. charged the raft, which was sustained On the 21st February, 1916, she by steel cylinders, but failed to smash was brought down in flames by and sink it. It charged a second French gunners near Brabant-le- time, when one of the men on the raft Roi. leapt overboard, and the survivors MACASSEY, Sir Synden, K.C. saw the submarine deliberately run Called to the Bar. 1899. over him and cut him to pieces with Did valuable work in war-time, the propellers. Six times the sub- and was appointed in January, 1917, marine charged the raft, and at the Director of Shipyard Labour. sixth succeeded. Of the 46 persons Created in August, 1917, a K.B.E. from the " Lyndiane," only 8 were left alive, clinging to pieces of MACDONALD, J. Ramsay,ex-M.P. wreckage. Aged 53. LYNN, Private J. Chairman of the Independent Labour Party from 1906 to 1909. Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained the Secretary of the Labour Partyfrom V.C. in the war. 1906 to 1911. "LYNX," H.M.S. Leader of the Labour Party in " " A British destroyer of the K 1911. class, completed 1912-13, having a Appointed a member of Royal displacement of 928-935 tons and a Commission on Indian Civil Service speed of 27-31 knots. in 1912. She was sunk by a mine in the On the 7th August, 1914, the North Sea on the 9th August, 1915 ^^ " ; Leicester Pioneer published as 4 officers and 22 men were saved. a statement from him the following : LYS. We shall find that the only reason A river of Belgium and France, a from beginning to end of it (the war) tributary of the River Scheldt. is that our Foreign Office is anti- The enemy concentrated in great German, and that the Admiralty was force for a "final" assault on the anxious to seize any opportunity of line bewcen Ypres and here on the using the Navy in battle practice." 4th November, 1914. In "Forward" of the 17th February, 1916, he is reported to LYTTON, Earl of. " have stated : could not afford, Aged 43. We either from the point of view of Civil Lord of the Admiralty. L19. honour or of interest, to see Germany occupy Belgium." On the 4th February, 1916, the Visited Paris in July, 1917. German Admiralty admitted the loss On the 10th August, 1917, he in the North Sea of this Zeppelin. referred to the Germans as " our L20. German friends." k:ii 0"* of the Zeppelin raiders on the In denouncing publication of deeds " " l^f coast on the 2nd May, 1916. She of our German friends in the was discovered on the 3rd May, 1916, "Socialist Review" of April, 1918, A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 135

" he stated : The man who rakes in he was engaged on the Serbian the garbage-heap of atrocities I hold frontier. in almost as great detestation as I do Opened a new offensive in Rou- the criminals who perpetrate the mania on the 10th August. 1917. deeds." MACKENZIE, Lieut. H., D.C.M. Lost his seat in the Victory Late Canadian Machine Gun Election. Corps. Gained the V.C. in the war. MAGDOWELL, Captain Thain Lost his life in the war. Wendell, D.S.O. MACKENZIE, Cameron. Canadian Infantry Battalion. War correspondent for the " Daily Gained the V.C. in the war. Chronicle." MACEDONIA. MACKENZIE, Compton. Up to 1913 it was an ancient Aged 36. region of Turkey, and at one time a Went as a war correspondent in

powerful empire ; but after the 1915. of 1912-13 it was divided Balkan War MACKENZIE, Private J. between Greece, Bulgaria, and Scots Guards. Gained the V.C. Serbia. in the war. On the 24th November. 1915. the Entente addressed a Note to Greece MACKINTOSH, Captain H. M. requesting security for the Allied Argylland Sutherland Highlanders, troops here. Cambridge Blue. On the 9th December, 1915. the Lost his life in the war. Allies made a tactical retreat, losing MACKINTOSH, Lieut. Donald. 8 guns and suffering 1.500 casualties. Late Seaforth Highlanders. Gained MAGFADYEN, Second-Lieut. Den- the V.C. in the war. nis, M.G. Lost his life in the war, Tanks Corps. MACLAY, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph G., Lost his life in the war. Bart. MACHINE GUN CORPS. Aged 62. A great shipo-vner. In Sir Douglas Haig's report of ** Created a Baronet in 1914. the victory he wrote : The great Shipping Controller in Decem- value of the machine gun in the ber. 1916. attack, when handled with energy and decision, has been proved again MACLEAN, Rt. Hon. Sir Donald, and again. The consistent failure M.P. of the enemy's frequent counter- Aged 55. attacks has been due in no small Deputy-Chairman of Committees. degree to the Allies' skilful use of President over London Appeal these weapons." Tribunal. Knight Commander of the British MACKENSEN, Field - Marshal Empire. August, 1917. August von. Aged 70. MACNAMARA, Rt. Hon. T. J., A famous German General. P.C., M.P. Entered the Army in 1870. Aged 58. Served in the Franco-Prussian Was first a teacher in an elementary War. school. Worked for 14 years as a Staff Under Secretary to Local Govern- Officer. ment Board. Was responsible for the conduct Secretary to the Admiralty. of the campaign against the Russians MACREADY, Major-General Sir in 1915. Cecil F. N. K., C.B.. On the 30th September, 1915, G.C.M.G. with 200,000 men and 2.000 guns, Aged 57. 136 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Adjutant-General of the British She was sunk by the British Fleet Expeditionary Force. off Heligoland on the 28th August, Has served in Egypt and South 1914—for details, see " Arethusa." Africa. MAIZIERES. MAGTIER, Private R. (6939). Germany. Late 23rd Battalion, Australian Im- The British airmen bombed the perial Force. Gained the V.C. in factories and railways here on two the war. occasions. Lost his life in the war. "MAJfeSTIC," H.M.S. MADRAS. A battleship, completed in 1895.' A large division of the South She has a displacement of 14,900 Peninsula, British India. tons and a speed of 16 knots. Area, 141,726 square miles. Has She was torpedoed off Gallipoli by a population of 518,660. a German submarine on the 27th Is the third city of India. It has May, 1915. great commerce, poor harbour, and "MALAYA," H.M.S. a university. A British battleship, completed in It was shelled by the German 1916, having a displacement of cruiser "Emden" on the 22nd 27,500 tons and a speed of 25 knots. September, 1914. She was engaged in the battle on the 31st Mav, 1916 see under 'MAGDEBURG." — " " ' A German light cruiser of the H.M.S. Queen Mary.' " " D type, launched in 191 1, having MALCOLM, Lieut. a tonnage of 4,480. On the 11th September, 1917, he She was sunk by the Russian Fleet was acquitted of the charge of the in the Gulf of Finland on the 27th murder of Anton Baumberg, other- August, 1914. wise Count de Borch, at a boarding- MAGDHABA. house, Hyde Park, on the 14th On the 23rd December, 1916, the August, 1914. strong Turkish position here, near MALINES, or MECHLIN. the Syrian border, was attacked by A city in Belgium in the Province * British cavalry ; 1,130 prisoners and of Antwerp. 7 guns were captured. Its chief industries are cabinet- MAGGIORO. making, carpentry, chair-making, etc. On the 25th October, 1918, this It has a population of 69,400. island, on the Piave, was captured by On the 27th August, 1914. the the Italians. Germans recaptured it, bombard- MAHENGE. ing the cathedral. In the East African highlands. It was bombarded for the fourth On the 1 1th October, 1916, it was time on the 26th September, 1914, reported that the Belgian troops had the cathedral being destroyed. taken it. MALING, Temporary-Lieut. G. A. MAINZ, or MAYENGE. R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C. A town on the River Rhine, Hesse the war. Darmstadt, Germany. Malinoff, m. Has a fort (garrison 8,000), many The Bulgarian Premier, appointed manufactories, and large trade. in 1918, after the fall of Population, 110,634. June. M. Radoslavoff. The factories and railway junctions On the 27th September, 1918, here were bombed by British airmen Bulgaria asked for armistice to discuss on three occasions. ' MAINZ." peace. A German light cruiser of the MALISSISE FARM. " " D type, launched in 1909, having On the 19th September, 1918, it a tonnage of 4,280. was captured by the British. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 137

MALLESON, Midshipman W. St. in October, 1910, on Republic being A. proclaimed. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. Lives chiefly in England. MALMAISON. Took a special interest in crippled See under Aisne. soldiers in Great Britain. "MALOJA." "MAORI," H.M.S. The largest P. & 0. liner, built in A British destroyer. the year 1911, having a tonnage of She was sunk by a mine in the 12,431 and a speed of 18^ knots. North Sea on the 7th May, 1915. She was sunk off Dover on the 27th •MARIA." February, 1916; 155 lives were lost. A German auxiliary cruiser, of MAMETZ WOOD. Flensberg. On the 12th July, 1916, the British On the 5th November, 1917, the reoccupied the whole of it. British forces operating in the Catte- MANCHESTER COMMERCE." gat, the waters between the north- east of Denmark and Sweden, de- A British merchant ship. stroyed her. She carried a crew of She struck a German mine and 81. The British are reported to have foundered off the coast of Ireland on rescued the 27th October, 1914. some 30 men. MANGIN, General. MARCOING. village five miles He took possession of Laon on the A from Cambrai. 13th October. 1918. It was captured by British troops MANILA. on the 27th September, 1918. The capital of Luzon, Philippine MARCONI, Senator Guglielmo, Isles. Flourishing seaport, walled Hon. (Fort Santiago contains " Black Hole Aged 54. of Manila" dungeons). Fine cathe- An Italian, born in Bologna. dral and many important buildings. Is a Senator of Italy. Great trade. Developed wireless telegraphy in Population, 1,250,000 (one-fifth 1902. Chinese). Did much to assist his country On the 3rd February, 1917, crews during the war. of German ships here wrecked their MARFAUX. engine-rooms. On the 21st July, 1918, the British MANITON." attacking west of Rheims took it, but A British transport. were forced back from it. On the 17th April. 1915. the On the 23rd July, 1918, the British Admiralty announced the sinking of regained it. her in the Aegean Sea by a Turkish MARGATE. destroyer; of the troops were ^51 A borough and seaside residence, drowned. on the coast of Kent, England, west MANNHEIM. of the North Foreland, in the Isle of A town on the River Rhine, Baden, Thanet. Germany. Residential population, 27,086. It has extensive trade and manu- On the 9th February, 1916, two factories and a grand-ducal castle. German seaplanes flew over here and Population, 194.400. Broadstairs, and dropped some The chemical and aeroplane bombs, 2 women and 1 child being factories, stations, and docks here injured. were bombed by British airmen on On the 23rd October, 1916, two twenty-nine occasions enemy aeroplanes dropped bombs MANOEL, Ex-King. here and at Sheerness, the second Succeeded his father, King Carlos being brought down by an aeroplane

of Portugal, in 1 908, but was deposed in the NoTth Sea. 138 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

It and Broadstairs were bombarded Area, 3,168 square miles. on the 25th February, 1917. There Wine growing of the highest were 2 deaths, but no material quality and agriculture are the staple damage. industries, and textile factories On the 18th March. 1917, several flourish round Reims. German destroyers steamed unmo- Population, 433,500. lested to Margate and fired nine shells The River Marne flows, 210 miles, on the town. A British destroyer to the Seine above Paris. was encountered by the enemy, and The British army crossed here on was torpedoed. the 9th September, 1914, and the On the 12th August. 1917, 20 Germans retreated about 25 miles. German aeroplanes appeared off The German army was in rapid Felixstowe. They then turned south retreat, and was driven across, with and attacked Southend and Margate, great loss, on the 10th September, killing 32 and injuring 43 persons at 1914. Southend. One German machine is ••MARQUETTE." reported to have been lost. A British transport. the 22nd August. 1917, 10 On On the 26th October, 1915, the aeroplanes raided Margate, German torpedoing of her in the Aegean Sea Ramsgate, and Dover, causing 24 was announced. casualties, and bombing a hospital. ^British claim three machines de- MARSEILLES. city seaport of stroyed ; Germans admit only one A and France, on lost. the Mediterranean. ••MARIE." Has extensive exports, wine, silk, A German auxiliary cruiser. woollens, cotton, fruit, etc. flourishing industries, On the 2nd November, 1917, a Has capa- British light cruiser sunk her and ten cious docks, fine new Byzantine cathedral. armed patrol vessels in the Cattegat. •MARINA." Population, 500.000. The first contingent of Indian A Donaldson liner. troops arrived here on the 25th On the 28th October, 1916, she September, 1914. was sunk by the Germans without The Indian troops received a great warning. Among those lost were greeting here on the 1st October, several Americans. 1914. MARINER, Private W. MARSHALL, Sir Horace Brooks. King's Royal Rifle Corps. Gained London's peace-year Lord Mayor, the V.C. in the war. There was a great and historic show "MARIOTTE." on the 9th November, 1918. Great A French submarine. naval, military, and air pageant. On the 27th July, 1915, she was Lieut. (Acting Lt.- reported to have been sunk by the MARSHALL, Col.), J. Turks in the Dardanelles. N., M.C. * MARKOMANNIA." Late Irish Guards, attached 16th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. A German armed vessel. Gained the V.C. in the war, She was sunk by gunfire on the 15th October, 1914. MARTIN, Lieut. C. G. ••MARMORA." Royal Engineers. Gained the An armed mercantile cruiser. V.C, in the war. On the 23rd July, 1918. she was MARY. Queen. torpedoed; 100 killed. Born at Kensington Palace on the MARNE. 26th May, 1867. A department of North - East Was christened Victoria Mary France, in the old province of Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Clau- Champagne. dine Agnes. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 139

Spent most of her childhood at MASSEY, W. T. White Lodge, Richmond. He sent picturesque stories of Became engaged in 1892 to H.R.H. warfare from Egypt, and his book " the Duke of Clarence, who died the The Desert Campaign is an same year. excellent permanent record of his Married the then Duke of York in experiences. 1893. MASTERMAN, Rt. Hon. C. P. G. Majesty never slackened her Her Aged 46. practical philanthropy after the war Parliamentary Secretary of the began, her has been and sympathy Local Government Board, 1908-9. shown on innumerable occasions. Under Secretary for the Home MARY ROSE," H.M.S. Department, 1909-12. A British destroyer. Financial Secretary to the Treasury, On the 17th October, 1917, she and 1912-14. the " Strongbow," another British Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- destroyer, together with nine Scandi- caster, 1914. navian merchant vessels, were sunk On the 1st February, 1915, he by two powerful German cruisers off resigned the Chancellorship of the the Shetlands; 135 British killed. Duchy of Lancaster, and was suc- MASEFIELD, John. ceeded by Mr. E. S. Montagu. He was on special work for the A dramatist and novelist. Government in the war. Was very busy in hospital work abroad. MASTERS, Private R. G. MASSACRE OF PRISONERS. (M2-048544). Army Service Corps (Southport). In the " Daily Chronicle " of the Gained the V.C. in the war. 5th March, 1917, it was reported that by a statement made by M. Krivtsoff, MASURIAN LAKES. member of the Russian Senate, Onthe 11th October, 1914. fighting President of the Extraordinary Com- was briskly kept up on the East mission of Inquiry on German Prussian frontier, the Germans being Atrocities, on the 14th October, driven back to these lakes, 1916, 60 Russian non-commissioned MAUBEUGE. officers at Mannheim refused to A fortified town in Aresnes, Nord carry out military works for the Department, France. Has glass Germans when ordered. A detach- works. ment of German troops was then Has a population of 23,471. directed to beat the Russians with On the 31st August, 1914, the the butt ends of their rifles. This was Germans made desperate but un- done until the 60 men had become an successful efforts to drive the British almost compact mass of bloody flesh, into here. on which the German officer walked. MAUDE, Lieut. - General Sir In a letter captured from a German Frederick Stanley, K.C.B., in the 13th Army Corps in the Battle " G.M.G., D.S.O. of the Somme : We have orders to Aged 55. take no prisoners, but to dispatch Son of the late General Sir F. them all with the bayonet. That Maude, G.C.B. would not be so bad, but they always He entered the Army in 1884. get prisoners from us, too, and what " Served in Soudan and South would they do with them ? Africa. MASSEY, Rt. Hon. W. P., P.C, Was Military Secretary to the LL.D. Governor-General of Canada. Aged 53. Private Secretary to the Secretary Prime Minister of New Zealand. of State for War. Attended the Paris Peace Confer- Commander - in - Chief of the ence January to April, 1919. Forces in Mesopotamia. 140 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 15th February, 1917, he Appointed G.C.M.G. in June, cleared the Turks out of the Dalvia 1915. bend, and captured nearly 2,000 Returned lo England in April,1916, prisoners. Created K.C.M.G.

On the 14th March, 1917, he Appointed Commander-in-Chief ,

reached Bakaba. of the Forces in Ireland after the i On the 18th April. 1917. he Dublin trouble in April, 1916, and j

! annihilated the 18th Turkish Army v/as sent over with plenary cowers* on Corps, covering Istabulat station, the 27th April, 1916. j taking 1,217 prisoners. ^ MAXWELL, Lieut. J., M.C., D.C.M. the 1st May, 1917, he defeated On 18th Battalion, Australian Imperial a Turkish force in the Jebel Hambrin, Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. capturing 359 prisoners. On the 18th November, 1917, he MAY, Private H. died in Mesopotamia. Scottish Rifles. Gained the V.C. MAUFE, Second -Lieut. Thomas in the war. riarold Broadbent. MAYSON, Corporal (Lance-Sergt.) R.G.A. Gained the V.C. in the Tom Fletcher (200717). war. Royal Lancashire Regiment. MAX, of Baden, Prince. Gained the V.C. in the war. Aged 53. MAZINGHEIM. Related to the Kaiser through his A village north-east of the BohaJn. wife. Sir Douglas Haig reported thgr Appointed German Chancellor on capture of it on the 18th October, the 3rd October, 1918. 1918. On the 5th October, 1918, he made McADOO, William G. an appeal toPresident Wilson, through Secretary of the Treasury of th«r Switzerland, to open negotiations for U.S.A. ^

On' the 15th October, 1918, the McAULAY, Sergeant John, D.C.M. German Socialists decided that he (10053). , should continue as Chancellor, and Scots Guards (Stirling). Gainea it was reported that the Civil parties the V.C. in the war. and Conservatives were against McBEATH, L.- Corporal Robert change. (240171). On the 9th November, 1918, it was Seaforth Highlanders (Kinloch- reported that the Kaiser had asked bervie Lairg, Sutherland). Gained Prince Max to continue in office. the V.C. in the war. MAX, Burgomaster. MCCARTHY, Lieut. L. D.

One of the popular heroes of the 16th Battalion, Australian Imperial ' war. Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 17th November, 1918, he McGUDDEN, Major, V.C, D.S.O. returned to Brussels, after four years' (and Bar), M.C. (and Bar), captivity in a German prison. M.M., Croix de Guerre. MAXWELL, Lieut. -General Sir Famous airman. John Grenfell, K.G.B., Lost his life in the war G.G.M., G.G.V.O. McDOUGALL, Sergeant Stanley Aged 60. Robert (4061). Served in the Egyptian campaigns. Australian Imperial Force. Gained Was Military Governor of Pretoria. the V.C. in the war. Chief Staff Officer of the Third Army Corps. McFADZEAN, Private W. F. On the outbreak of war took rapid Late Royal Irish Fusiliers. Gained and efficient means to repulse the V.C. in the war. Turkish onslaughts. Lost his life in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 141

McGEE, Sergeant Lewis (456). McMAHON, Lieut. -Colonel Sir Late Australian Imperial Force. Arthur H. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 17th December, 1914, the Lost his life in the war. Turkish suzerainty over Egypt ended McGregor, Temporary- Captam by the proclamation of a British Protectorate. He was appointed J., M.C., D.C.M. High Commissioner. 2nd C.M.R. Battalion. 1st Central Ontario Rifles. Gained the V.C. in McNAIR, Temporary-Lieut. E. A. the war. Royal Sussex Regiment. Gained McGregor, Lieut. D. s. the V.C. in the war. Late 6th Battalion, Royal Scots McNALLY, Sergeant W., M.M. (T.F.), and 29th Battalion, Machine (13820). Gun Corps. Gained the V.C. in the 8th (S) Battalion, Yorkshire Regi- war. ment (Murton Colliery Co., Lost his life in the war. Durham). Gained the V.C. in the McGUFFRIE, Acting- Sergeant L. war. (240693). McNAMARA, Lieut. Frank Hubert. Late l/5th Battalion, King's Own Australian Forces, R.F.C. Gained Scottish Borderers (T.F.) (Wigtown). the V.C. in the war. Gained the V.C. in the war. Lost his life in the war. McNESS, Lance- Sergeant Fred (13301). McINTOSH, Private George Scots Guards. Gained the V.C. (265579).. in the war. Gordon Highlanders. Gained the V.C. in the war. McPHIE, Corporal James (42204). Late 416th (Edinburgh) Field McKEAN, Lieut. G. B. Company, Royal Engineers (T.F.) Canadian Infantry. Gained the (Edinburgh). Gained the V.C. in V.C. in the war. the war. McKENNA, Rt. Hon. Reginald, Lost his life in the war. ' P.O. Aged 56. McREADY-DIARMID, Tempor- - - Financial Secretary to the Treasury ary Lieut. (Acting Gap- in 1905. tain) A. M. Cluny. President of the Board of Education Formerly Arthur Malcolm Mc- in 1907. Ready- Drew- First Lord of the Admiralty in Late Middlesex Regiment. Gained 1908. the V.C. in the war. Home Secretary in 1911. Lost his life in the war. Chancellor of the Exchequer from MEATH, Earl of. May, 1915, to December, 1916. Aged 78. ^ McKENZIE, Able -Seaman Albert Formerly in the diplomatic service. Edward. Lost a son in the war. O.N. (J31736 Ch.). Gained the MEATH. V.C. in the war. A maritime county, Leinster pro- McLAREN, Second-Lieut. Hon. vince, Ireland. F. S. Area, 906 square miles, mainly ! pastoral land. Population, 64,920 Late Member of Parliament. (much declined). Lost his life in the war on the 30th County town, Trim. August, 1917. On the occasion of the Sinn McLEOD, Second-Lieut. A. A. Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it Royal Air Force. Gained the V.C. became necessary to move columns in the war. of troops here—see under" Dublin." 142 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

MECCA, or MEKKA. MENIN. _ Holy city of Arabia, 65 miles east A fortified town on the River Lys of Jeddah. West Flanders, Belgium. Centre of Islamism and birthplace Has a population of about 11,700. of Mahomet; annually visited by Does a flourishing tobacco trade. many thousands of pilgrims. On the 20th September, 1917. Residential population, about Sir Douglas Haig attacked near here; 45,000. 3,000 prisoners were taken. It was captured on the 21 st June, On the 15th October, 1918, British 1916, by the Great Sherif of Mecca, troops in the new attack in Flanders and declared independent of Turkey. were on the outskirts of Menin and "MECHANICIAN." within two miles of Courtrai. On the 16th October, 1918, British A British armed steamer. troops captured it. On the 20th January, 1918, she was •MERCIAN." torpedoed and sunk. A British transport. MECHLIN. See Malines. On the 10th November, 1915, the War Office announced that she had MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, reached harbour after being attacked Grand Duke of. in the Mediterranean by a submarine, " In January, 1917, he stated : We 25 being killed, 50 wounded, and 30 care nothing for treaties." missing. ** MEDUSA," HJVI.S. MERCIER, Cardinal. A British destroyer. Archbishop of Malines. She was sunk by a collision off the On the 3rd January, 1915, he was German coast on the 25th March, arrested on account of his pastoral 1916. letter condemning the conduct of the German army in Belgium, which MEDWAY ESTUARY. had incurred the displeasure of the On the 5th June, 1917, there was authorities. a daylight air raid on naval establish- MERCKEM. ments here and adjoining districts On the 1st September, 1918, the of Kent and Essex; 12 were killed Germans succeeded in penetrating and 36 injured. Eight enemy one of the Belgian posts in the machines were brought down. Merckem-Langemark region, which MEEKOSHA, Corporal Samuel W. the Belgians recaptured, taking some prisoners. Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. MERRIFIELD, Sergeant W. (8000). 4th Battalion, Central Ontario MEIKLE, Sergeant John, M.M. Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the (200854). war. Late Seaforth Highlanders (Nits- MERSEY, Viscount. hill). Gained the V.C. in the war. Aged 79. Lost his life in the war. Formerly Sir John Bigham. •MEJIDIEH." Was a K C, having a large com- mercial practice. A Turkish battleship. Appointed a Judge of the King's She was mined on the 3rd April, Bench Division in 1897, which he 1915. Salved by Russians. relinquished on being appointed MELLISH, Rev. E. N. President of the Probate, Divorce,

and Admiralty Division in 1909, and I Temporary Chaplain. Gained the

was raised to the Peerage in 1910. j V.C. in the war. Presided over the inquiry into the MELVIN, Private Charles (871 ). Lusitania " and " Falaba " war Royal Highlanders (Kirriemuir). outrages in 1915. Gained the V.C. in the war. Received Viscountcy in 1916. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 143

MERZIG. Germans captured it and part of A town on the River Saar, Rhenish Messines Ridge. Prussia, near Treves. On the 29th September, 1918. it Population, 5,014. was captured by the Second British The railways here were bombed by Army. British airmen. ••MESSONDICH." MESOPOTAMIA. A Turkish battleship. A great plain between the Tigris She was sunk by a submarine on the 13th and Euphrates, in Asiatic Turkey, December, 1914. 700 miles long and 200 miles wide, "METEOR." inhabited by nomads. A German mine-layer. On the' 18th April, 1917, the She was scuttled on the 9th August, British, under General Maude, 1915. defeated the 18th Turkish Army METEREN. Corps. On the Ypres front. The Commission Report relative The British recaptured it on the to it was published on the 27th June, 19th July, 1918. 1917. METHUEN, Field-Marshal Lord, MESOPOTAMIA DAY. G.C.B., G.C.V.O., C.M.G. Flag Day, arranged in aid of Aged 74. Mesopotamia Comforts Fund. Saw service in the Gold Coast, ••MESSADUJEH." 1873. A Turkish warship. Ashanti War, 1874. On the 13th December, Egypt, 1882. 1914. in Commanded spite of difficult currents, the British Methuen's Horse in Bechuanaland Field Force. submarine B 11 dived under five 1884-5. rows of mines in the Dardanelles and Commanded First Division, First torpedoed her. Army Corps, South Africa, 1899 to 1902. MESSINA. General Officer Commanding-in- A fortified city seaport of Sicily, Chief . South Africa. 1 907 to 1 909. on Straits of Messina, opposite Created Field-Marshal, 1911. Roggio. Appointed (temporarily) Governor It has a famous university and of Malta in January, I9I5. flourishing silk manufactories. METZ. Exports fruit, wine, silk, oil, etc. A fortified town In Lorraine, on Has a population of 147,106. the River Moselle, captured from The " Goeben " and " Breslau," France by the Germans In 1870. two German ships, were chased to It has a cathedral and many fine Messina on the 5th August, 1914. public buildings and statues. They escaped from here on the 7th ^ Population, 58,560, August, 1914. exclusive of garrison (22,000). MESSINES. The railway triangle and junction In West Flanders, 6 miles south of here were bombed by British airmen Ypres. on ninety-one occasions. On the 7th June, 1917, the British MEURER, Admiral. gained a victory in the Ypres salient, Chief German naval delegate. capturing Messines Ridge and enemy On the 18th November, 1918, at defences on a front of nine miles j 5 a.m., the squadron of German war- stormed. Over 5,000 prisoners were ships designated for internment were

; taken. due to leave German ports for a !ji On the 8th June, 1917. the Ger- rendezvous where they were to be mans made a counter-attack, and met by^ the British Fleet, together lost a further 1,400 prisoners. with ships of French and American On the 12th April. 1918. the Navies. ii 144 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

MEUSE. recalled consequent on a bomb plot A department of North-East in Norway. France, bordering on the Ardennes MIDDLEKERKE. and Luxemburg. On the 16th February, 1915. the miles. It has an area of 2,405 square British made an air raid here, Ostend, Carries on mining, manufacturing, Ghistelle,and Zeebrugge; 240 bombs and livestock-rearing. were dropped by 40 aeroplanes. It has a population of 283,500. COUNTIES. Capital, Bar-Ie-Duc. MIDLAND On the 31st January, 1916, there It is traversed by the River Meuse, a Zeppelin raid on Suffolk and which rises in the Langres plateau. was and the Midland Haute- Marne, and flows to the North Kent coasts ; 67 killed and 1 17 injured. Sea, through Belgium and Holland, Counties a course of 500 miles. MILES, Private F. G. (17324). Between here and the Moselle on l/5th Battalion, Gloucester Regi- the 31st December, 1914, the French ment (T.F.) (Coleford, Gloucester- took over 150 yards of the enemy's shire). Gained the V.C. in the war. trenches. MILFORD HAVEN, Marquis of, On the 15th December, 1916, the G.C.B. on the French attacked the Germans Aged 65. east bank of the Meuse, north of Married Princess Alice of Hesse's front over ] Douamont, breaking their daughter in 1884. a depth of tv/o miles and taking 1 0,000 A naturalised British subject. prisoners. Served in the Navy since 1868, MEUX, Admiral of the Fleet, the becoming First Sea Lord. Resigned Hon. Sir Hedworth, G.C.B., soon after the war. K.G.V.O., M.P. His princely title was exchanged Aged 63. for a Marquisate in June, 1917. Has had 46 years' service in the MILITARY CROSS. Navy. On the 31st December, 1914, this Served at bombardment of new decoration for distinguished Alexandria. service in the field was instituted by Commanded Naval Brigade which the King. reached Ladysmith.in South African Up to 28th February, 1919, there were granted 35,825 M.C*s., and Created K.C.B. in 1908. 2,560 Bars. Married Viscountess Chelsea in MILITARY MEDAL. the 1910. Assumed surname Meux On the 5th April, 1916, this medal in 1911. for braverv in the field was instituted. Appointed to Chelsea Command. Up to 28th February. 1919, there MIGHAELIS, Georg. were granted 91,733 Military Medals, Aged 62. and 8,871 Bars. Succeeded von Bethmann-Hollweg MILITARY SERVICE BILL. as Imperial Chancellor of Germany On the 5th January. 1916, Mr. on the 14th July, 1917. Asquith introduced the Bill into the the 19th July, 1917, in the On House of Commons. I Reichstag he declared for a victors' On the 10th February, 1916, it peace andthe inviolability of German came into force. " territory, and affirmed Germany On the 25th May, 1916, the Royal will not again offer peace." assent was given to the Act No. 2. He resigned on the 31st October, In a message to the people the King 1917. expressed appreciation of the mag- MICHAHELLES, Dr. nificent response madebythecountry, voluntarily The German Minister at Chris- 5,041.000 having been the tiania. enlisted since the beginning of On the 25th June. 1917. he was war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 145

The new Bill raising the age to over Appointed Colonial Secretary after 50 was introduced in the House of the Victory Election. Commons on the 9th April, 1918. •' It was passed on the 18th April, MINERVA," H.M.S. 1918. A light cruiser, completed in the year 1897, having a displacement of MILLER, Private J. 5,600 tons and a speed of 184 knots. Late Royal Lancaster Regiment. 9~1 On the 3rd November, 1 4, she Gained the V.C. in the war. shelled Akaba, and destroyed the Lost his life in the war. forts and barracks. MILLS, Lieut, the Hon. G. T. "MINNEAPOLIS." Parliament. Late Member of A liner belonging to the Atlantic Lost his life in the war on the 6th Transport Company, built in the 0-tober, 1915. year 1900, having a tonnage of MilLS, Private W. (375499). 13,543 and a speed of 16 knots. _ate Manchester Regiment (Old- On the 24th March, 1916, she was n). Gained the V.C. in the war. torpedoed and sunk. Lost his life in the war. MIRBACH, Count. NE, Private William Johnstone German Ambassador at Moscow. (427586). He was assassinated onthe 6th July, Late Canadian Infantry Battalion, 1918. lined the V.C. in the war. MISKEP. Lost his life in the war. Palestine. LNER, Viscount, G.C.B., On the 19th September, 1918, it G.C.M.G. was occupied by British troops. Aged 65. MITCHELL, Captain Coulson Nor- Formerly Governor of Transvaal man, M.C. d Orange River Colony and High 4th Battalion, Canadian Engineers. Dmmissioner of South Africa. Gained the V.C. in the war. Served three years as Financial ;cretary in Egypt, and five years as M(EUVRES. hairman of the Board of Inland On the 5th September. 1918, the " evenue. British official report stated : We Was chief representative of Great have improved our positions^ south ritain both before and during the of here and east of Hermies." Duth African War. On the 12th September, 1918, it Visited England and was raised to was captured by Lancashire 'troops. e Peerage in 1901, and advanced to Lost again on the 19th September, Viscountcy in 1902. and retaken on the 21st September, Appointed Chairman of a Com- 1918. Food Supply in War-time ittee on MOFFAT, Private Martin. June, 1915. . . ^^. 2nd Battalion, Leinstcr Regiment Joined Mr. Lloyd Gtjorge s Minis- V.C. in the war. Portfolio in (Sligo). Gained the / as a member without ecember, 1916, and became a MOGILY. _,^ , ember of the War Cabinet. On the 25th February, 1915, the On the 5th January, 1917. he con- Russians occupied the outwork of red, with Mr. Lloyd George, at Mogily, south-west of Bolimow. )me, with the French and Italian Dvernments. MOLDAVIA." _ , d • British armed mercantile cruiser. Went on a special mission to Russia A the 23rd May, 1918, she was January, 1917, and on the 29th he On torpedoed and sunk; 56 American d other British delegates arrived at troops on board were killed by the jtrograd for a conference of the explosion. 'liesp K 146 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

MOLTKE, Count von. MONCHY. The nominal organiser of the On the 26th August, 1918, the German war programme. British attacked on both sides of the On the 5th December, 1914, he Scarpe, east of Arras, and took it. was succeeded by General von MOND, Rt. Hon. Sir Alfred, Bart., Falkenhayn as Chief of the German M.P. General Staff. Aged 51. . On the 18th June, 1916, he died. Became a Privy Councillor in June, 'MOLTKE." 1913. A German warship. Laid down Joined Mr. Lloyd George's in March, 1908; completed in Ministry in 1916 as First Com-

September, 191 1 . Tonnage, 22,600. missioner of Works. Together with the " Derfflinger," " " MONEY, Sir Leo G. Chiozza, ex- Seydlitz," and the Bliicher," she M.P. was engaged in a running fight with Aged 49. H.M. Ships "Lion," "Tiger," Son of the late A. Chiozza; he " Princess Royal," " New Zealand," J. assumed surname of Money in 1903, and the " Indomitable " on the 24th after the late Mrs. Money Chiozza, January, 1915. n^e Catherine Money. The " Lion " was flying the flag of An author. Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. Born in Genoa. The Bliicher " capsized and sank. Knighted in June, 1915 - Of the " Bliicher's" crew of 885, Entered the Ministry in December, 125 were saved. 1916, as Parliamentary Secretary to The British casualties were 14 the Shipping Controller. killed and 29 wounded. Lost his seat in the Victory On the 18th August, 1915, a great Election. Russian naval victory in the Gulf of on the Coal Commission, Riga was announced. Two German Sat March, 1919. cruisers, eight torpedo-boats, and four barges, full of troops, were sunk by "MONGOLIA." the Russians, and the " Moltke " was A P. & O. liner. torpedoed and sunk by a British On the 23rd June, 1917. she was submarine. mined and sunk off Bombay.

MOLYNEUX,SergeantJohn(1817 ). "MONMOUTH," H.M.S. Royal Fusiliers (St. Helens). An armoured cruiser, completed in Gained the V.C. in the war. 1908, having a displacement of 9,800 MONASTIR, or VITOLIA. tons and a speed of 23^ knots. The capital of Macedonia, Euro- According to the Admiralty's pean Turkey, in the Kars Su Valley. report issued on the 4th November, Has many mosques and military 1914, she was engaged, with the quarters. Good Hope " and " Glasgow," off It does a great trade in corn, grain, the coast of Chili, against the flour, hides, and woollen stuffs. " Scharnhorst,""Gneisenau,"" Leip- Has a population of 61,229. zig," and * Dresden," in stormy On the 17th November, 1915, the weather, the action lasting an hour. " evacuation of it was reported. The Monmouth," on fire, drew It fell on the 2nd December, 1915, off, but was again attacked. The to the enemy. Good Hope " caught fire, blew up, " " It v/as captured by the Allies on and sank. The Glasgow was not the 18th November. 1916. greatly damaged, and had few casual- On the 26th March, 1917, the ties. French took 2,000 prisoners here. The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin On the 17th September, 1918, by Elizabeth," which was in harbour Allies' successes Monastir was com- when the siege began, was blown pletely extricated on its right up by the Austrians. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 147

MONROE, General Sir Charles C, 1916, as Chancellor of the Duchy of G.G.M.G., K.G.B. Lancaster. Aged 59. Became Minister of Munitions on Entered the Army in 1879. the 9th July, 1916, but retired on the Has served in South Africa and resignation of the Ministry in Decem- India. ber. 1916. On the 18th October, 1915, he was Appointed Secretary for India on appointed to the command of the the 16th July, 1917, succeeding Mr. Mediterranean Expeditionary Force A. Chamberlain, and visiting India. in succession to General Sir Ian MONTDIDIER. Hamilton. An important railway junction in On the 19th December, 1916, he the Department of Somme, 21 miles and Admiral Wemyss withdrew the S.E. of Amiens. British Forces from Suvia Bay with On the 10th August, 1918, it was only three casualties and the loss of captured and Amiens freed from six guns. danger by Anglo-French advance. Commanded the First Army Corps MONTENEGRO. in France until he was appointed King Nicholas I., succeeded in in India in Commander-in-Chief 1860. ^ August, 1916. A kingdom declared independent Promoted to General in 1917. June, in 1878. MONS. It was formerly under Turkish An industrial provincial town of domination. Belgium. Lies between Albania and Herzgo- vina, cut off in great part by Has a fine Gothic cathedral and and the Adriatic. town hall, and a population of 28,106. Dalmatia from miles, mainly The British forces engaged here Area, 3,630 square with the Germans, and held the place, mountainous. on the 23rd August, 1914. Chief industry, cattle-raising. Population, about 230,000. It was afterwards taken by the Germans, but was recaptured by Capital, Cettinje. centre, Podgo- the British on the 11th November, Chief commercial vitza. 1918, a few hours only before the the 7th August, 1914, it de- armistice was signed. It was a On Austria. dramatic coincidence that the British clared war against active participation in the war both MONTENEGRO, King Nicholas of. 80. began and ended at Mons I Aged Prince of Montenegro since 1860, MONT REFAGNE. assuming the title of King. On the 5th October, 1918, the Married Princess Mitena, and has stiff slopes here were carried by three sons and six daughters. storm by American troops. Began the attack in the Balkan MONT SOLARDO. War, Was compelled to capitulate to On the 25th October, 1918, it was Austria in January, 1916. reported that the Italian army had MONTIGNY. captured it. On the 12th October, 1918, British MONTAGU, Rt. Hon. E. S., M.P. troops captured it. Aged 40. MONT ST. OUENTIN.

Financial Secretary to the Treasury On the 1 st September, 1 91 8, it was from February, 1914, to February, reported that the enemy counter- 1915. attacked our new position here, but Entered the Cabinet in February, was repulsed on each occasion, leaving 1915, but left it for his former post prisoners. in the Treasury in May, 1915. The great bastion of Mont St. Returned to the Cabinet in January, Quentin was taken by single assault, 148 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

MONT ST. SIMEON. age of 23, and eight years later to the On the 1st September, 1918. English Bar. French troops seized it, and made Appointed Solicitor-General for progress eastward. Scotland in 1913, and retained the MOON, Lieut. Rupert Vance. same office on the formation of the in December, 1916. Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- new Government perial Force. Gained the V.C. in MORLEY, Viscount, of Blackburn. the war. Aged 81. MOOR, Second-Lieut. G. R. D. Lord President of the Council, 1910-14. Hants Regiment. Gained the Secretary for India, 1908-10, when V.C. in the war. , he resigned. MOORE, Second-Lieut. Montague Resigned Cabinet office at the Shadworth Seymour. outbreak of the war. Hampshire Regiment. Gained MORROV/, Private R. the V.C. in the war. Royal Irish Fusiliers. Gained the MOORSLEDE. V.C. in the war. On the 29th September, 1918, MORTIER. Belgian troops captured it. A village, nine miles N.E. of Liege. MORA HILL. On the 25th-26th October, 1918, On the 18th February, 1916. the this village was captured by the Cameroons campaign was completed French after a violent combat; 167 with the surrender of it. prisoners were taken. MOREL, E. D. MOSCOW. Secretary^and part Founder of the Central Government, Russia. Union of Democratic Control. Area, 12,858 square miles, watered On the 4th September. 1917, he by the Rivers Moskva and Yusma. was sentenced at Bow Street to six The former capital of the Russian months' imprisonment for inciting Empire. Contains the famous Miss Ethel Sidgwick to smuggle out Kremlin, with palace of Tsars of of England to Switzerland copies of Muscovy. Contains a university pacifist literature, contrary to the and is the chief commercial city of Defence of the Realm Act. Russia. Burned by the inhabitants MORFALGOME. during French occupation, 1812. The Italians captured Morfalcome Present population about 1,000,000. onthe9thJune, 1915. On the 5th September, 1918, news reached London that Bolsheviks had MORGAN, J. Pierpoint. made an attack on the British Consu- On the 3rd July, 1915, his at- late here. M. Litvinoff was arrested tempted murder by a German- in London. American at Glen Cove, Long On the 7th September, 1918, the Island, was announced. first part of the Russian war indem- MORHAUGE. nity to Germany was sent from here. Germany. MOSELLE. The aerodromes here were bombed A river, 328 miles long, of France by British airmen on numerous and Prussia, a tributary of the River occasions. Rhine. MORISEL. Between here and the Meuse, on On the 4th April, 1918, in the the 31st December, 1914, the French German attack before Amiens, they took over 150 yards of the enemy's captured it. trenches. MORISON, Thomas B., K.C., M.P. MOTT, Sergeant. E. J. (9887). Aged 51. Border Regiment. Gained the Called to the Scottish Bar at the V.C. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 149

MOTT, Lance -Corporal Charles. M U G F O R D, Lance - Corporal Rising vocalist. Harold (51507). Lost his life in the war. Machine Gun Corps (East Ham). MOTTERSHEAD, Sergt. Thomas Gained the V.C. in the war. (1396). MULHAUSEN. Late R.F.C. Gained the V.C. in A town in Alsace-Lorraine, Ger- the war. many. great cotton industry centre, Lost his life in the war. A having a population of 98,740. MOULINS-LES-METZ. The French troops entered here Germany. and occupied it on the 9th August, the The British airmen bombed 1914. railway triangle here. MULLER. Lord, P.C, K.G.B., MOULTON, On the 4th June, 1915, the German G.B.E., F.R.S. spies Miiller and Hahn were sen- Aged 75. tenced— Miiller to be shot and Hahn authority on Patent Law. Great to seven years* penal servitude. Officer of the Legion of Honour. On the 23rd July, 1915, Muller Justice of the Court of Appeal Lord was- shot at the Tower after an until 1912, v/hen he became August, ineffectual appeal to the Court of Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, and Criminal Appeal. received a life peerage. MULLIN, Sergeant George Harry Appointed Chairman of Medical (51339), M.M. Research Committee in June, 1913. Canadian Infantry. Gained the Received K.C.B. in June, 1895, for V.C. in the war. special service in the war crisis. Appointed G.B.E. in August, 1917. "MUNCHEN." MOUNTAIN, Sergeant Albert. A small German cruiser. On the 19th October, 1916, she West Yorkshire Regiment (Leeds). was torpedoed by a British sub- Gained the V.C. in the war. "MOUSQUET." marine. " MUNICH. French battleship of the " E A On the 9th November, 1918, a in with a tonnage type, launched 1903, serious outbreak occurred here. of 309. Bavaria declared Republic, with Kurt On the 28th of October, 1914. she Eisner as President. was sunk by the German cruiser " Emden." MUNITIONS OF VV^AR, Ministry of. MOUTIERS. Whitehall Place, S.W. 1. Atowninthe Departmentof Savoie. On the 25th May, 1915, Mr. Lloyd On the 15th September, 1918. the George was appointed Minister. A French captured the southern part new Department. of the forest here. MUNRO, Rt. Hon. Robert, K.G., MOYNEY, Lance- Sergeant John M.P. (7708). Aged 51. Irish Guards. Gained the V.C. in Was Counsel to the Inland the war. Revenue. MPAPUA. Privy Covincillor. In East Africa. Secretary for Scotland. On the 16th August, 1916, it was MUNRO -FERGUSON, Rt. Hon. occupied by British forces. Sir Ronald C. MROGORO. Aged 59. The seat of the German Govern- Governor-General of the Common- ment in East Africa. wealth of Australia since February, On the 26th August, 1916, troops 1915. Was knightwd on appoint- under General Smuts entered it. ment. 150 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

MURET, Chateau of. MURVICH. In the Aisne department of France, An important naval station of to the south of Soissons. This Germany. chateau had belonged to the Conde On the 8th November, 1918, it family, and was one of the most surrendered to revolutionaries. interesting in France. MUSCOURT. * night of the 1st-2nd On the On the 7th September, 1918, it was wantonly de- August, 1918, American troops entered here. stroyed by German troops. Under the orders of Major von Titzche, MUSH. mines were laid under it, and these A town in Armenia, Asiatic Turkey, were exploded, reducing it to a heap 83 miles S.E. of Erzerum. of ruins. On the 24th August, 1916, the Russians recaptured it, and took MURRAY, Lieut. - General Sir | Archibald,G.C.M.G.,K.C.B., 2,300 Turks on the way to Mosul. D.S.O. MUSSUF-IZZ-ED-DIN, Prince. Aged 59. The Turkish heir-apparent. Entered the Army in 1879. On the 1st February, 1916, it was Served in the Zulu War and in the reported from Constantinople that South African War, and was badly he had committed suicide. wounded in the latter. MYLES, Captain Edgar. Was Inspector of Infantry before Gained the D.S.O. the V.C. and , the war. in the war. Was Chief of the Imperial Staff. On the 22nd December, 1915, he MYLES, Second-Lieut. E. K. was given the command in the Welsh Regiment. Gained the V.C. Mediterranean. in the war. On the 24th March, 1916, he was 28. appointed to command in Egypt. M Awarded the G.C.M.G. in Egypt A British monitor. was sunk gunfire the in January, 1917. She by on On the 27th March, 1917, he 20th January, 1918, by the" Goeben.'* gained a complete victory over 2,000 NAMUR. Turks at Gaza, capturing 900 In the province of the same name prisoners. in Belgium, bordering on France. Was succeeded by General Allenby Has collieries and woodlands. as Commander in Palestine on the Area, 1,414 square miles. Popu- 29th June, 1917. lation, 34,624. Appointed to Aldershot Command The Germans captured it on the in 1917. 23rd August, 1914, and destroyed MURRAY, Sir Oswyn. three forts. On the 16th August, 1917, he was On the 14th November, 1918, it appointed Permanent Secretary to was stated that the Belgian and Allied the Admiralty in succession to Sir troops would enter here on Saturday, W. G. Greene, transferred to the the 19th November. Ministry of Munitions, NANCY. MURRAY, Captain H. W., D.S.O. capital of Lorraine, Old and i Australian Infantry. Gained the present chief town of French Depart- V.C. in the war. ment Meurthe-et-Moselle. MURRAY, Lieut. - General Sir Has great industrial activity, the James Wolfe. inhabitants including many Alsatians Aged 66. from the conquered province. In May, 1916, was appointed Population, 120,460. General Officer Commanding-in- On the 23rd August, 1914, the Chief in the Eastern Command, French were checked in Alsace, and remaining until September, 1917. fell back upon Nancy and Bclfort, A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 151

the Germans entering France and for the registration of males and occupying Luneville. females between the ages of fifteen On the 10th August, 1917, it was and sixty-five. bombed by German airmen. In NATIONAL SERVICE, Ministry retaliation the French bombarded of. Frankfort-on-Main. NANTHEUIL- Windsor Hotel, S.W. 1. SUR-AISNE. NAVAL GENERAL SERVICE It was captured by the French on MEDAL. the 15th October, 1918. On the 8th August, 1915, this new NASLOFF, Peter. medal for service in minor naval A member of the Russian Con- warlike operations was sanctioned stituent Assembly. by the King. NASMITH, Lieut. -Com. M. R. NAVARIN. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 6th February, 1916, the "NASTURTIUM," H.M.S. German reservoirs of asphyxiating A British mine-layer. gas here were destroyed by French Sunk by a mine in the Mediter- shells. ranean on the 1st May, 1916. " NATAL," H.M.S. •NAVARRA." armed vessel. An armoured cruiser, completed A German She was in the year 1907, having a displace- sunk by gunfire on the 11th November, 1914. ment of 13,550 tons and a speed of 22j knots. NAVY, GERMAN. She was sunk by internal explosion Unconditionally surrendered to at Barrow on the 30th December, Admiral Beatty, 21st November, 1918 1915. NAZARETH. NATHAN, Rt. Hon. Lieut. -Colonel On the 29th September, 1918. it Sir Matthev/, K.C.M.G. was captured by the British troops. Aged 57. Served with distinction in the Nile, NEAME, Lieut. P. Lushai, and other expeditions as an Royal Engineers. Gainedthe V.C. officer of the Royal Engineers. in the war. War Secretary of the Colonial *'NEBRASKAN." Defence from 1895 to Committee On the 25th July, 1915, an apology 1900. was offered by the Germans for Administrator of Sierra Leone, torpedoing her, which was to be con- 1899. sidered as an "unfortunate accident." Governor of Gold Coast from 1900 until 1903. NEELEY, Corporal (Lance- Ser- Governor of Hong-Kong from geant) T., M.M. (82827). 1903 until 1907. 8th Battalion, Royal Lancashire Governor of Natal from 1907 until Regiment (Liverpool). Gained the 1909. V.C. in the war. Secretary of the General Post NEGI, Naik D. S. Office from 1909 until 1911. Indian Force. Gained the V.C. of the Board of Inland Chairman in the v/ar. Revenue from 1911 until 1914. Under Secretary for Ireland from NEGI, Rifleman Gobar Sing. 1914 to 1916. Garwhal Rifles. Gained the V.C. Secretary to the Minister of In the war. Pensions. 1917. NEGOTIN. NATIONAL REGISTRATION Five miles from the Roumanian BILL. frontier. Onthe29th June, 1915, Mr. Walter On the 25th October. 1918, it was Long introduced the Bill providing captured by the French. 152 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

NELSON, Major David, V.C. and his culture is a product of Christ Lost his life In the war. Shrewsbury School and Church, Oxford. NELSON, Sergeant D. R.H.A. Gained the V.C. in the NEWBOLT, Sir Henry. Aged 57. Poet and romancer. NESLE. Wrote some fine poems on the war. In the German retreat between Knighted in January, 1915. the Scarpa and the Aisne on the 28th or PAPUA. August, 1918, it was captured. NEW^ GUINEA, The largest isle in the world ••NESTOR," H.M.S. (except Australia). It lies north of A British destroyer. Australia and south of the equator. She was sunk by German gunfire Area, 234,768 square miles. of on in the North Sea Battle Jutland Portion of the west is a Dutch the 31st May, 1916 see under — " possession, the south-east expanse " ' H.M.S. Queen Mary.* forming British New Guinea. NEUVE EGLISE. The inhabitants are mainly the aboriginal Papuasis and emigrants of On the 14th April, 1917, it was Melanesian race, probably about evacuated by the British. 600,000 in all. with only some 700 or On the 1st September, 1918, the 800 whites in all, including mission- British troops captured it. aries, traders, and officials. NEUVE CHAPELLE. The resources of the island are as On the 19th December, 1914, the yet undeveloped, though there is British troops lost some trenches near doubtless much mineral wealth here. waiting exploitation, and considerable On the 10th March, 1915. the culture! possibilities. British troops won an important The north-east is called Kaiseaj^ battle here, carrying the village and Wilhelm's Land, or German New* pressing forward to the east and Guinea. south-east of the place. Over 700 The Australian Expeditionary prisoners were taken. Force captured it on the 25th

On the 10th May, 1 915, the French September, 1914, and they annihi- and British armies started a vigorous lated the Germans at Herbertshohe. ofrensive, the former to the north of Captain James Arras and the latter to the east of NEW LANDS, Ernest. here. Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- On the 5th September, 1918, it perial Force. the V.C. in was captured by the British. Gained the war. NEUVILLE. NEW^PORT. On the 8th June, 1915, the French City in Rhode Island, U.S.A., on captured it, but it was lost again. the River Narragansett. On the 24th October, 1918, Sir fashionable seaside resort. Douglas Haig reported the capture of A this village. Permanent population, 27,420. On the 8th October, 1916. a NEUVILLE BOUR JOUVAL. German submarine, the U 53, put On the 4th September, 1918, the into here, and later ships off New British captured it. York were sunk by her. NEVINSON, H. V^. NEWTON, Lord. War correspondent. Aged 62. Served in the Greek War 21 years Formerly T. Wodehouse Leigh. ago, and the Boer War later. He has Appointed Postmaster-General in travelled far and wide, has very the Coalition Ministry in June, 1915, pronounced views on British politics, but went to the Foreign Office as A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 153

Assistant Under Secretary for NIEMEN, cr MEMEL. Foreign Affairs in 1916. A river of East Prussia and Russia, Led the negotiations as to prisoners rising in Russian Government of of war at the Hague in July, 1917. Minsk, and flowing 500 miles to the Was generally blamed for the Kuriches Haff, 50 miles north-east of delay. Konigsberg. On the 29th September, 1914, the »'NEW ZEALAND," H.M.S. German advance from the East An armoured turbine cruiser, Prussian frontier on the Niemen was having a displacement of 19,000 tons checked, and the main Russian and speed of 30 knots. armies in Galicia pushed on towards " Together with the Lion," Cracow. " " Tiger," Princess Victoria," and On the 2nd October. 1914, the left " Indomitable," she was engaged wing of the Germans operating near in a running fight with the German here was thrown back. ships " Derfflinger," " Seydlitz," Moltke," and the " Blucher," on NIEPPE. the 24th January, 1915. Two miles from Armentieres. The " Lion " was flying the flag of On the 3rd September, 1918. the Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. British troops ook possession of it. The "Blucher" capsized and sank. NIEUPOORT. Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 885, A fortified town nea Ostend. 125 were saved. Population, 3,829 The British casualties wers 14 On the 8th December, 1914, the killed and 29 wounded. British Fket opened a bombardment She was engaged in the battle on of the German trenches between here the 31st May, 1916—see under and Ostend, the land forces of the " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" Allies acting in conjunction with the naval operations. NICARAGUA. On the 19th December, 1914, the President Adolfo Diaz, succeeded Allies gained further ground here and in 1913. St. Georges, as well as east and south Central American Republic, south of Ypres, north of La Bassee, and of Honduras, reaching from the north-west of Arras, while the Pacific to Caribbean Sea on the position east of Vermelles was main- Atlantic. tained. Area, 49,000 square miles. Popu- On the 23rd December, 1914, the lation, 600,000. Allies steadily pushed their way along Produces coffee, bananas, india- the beach and sandhills to the north rubber, sugar, and timber. Cattle- of here, the guns of the Anglo-French rearing is pursued extensively, and squadron materially assisting this there is some mineral wealth. important movement. Capital, Managua. Leon, the largest city (it was the "NIGER," H.M.S. old capital). A torpedo vessel, completed in Lower Nicaragua, in the south 1893. part of the Republic, is 92 miles long She was torpedoed and sunk by a by 42 miles wide at the broadest German submarine in the Straits of

point, and drains by the San Juan Dover on the 1 1th November, 1914. to the Caribbean Sea. river NISH, or NISGH. It severed its relations with Ger- town on the River many on the 19th May. 1917. A Nishava, Serbia. NICHOLAS, Private Henry James A prosperous and picturesque (24213). town, with a population of 22,329. New Zealand Infantry. Gained On the 11th December, 1914, the the V.C. in the war. Serbian army pursued the Austrian 154 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

invaders, and thousands of prisoners Area, 2,1 19 square miles. Popula- were brought in. tion. 499,049. On the 4th November, 1915, after Industries, chiefly agriculture, with three days' severe fighting, the Bul- extensive fisheries from Yarmouth. garians took it. Capital, Norwich. NITROVITZE. On the 31st January, 1916, there On the Nth October. 1918, the was a raid by six or seven Zeppelins over Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, French, after capturing it, advanced towards the Montenegrin frontier. Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Derbyshire. Three hundred and NIVELLE, General. ninety-three bombs were dropped, Succeeded General Joffre in com- but no military damage was done ; mand of the French front on the 1 2th 67 persons were killed and 1 1 December, 1916, and was succeeded injured. by General Petain on the 15th May, On the 29th July, 1916, three 1917. enemy airships dropped bombs in NIXON, Sir John. Norfolk and Lincolnshire, but caused He commanded the Expeditionary neither damage nor casualties. Force in Mesopotamia, but retired On the 2nd August, 1916, six air- from the command in January, 1916, ships raided over Norfolk, Suffolk, and was succeeded by Sir Percy Lake. and Essex. Total damage small. He was severely criticised in the Onthe27th November, 1916, three Mesopotamia Commission's Report. Zeppelins raided the British coast. There were 17 British casualties. NIZAM OF HYDERABAD, or HAIDARABAD. One Zeppelin was brought down off the Durham coast by Lieut. I. V. Hyderabad is a native State of Pyott, R.F.C. Another was brought South India, sometimes styled the down on the Norfolk coast by Lieut. Deccan and sometimes the Nizamo E. Cadbury and Sub-Lieuts. E. L. Dominions. Pulling and G. W. R. Fane, R.N.A.S. Area, 82,698 square miles. Popu- On the 23rd May, 1917, four or lation, over 13,000,000. five Zeppelins raided Norfolk coast ; It is also a province of British 1 killed. Central India, otherwise called Berar or (officially) the Haidarabad. NORMAN, Sir Henry, Bart., M.P. Assigned districts adjoining Aged 61. Nizam's dominions. A journalist. Area, 17,711 square miles. Popu- Lady Norman and he did good lation, 2,500,000. work at Wimereaux, France, with Largest town, Amrati. their hospital in the war. The Nizam made a war contribu- Knighted in 1906. tion of nearly £400,000 on the 26th Baronetcy in June. 1915. September, 1914. NOBLE, Acting-Corporal C. R. NORTHCLIFFE, Lord. Rifle Brigade. Gained the V.C. Aged 54. in the war. Formerly Alfred C. Harmsworth. ••NOMAD," H.M.S. One of the most prominent men in modern journalism, and owner of a A British destroyer. controlling interest in the " Times." She was sunk by German gunfire In 1888, with his brother, Cecil in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on Harmsworth, now M.P. for the the 31st May, 1916—see under " Droitwich Divi>;ion, started "An- " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' swers." NORFOLK. In 1894 the Harmsworths pur- Coast county, East England. chased the " Evening News," of Mostly flat and marshy, with shallow which they soon made a valuable lake expanses known as the Broads. properly. ; A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 155

In 1896 they started the " Daily On the 9th November the French Mail," and it became very successful. reported having taken the whole of Lord NorthclifTe, as the head of Nouvion Forest. the publishing company which runs NOVIBAZAR, or YENI-BAZAR. the various Harmsworths' publica- town on the River Rashka, tions and papers, has shown immense A Bosnia. Austria in business aptitude. Occupied by 1879. He was rewarded with a Baronetcy Population, 12.000. in 1904, and elevated to the Peerage in 1905. On the 20th November, 1915, its fall was announced. He has made his papers prominent during the war by a strong war policy. NOVIGA. His appointment in charge of the On the 18th July, 1917, this village British Mission to the United States, was won and lost by the Russians in succession to Mr. Balfour, was after a fierce struggle. announced on the 6th 1917. June, NOVO GEORGIEVSK. NORTH-EAST COAST. An industrial town near the the On 14th April, 1915, there was Dneiper, Kherson, in the Govern- a Zeppelin raid in the Tyne district ment of Russia. no lives lost. Population, 8,495.' the 16th June, 1915, there On was Its fall v/as announced on the 19th a Zeppelin raid; 16 killed and 40 May, 1915, the Russians being injured. driven back. Air raid on. the 5th March, 1916; 18 killed and 52 injured. NOYALES. On the 5th April, 1916, it was On the 18th October, 1918, it was raided by three Zeppelins, but there taken by the French. were no casualties. NOYON. An air raid on the north and east town in the Department Oise, coasts occurred on the 27th Novem- A France. The birthplace of Calvin. ber, 1916 (two airships brought Has a fine cathedral. down); 1 personkilled and 1 6injured. Population, 6,420. NORTH STAR," H.M.S. On the 16th September, 1914, a A British destroyer. new battle developed over a front of She was sunk by gunfire on the 90 miles, from Noyon to the Meuse, 23rd April, 1918, at Zeebrugge. near Verdun, the main German army NOTRE DAME DELORETTE. aiding the rearguard. On the 29th August, 1918, the On the 15th April, 1915, the Allies French took it. captured the south-eastern spur here. In September, 1918, the Germans "NOTTINGHAM," H.M.S. destroyed the town and wrecked its Captain C. B. Millar. public buildings, concentrating a A British light cruiser, completed heavy artillery fire on it and placing in 1913, having a displacement of mines in it, many of which were 5,440 tons and a speed of 30 knots. electrically connected with a point She was torpedoed in the North three miles distant, and exploded by Sea on the 19th August, 1916, by degrees when it was hoped that enemy submarines. the French were inside it. The mediaeval Town Hall was shattered, NOUVION, Le. and the house where Calvin was In the Department of Aisne, 24 born was left a heap of ruins. miles N E. of St. Quentin. On the 7th November, 1918, the 'NUBIAN," H.M.S. French reported that they had made A torpedo-boat destroyer, com- progress east of the forests of Nouvion pleted in 1909, having a tonnage of and Regnaval. 985 and a speed of 33 knots. 156 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

She was sunk by the enemy in a On the 18th March, 1915, an raid in the Channel on the 26th action was fought between the com- October, 1916. bined British and French squadron NUNNEY, Private G. J. P., D.C.M., and the great fortresses of the M.M. (410935). Narrows in the Dardanelles. Four of the forts were silenced, but H.M. 38th Battalion, Eastern Ontario " Ships " Irresistible " and " Ocean Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the of the British Fleet, the " war. and Bou- vet " of the French squadron, were NUREMBERG. sunk by mines. An old city in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, on the River Pegnitz. " OCEANIC." Manufacturing city, wood, toys, A White Star liner, built in the

clocks, beer, pencils, etc. year 1 899, having a tonnage of 1 7,274 Great hop trade. and a speed. of 21 knots. Castle and many interesting She struck a rock and sank off buildings. Scotland on the 7th September, 1914. Annexed to Bavaria in 1816. Made a free imperial city in 1912. OGKENDEN, Sergeant James Population, 332,651. (10605). The Grand Duchess of Luxemburg Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Gained was deported to and interned in a the V.C. in the war. castle near here on the 5th October, 1914. O'CONNOR, T. P., M.P. Aged 71. NURNBERG." A journalist. A German light cruiser. Came to London 47 years ago. She, together with the " Scharn- For more than a quarter of » horst,*"* Gneisenau," and" Leipzig," century President of the United Irish were sunk off the Falkland Islands by League of Great Britain. a British squadron, commanded by Spoke and wrote on the war. Sir F. Sturdee, on the 8th December, Became Censor of Films in 1917. 1914. ODENEZ. The engagement lasted five hours. The " Dresden " escaped. It and Maulde were captured by OBENDORF. the British on the 26th October. 1918. Germany. ODESSA. The powder factory munition The chief seaport of Russia, on the works here v^^ere bombed by British Black Sea. Great grain export. airmen on two occasions. Founded 1794. On the 13th October, 1916, 40 It was bombarded by English and Allied aeroplanes raided the Mauser French in 1854. works here, dropping four tons of Population, 478,500. projectiles. On the 28th October, 1914, O'BRIEN, Rt. Hon. Sir Ignatius Turkish warships raided the port of John, Bart. Odessa and sank the Russian gunboat " Aged 62. Donetz and the mine-layer " Prut," and war was shortly Was Solicitor-General and also after- Attorney-General for Ireland. wards declared against Turkey by Britain Russia. Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 1913. and Received Baronetcy on the let O'DONNELL, Leo G. January, 1916. Formerly Sergeant in the R.A.M.C. •• OCEAN," H.M.S. On the 29th March, 1917, he was A battleship, completed in the year executed at Winchester Prison for 1900, having « displacement of the murder of Lieut. Wattcrton at 12,950 tons and a speed of 181 knots. Aldershot. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 157

OESEL. OLIZY.

An isle in the Baltic, Government On the 15th October, 1918, it and Livonia, Russia. Forty-five miles Termes were in the hands of the by 25 miles. French, with 800 prisoners. Population, 55,460. O'MEARA, Private Chief town, Arensburg. M. Australian On the 16th October, 1917, the Infantry. Gained the V.C. in the war. whole of this island was in possession of the Germans; 10,000 prisoners OMICOURT. claimed. Ten miles from Mezures and eight OFFENBURG. miles from Sedan. On the 7th November, 1918, the A town on the River Kinzig, near French official report stated that Karlsruhe, Baden. Has cotton and General Gouraud was advancing other manufactories. rapidly and had reached here. Population, 76,000. The station, railways, and barracks OMMUNDSEN. here were bombed by British airmen The famous rifle shot. on fourteen occasions. On the 20th October, 1915, he was killed in action. OISE. PACK. A department of North France, OMNIBUS traversed by the River Oise, a In Sir Douglas Haig's victory " tributary, of 187 miles, of the River report he wrote : In all a total of Seine. nearly 800,000 troops have been Area, 2,272 square miles. Popu- carried, and over 2,500,000 miles lation. 406.000. have been run by the omnibus pack." An agricultural and manufacturing O'NEIL, Captain the Hon. A. E. B. district. Late Member of Parliament, Between Oise and Rheims on the Lost his life in the war on the 6th 10th October, 1914, the Allies made November, 1914. progress to the north of the Oise, particularly in the north-west of O'NIELL, Sergeant John, M.M. Soissons. 2nd Battalion, Leinster Regiment On the 18th October. 1918, (Glenboig). Gained the V.C. in the between the Oise and Serre rivers, war. north-east of La Feule, the Germans ONIONS, Lance-CorpL G. (63514). started a retreat. new 1st Baftalion, Devon Regiment OISY-LE-VERGER. (Sale, Cheshire). Gained the V.C. the war. On the 28th September. 1918. in British troops took it. " OPHELIA." O 'KELLY, Lieut. (Acting- Captain) A German armed vessel. Christopher Patrick John, She was captured on the 18th M.G. October, 1914. Canadian Infantry. Gained the * GRAMA," H.M.S. V.C. in the war. A steamer belonging to the Orient OKUMA, Marquis. Steam Navigation Company, Ltd., in having a Aged 81. built 1911, tonnage of 6,942 and a speed of 17 knots Was Prime Minister of Japan. the Nth March the Became Premier, but resigned in On German " " caught October, 1916. cruiser Dresden was near Fernandez by the " Glasgow," Created a Marquis in 1916. Juan the " Kent," and the " Orama." O'LEARY, Sergeant M. After five minutes' fighting the Irish Guards. Gained the V.C. "Dresden" hoisted the white flag, in the war. blew up and sank. 158 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

ORDER OF THE BRITISH The Germans entered here on the EMPIRE. 15th October. 1914. On the 21st June, 1917, the Royal On the 16th February. 1915. the Warrant was issued instituting this British made an air raid here, Order and the Order of Companions Middlekerke, Ghistelle, and Zee-

of Honour, women being eligible brugge ; 240 bombs were dropped by for both distinctions. 40 aeroplanes. ORDUNA." On the 8th March, 1915, British on the A liner belonging to the Pacific airmen dropped bombs Steam Navigation Company, having Kursaal here. the 14th April, 1915. Allied a gross tonnage of 15,499 and a On airmen made a raid on military speed of 15 knots ; built in the year 1914. buildings here. On the 26th August. 1915, a Ger- On the 9th July, 1 91 5, the Germans submarine was destroyed off attempted to torpedo her. man ORIGNY. here by a British aeroplane. On the 7th September, 1915. On the 25th October, 1918, the Allied airmen bombarded the aviation French were established on the east sheds here. bank of the Oise at Origny and On the 10th November. 1916. Richecourt. British aeroplanes attacked Ostend ORMSBY, Sergeant John William and Zeebrugge. (1836). On the 1st June, 1917, British King's Own Yorkshire Light In- aeroplanes bombed German bases fantry. Gained the V.C. in the war. here and at Zeebrugge and Bruges. O'ROURKE, Private Michael On the 25th September, 1917, it James (428545). was bombarded by British warships. Canadian Infantry. Gained the On the 16th October, 1918, the V.C. in the war. Germans were menaced here. ORSOVA. Onthe 17th October, 1918, Reuter's reported that the French cavalry On the Danube, in Hungary. patrols entered it, and found the On the 8th September, 1916, it place evacuated. Allied troops were was occupied by the Roumanians. OSOVETZ. advancing along the coast. The Royal Air Force contingent working Augmented German forces op- v/ith the Navy landed here. posed the Russians on the East On the 18th October, 1918. Prussian frontier, where a vigorous Belgian troops, advancing from the attempt to storm the fortress here south and along the beach, occupied was defeated on the 30th September, Ostend without striking a blow. The 1914. " OSTEND. Tirpitz battery was captured, together with an enormous quantity seaport A town and popular of material. The King and Queen watering-place of Belgium. of the Belgians arrived here, and were Population, 50.180. received by the Burgomaster. Was occupied by British Marines on the 27th August, 1914. OSTROWSKI, General von. The seat of the Belgian Govern- On the 7th November. 1918, it was ment was removed from Antwerp to reported that he had given the order here on the 6th October, 1914. when in a state of intoxication for the A week later, it was transferred to plundering and pillaging of Deynze. Havre. OSTWALD, Professor. The Germans were marching on German chemist. Ostend on the 13th October. 1914. The "Temps" of the 26th andthe Belgian Government removed November, 1914, contained a trans- " to Havre. The civil population lation from the " Dagens hurried away to France and England. of an interview with him, in which he A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 159

" stated : Germany means to orga- was presented with the honorary nise Europe. I think the moment freedom of the borough of Plymouth. has come to reconstruct the map of PAINLEVE, Paul. Europe. . . . God the Father is reserved with us for the personal use Aged 56. of the Emperor. The Headquarters Distinguished French statesman. Staff has once mentioned Him in a Joined M. Ribot's Cabinet in March, 1917. report, but I note that He has not reappeared there.'' Was appointed Prime Minister and Minister of War for France in the O'SULLIVAN, Captain G. R. new Ministry formed in 1917. Inniskilling Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. in the war. PAISH, Sir George. " OTRANTO," H.M.S. Aged 51. journalist. Armed mercantile cruiser. A On the 6th October. 1918, she Knighted in 1912. Rendered special service to the came in collision in a fog with the steamship" Kashmir." Both vessels Treasury at the outbreak of the war. were carrying U.S. troops. The PALESTINE. Otranto " became a total wreck, Philistra, or the Holy Land, the and the casualties were about 350. ancient country of the Jews. The s.s. " Kashmir " reached a Southern portion of Syria, between Scottish port, and landed her troops the Mediterranean and the Lebanon without casualties. and anti-Lebanon south and north, OTTAWA. and the Dead Sea and the Desert of A city of Carleton county, Ontario. Syria and Arabia west and east. Capital of the Dominion. Splendid Area, 10,000 square miles. Popu- Government buildings. Great tim- lation, about 800,000. ber and other industries and trade. Delivered from Turkish rule, pre- Population, 87,062. sent Hebrew population being only On the 3rd February, 1916, the about 12,000, Christian 80,000, the Parliament buildings were burnt remainder of the inhabitants Moham- down. medan. *• OTWAY." Chief city, Jerusalem. the 29th 1917, General A British armed cruiser. On June, Allenby succeeded General Murray On the 21st July, 1917, she was as Commander in Palestine. torpedoed, 10 lives being lost. DAY. On the 18th September, 1918, the OUR British in Palestine attacked the Flag Day, arranged in aid of Turks west of Jordan, and seized the British Red Cross Society and Order road junction at El-Mughier. of St. John. On the 19th September, 1918, PADEREWSKI, Ignace Jan. the Anglo-French force, under Sir Aged 58. Edmund Allenby, broke through the World-known pianist and com- Turkish front in Palestine between poser. Keenly interested in the the coast and Rafat. The cavalry welfare of his native country, Poland. swept through and moved to seize He became Premier of the new the Turkish lines of communication. State in 1918. " PALLADA." PAGE, Dr. Walter Hines. A Russian cruiser. Aged 64. On the 12th October, 1914, the United States Ambassador to announcement was made of the loss Great Britain from 1913 to 1918. of her, with all hands, after an attack Delivered a brilliant speech at by a German submarine in the Baltic. Plymouth in August, 1917. The Russians claimed to have sunk On the 20th September. 1918, he two German submarines. ,

160 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

PALMER, Lance- Sergeant (new On the 31st August, 1914, a bomb Second-Lieut.) Frederick was dropped from a German aero- William. plane, but no damage was done. Gained the V.C. in the war. The French Government left Paris for Bordeaux on the 3rd PANAMA. September, 1914. Dr. M. Valdes, President Ramon On the 11th October, 1914. two succeeded in 1916. German aeroplanes flew over and Formerly a dependent of Columbia, dropped as many bombs in as many South America, but since 1903 a minutes ; 4 persons were killed and Republic. Has an area of about 20 injured. The cathedral of Notre 33,000 square miles, and a population Dame was damaged. of over 4.000.000. The French Government returned Great export trade in hides, pearl- to Paris on the 1 1th December, 19M shells, etc. On the 21st March, 1915. the On the 10th April, 1917, she was a German attack with two Zepp declared war against Germany. lins, wounding 8 persons. PANNES. On the 17th November, 1915. Soulh-west of Thiancourt. War Council of the Allies took plac

On the 13th September. 1918, it Mr. Asquith, Mr. Balfour, i: was captured by the British. Edward Grey, and Mr. Lloyd Geor PARATGHIN. were present. On the 29th January, 1916, t On the 18th October, 1918, the Germans air-raided Paris. Tht . Serbian troops were in the Morova were 57 casualties. and advancing towards here. Another Zeppelin raid was made >-

On the 25th October. 1918, it was - the 30th January. No damage do) captured, and also Belousitch and On the 27th March. 1916, ^ r Varvazin. Asquith. Mr. Lloyd George, '

PARDENNE FARM. Edward Grey, and Lord Kitche: ; On the 22nd October, 1918. a attended in Paris the first War C( German attempt here entirely failed. ference of all the Allies, presided o r PARGNY WOOD. by M. Briand. On the 15th November, 19 " On the 4th November, 1918, the there was another Allied Confere: oe French reconnaissances penetrated here. the wood here, and brought back 100 On the 6th May. 1917. a V v prisoners. Council was held, attended by I PARIS. Lloyd George, General Roberts The capital of the French Republic, Admiral Jellicoe, and Lord RoL on the River Seine, enclosed within Cecil, fortifications. On the 30th January, 1918, man

Twenty-two miles long. German machines raided here ; 25 It contains some of the finest casualties. One raider shot down. buildings in the world, and has many On the 8th March, 1918, there w« splendid boulevards, open spaces, another raid. One raider broug'

and monuments : and its renown is down.

universal for art, literary, and On the 1 1th March, 1918, Germai scientific collections. raided here with many machines Its industries, wealth, and com- 100 killed, 79 injured. Four were merce are enormous. brought down. Population, 2.900.000. From 23rd March, 1918, it was

In 1871 it was captured by the shelled by a long-distance range gun ;

German army after a four and a half distance nearly 75 miles. . months* siege, since which period the On the 21st May. 1918, Germans

fortifications have been rendered the again raided it ; 3 killed. One Ger- most extensive in the world. man machine destroyed. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 161

On the 22nd May, 1918, 30 PARTRIDGE, Captain H. R., M.C.

machines raided here; 1 killed, 12 Leys School athlete. injured. Lost his life in the war. On the 27th May, 1918. it was PASHA HUSSIEN KAMEL, shelled again by the long-distance Prince. range gun. Eldest living prince of the family On the 6th June, 1918, there was of Mehemet Ali. Accepted the title

another raid ; 1 killed, some injured. of Sultan of Egypt on the 18th On the 15th June, 1918, there was December, 1914. another raid. Died 9th October, 1917. On the 26th June, 1918, another PASSCHENDAELE.

raid ; no casualties. In West Flanders, 6 miles N.E. of On the 27th June, 1918, another Ypres. raid; 11 killed, 14 injured. On the 6th November, 1917, the On the 15th August, 1918, another Canadians captured it. raid. On the 30th September, 1918, it It was raided again on the 15th was captured by the Germans. September, 1918. One raider brought 'PATHFINDER," H.M.S. down. An unprotected cruiser, completed 1 he city was the scene of the peace in the year 1905, having a displace- deliberations, January to June, 1919. ment of 2,940 tons and a speed of 25i PARKE, Major James Cecil. knots. Aged 38. She was blown up by German Famous Irish lawn-tennis player. submarines in the North Sea on the

Obtained a commission in the war, 5th September, 1914 ; 259 lives were ind was wounded. lost. VARKER, Rt. Hon. Sir Gilbert, PATON, Lieut. (Acting -Captain) Bart., P.G., M.P. G. H. T., M.C. Aged 57. Late Grenadier Guards. Gained the V.C. in the war. A novelist. Wrote an admirable volume during Lost his life in the war. the war. PATTISON, Private John George Received Baronetcy in 1915. (808837). Sworn a Privy Councillor in June, Canadian Infantry. Gained the 1916. V.C. in the war. PARKER, Lance- Corporal W. R. PAU, General. veteran of the Franco-Prussian R.M.L.I., R.N.D. Gained the A war, in which he lost an arm. One of V.C. in the war. the most popular of French generals. Sir Charles, A.K., C.B., PARSONS, On the 1st Novem.ber, 1918, he F.R.S. D.Sc , was appointed a member of the Aged 65. French Mission to Australia. Inventor of the . PEACE. Member of the Committee of The peace conditions drawn up by connected with Inventions the " the Great Four" and submitted for Admiralty. Germany's acceptance were kept President of British Association in rigidly secret. Yet they were pub- 1917. lished in Germany, and from there PARSONS, Major A. G. they reached Ameri.ca, some weeks Only son of Sir Charles Parsons. before being signed by the Hun Lost his life in the war. delegates. Arelatively small cash pay- - PARSONS, Temporary Second- ment was included ; the final amount Lieut. Hardy Falconer. was not to be settled for a couple of Late Gloucester Regiment. Gained years. Alsace-Lorraine was restored the V.C. in the war. to France. Peace signed 28th June, Lost his life in the v/ar, 1919. 162 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

PEACE DELEGATES. PEGOUD, Flight-Sub-Lieut. The following were the principals The famous French aviator. The at Conference held in the Peace first to " loop the loop." Paris, January to June, 1919: On the 30th August, 1915, he was I England: Messrs. Lloyd George, killed while engaged in a fight with Balfour, and Barnes. j Bonar Law, a German Aviatik, Colonies: Messrs. Hughes, Borden, Massey, Botha, and Smuts. France: PEIZIERE. Messrs. Clemenceau, Pichon, Klotz, On the 9th September, 1918, and Bourgeois. Italy: Messrs. British troops delivered a concerted

Orlando and Sonnino. America : attack against the enemy, holding President Wilson. high ground between Gouzeaucourt PEACHMENT, Private G. and here, and made progress. On the 21st September, 1918, it 2nd K.R R. Corps. Gained the was captured. V.C. in the war. *'PELEMBANG." PEARCE, Archdeacon E. H., M.A. A Dutch liner. Aged 54. On the 17th March, 1916, she was Archdeacon of Westminster since torpedoed off the Galloper, the crewj 1916. June. being saved. Assisted the Chaplain-General to the Forces. "PELLOW," H.M.S. A British destroyer. Captain (Acting-Major PEARKES, ) She was damaged on the 12thj Randolph, M.G. George December, 1917, off the Norwegian! Canadian Mounted Rifles. Gained coast, and two trawlers and two| the V.C. in the war. neutral steamers were sunk off the PEARSON, Sir Cyril Arthur, Bart. Tyne by German destroyers. Aged 53. PENANG, or PRINCE OF WALES Chairman of C. Arthur Pearson, ISLAND. Limited. A British possession in the Straits He worked splendidly en behalf Settlement, off west coast Malay of the Blind Institute which was Peninsula. opened in March, 1914. Area, 107 square miles. Assisted the Princf of Wales's the 30th October, 1914, the ^^ On Fund in connection with the war. " Emden," flying the Japanese flag, Takes a keen interest in the move- appeared and succeeded in torpedo ments fur the welfare of the men ing two warships, a Russian cruiser blinded duringthe war. He is himself and a French destroyer. blind. PENSIONS, Ministry of. Created a Baronet in June, 1916. Westminster House, S.W. \. G.B.E. in 1917. PERET, M. PEELER, Lance -Corporal Walter Was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs for France in the new Ministry Australian Imperial Force. Gained formed in September, 1917. the V.C. in the war. PEREVEIEZOFF, M. "PEGASUS," H.M.S. Russian Minister of Justice. A protected third class cruiser, On the 19th July, 1917, he resigned completed in 1898, with a displace- in connection with the revelations ment of 2,135 tons and a speed of 20 about M. Lenin. knots. She was sunk in Zanzibar Harbour, PERONNE. in East Africa, by the German war- A town on the Somme. ship "Konigsberg" on the 20th Population, 4,816 September, 1914. A fortress of the thi^'l class. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 163

The church of St. Jean, dating PERSIA." from the 16th century, has a fine A P. & 0. steamer, built in the portal and some good carvings and year 1900, having a tonnage of 7,974 stained glass. and a speed of 18 knots. On the 18th March, 1917, there She was sunk by a German sub- was a British advance, and Peronne, marine in the Mediterranean on the Nesle, and Chaulers were taken. 30th December, 1915, with great loss On the 24th March, 1918, the of life. Germans captured it and Bapaume, PERTHES. and claimed 30,000 prisoners and the 9th January, 1915, the 600 guns. On Germans attacked the positions On the 1st September, 1918, it was recently secured by the French on the taken by the Australians. west of Perthes, but were driven back PERRIS, Lieut. so effectively that 400 yards more of their trenches were captured on the Only son of G. H. Perris. of point from which they Was war correspondent. flank the attacked. At the same time the Lost his life in the war. French by a direct attack secured PERRIS, G. H. Perthes village. Aged 53. PERU. correspondent. War President Sultan Jose Pardo, suc- Has been in newspaper offices, his ceeded in 1915. work specially being concerned with Republic, north-west of South foreign politics for many years. He America, between the South Pacific, has done all he could to promote Brazil and Bolivia, and Ecuador and friendship between Germany and Chili. England, but must have been dis- Area, 695,730 square miles. Popu- illusioned when arrived. war He lation, 5,000,000, half aboriginal. has a terse style, and is safe from Traversed by the Cordilleras of the exaggeration. Andes. Produces guano, nitrates, sugar, PERSHING, Major - General salt, cotton, alpaca, etc. John J. Capital, Lima, Aged 58. Chief port, Callao. Commander - in - Chief of the Severed its relations with Germany American Army. on the 6th October, 1917. Was Senior Cadet Captain in 1886 at West Point. PETAIN, General. Served in the Philippine War and Won fame in the war for his in protracted Mexican hostilities. splendid defence of Verdun. He has suffered great bereavement, Marshal Joffre made him a as his wife and three children were Brigadier- General four weeks after burned to death in the great fire in the war began. San Francisco. Following the Battle of the Marne Promoted from Captain to Briga- he was promoted General, and soon dier-General over the heads of 863 afterwards was given the command of officers. the Thirty-third Army Corps. Has fought with Indians in the Led the Second Army in June, West, negroes in the Spanish War, 1915, in Champagne. and the Moroo in the Philippines. Was appointed Chief of the General Pursued Villa on the Mexican Staff of the French armies on the frontier. 29th April, 1917. Arrived in England as the Com- On the 15th May, 1917, he suc- mander-in-Chief of the American ceeded General Nivelle in command Expeditionary Force on the 8th June, in France, being succeeded by 1917. General Foch as Chief of Staff. 164 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 13th November, 1918, he On the 5th December, 1915, she addressed the French troops, and was attacked in the Mediterranean counselled them to remain disciplined by an Austrian submarine. and respectful of persons when on PHILLIPE. German soil. Near Constantine, in Algeria. PETROGRAD. It was bombarded by Germans on Late Petersburg, the capital of the the 4th August, 1914. Russian Empire. PHILLIPS, Temporary-Lieut, and Has a population of nearly Adjutant Robert Edwin. 2,000,000, and an area of 20,760 Warwickshire Regiment. Gained square miles. . the V.C. in the war. The district is hilly on the Finland border. PHILLIPS, Percival. contains eight districts and It A war correspondent of the younger numerous towns, many of them school. summer resorts of the people of the capital. PICHON, M. It possesses many imposing build- French statesman. ings, palaces, and open squares, On the 13th November, 1918, he besides a university, with a cathedral. received Lord Derby, and congratu- The Nevski Prospekt, the principal lations were exchanged on the con- street, is one of the finest in the world. clusion of the armistice. There are arsenals, barracks, and PILOM. immense industrial and commercial the 29th September, it establishments, with educational and On 1918, was captured by the Germans. artistic institutions and an imperial library with over 1,000,000 volumes. PIRACUS. The name of Petersburg was On the 2nd September, 1916, the altered to Petrograd on the 29th Allied warships entered the port here August, 1914. and seized three German vessels. . On the 29th January, 1917, Lord Milner and other British delegates PIR^US. arrived here for a conference of A town and port near Athens. Allies. Greece. Great trade. Food riots were reported on the Population, 38,624. 9th March, 1917. On the 3rd September, 1916, Rioting was reported on the 11th Allied warships entered the port March, 1917. here. The Allies demanded the On the 12th March, 1917, a control of posts and telegraphs, the revolution v/as reported. The banishment of German agents, and Cabinet resigned, and a Provisional the punishment of Greeks in collusion Government was appointed, and on with the enemy. the 13th March it was reported that PIRMASENS. there was fighting here, troops joining manufacturing town, the Parliamentary cause. An ex- A near Minister was arrested. Zweibrucken, Rhenish Bavaria. Population, On the 31st August, 1918, the 16,824. British Embassy here was attacked The factories, station, and railways by Bolsheviks, and Captain Cromie, here were bombed by British airmen the British naval attache, was on four occasions. brutally murdered. PIROT. Since that date the city (and most The main point on the line from of Russia) has been in the hands of Nish to Sofia. Lenin and the Bolshevik party. On the 28th October, 1915. it was ' PETROLITE." taken by the Bulgarians after enor- An American steamer. mous losses. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 165

PIRRIE, Lord. Comprises the " three towns " of Aged 72. Plymouth, Devonport, and Stone- Born at Quebec. house. Has been Lord Mayor of Belfast. Population, 112,042. High Sheriff of two counties. Has ship-building and engineering Privy Councillor, works and many manufactories. The first Hon. Freeman of Belfast. Breakwater one mile long, and exten- Did much useful war work. sive fortifications. On the 20th March, 1918, he was The Canadian troops arrived here appointed Controller - General of on the 14th October, 1914, amid Shipbuilding. great enthusiasm. PITCHER, Petty Officer Ernest. PLYMOUTH, Earl of. O.N. (227029 Po.). Gained the Aged 62. V.C. in the war. Mayor of Cardiff, 1895-6. PITTHEM. Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan- On the 18th October, 1918, in the shire. French zone, it and Meulebeke Lost a son in the war. were captured and Thielt outskirts reached. POINGARE, Raymond. PLOEGSTREERT. Aged 59. On the 12th April, 1918, the Minister of Public Instruction in Germans captured it. 1892. On the 4th September, 1918, the Finance Minister in 1894 and 1906. British captured it. Vice-President of the Chamber of PLORZHEIM. Deputies for a time. Premier and Foreign Minister in Germany. 1912. The factories and station here were Elected in January, 1913, President bombed by British airmen. of the French Republic. PLOTZK. During the war he inspired confi- Poland. dence in the French nation. On the 18th January, 1915, the On the 4th October, 1914, he left Russians reoccupied Plotzk. Bordeaux to visit the Allied troops on PLUMER, General Sir Herbert, the field. After seeing the British G.G.B.,G.G.M.G., G.G.V.O. Forces, the President and King George exchanged cordial messages. Aged 62. in the Served Soudan, 1884 ; South POLAND. Africa, 1896; Boer War, 1899-1902. Former independent country in He commanded the Second Army, East Central Europe. Partitioned in B.E.F., 1915-1917. 1772 and 1795, and incorporated Led the British Forces in Italy, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 1917-1918. by The portion retaining the name now forms On the 15th October, 1918, this the west division of Russia. General's troops had collected 131 Area, 49,159 square miles. Popu- officers and 3,592 other ranks, and lation, 10,000,000. reports from various parts of the field Capital, Warsaw. proved that they had captured more On the 5th November, 1916, than 50 guns, together with a regular Germany and Austria proclaimed an harvest of mortars and machine guns. "independent State of Poland." On the 16th October, 1918, his It was proclaimed a Republic in army came across the Lys from the November, 1918. north and reached Loos. PLYMOUTH. POLENZO. A seaport and dockyard town in On the 3l8t October, 1918, the Devon, England, on Plymouth S 3und. 11th Italian Corps occupied it. 166 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

POLIVANOFF, General. Ordained at the age of 24. The Russian War Minister. Secretary to the Papal Embassy in He resigned on the 29th March, Spain in 1883, after which he was 1916, and was succeeded by General Secretary to Cardinal Rampolla. Shuvaieff. Consecrated Bishop in 1900. Made Archbishop of Bo'ogna in "POLLADA." 1907, and Cardinal in May, 1914. " " A Russian cruiser of the C His efforts to effect exchange of type, launched in 1916, having a war prisoners were frustrated by tonnage of 7,775 tons. Germany. She was torpedoed and blown up On the 30th July, 1915. he ad- by a German submarine in the Baltic dressed a letter to the Governments lives on the 1 1th October, 1914 ; 568 of the States engaged in the war, were lost. declaring that he would devote every Second-Lieut. Alfred activity in the reconciliation of the POLLARD, " Oliver, M.C. peoples engaged in this fratricidal H.A.C. Gained the V,C. in the struggle." proposals of peace on the war. Made 14th August, 1917. These were POLLOCK, Sir Ernest M., K.B.E., refused, being too favourable to K.C., M.P. Germany. One of the most able men at the Lieut. Charles. English Bar. A sound lawyer, first- POPE, rate advocate, and keen cross- Late Infantry Battalion, Australian examiner. Has acted as a member Imperial Force. Gained the V.C. in and chairman of numerous Com- the war. missions, etc., pertaining to the war. Lost his life in the war. Was returned unopposed in the POPOVITCH, Dustran. Victory Election. A leading Serbian Socialist delegate Appointed Solicitor-General in the to the National Socialist Conference. Victory Ministry. Died on the 9th November, 1918. POLLOCK, Captain. at the French Hospital, Shaftesbury Only son of Sir Ernest M. Pollock, Avenue. K.C., M.P. PORDENONE. Lost his life in the war. A town in Udine Province, Venetia, POLLOCK, Corporal J. D. Italy. It has a cathedral, and carries 5th Cameron Highlanders. Gained on silk and cotton industries. the V.C. in the war. Population, 7,814. POLTCHICHTE. On the 31st October, 1918, the Royal Air Force did some excellent On the 18th September, 1918, the work here. The Sacill-Pordenone Serbians captured it. road was littered with killed and *' POMMERN." wounded and debris. A third class German battleship. On the 2nd November,^ 1918, the She was sunk by British gunfire at 3rd Cavalry Division reached plains

the Battle of Jutland on the 3 1 st May, north of here. 1916—see under " H.M.S. ' Queen On the 4th November, 1918, the " Mary.' Livenza was crossed and Pordenone was occupied. POPE, His Holiness the, Benedict XV. PORTLAND, Isle of. Aged 65. A peninsula and town (with dock- Elected Pope on the 3rd Septem- yard and convict prison) four miles ber, 1914. south of Weymouth, Dorset, England. Formerly Giacomo della Chiesa. On the 29th July, 1914, the First Is of noble birth. Fleet departed from here. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR. 167

PORTUGAL. to Germany, and it was stated that President Dr. Bernardino Maclado, most likely he would be permitted to succeeded in 1911. do so. The Crown Princess and her Republic of the Iberian Peninsula, children remained in Germany at South- West Europe. Cecilianhof Castle. Area (including Madeira and the Azores), 35,665 square miles. Moun- POTTS, Private F. W. O. tainous, with wide fertile valleys. Berks Yeomanry. Gained the Produces grapes, cereals, oranges, V.C. in the war. olives, mulberries. POUILLY. Agricultural^ manufacturing, and fisheries. On the 5th November, 1918, the Population, 5,500,000. west bank of the Meuse as far north Capital, Lisbon. as here was in the hands of the On the 9th March. 1916, diplo- Americans. matic relations were broken off by POULBOT, M. Germany, and war declared on her. A French artist, whose delightful She seized enemy steamers in sketches of French children have Portuguese ports. charmed all. On the 15th March, 1916, Austria- Hungary declared war on her. POULETT, Captain Earl. POSADOWSKY, Count. R.H.A. German ex-Home Minister. Lost his life in the war. In April, 1918, at Dresden, he " POULTER, Private A. (24066). stated : Germany must so develop her agriculture that she can face West Riding Regiment (Wortley, another war without being driver, to Leeds). Gained the V.C. in the import essential foods." POSEN. POZIERES. In the province of Prussian Poland. On the 23rd July, 1916, after a Area, 1 1,184 square miles. Popu- heavy bombardment, British and lation, 1,900,000. Anzac troops carried the German Stock-raising, mining, and manu- works near here. factories. On the 25th July, 1916, it was On the 11th November, 1918, the rushed by Anzacs, and fell into our fortress here was in the hands of the hands. Workmen's and Soldiers' Council. POSINI-ASIAGO. PRAGUE. On the 25th October, 1918, in this On the 25th October, 1918, a new sector and in Vald Assa the enemy Government was set up here, under advanced posts were destroyed. the Deputy M. Kramarcz. POTSDAM. On the 29th October, 1918, new Czech Government was announceds A town in Prussia, 16 miles south- west of Berlin, in centre of picturesque PRECHNER, Louis. lake district of Havel. A manufacturer. Capital of Potsdam Government. On the 19th July, 1917, he was It has beautiful parks and gardens fined £500 at the Central Criminal and many palaces, including German Court for giving a gift to an official imperial residence. of the Royal Army Clothing Depart- Population, 64,000. ment. On the 18th November, 1918, it was reported that the Workmen's and PREDEAL. Soldiers' Council had been informed On the northern frontier. that the ex- Kaiser, owing to disturb- On the 24th October, 1916, the ances in Holland, intended to return Austro-Germans took it. 168 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR PRESEAU. "PRINCE EITEL FRIEDRICH." On the 1st November, 1918, the The last of Germany's fleet of 14 17th Corps, under General Fergus- auxiliary cruisers. son, and the 22nd Corps, under She was interned on the 8th April, General Godley, gained the high 1915. of Valenciennes, and ground south " IRENE." on the morning of the 2nd November, PRINCESS 1918, seized the village here. A British armed liner. She was sunk by accidentally ' PRESIDENT LINCOLN." blowing up in Sheerness Harbour A U.S. transport. on the 27th May, 1915; 76 men She was sunk on the 31st May, engaged on repairs were killed. 1918. "PRINCESS ROYAL," H.M.S. PRETORIA. An armoured turbine cruiser, The capital of the Transvaal having a d'isplacement of 26,400 tons Colony of British South Africa. and a speed of 30 knots. Has fine Parliamentary buildings and Together with the " Lion," wide boulevards. Is an important Tiger," " New Zealand," and town. Indomitable," she was engaged Population, 12,000. In a running fight with the German " *' On the 9th January, 1915, the ships Derffllnger," Seydiitz," " " " capture of the last gang of rebels Moltke," and Blucher on the here was officially announced. 24tji January. 1916. " " 1 he Lion was flying the flag of PRICE, G. Ward. VIce-Admiral Sir David Beatty. An experienced writer. The British casualties were 14 He has sent interesting dispatches killed and 29 wounded. from Italy, his reports of the Italian The " Blucher " capsized and sank. last offensive against Austria being Of the " Blucher's " crev/ of 885, particularly lively. 125 were saved. PRILEP. She was engaged in the battle on the 31st May, 1916—see under " On the 16th November, 1915, the " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' Bulgarians captured it. "PRINZ ADALBERT." PRIMROSE, Captain the Rt. Kon. A German third class armoured Neil, ex-M.P. cruiser, belonging to the Hamburg- Aged 37. Amerika Company, seized at the out- Younger son of the Earl of Rose- break of war. bery. On the 23rd March, 1916, she was Under Secretary for Foreign condemned by the Prize Court as Affairs from February until May, enemy property. 1915. Married a daughter of the Earl of PRISONERS, Brutal Treatment Derby in April, 1915. of. " " Became one of the Chief Whips of In the Times of the 1 1th April, the new Ministry, but resigned in 1917. Mr. Gerard, late United States May, 1917. Ambar.sador to Germany, mentioned P.O. in June, 1917. how the Germans trained dogs to Lost his life in the war on the 16th bite the British prisoners, and took

November, 1917. them Into the camps ; how In a ' certain town people were punished PRIMULA," H.M.S. because they had given a train-load A British mine-sweeper. of starving Canadian prisoners food She was torpedoed a by German and water ; and how he had seen submarine in the Mediterranean on small boys march about the prison the 1st March, 1916. camp armed with bows and arrows, A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 169

and shoot arrows tipped with nails at PRUS. the prisoners. On the 15th October. 1918. In April, 1917, the German Serbian troops occupied it and Government falsely pretended that Kronshevatz. the Allies had employed German " PRUT." in the zone of lire, and prisoners A Russian mine-layer of the " H that it was retaliating by announced type, launched in 1897, with a with and doing the same French tonnage of 6,480. British prisoners. On the 28th October, 1914, she the eve of the Battle of Arras, On was sunk by Turkish torpedo craft the 9th April, 1917, two British off the port of Odessa. prisoners escaped who had been Lieut. (Acting captured early in 1917, had been set PRYCE, -Captain) I. T., M.C. to work under shell-fire, and had been systematically starved and ill-treated. Grenadier Guards. Gained the V.C. in the war. One had a ga-'grenous foot ; the other was covered with boils. One, PRZEMYSL. who weighed thirteen stone when A fortified town in Austrian captured, weighed only eight stone Galicia. Machinery and other manu- when he escaped. facturing, timber and corn trade. Population (including garrison of Private A. H. PROCTOR, 8.500), 50,846. Liverpool Regiment. Gained the The Russians pressed their attack V.C. in the war. on Przem.ysl on the 25th September, PROKONPLYE. 1914. On the 22nd March, 1915, the On the 14th October, 1918, the fortress here fell, surrendering after Serbs took this important county a siege of six months. The prisoners town. taken numbered 120,000 Germans. PROPERTY, Theft of Private. On the 2nd June, 1915, the forts were In the " Morning Post " of the captured by the Germans. On the 3rd June, 1915, it was 25th March, 1917, it was stated that retaken by and Austrian at Peronne the branch of the Bank of German forces after France was pillaged, and a very large a vigorous bombardment by 1 6-inch guns attack number of securities were stolen by and the massed of the enemy, greatly the German troops in their retreat. who were superior in numbers and heavy PROTHERO, Rt. Hon. R. E., artillery. Mr. Lloyd George at Man- M.V.O., IvI.P. chester declared it would not have Aged 67. fallen, and that the Allied army ALgent-in-Chief to the Duke of might by then have crossed the Bediord. German frontier, had the Allies' Joined the new Ministry in supply of artillery and munitions December, 1916, as President of the been equal to those of Germany. Board of Agriculture, and was sworn On the 14th July, 1915, it was a Privy Councillor. captured by the Germans, who also took the offensive against Riga. " PROVENCE II." PUISALEINE. A French transport. On the 27th December, 1914, the She was sunk in the Mediterranean French held the trenches captured on the 26th February, 1916. Nearly near here on the heights of the Meuse, 1,000 lives were lost. consolidating the occupation of the PROVILLE. ground near Craonne. On the 30th September, 1918, QUADT, Count. English and Canadian troops cap- General Mackensen's Chief of tured it. General Staff. 1

170 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

OUEANT. For the next hour a fierce running On the 2nd September, 1918, it fight ensued between the battle was captured by Canadian troops. cruisers, steaming now about due brilliant work being put ' south, some QUEEN," H.M.S. in by our destroyers. During this A transport, completed in the year stage of the fight the main opposing 1904, having a displacement of " forces were : H.M. Ships Lion, 15,000 tons and a speed of 18 knots. " Princess Royal," " Queen Mary," On the 26th October. 1916, 10 Tiger," " Indefatigable," and large German destroyers from Zee- " New Zealand ; and the German brugge base raided the Channel and vessels " Derffllnger," " Lutzow," pushed nearly to Folkestone, sinking " Seydlitz," " Moltke," and " Von " " the British destroyer Flirt and 1 der Tann." At Intervals, and at very drifters, and capturing and placing long range. Sir David Beatty had " " explosives in the Queen and the assistance of the Fifth Battle sinking her. Squadron, under Rear-Admiral Evan " QUEEN ELIZABETH," H.M.S. Thomas (" Barham," " Warspite," " "). On the 27th February, 1915, the Valiant," and Malaya without the British Dardanelles forts v^ere attacked by Even them considerable, but it the Allied Fleets, the " Queen Eliza- superiority was apparently during this stage of beth " taking part with crushing was " the battle that the "Queen Mary effect. and " Indefatigable " were sunk. QUEEN MARY," H.M.S. Soon after the turn had been com- An armoured cruiser, completed pleted the Third Battle Cruiser in the year 1913, having a displace- Squadron, under Rear-Admlral the ment of 27,000 tons and a speed of Hon. H. Hood (" Invincible," " In- 28 knots. flexible," and " Indomitable"), took She was sunk by German gunfire station at the head of Beatty's line, in the North Sea Battle of Jutland, and, with the range further reduced,

the details of which are as follows : some heavy fighting ensued, during On the 31st May, 1916, a fierce which the " Invincible " was lost, battle ensued in the neighbourhood and also about this time the armoured of the Little Fisher Bank (to the west- cruisers " Defence " (Rear-Admiral ward of the " Lump " on the North R. K. Arbuthnot) and ** Black Sea coast of Denmark). A squadron Prince." " of German light cruisers was en- Our losses were : Queen Mary," " countered, and it transpired later that " Indefatigable,"" Invincible," De- the High Sea Fleet was out in full fence," " Warrior," and " Black

force, and in practically the same Prince." Destroyers : " Ardent," formation as the Grand Fleet. With Fortune," " Nestor," " Nomad," what purpose the enemy put to sea " Shark," Sparrowhawk," *' Tip- is unknown. Official statements re- perary," and " Turbulent." ferred to its objective as " a certain The enemy's losses were thus enterprise." When sighted at 2.20 summarised In Admiral Jellicoe's

p.m. the enemy were steaming north, dispatch : 2 battleships. Dread-

and a few minutes later the scouting nought type ; 1 battleship, Deutsch-

cruisers were in action at long range. land type, seen to sink ; 1 battle It is evident the enemy were not cruiser sunk, " Lutzow," admitted

long in doubt as to the proximity by the Germans ; 1 battleship,

of the British battle cruisers, for the Dreadnought type ; 1 battle cruiser, corresponding hostile division was al- seen to be so severely damaged as to ready steaming east-south-east— that render it extremely doubtful if she

is to say, had already doubled upon could reach port ; 1 submarine sunk. its original course— when Sir David The only losses admitted by the Beatty got into action with them at Germans wore the'*Lutzow," "Pom- 3.48 p.m. at a range of 18,500 yards. mem," " Elblng," " Wiesbaden," A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 171

" Rostock," and " Frauenlob," and RADOM. 5 destroyers. In the Government of Russian Admiral Lord JelHcoe, in his Poland, adjoining Galicia, book, published early in 1919, admits Area, 4,765 square miles. Popula- that he did not engage the enemy at tion, 850,000. closer quarters because his vessels Agricultural, mining, and livestock- were inferior in many respects, raising. though superior in number. His The Russian cavalry entered here action will always remain a matter on the 28th October, 1914. of keen controversy, and, on the face RAFA. of it, Admiral Beatty's losses appear the 9th January, 1917, the to have been sustained in the definite On strong enemy position here was taken effort to give Jellicoe the very oppor- Anzac troops tunity that he refused. Admiral by mounted and Im- perial Camel Corps. Beatty's personal account of the battle is not yet in the hands of the public, 'RAGLAN," H.M.S. but will make interesting reading. A British monitor. She was sunk by gunfire at Imbros QUENINGTON, Lieut.-Adjutant by the " Goeben " on the 20th Lord. January, 1918. Late Member of Parliament. RAJANJE. Lost his life in the war in April, 1916. On the 24th October, 1918, the Serbians captured it, with 300 OUERO. prisoners. On the 31st October, 1918, it was '*RAMAZAN." reported from Rome that the group A British transport. of positions dominating the basin On the 4th November, 1915, the here and Feltre had been entirely War Office announced the sinking of won. her on the 19th September in the On the 1st November, 1918, it was Aegean Sea, with 380 Indian troops further reported that the Twelfth on board, 75 being saved. Army had forced the gorge here and passed beyond the spur east of Mount RAMSCAPELLE. Cesen, and was advancing in the On the 31st October, 1914, the Piave valley. enemy's forces, who were in part occupation here, were driven back, OUIEVRAIN. beyond the Nieupoort-Dixmude rail- An industrial town in colliery way line, losing many prisoners and district, near Mons, Department leaving many wounded on the field. Hainaut, Belgium. In the dark hours of the morning Population, 3,964. of the 7th December, 1914, the Ger- On the 7th November, 1918, the mans made an attack by armoured " motor-boats on the Belgian lines British official report stated : We have reached the outskirts here and south-east of Ramscapelle, near at Crespin." Peroyse. "RAMSEY," H.M.S. QUIGG, Private R. A British patrol ship. Royal Irish Rifles. Gained the She was sunk in the North Sea V.C. in the war. by the German armed steamer " " Meteor ; 4 officers and 39 men "RACOON," H.M.S. were saved. A British destroyer. On the 8th August,^ 1915, the She was wrecked in the North Sea captain of the " Meteor," to escape a on the 9th January, 1918. All were pursuing British squadron, blew up lost. his ship. 172 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

RAMSGATE. RATGLIFFE, Private William A watering-place on the east coast, (2251). Isle of Thanet, Kent, England. South Lancashire Regiment. Residential population, 29,605. Gained the V.C. in the war. Air raid on the 16th May, 1915; RAWLINSON, General Sir Henry, 1 killed and 3 injured. Bart., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., It was shelled on the 18th March, K.C.V.O. 1917. Aged 55. On the 26th April, 1-91 7, a German Entered the naval raid was made here, with 5 Army in 1884. Served as casualties. One British destroyer Aide-de-Camp to Lord was sunk and another damaged. Roberts in India. Served in Burma, On the 22nd August, 1917, an air Soudan, and South Africa. raid was made on Dover, Margate, Commandant of the Staff College and Ramsgate ; 11 killed and 13 from 1903 to 1906. injured ; three Gothas and five escort- ing machines brought down. Commanded the Second Brigade at Aldershot. No casualties were caused at Margate. Commanded the Third Division on Salisbury Plain. RANA, Rifleman Karanbahadur. Has a brilliant record for his work Gurkha Rifles. Gained the V.C. on the Western Front. in the war. Promoted K.C.V.O. in August, RANJITSINHJI, Prince (Jam of 1917. Nawanagan), K.C.S.I. RAYAK. Aged 47. Palestine. played cricket for Has England On the 6th October, 1918, it was and in Australia. occupied by British cavalry. Became Jam Sahib in 1907. Offered troops in the war, and RAYFIELD, Private W. L. accompanied them to the front. (2204279). Received K.C.S.I. in 1917. 7th Battalion, British Columbia Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the RANKEN, Captain H. S. war. R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C. in the war. REA, W. Russell, ex-M.P. A Lord Commissioner of the RAPPES WOOD. Treasury from February, 1915, to On the 21st October, 1918, the December. 1916. Americans took it, capturing 5 READING, Viscount, G.C.B., officers, 255 men, and a number of machine-guns. K.C.V.O. Formerly Sir Rufus Isaacs. RAQUES, Acting- Sergeant J. C. Aged 59. R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the Son of a City merchant. war. Was a stockbroker. RASPUTIN. Called to the Bar, and took silk in The notorious Russian monk. 1898. He was murdered on the 29th Appointed Solicitor-General in December, 1916. March, 1910. Attorney-Generalin October, 1910. RASTATT. Entered the Cabinet in 1912. A town near Karlsruhe, Baden, Appointed Lord Chief Justice in Germany. Formerly fortified. October. 1913. Has tobacco factories, etc. Created a Peer in 1914. Population, 15,046. Received in June, 1915, the G.C.B. The station here v/as bombed by as special lecocniilon for his services the British airmen. in the war crisis. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 173

A Viscountcy was conferred upon REES, Captain L. M. B. him in June, 1916. R.A.andR.F.C. Gained the V.C. Visited U.S.A. on a financial in the war. mission onthe 14tii September, 1917. REES, Sergeant Ivor (20002). On the 14th October, 1917, South Wales Borderers. speaking on the German reply, he Gained " the V.C. in the war. stated : Justice is m.erciful when there are extenuating circumstances. "REGINA MARGHERITA." When there are none it behoves An Italian battleship. justice to be stern." On the 12th December, 1916, she READITT, Private John (18233). was sunk by striking two mines. South Lancashire Regiment. Nearly 700 men were drowned. Gained the V.C. in the v/ar. REIGHSRATH. "RECRUIT," H.M.S. Austrian Parliament. " " A British destroyer of the C REICHSTAG. class, completed 1899-1904, having German Parliament. a displacement of 355-430 tons and a speed of 27-30 knots. REID, Captain Oswald Austin. She was torpedoed by a German Liverpool Regiment (attached to submarine in the North Sea on the the Loyal North Lancashire Regi- 1st May, 1915. ment). Gained the V.C. in the war. RED GROSS, Abuse of. REMISS. the British On advance on the North-west to north-east of Laon. Somme it was found that the German On the 15th October, 1918. the military commandant at Liancourt French took possession here, Baren- had sheltered himself and a number ton, and Monceau-le- Waast. of huge dug-outs at that place by the Red Cross flag, though these dug- RENARD, M. outs had not been used as hospitals. Was appointed Minister of Labour for France in the new Ministry REDFIELD, William C. formed in 1917. Secretary of Commerce of the U.S.A. "RENAUDIN." A French torpedo-destroyer. REDMOND, John, late M.P. She was sunk by a submarine on Aged 63. the 18th March, 1916. Was leader of the reunited Irish Nationalist Party. RENDLE, Bandsman T. E. Was originally a Clerk in the House Duke of Cornv/all's Light Infantry. of Commons. Gained the V.C. in the war. His son and his brother were parliamentary colleagues in the RENDOBURG. House of Commons. On the 8th November, 1918, it was Declined a seat in the Coalition seized by revolutionaries. Cabinet in May, 1915. REOUFF BEY. Died during the war. Commander of the "Turkish battle- His brother, Major W. Redmond, ship " Haundieh " during the Balkan M.P., was killed in action in June, War. 1917. Appointed new Minister of Marine His son v/on the D.S.O. for Turkey. REDMOND, Major W. REPINGTON, Lieut. -Colonel Late Member of Parliament. Charles a'Gourt, C.M.G. Lost his life in the war on the 7th Aged 60. June. 1917. _ A high authority on all military RED TRIANGLE DAY. questions. Served in Afghanistan, Flag Day, organised by Y.M.C.A. Burma, Soudan, and South Africa. 174 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

•• REWA.'» ment. Over 10,000 prisoners were A hospital ship. taken and a large quantity of booty. On the 4th January, 1918, she was RHODES, Lance- Sergeant John deliberately torpedoed by the Ger- Harold (15122). mans in the Bristol Channel. She Grenadier Guards (Tunstall, was brilliantly lighted regula- withthe Staffs). Gained the V.C. in the war. tion Red Cross marks, and was coming Second- up the Bristol Channel, near the RHODES-MOORHOUSE, Lieut. B. coast, when the explosion took place, W. immediately after strange lights had R.F.C. Gained the V.C. in the been seen. Throughthe courage and war. skill of the crew and medical staff all RHONDDA, Lord. on board were saved, except three Aged 63. Lascars, who were probably killed in Formerly Mr. S. A. Thomas, M.P. the explosion. Was President of the Local Government Board in the Ministry REYNOLDS, Captain D. formed in December, 1916. R.F.A. in Gained the V.C. the Became Food Controller in June, war. 1917. REYNOLDS, Temporary- Captain Died 3rd July, 1918. Henry, M.C. RIBOT, Alexandre. Royal Scots. Gained the V.C. in Aged 77. the war. Eminent French statesman. RHEIMS, or REIMS. Member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1878. A famous Gothic cathedral town Has been Prime Minister of of France. France three times, accepting office Champagne centre, cloth factories, again in June, 1914. He resigned in woollen industries, and trade dye September, 1917, continuing as works. Foreign Secretary in M. Painleve's Population, 116,000. Cabinet until October. The Germans took Rheims on the Was elected Premier on the 19th 5th September, 1914. March, 1917. The Germans bombarded it on the On the 7th September, 1917, he 20th September, 1914. and the Cabinet resigned. On the 27th November, 1914, the cathedral here was shelled. Since RICHARDS, Sergt. Alfred (1293). then, they have lost no opportunity 1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. of smashing this glorious building Gained the V.C. in the war. into ruins, and the wreckage stands RICKENBACKEN. out as one of the most glaring proofs The great American airman. of German beastiality. Many people On the 27th October, 1918, he advocate leaving city the and cathe- brought down his twenty-first enemy dral in ruins as an everlasting aeroplane, after engaging in three of memorial German degradation. fights. The magnificent Chateau of Coucy, Private Thomas one of the finest castles in the world, RICKETTS, was deliberately blown up by the (3102). Battalion, Germans in their retreat from the 1st Royal Newfoundland Somme, Regiment. The youngest V.C. in the is only 17 In August, 1917, the Gerrpans set Army. He now years at fire to the magnificent collegiate of age ; he enlisted 15 years of age. church of St. Quentin. RIGA. On the 17th April, 1917, the A seaport of Russia, at the head of French resumed the advance with the Gulf of Riga, Russia, Livonia great activity, and a powerful offen- Government. sive openedafter aten days' bombard- It has great industrial activity, and A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 175

shipbuilding trade, machinery manu- RITCHIE, Com. H. P. facturing, and railway carriage build- R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. ing very important and flourishing. Population, 300,000. RITCHIE, Drummer W. Seaforth Highlanders. Gained the On the Nth July, 1915, the Ger- mans captured Przemysl, and also V.C. in the war. took offensive against Riga. RIVERS, Private J. On the 8th August, 1915, the Notts and Derby Regiment. Germans suffered a great naval defeat Gained the V.C. in the war. in the Gulf of Riga. Nine battleships and twelve cruisers were driven off. RIZAH, or RIZEH. On the 18th August, 1915, the A town near Trebizond, on the Russians gained a naval victory in Black Sea, Asiatic Turkey. the Gulf of Riga. Two German It has a good trade. cruisers, eighttorpedo-boats, andfour Population, 30,000. barges, full of troops, were sunk by the On the 8th March, 1916. it was Russians, and the German Dread- occupied by the Russians. nought " Moltke " was torpedoed and sunk by a British submarine. ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR, On the 7th September, 1917, the PRETORIA, and WATER. fall of it was announced owing to the FORD, Field-Marshal disorganised condition of the Russian Lord, K.C., K.P., G.C.B., Northern Army, many of the soldiers G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E., V.C, refusing to fight. All the country O.M. south of the Dvina for m.any miles Born in Cawnpore, India, in 1832. was evacuated. He served throughout the Indian Mutiny, was at the Relief of Luck- RIGEL. now, Cawnpore, etc. Was in com- A French armed vessel. mand during the South African War, She was sunk by a submarine on 1899-1900. the 2nd October. 1916. The most popular soldier of the last century; everybody knew him RIGGS, Sergeant F. C., M.M. by the popular name of "Bobs." (20695). He spent the last few years of his Late 6th Battalion, Yorks and Lanes life unsuccessfully warning the Regiment (Bournemouth). Gained Liberal Government and the people the V.C. in the war. of the Empire that Germany was Lost his life in the war. preparing for war. His speeches RIMNIK. were ridiculed, but there can be no Roumania. doubt that if England had been fully prepared, Germany would never On the 28th December, 1916, the have risked a war and millions of Battle of Rimnik was fought ; 10,220 lives would have been saved. prisoners v/ere claimed by Falkenhayn, died at the Front, within hear- who penetrated north-west and south- He ing of the guns, while visiting east beyond. his beloved Indian troops, 14th Novem- RIOTS. ber. 1914. On the 12th May, 1915, serious Funeral in St. Paul's, November anti-German riots in London and all 19th, 1914. at which the King was

over the country were reported. The • present. military were called out at Southend. At Liverpool the estimated damage ROBERTS, Charles H., M.P. caused by the rioters was £40,000. Aged 54. Under Secretary for India from RIPLEY, Corporal J. February, 1914, until May. 1915. Black Watch. Gained the V.C. in Controller of the Household from the war. May, 1915, until December. 1916. 176 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Appointed Chairman of the ROBERTSON, Private James National Health Insurance Joint Peter (552665). Committee in May, 1915, visiting Late Canadian Infantry. Gained India. the V.C. in the war. Lost his life in the war. ROBERTS,Captain(Actinj5-Lieut.- ROBERTSON, Lance - Corporal Coionel)F. C, D.S.O., M.C. Charles Graham, M.M. Worcestershire Regiment. Gained Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. the V.C. in the war. in the war. ROBERTS, Rt. Hon. George H., ROBEY, George, C.B.E. M.P. Few men have worked harder or Aged 50. been more successful in their efforts Junior Lord Commissioner of the to raise money for war charities than Treasury in the Coalition Govern- Mr. George Robey, the well-known ment. music-hall artist, on whom the Parliamentary Secretary to the C.B.E. was conferred in January, Board of Trade in December, 1916. 1919. March, 1918, when he was Appointed Food Controller, 1919. entertained at luncheon, he was presented with a silver service in ROBERTSON, General Sir W. R., recognition of what he had done. The G.G.B., K.C.V.O., D.S.O. amount he had been instrumental in Aged 59. handing over for benevolent purposes Was Quartermaster-General when exceeded £50,000, and has been the war broke out. largely added to since. In addition Seen service in South Africa and he has entertained whole armies at India. home and at the front, as well as Was Assistant Director of Military thousands of wounded men. In Operations for six years; afterwards the days of voluntary enlistment Brigadier-General of the General early in the war he laboured more StaflP at Aldershot. strenuously than any recruiting- Was Commandant of the Staff sergeant to get men, and with the College at Camberley. Motor Transport Volunteers, in Became on the 21st December, which he holds officer's rank, he has 1915, Chief of the Imperial General done yeoman service. Staff, succeeding Sir Archibald Murray. ROBINSON, Lieut.-Com. E. G. Appointed G.C.B. in January, R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 1917. ROBINSON, Capt. W. Leefe. Transferred to the Eastern Com- R.F.C. Gained the V.C. in the mand in 1918, as he refused to work war. Worcestershire Regt. and with the Versailles Military Council. R.F.C. He served in France and ROBERTSON, Rt. Hon, John Mac - was wounded. Then he worked for idnnon, M.P. seven months as a night pilot in Aged 63. England before bringing down, in Parliamentary Secretary to the flames, the first Zeppelin destroyed Board of Trade until May, 1915. in England, at Cuffley, near London, P.C. in June, 1915. on Sunday, 3rd September. 1916. Chairman of Committee on Food Died 31st December, 1918. Supply in 1916. ROBINSON, H. Perry. ROBERTSON, Second-Lieut. Cle- War correspondent. ment. Was seen at his best in describing Late Royal West Surrey Regi- the turn of the tide which set in at the ment. Special Reserve (Temporary- latter end of the war. Lieut., Acting-Captain, Tanks Corps). ROBSON, Private H. H. Gained the V.C. in the war. Roval Scots Regiment. Gained Lost his life in the war. the V.C. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 177

ROCHFORT, Second-Lieut. G.A.B. " criminal violation of the law of Scots Guards. Gained the V.C. nations." in the v/ar. Strongly supported his country's entrance into the war long before RODD, Sir Rennell, G.C.V.O., G.C.M.G. President Wilson took action. His son Kermit held a captaincy Aged 60. in the British Army. Appointed to the British Embassy, Rome, from Stockholm, in 1908. ROOSEVELT, Lieut. Quentin. Received G.C.M.G. in June. 1915, Youngest son of ex-President after anxious work in Italy during the Roosevelt. war. Lost his life in the war. "RODOSTO." ROOT, Hon. Elihu. transport. A Turkish armed Aged 74. 1916, she On the 14th October, Was Secretary for War for the in the Black by a was captured Sea United States of America from 1899 Russian submarine. to 1904. ROEUX. Secretary of State in 1905. On the 27th August, 1918, the Made a vigorous attack on Presi- British captured it. dent Wilson's policy in the war in ••ROHILLA." February, 1916. Visited Russia in 1917 in connec- ship fitted as a hospital ship, A tion v/ith the war. built in the year 1906, having a " Stated : This is not a war about tonnage of 7,409 and a speed of 17 boundaries ; it is a war between Odin knots. and Christ." She was wrecked off Whitby, England, on the 30th October, 1914. ROSS, Malcolm. Many lives were lost. War correspondent. ROLLEGHEM. Has accompanied the gallant New Zealand Forces. Six miles east of Tourcoing. On the 19th October, 1918, it was " ROSTOCK." captured by the British. A German light cruiser. ROMBACH. She was sunk by British gunfire Germany. in the Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, 1916—see under " H.M.S. The blast furnaces here were " bombed by British airmen on three Queen Mary.' occasions. ROTHERMERE, Lord. ROMERIES. On the 26th November, 1917, he On the 21st October, 1918, Sir became first British Air Minister, and Douglas Haig reported that a counter- resigned on the 25th April, 1918, attack by the enemy from this direc- being succeeded by Lord Weir. tion was beaten off with heavy loss. ROTTVV^EIL. ROOM, Acting Lance-Corporal A town of Wurtemberg, in the Frederick G. (8614). Black Forest district. Royal Irish Regiment. Gained On the 9th August, 1916, a French the V.C. in the v/ar, airman bombed a German powder factory here, causing fires and ex- ROOSEVELT, Colonel Theodore. plosions. Aged 61. Was President of the United States ROUBAIX. from 1901 to 1909. A thriving and industrial town, On the 14th November, 1915, he near Lille, Department Nord France, protested against the U.S. Govern- on the Roubaix Canal, one mile from ment's attitude towards Germany's the Belgian frontier. It has woollen M 178 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

manufactories, grape and tomato Mountains, while the Pruth forms forcing. the Russian frontier on the east. It has a great trade, and many Not being a Balkan State, it took educational institutions and fine no part In the war of 1912, but after buildings. its resumption in 1913 she intervened Population. 140,000. and extracted from Bulgaria as the On the 16th October, 1918, the price of peace some 2,000 miles of fate of it, Lille, and Tourcoing was territory. determined. It has an area of 53,472 square On the 18th October, 1918, the miles, and a population of over Second British Army occupied it. 7,000.000. The town was undamaged. The capital is Bucharest. Before the war she had a peace ROUEY LE PETIT. strength of 130,000 men and 900,000 On the 31st August, 1918, it was available men. captured by the French, with 250 On the 27th January, 1915, the prisoners. British Government decided to lend ROULERS. her £5,000,000. A tov/n on the River Lys, near On the 5th August, 1915, it was Courtrai, West Flanders, Belgium. reported that she had point-blank A cotton manufacturing town, refused the request of Germany to with a population of 2l,42{). allow munitions to pass into Bul- It fell into the possession of the garia. Germans on the 24th October, 1914. On the 28th August, 1916. she On the 25th October, 1914, the declared war against Austria, and declared war against her. Allies gained some little advantage in Germany August, the the direction of this and Lille, and On the 29th 1916. the Germans crossed the Yser, the Roumanian troops took possession of order having been given that this the passes of the Transylvanlan Alps. must be achieved at no matter what On the 30th August, 1916, Turkey cost. The enemy's loss here was declared war against her. about 5,000. On the 1st September, 1916, On the 30th October, 1917, our Bulgaria declared war against her. bombing squadrons dropped over On the 10th August, 1917, Mac- two tons of explosives here and on kensen opened a new offensive in disastrously Ingelmunster stations, as well as on Roumania. This proved (it is believed) to moving trains and hostile billets. successful, owing One German machine was brought heavy bribery. there down in combat, and one of our On the 2nd January. 1917, machines v/as missing. was a reconstituted Cabinet. M. On the 6th November, 1917, Bratlano was appointed Premier. during the night 62 heavy bombs On the 18th February. 1918, Ger- were dropped on the enemy's rail- many sent an ultimatum, giving her ways, communications, billets, and four days to enter into negotiations aerodromes here and at Courtrai. for peace. Several large explosions, which were On the 2nd March, 1918, she follov/ed by fires, were observed in agreed to make peace. the station and town here. On the 4th March. 1918. she accepted the German terms under ROUMANIA. compulsion. • King Ferdinand, succeeded in ROUMANIAN DAY. 1914. Flag Day arranged in aid of Has been an independent kingdom National Roumanian Relief Fund. since 1878, consisting of the old principalities of Wallachla and Mol- ROUPELL, Lieut. G. R. P.

davia ; also the delta of the Danube, East Surrey Regiment. Gained

and from Hungary by the Carpathian I the V.C. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 179

ROVEREDO, or ROVERETO. She was sunk in the Aegean, with One of the principal silk manufac- great loss of life, on the 14th August, turing cities of the South Tyrol, 1915. Austria-Hungary, on the River Leno. ROYAL ENGINEERS. Population, 10,500. In Sir Douglas Haig's report of the It was entered by the Allies on the " victorv he wrote : All branches 4th November, 1918. have shown the greatest energy and ROVNO. skill in the discharge of their different A town in Government Volhynia, tasks. On many occasions, par- Russia. ticularly in the construction of An important trade centre in the bridges under fire and in the removal sixteenth century, but wrecked by of mines, they liave shown courage of the Cossacks before its annexation to the highest order. Russia. In the course of our advance Good trade in provision milling some 700 road bridges, exclusive of industry. pontoon bridges, were constructed. Population. 25,600. In the period from the 8th August to Up to the 18th September, 19i5, the termination of hostilities nearly all the Vilna railways had been cut, 14,000 Germ.an mines and traps of with the exception of the south- various descriptions, totalling over running line to Lida and Rovno. 540 tons of explosives, had been discovered and rendered harmless by *• ROXBURGH," H.M.S. the different tunnelling companies. An armoured cruiser, com.pleted in Over 400 mechanical pumping plants, the year 1905, having a displacement giving a daily yield of some twenty of 10,850 tons and a speed of 22^ million gallons of water, were in- knots. stalled as our troops advanced. On the 20th June, 1915, she was Engineer troops were responsible struck by a torpedo, but not seriously also for the repair of 3,500 miles of damaged. road, including the filling in of 500 ROYAL AIR FORGE. road craters." In Sir Douglas Haig's report of ROYE. " In the Department of Somme, on the victory he wrote : The work of our airmen in close co-operation with the Arve. the 27th August, 1918, it was ail fighting branches of the Army has On continued to show the same bril- captured by the French. liant qualities which have come to ROZWADOVSKI, General. be commonly associated v,'ith that Chief of General Staff of the Polish service. From the beginning of Arm.y. January, 1918, to the end of Novem- "RUGKIN." ber nearly 5,500 tons of bombs v/ere A "German mine-layer. dropped by us, 2,953 hostile aero- She Vi^as scuttled on the 2nd July, planes were destroyed, in addition to 1915. 1,178 others driven dov/n out of RUMEY, Lieut. control, 241 German observation The Germ.an champion miilitary balloons v*'ere shot down in flames, flier. He had 45 victories. He was and an area of over 4,000 square killed on the Western Front on the miles of country has been photo- 6th October, 1918. graphed, not once, but many tim.es." RUNCIMAN, Rt. Hon. W., P.C., 'ROYAL EDWARD." ex-M.P. Steamer belonging to the Canadian Aged 49. Northern Steamships, taken over by Was Parliamentary Secretary to the the Government. Built in the year Local Government Board, 1905.

1 908, having a tonnage of 11,117 and Financial Secretary to the Treaiury, a speed of 19 knots. 1907. 180 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Was President of the Board of strength of 1,300,000 men and Education from 1908 until 1911. 15,000.000 available men. President of the Board of Trade Germany declared war against her from the 14th August to December, on the 1st August, 1914. 1916. Issued proclamation promising RUPEL PASS. autonomy to Poland on the 15th August, 1914. the Greek frontier. On England. France, and Russia On the 29th May. 1916, the Ger- agreed, on the 5th September. 1914. mans and Bulgarians acquired it. not to treat for peace separately. RUPPREGHT, Prince. Won great 17 days' battle in East Crown Prince of Bavaria. Prussia, capturing 30,000 Austrian On the 21st October, 1918. he was prisoners, on the I3th September. reported as the marked-out suc- 1914. cessor to the Kaiser on the imperial The Tsar issued a decree pro- throne. hibiting the sale of alcohol through- He has always been a boaster and a out the empire for ever by the braggart, and is violently anti-British. Russian Government on the 20th RUSSELL," H.M.S. October. 1914. On the 7th August, 1915, it was A battleship, completed in ths year reported that the Kaiser, through the 1903, having a displacement of King of Denmark, had offered the 14,000 tons and a speed of 192 knots. Russians terms of peace, which were She was sunk by a mine in the emphatically rejected the Tsar. Mediterranean on the 27th April, by On the 9th and 11th March, 1917, 1916; 124 officers and men were there were food riots in Petrograd, missing. Among the saved was Admiral Fremantle. and on the 12th March a revolution occurred. RUSSELL, Captain John Fox, M.C. On the 14th March, 1917, Prince Late R.A.M.C. (attached to the Lvoff was elected Premier, Royal Welsh Fusiliers). Gained the On the 15th March, 1917, the V.C. in the war. abdication of the Tsar was demanded Lost his life in the war. by the Provisional Government. RUSSIA. The Tsar abdicated for himself and A vast empire, embracing more the Tsarevltch, naming the Grand than half the continent of Europe and Duke Michael, his brother, as one-third of Asia. Regent. Estimated area. 8,660,000 square On the 9th June. 1917, the miles. Population, 163,000,000. Russian Government refused the It extends from Poland in the west offer by the Germans of an unlimited to Behring Straits in the east, a dis- armistice. tance of 5,700 miles, and from the On the 23rd July, 1917, there was Arctic to Southern Siberia, north and an Army crisis in Russia. Most of the south, about 2,660 miles. units on the Galician front became The State capital is Petersburg completely disorganised, no longer (renamed Petrograd), and the empire obeying commands, and there were

has six great divisions : Russia proper wholesale desertions. Representa- and Poland, the Finland Grand tives from the front demanded from Duchy, Caucasia, the Transcaspian M. Kerensky that extreme measures territory. Central Asia, and Siberia. be taken. In Europe Russia has an area of a 7 he ex-Tsar and ex-Tsarina were little over 2,000,000 English square sent to Siberia on the 15th August, miles, and a population of about 1917, and were brutally murdered. 108,000,000,; and the most import- Proclaimed a Republic on the 15th ant cities, after the capital, are September, 1917, a new Cabinet was Moscow, Warsaw, and Odessa. formed under M. Kerensky, with four Before the war she had a peace other members. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 181

On the 15th December, 1917, the He was afterwards sentenced to death Russians signed an armistice with by court-martial, and was executed, Germany on condition that German having contrived to smuggle out this " troops were not moved west. This letter to his friends : I ask only one condition was disregarded by the thing before I die. Can you not enemy. reveal to the world the truth as On the 10th February, 1918, she to the part played by German " deserted the Allies, Trotsky refusing ' liberators ' ? to continue war or to make peace. RUSSINI, Signor. On the 18th February, 1918, Ger- President of the Italian section of many recommenced hostilities, and delegates to the Inter-Allied Parlia- Drinsk and Lutak were seized. mentary Conference. RUSSIA, Ex- Tsar of, Nicholas II. RUSSKY, General. Aged 51. On the lOfch July, 1915, he was Called to the throne in November, nominated Commander-in-Chief of 1894. the Russian Armies operating on the His mother is a sister of Queen North-Western Front. Alexandra. Married a daughter of Princess RUTHVEN, Sergeant William Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse. (1946). Abdicated at the call of the pro- Australian Imperial Force. Gained gressive forces in March, 1917. the V.C. in the war. Later he and his family were RYAN, Private John. murdered. 55th Battalion, Australian Imperial 'RUSSIA, THE." Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. A British transport. RYDER, Private Robert (3281). She was submarined on the 14th Middlesex December, 1916. No troops were Regiment. Gained the on board. V.C. in the war. RUSSIAN DAY. SAARALBE. Flag Day arranged in aid of Germany. Anglo-Russian Hospital in Petrograd British airmen bombed the chemical factory here. and at Russian front. RUSSIAN SOCIALISTS, Torture SAARBRUGKEN, or SAAR- of. BRUCK. On the 25th June, 1918. Herr A town in Rhenish Prussia, on the Hasse declared in the Reichstag that River Saar, opposite the sister town at Riga the Germans had thrown of Sankt Johann. hundreds of persons into prison, It is a manufacturing centre in

among them six women ; had con- rich coal-field. demned to death a boy of 15 for Population, 30,500. distributing a proclamation (though The factories, station, and railways no proof was produced); had con- were raided by 40 French aviators

demned to death two sisters named here on the 6th September, 1915 ;

Datt, and executed one of them ; and 75 persons reported killed. had tortured a Socialist arrested on SABLIN, Admiral. the charge of being in possession of Russian Admiral. a number of circulars. He was first On the 6th November, 1918, he beaten about the head for several was reported to be en route for minutes, then stripped and flogged England to take command of the with a whip of wire thongs covered Black Sea Fleet and go to Odessa. with india-rubber, fastened to a bench and beaten on it till it broke, SACILE. and, finally, for four hours thrashed On the 1st November, 1918, it was " till his body was'.one great wound." occupied by British troops. 182 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

SADLIER, Lieut. Clifford V/illiam SALM-HORSTMAN, Prince. King. In the Prussian Diet of April, 1918, Australian Imperial Force. Gained " he stated : I do not see why our the V.C. in the war. enemies should not bleed until they SADULLAH, General. are black. We need an indemnity in On the 1st November, 1918, he raw materials and in cash. The was appointed Chief of the General more we weaken the Poles, the sooner Staff of the Third Turkish Army, we shall have rest and peace." and one of the negotiators for peace. SALONIKA. SAGE, Private Thomas Henry (33316). A seaport, at the head of the Gulf of Somerset Light Infantry (Twer- Salonika. Centre of Important trade ton). Gained the V.C. in the war. for Macedonia and much of Albania. Has a fine harbour, famous mosque of SAILLY SAILLISEL. Santa Sophia, and Roman and Byzan- On the 18th October, 1916, the tine antiquities. French completed the capture of it. Exports grain, cocoons, hides, SAILLY-SUR LA-LYS. wool, tobacco, etc. Three miles north of Estalres. Has a population of 174,000 (one- On the 3rd September, 1918, the half Jews, who have 25 synagogues). British troops gained possession of it. On the 5th October, 1915, the SAILORS' DAY. Allied Forces landed here. On the 13th December, 1915, the Flag Day organised under the joint British and French troops occupied auspices of the Navy League and British and Foreign Sailors* Society. it. On the 30th December, 1915, SAINGHIN-EN-Vv^EPPES. enemy Consuls were arrested here by Four miles east of La Bassee. General Sarrail. On the 15th October, 1918, Sir On the 3rd June. 1916. the Allies " D. Halg reported : We carried out established martial law and took over a successful raid yesterday evening the local administration.

south of here ; 20 prisoners were On the 20th August, 1916, a taken." general offensive was launched by SALENI, Duke of. the Allied forces under General Son of the Duke of Aosta. Sarrail. On the 22nd October, 1918, a On the 30th August, 1916, a revo- Rome telegram reported that he had lution took place. died in a hospital in the war zone. On the 10th September, 1916. the SALESGHES. British operating on the Salonika front crossed the Shuma and defeated It was captured by the British on the Bulgarian troops. the 24th October, 1918. Onthe25th April, 1 91 7. the British SALISBURY, Brig.-General the advanced north of Salonika, and were Marquess of, K.G. repulsed. Aged 58. On the 9th May. 1917, the British Son of the well-known Prime attacked north of Salonika. Minister. On t..e 31st October. 1918. it was Fought with distinction in the Boer reported that Turkey was out of the

War. war, and that at 1 2 o'clock on that day Lord Privy Seal in 1903. the British Vlce-Admlral here con- Was President of the Board of cluded an armistice with the Ottoman Trade. Government. The terms of the Appointed a Brigadier-General in armistice included the free passage of 1915. the Dardanelles and entry of our Appointed a K.G. in March. 1917. fleet to the Black Sea. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 183

"SALTA." Appointed Governor of Bombay, A hospital ship. 1895. On the 10th April, 1917, she was Lord Chamberlain in February,

sunk in the Channel ; 52 were killed. 1912. SALVADOR. Made a Viscount on retirement of the Ministry in December, 1915. President Carlos Melendez, suc- ceeded in 1913. SAN GIOVANNI. A Republic on the Pacific coast, On the 27th May. 1917, the Central America, adjoining Honduras Italians reached the third Austrian and Guatemala. line of defence and took it. Area, 7,225 square miles. Popu- On the 31st October, 1917, an lation. 1,050,116. incendiary bomb fell here and on the Agriculture and minerals. neighbouring villa of Trento, which Capital, San Salvador. was occupied as a hospital, and a On the Allies' side in the war. Canadian surgeon conducted the SAMSON, Com. Charles R., D.S.O. rescue of all those who could be Aged 36. saved. Obtained pilot's certificate in 1911. SANKEY, Mr. Justice. in Awarded a Bar to the D.S.O. Chairman of the Advisory Com- 1917. mittee on Enemy Aliens. naval wing of Commandant of the Chairman of the Coal Commission, the Royal Flying Corps. 1919. SAMSON, Seaman George R. SARAJIVO. R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the A mountainous province of Turkey, war. now Austro-Hungarlan territory, SAMUEL, Rt. Hon. Herbert L., having an area (with Herzegovina) of P.O., M.P. 19,700 square miles, and a population Aged 49. of 1,500.000. Under Secretary to the Hom.e The capital Is Bosna-Serai, having Department, 1905 to 1909. a population of 500,000. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- The Archduke Francis Ferdinand caster, 1909 to 1910. of Austria, together with his consort, Postmaster-General, 1910 to 1914. were assassinated here on the 28th President of the Local Government June, 1914. Board, 1914 to 1915. SAROLEA, Dr. Charles. Postmaster-General again from May, 1915, to January, 1916. Aged 49. Home Secretary from the 11th Belgian by birth ;now a naturalised January to December, 1916. Englishman. Appealed on behalf of Belgium SANDERS, Corporal G. W. during the war. Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. SARRAIL, General. SANDERS, Lieut-Com. W. E. On the 6th August, 1915, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief in R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the the Salonika district. war. SANDFORD, Lieut. Richard SARREBOURG. Douglas. Germ.any. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. The junction sidings here were bombed by the British on seven SANDHURST, Viscount, G.G.V.O., occasions, G.G.S.I. Aged 63. SAUNDERS, Sergeant A. F. Under Secretary for War in two Suffolk Regiment. Gained the Ministries. V.C. in the*war. 184 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

SAXE-GOBURG GOTHA, Grand Scarpe, and the Souchez valley, \

Duke of. capturing numerous fresh villages. I

' It was reported that he abdicated Onthe23rdApril,1917.theBritish on the 16th November, 1918. had advanced along the Scarpe on a front of 3.000 yards. Gavrelle and SAXE-WEIMAR, Prince Albert of. Guemappe were taken, with 2,000 He was the thirty-sixth German prisoners. Prince to lose his life during the war. On the 14th May, 1917. Roeux, a He was reported to have been killed village in the Scarpe valley, east of in action on the Western Front in Arras, was captured by British troops. September, 1918. Just before the big German offen- "SCHARNHORST." sive of March, 1918, the German A German armoured cruiser, en- papers announced that altogether gaged, according to the Admiralty*! thirty Princes had been killed, and report of the 4th November, 1914, since then six others have been killed withthe German ships" Gneisenau," " or mortally wounded. Leipzig," and Dresden," off the SAXONY. coast of Chili, against H.M. Ships the " Good Hope," " Monmouth," A revolution was reported here on and " Glasgow," in stormy weather, the 11th November, 1918. the action lasting an hour. SAZONOFF, M. The " Good Hope " caught fire, Russian Foreign Minister. blew up, and sank. On the 22nd July, 1916, his The " Monmouth." also on fire, resignation was announced. drew off, but was again attacked. SGALA NOVA. The " Glasgow " was not greatly On the 18th October, 1918, it was damaged, and had few casualties. stated that a British ship would be This ship, together with the " " sent here on a fixed date, with 1,000 Gneisenau," Niirnberg," and " Turkish prisoners, to embark 1,000 Leipzig," were sunk off the Falk- British invalided prisoners of war. land Islands by a British squadron, commanded by Sir F. Sturdee, on SCANDINAVIA. the 8th December, 1914. the On 29th December. 1916, she The engagement lasted five hours. sent a Note to Germany supporting The " Dresden " escaped. President Wilson. SCHAUMBURG - LIPPE, Prince SCARBOROUGH. Adolph of. A harbour and fashionable coast He was badly wounded in the watering-place in North Riding, fighting around St. Quentin in April, Yorkshire, England. 1918. Population. 37.204. SCHEER, Admiral. On the 16th December, 1914, a Was Chief of the German Naval German cruiser force made a raid, Staff. shelling it, Whitby, and Hartlepool ; SCHELDT, or SCHELDE. 1 10 persons were killed and over 400 A river of France, Holland, and injured. Belgium. On the 4th September, 1917, a Rises in Department Aisne, and German submarine, in broad day- flows (248 miles) to the North Sea light, about 7 p.m.. appeared, shelled by the estuaries indenting Zeeland, it, and inflicted 8 casualties. passing Oudcnarde, Ghent. Dender- SCARPE. monde, and Antwerp. A river in France, in the Depart- The Germans crossed here at ment of Pas-de-Calais, a tributary Termonde, Schoonaborde, and Wel- (70 miles) of the River Scheldt. teren on the 7th October, 1914. On the 14th April, 1917. British SCHENCK, General von. troops made deep penetrations into He was appointed German War the German lines around Cambrai, Minister on the 26th October, 1918. . A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 185

SCHILEDEN ISLAND. SCHWERIN. In the Gulf of Riga. Capital of the Grand Duchy of On the 20th October, 1917, it fell Mecklenberg-Schwerin to the Germans. In the naval It joined the revolution on the 8th fighting for its possession a British November. 1918. submarine torpedoed a German SGILLY ISLES. Dreadnought. Group near Land's End, Cornwall, SCHILIG ROADS. England. Total area. 10 square miles. See under "Cuxhaven." Population, 2,800. SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. Hugh Town, the capital of theisles, A Prussian province, adjoining is on St. Mary's, the largest of the Denmark on the north. group.

Area, 7, 337square miles. Agricul- On the 3rd February, ] 91 7. the " tural and manufacturing. Popula- Ameiican s.s. Hausatonic" was sunk tion. 1,450,000. in daylight by a German submarine. Capital, Kiel. SCOTT, Admiral Sir Percy, The north part of the province, K.C.B., K.G.V.O. Schleswig, and the south division, Aged 66. Holstein, were both Danish duchies Entered the Navy in 1866; pro- prior to 1866, and a large portion of moted Admiral in 1913. Has seen the inhabitants still speak Danish. much war service between 1873 and On the 25th March, 1916, the 1900. airship sheds here were attacked by On the 13th September, 1915, he British seaplanes, three of which were was appointed to take charge of the afterwards reported missing. aerial defences of London. On the llth November, 1918, it SCOTTISH COAST. was reported to be a Republic. There wasa Zeppelinraidonthe 2nd SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN GUN- April, 1916; 10 killed and 11 injured. SCRAP OF PAPER, A. THER, Duke Ernst of. This now historic phrase was used Brother-in-law of the Kaiser. by the German Chancellor, von Beth- In the Prussian Diet of April, 1918, " mann-Hollweg, to describe a solemn he stated : We must use a firm treaty signed by the Great Powers of hand, and not wear l:id gloves." Europe, guaranteeing Belgium's in- SCHOFIELD, Temporary- Second- tegrity. It is thoroughly in keeping Lieut. J. with the unscrupulous Hun character, Late Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained and should prove a warning to the the V.C. in the war. Allied statesmen. It is certain that Lost his life in the war. Germany will never respect a treaty SCHOORE. unless made to do so by force. SCRIMGER, Captain F. A. G. Seven miles from Ostend. Canadian Army Medical Service. On the 17th October, 1918, the Gained the V.C. in the war. Belgians crossed the Yser and took it. SCUTARI. SCHULZE - GAVERNITZ, Pro- A town on the Bosphorus, Asia Minor, opposite Constantinople, of In May, 1918, he stated: ^ We which it is considered a suburb. should conclude treaties providing It has a population of about 50,000, for the supply of raw materials on the mostly Turks. model of the peace treaties with Active trade in Asiatic products. Roumania and Ukraine. The most On the 23rd January. 1916, it was favoured nation clause is the most occupied by the Austrians. important war aim. We cannot SEA AND AIR, Sub-Committee ignore the fact that our enemies for Offences at and in the. embrace nearly the whole world." Appointed 6th November, 1918. I 186 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Chairman, Sir John Macdonell, entered by American troops of the K.C.B. First Army at 4 o'clock. A Sub-Committee of the Com- On the 7th November, 1918, the mittee of Inquiry into Breaches of whole of Sedan was captured by the Laws of War. This Sub-Com- French and American troops. mittee was appointed to deal with SEDDON, Captain R. J. S. violations of laws of war com- the Son of the late Premier of New mitted at sea and in the air. Amongst Zealand. the subjects referred to this Com- Lost his life in the war. mittee were the destruction of mer- "SEEADLER." chantmen, the firing on ships' crews A German raider. after the destruction of the vessels, It was officially reported to have and the sinking of hospital ships. been wrecked on the 2nd August, This Sub-Committee presented an 1917, on Lord Howe Island. interim report dealing with illegal submarine warfare. SEEKT, von. At the request of the Ministry of German General. Shipping a representative of that Mentioned as a probable suc- Department was appointed by the cessor to Ludendorff. He was chief Attorney-General to the Sub-Com- of Mackensen's Staff in Roumania. mittee. SEELY, Rt. Hon. Brig.-General SEAHAM HARBOUR. J. E. B., P.O., D.S.O., C.B., A seaport, near Sunderland, Dur- M.P. ham, England. Aged 51. Coal trade centre, glass bottle Liberal Under Secretary for the works. Colonies from 1908 to 1911. Population, 15,759. Served in the South African War. On the 12th July, 1916, a German Secretary for War from 1912 to submarine attacked Seaham Harbour. March, 1914. A woman v/as killed and a house Appointed Brigadier-General in struck. 1915. SEBASTOFOL, or SEVASTO- C.B. in January, 1916. POL. His eldest son was killed in 1917. He himself was injured, but re- A strongly fortified Russian seaport turned to the front. in the Crimea, Government Taurida. Grain export and popular watering- SEIDLER, Dr. von. place. On the 24th June, 1917, a new Thriving town, built on ruins after Austrian Ministry was formed, and the famous siege of 1855. he was appointed Premier. Population (including military), SELBIC, Principal W. B., M.A., 72,000. D.D. On the 31st October, 1914, the Aged 57. Turkish Fleet bombarded it, doing Principal of Mansfield College, considerable damage. Oxford, since 1910. SEDAN. Was Chairman of the Congre- Capital of the Department of gational Union in 1914. Ardennes, on the Meuse. President of the Free Church Famous for the great battle fought Council for 1917. here in September, 1870, which Lost a son in the war. resulted in the defeat and surrender Another son won the M.C. of MacMahon. SELBORNE, Earl of. On the 5th November, 1918, Aged 60. Americans were bombarding the Under Secretary for Colonies from defences of Sedan, Stenay, Mouzon, 1895 to 1900. Montmedy, and Cartigan. Was First Lord of the Adm.iraltv,

On the 6th November, 1918, it was 1 1900 to 1905. A.B.C, OF THE GREAT WAR 187

Was High Commissioner in South made, the enemy being disastrously Africa from 1905 to 1910. defeated near Valiers, and retreated, President of the Board of Agricul- with losses in men estimated at ture in the Coalition Government of 30,000 and in guns at 50. 1915-16. On the 2nd October, 1915, the Lost two sons in the war. Bulgarian forces were gathering here. It was invaded by Austro-German SEMAN, General. forces on the 6th October, 1915, the On the 28th October, 1918, it was Danube, Drina, and Sava being reported that the Extraordinary Com- crossed. mission of the Western Region had The Franco-Serbian troops de- ordered this ex-General and 14 feated the Bulgarians at Valandova others, mostly ex-ofncers, to be shot. on the 16th October, 1915. SEMLIN. On the 23rd November, 1915, the A fortified tov/n of Serbia, near Serbians removed their capital to Belgrade, on the River Danube. Prizrend, and retreated towards the Population, 14,150. Albanian frontier. The Serbians captured this on the On the 24th June, 1917, a new 27th September. 1914. Serbian Government was formed, with M. Pashitch as Premier and SERBIA, Peter I., King of. Foreign Minister. Aged 75. Elected King in 1903. SERES. Just before the war he had handed On the 26th August, 1916, it was over to his second son much of his reported to be occupied by the Bul- power. garians. SERBIA. SETTE GOMMUNI PLATEAU. King Peter I., succeeded in 1903. On the 31st October, 1918, on this An independent kingdom, adjoin- plateau the enemy, under strong ing Bosnia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and pressure, was obliged to evacuate Kossova, and divided by the Rivers Asiago, v/hich was promptly entered Danube and Sava from Austria- by our troops. Hungary on the north. SEXTON, Sergeant G. (6594). It has an area of about 34,000 13th Battalion, Australian Imperial square miles, and a population of Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. some 5,000,000. " SEYBLITZ." At the close of the Balkan War of A. warship. 1912-13 Serbia was allov/ed to absorb German Completed " in April, 1913. Tonnage, 24,000. the v/hole of old Servia," thus ^^ " nearly doubling Together with the DerfHinger," both territory and " population. Moltke," and Bliicher," she Capital, Belgrade. v/as engaged in a running fight with H.M. Ships the " " Before war she had a peace strength Lion," Tiger," " Princess Royal," " of 36.000 and 500,000 available New Zealand," men " " men. and the Indom.itable on the 24th January, 1915. Received Note of Demand from The " Lion " v/as flying flag Austria on the 23rd July, 1914. the of Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. Answered Austria's Note of " Bliicher " capsized sank. Demand by asking for delay on the The and Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 24th July, 1914. 885, _ 125 v/ere saved. Received Austria's answer, refusing delay, on the 25th July, 1914. SHA.BATZ. Received declaration of v/ar by A tov/n on the River Sava, Serbia. Austria on the 28th July, 1914. It fias an old castle. Exports fruit, On the 10th December, 1914, the cattle, coal, and pigs, principally to third attempt of the Austrians to Hungary. carry out an effective invasion v/as Has a population of 12,560, .

A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 19th August, 1914, the news SHEFFIELD, Bishop of (Rt. Rev; was confirmed that the Serbians had L. H. Burrows, D.D.). routed the Austrians here. Aged 52.

Ordained in 1 881 SHAGKLETON, Sir David, K.C.B. Much interested in foreign Aged 55. missions. Has been a weaver. Lost a son in the war. Ex-President of the Weavers' Amalgamation. SHEPHERD, Rifleman A. E. Senior Labour Adviser to the (R15089). Home Office from November, 1910, King's Royal Rifle Corps (Barns- to 1911. ley). Gained the V.C. in the war. An Insurance Commissioner since SHERWOOD-KELLY, Major (Act- 1912. ing-Lieut.-Colonel) John, Permanent Secretary to the C.M.G., D.S.O. Ministry of Labour in December, Norfolk Regiment. Gained the 1916. V.C. in the war. Knighted in 1917. SHIPPING, Ministry of. SHANKLAND, Lieut. Robert. St. James' Park. S.W. 1. Canadian Infantry. Gained the On the 19th December. 1916, the V.C. in the war. Government decided to take over the SHARK," H.M.S. control of shipping and mining, to institute National Service, and to A British destroyer. call Imperial She was sunk by German gunfire an Conference. in the North Sea Battle of Jutland "SHIROTAYE." on the 31st May, 1916—see under A Japanese torpedo-destroyer. " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" She was sunk by accident on the SHARON." 4th September, 1914. A Government steamer. SHORT, Private W. On the 15th December, 1914, she Late Yorkshire Regiment. Gained was reported to have been lost—some the V.C. in the war. believed she had struck a mine when Lost his life in the war. in the Atlantic— with all on board. SHORTT, Edward, KG. SHARPE, Acting-Corporal C. Chief Secretary for Ireland in Lincolnshire Regiment. Gained 1918: Home Secretary after the the V.C. in the war. Victory Election. SHEERNESS. SHOUT, Captain A. J. 1st Australian Imperial Forces. A seaport and garrison town. Gained the V.C. in the war. Situated in the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England. SHUBOTHAM, Sergeant R. Has a dockyard. Cheshire Regiment. Gained the Population, 17,494. V.C. in the war. On the morning of the 26th SIAM. November, 1914, H.M.S. "Bul- King Vajiravudh, succeeded wark," which had been lying here, 1910. blew up and entirely disappeared, A country in the Indo-Chinese

nearly 800 lives being lost ; only 12 Peninsula, between Lower Burma saved. and the Shan States, the Malay On the 22nd October, 1916, there Peninsula, Cambodia, and Annam. was an air raid here. The German Area, 195,000 square miles. Popu- machine was destroyed by a British lation. 6,500,000. seaplane. Principal product, rice. On the 3rd September, 1917, there Capital, Bangkok.

was an air raid here and on Chatham ; On the 22nd July. 1 91 7. she declared 108 were killed and 92 injured. war against Germany and Austria. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 189

SIBERIA. Lost his seat as M.P. in the Victory In Asiatic Russia, from the Ural Election. Mountains to the Sea of Okhotsk and SIMS, Admiral. Behring Strait. Washed by the Commander - in - Chief of the Arctic on the north, and bounded on in European the south by Mongolia and Turke- waters. He is considerably over six stan. foot in height. Area, 4,833,496 square miles. In July, 1918, King George con- Estimated population, 8,000,000. ferred upon him the G.C.M.G. Climate mostly very severe, but has wonderful summer productivity. SINGAPORE. Vast mineral wealth. A British isle at the south end of

It has many great waterways and Malay Peninsula ; part of the Crown railv/ay connections. North and Colony of the Straits Settlement. Strongly fortified. south low lying plain ; north interior a plateau, traversed by mountain Area, 206 square miles. Popu- chains, with large lakes. lation, 303,321 (less than 4,000 Agriculture, pastuiage, forestry. Europeans). Many large towns. Chief, Tomsk There is an Admiralty dockyard, (capital W.S.) and Irkutsk (capital a cathedral, and fine Government E.S.). buildings. The population includes many On the 23rd February, 1915, a thousands of political and other serious riot took place among Indian exiles from European Russia. troops, fomented by German agents. The ex-Tsar and ex-Tsarina and SINGH, Sepoy Chaka. family were sent here on the 15th 9th Bhopal Infantry. Gained the August, 1917, and were brutally V.C. in the war, murdered. SINGH, Lance-Dafadar Gobind SIFTON, Lance- Sergeant Ellis (2008). - Welwood (53730). Indian Cavalry. Gained the V.C. Late Canadian Infantry Battalion in the war. Gained the V.C. in the war. SINTON, Captain J. A., M.B. Lost his life in the war. Indian Medical Service. Gained SILISTRIA. the V.C. in the war. The Roumanian fortress on the SISEMOL. Danube. On the Asiago Plateau. On the 10th September, 1916, the On the 25th October, 1918, French fall of it was reported. troops occupied it and took over 800 SIMLA." prisoners. A P. & 0. liner. SISTERON, Major. On the 7th April, 1916, she was Of the General Headquarters of reported to have been torpedoed the Allies' Armies. and sunk in the Mediterranean. Accompanied by three officers, he SIMON, Rt. Hon. Sir John, started for Spa by motor-car on the K.G.V.O., K.G., ex-M.P. 11th November, 1918. Aged 46. *' SIVUTGH." Solicitor-General, 1910-13. Russian gunboat. Appointed Attorney- General, with A On the 18th August, 1915, she was seatinthe Cabinet, October, 1913-15. sunk after a gallant fight against a Became Home Secretary on forma- superior force. tion of Coalition Ministry in May, 1915. Resigned in January, 1916, SKINNER, Sergt. (Acting-G.S.M.) declining to support compulsory John (6895). service. King's Own Scottish Borderers. Joined the Army in October, 1917. Gained the V.C. in the war. 190 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

** SLAVA." SMITH-DORRIEN, General Sir A Russian battleship. H. L., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., On the 17th October. 1917, she D.S.O. ' was sunk by the Germans in Moon Aged 61. Sound, in the Baltic. Commanded a Division in the Boer War. SLAVE TRAFFIC. Was Commander-in-Chief of the The Belgian Bishops, in a mani Aldershot Command, and held the festo signed by Cardinal Mercier, Southern Command from 1912. stated that between October, 1916, Was Adjutant-General in India. and February, 1917, many thousands Received G.C.B. in 1913. of Belgians v/ere deported to Ger- G.C.M.G. in 1915. many and forced to labour in Commanded the Second Army, German mines, factories., and muni- B.E.F., 1914-1915; vyas transferred tion works on the pretext that they to the East African Command. were unemployed. Owing toill-health he had to resign " Each day," the manifesto stated, East African Command on the 9th " the military authorities deport February, 1916, General Smuts suc- thousands of inoffensive citizens ceeding him. from Belgium to Germany, there to SMOKERS' FUND DAY. extract from them forced labour. . . . Flag Day, Organised by the The pay was 4d. a day : the food Smokers' Fund to provide tobacco supplied such that men lost one-third for wounded sailors and soldiers in their weight." home and foreign hospitals. SMITH, Rt. Hon. Sir F. E., P.C, SMUTS, Rt. Hon. Lieut.-General K.G., ex-M.P. Jan Christian. Aged 47. Aged 49. Was Solicitor-General. A lawyer and general. On the 2nd November, 1915, he Colonial Secretary in General succeeded Sir E. Carson as Attorney- Botha's Ministry in South Africa. General. The Right Hon. George On the 23rd September, 1915, a Cave, K.C., M.P., was appointed murderous attem.pt was made on him Solicitor- General. by hooligans at Newlands. In the Victory Cabinet he was Succeeded Sir H. Smith-Dorrien appointed Lord Chancellor, and in command of East African cam- raised to the peerage as Lord paign, and took command of the Birkenhead. South African troops in East Africa SMITH, Very Rev. Sir George on the 9th February, 1916. Adam, M.A,, D.D., LL.D., On the 11th March, 1916, the Africa were Litt.D. German forces in East driven from Mount Kilimajaro by Aged 63. British troops under General Smuts* Principal and Vice-Chancellor of command. the University of Aberdeen. On the 24th March. 1916, General Knighted on the 1st January, 1916. Smuts won another success in East Two of his sons fell in the war. Africa. SMITH, Acting-Corporal Issy. On the I5th June, 1916, he cap- Manchester Regiment. Gained the tured Wilhelmstal. V.C. in the war. He arrived in London on the 13th March, 1917, for the Imperial War SMITH, Second-Lieut. A. V. Conference. East Lancashire Regiment. Gained On the 18th June, 1917, he was the in V.C. the war. appointed to the War Cabinet. SMITH, Private James. SMYTHE, Lieut. J. G. Border Regiment. Gained the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs. Gained the V.C. in the war. V.C. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 191

SNETTISHAM. from Soissons to Rheims. Over On the 19th January, 1915, there 10,000 prisoners were taken and a was a Zeppelin raid on Yarmouth, large quantity of booty. King's Lynn, here, and other Norfolk On the 27th May, 1918, the Ger-

towns and villages ; 4 persons were man offensive was resumed on a large killed. scale. Thirty divisions attacked SNOW, Major -General Sir Thomas eight Allied divisions between D., G.G.B. Soissons and Rheims. They captured Aged 61. Chemin des Dames, and reached and crossed the Aisne, advancing 12 Entered the Army in 1879. miles. minor attack the Served through the Zulu War, and A by Ger- mans was repulsed by the French. was wounded in the Soudan Expedi- the 29th the tion in 1884. On May, 1918, Ger- mans captured it after very severe Commanded the Fourth Division fighting, and advanced north of of the British Forces in the war. " Rheims. They claimed : The Appointed G.C.B. in June, 1915. booty in artillery and war material

SNOWDEN, Philip, . ex-M.P. is tremendous. . . Guns of every Aged 55. description, up to railv/ay guns of the Was in the Civil Service. heaviest calibre, were captured." Chairman of the Independent On the 18th July, 1918, there was Labour Party from 1903 to 1906. a great French counter-attack Started on a world tour in July, delivered by Generals Mangin and 1914. Degoutte, advancing eight miles SOISSONS. between Soissons and Chateau- Thierry. A fortified town, near Laon, in The advance continued on the the D3partment of Aisne, France. 19th July, 1918. Heavy capture of It has a cathedral and a ruined prisoners and guns. abbey. On the 2nd August, 1918, the It is an old Frankish capital, and French recaptured it and Ville-en- was often besieged. Tandenois. Industrial and trading in agricul- SOKAT. tural produce. A town on the River Bug, Austrian It has a population of 13,425. Galicia. Carries on silk manufac- It was bombarded by the Germans tories. onjhe 19th September, 1914. On the 18th July, 1915. the Ger- The French destroyed several Ger- mans crossed the Bug near here. man batteries by their artillery fire SOLDAR. between this and Berry-au-Bac on the 27th October. 1914. The Russians occupied Soldar on the 23rd September, 1914. On the 9th January, 1915, the cathedral here was bombarded by SOLF, Dr. Wilhelm. the Germans. Aged 57. On the 13th January, 1915, the The German Colonial Secretary. German movementnear hereassumed Was Governor-General of Samoa. a more determined character, and the On the 16th November, 1918, he French lost some ground. addressed a message to President On the 14th January, 1915, the Wilson for supplies of food for Germans had a success near here. Germany. The Kaiser was a spectator. SOLLINGEN.

On the 13th April, 1 91 7. north and A. town near Cologne, Rhenish east of Soissons the French advance Prussia. was resumed with great activity. Cutlery centre of Germany. On the 17th April, 191 7. a powerful Population, 50,000. French offensive opened, after ten The wharves here were bombed by days' bombardment, on the front British airmen. 192 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

SOLLUM. La Boiselle. The French strength- The Egyptian frontier post. ened their line by taking the village of On the 14th March, 1916, it was Belloy - en - Sauterre and Estr^es. occupied by the British. The Germans again took Thiaumont work. SOMBART, Professor. On the 5th July, 1916, in the north German economist. of the Somme the French won Hem, " Made the statement : The whole and on the south they held the whole body of the (British) people is of the German second position for beginning to rot. ... In England seven miles. to-day every trade unionist is im- On the 7th July. 1916. the second mersed in the morass of comfort." stage of the great British advance began. SOMERS, Sergeant J. On the 16th July, 1916, another Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. British advance, penetrating the Gained the V.C. in the war. third system of German defences, SOMME. took place, taking three more villages Department of North France. and capturing over 2,000 prisoners. Area, 1,423 square miles. Popu- Onthe20t"h July, 1916, the French lation, 538.000. widely extended their gains north Mainly agricultural, with thriving and south of the Somme, and cap- textile industries. tured 2,900 prisoners. Capital, Amiens. On the 9th August, 1916, north of The River Somme flows (116 the Somme the French advanced miles) in Departments Aisne and about a quarter of a mile on a front Somme to the English Channel. of nearly four miles. On the 1st July, 1916, a great On the 16th August, 1916, the British offensive began in the West French and British reached the to the north of the River Somme, over Guillemont - Maurepas road, and a 25-miles front, while the French occupied all the enemy positions east pushed forward towards Hardecourt of the Maurepas-Cl^ry road, in-* and Curlis. British troops captured flicting severe losses. the German labyrinth of trenches to On the 2nd September, 1916, as a the depth of 1,000 yards on a front result of fierce fighting between the of seven miles and the villages of Somme and the Ancrc the British Montauban and Manette, with 2,000 took the enemy defences on a front prisoners. The French took Dom- of 3,000 yards, including the village pierre, Becquincourt, Bassee, and of Guillemont and pari of Guichy. Fay, with 3,000 prisoners. On the 3rd September, 1916, On the 2nd July, 1916, Fricourt further appreciable progress was was taken, andthe British penetrated made north of the Somme. During La Boiselle, while the French occu- the two days 2,500 prisoners were pied Curlu, Frise, and Mereancourt taken. South of the Somme the Wood. French attacked along 14 miles, On the 3rd July, 1916, further establishing themselves in the out- progress was made, the British taking skirts of Bernv and Dennecourt. Serre and La Boiselle, and the French On the 4th September, 1916, occupying Herbecourt, Chapitre south of the Somme the French took Wood, Feuilleres, Asseviilers, Bris- Boyecourt and Chilly, and carried court, and Floucourt, beyond the two and a half miles of strong second German position. Damloup defences. work, near Vaux Fort, north-east of On the 12th September. 1916, Verdun, was captured by the Ger- north of the Somme the French took mans, but the French recovered it in the German trenches from Combles a counter-attack. The Germans, to the river, and reached the heavily reinforced, took from the Bapaume-Peronne road. British a small part of the defences of On the 13th September, 1916, the A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 193

French captured Bouchavesnes, Ger- Boche organised a stand at St. man attacks along the Somme front Georges, where infantry were ap- being repulsed. proaching, but turned eastward, On the 14th September, 1916, manoeuvring for Landres in the face German trenches south-east of of steady machine-gunning from the Thiepval, on a front of 1,000 yards, wooded Hill 288. including the '* Wunderwerk," were SONDERBURG. taken by the British. In Schleswig, on the S.W. side the 15th September, 1916, the On of the island of Alsen. British captured the high ground One of the most important bases between Combles and the Bouleaux of the German Navy. with Flers, Martinpuich, Wood, On the 8th November, 1918, the type and Courcelette. A new of German Navy was seized by revolu- heavy armoured car, nicknamed the tionaries, and the red flag hoisted Tank," was used for the first time, on all ships. with success, by our troops. On the 17th September, 1916, SOUGHEZ. south of the Somme the French On the 1st June, 1915, the sugar captured, the villages of Vermando- refinery here was taken by the French villers and Berny, and broke enemy after two days' severe struggle. counter-attacks. On the 12thjune, 1 91 5, the railway On the 25th September, 1916, the station here was taken by the French. British and French made a forward On the 11th July, 1915, south of movement on the Somme with here the enemy's use of asphyxiating splendid results, Morrall and Les bombs compelled the French to Boeuffs being taken by the British, evacuate trenches. and Rancourt and Fregicourt by the On the 12th July, 1915. the French French, practically isolating Combles. regained some of the lost trenches. The Germans, however, captured the On the 1st October, 1916, the cemetery and some of the adjacent ' British attacked the German lines on trenches. the Somme, and captured the whole

I of their objective on a front of 3,000 SOUTH AFRICAN UNION. yards. On the 6th July, 1915, the Govern- On the 9th October, 1916, south of ment accepted the Union's offer to the Somme the French made a raise an Imperial contingent. attack, capturing the ham- successful '* SOUTHAMPTON," H.M.S. let of Bovent and most of the wood of A light cruiser, completed in 1912, Chaulnes, and took over 1,250 having a displacement of 5,400 tons prisoners. and a speed of 25 knots. On the 5th November, 1916, the She was engaged in the battle off British on the Somme front advanced Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 and attacked Transloy. The total —for details, see " Arethusa." Allied captures from the opening of the offensive were 73,000 men and SOUTH-EAST COAST. 1,499 guns, machine-guns, and On the 1st March, 1916, a German trench mortars. seaplane, which killed a child during On the 17th March, 1917, the a raid here, fell into the sea, and was British took Baupaume and 14 picked up by the French. villages north and south of the On the 27th May, 1917, an air raid

Somme. was made here ; 76 were killed and SOMME-PY. 174 injured. On the 2nd September, 1917, On the 28th September, 1918, it there was a moonlight raid here. was captured by French troops. Sheerness and Chatham districts SOMMERANCE. were visited by six enemy aeroplanes, It was reported on the 15th and bombs were dropped in the

October, 1918, that north of here the ' Chatham districts. N 194 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

SOUTH-EAST SCOTTISH Belgium, turning the powerful line

COUNTIES. of barrier forts by which the enemy I On the 2nd April, 1916, six had protected his frontier against

Zeppelins raided here and the North Germany. . . . The plan was a and South-East Counties of England, complete success."

10 persons being killed and 1 1 injured. SPAHN, Herr. SOUTHEND. Professor of History in Strasburg University. A watering-place in Essex, Eng- In the " Suddeutsche Monat- land, north side of the River Thames shefte " of May, 1918, he stated: estuary, opposite Sheerness. If the dream of the unity of the Population, 62,723. peoples of Europe is to become a Zeppelin raid here and on Leigh- in the future, this unity cannot on-Sea and Westcliffe on the 10th reality be based upon the equality of all. May, 1915; 90 bombs dropped; 1 The peoples are made for equality woman killed and 1 injured. The as little as individuals are." damage done amounted to £20,000. just Another air raid on the 26th May, SPAIN, Alfonso XIII., King of.

1915 ; 2 killed and 4 injured. Aged 32. Another air raid here and on Mar- Born a king. gate on the 12th August, 1917; 32 Married Princess Ena (of England) killed and 43 injured at Southend, in 1906. A Gotha was destroyed off the Established an office for tracing Belgian coast. prisoners of war. Another air raid on the 22nd SPARAPPELHOEK. August, 1917; 24 casualties. On the 29th October, 1917, the SOUTHWOLD. R.N.A.S. carried out raids here and A borough and watering-place, on Varssenaere aerodromes. Visi- near Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. bility was excellent, and accurate Shrimp, sprat, and herring fishery. shooting was made. All machines Population, 2,655. returned safely. On the 25th January, 1917, it was On the 1st November, 1917, a shelled either by a German destroyer bombing raid was carried out by or by a German submarine, but little naval aircraft. Targets were par- damage was inflicted. tially obscured by clouds, making SPA. results difficult to observe. Many On the 15th November, 1918, the offensive patrols were carried out, one hostile machine British Armistice Mission was on its during which out of control. All way to Spa, while the American and was shot down safely. Belgian Missions were to start on the our machines returned 16th November, 1918. The Ger- On the 7th December, 1917, a carried out by mans were asked to meet the British bombing raid was aircraft. bombs were delegates at Nivelles. naval Many dropped on objectives; also on a train Sergeant Charles SPACKMAN, leaving Engel dump. Edward (9522). BorderRegiment(Fulham). Gained SPARROWHAWK," H.M.S. the V.C. in the war. A British destroyer. SPAHN, Major- General. She was sunk by German gunfire in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on German officer and well-known the 31st May, 1916 see under military writer. — " " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.* A famous statement by him in the Deutsche Krieger Zeitung " on the SPEEDY," H.M.S. 2nd September, 1914: " The plan A British boat. for the invasion of France was pre- Sunk by a mine in the North Sea

pared in advance ; it was to be on the 3rd September. 1914. Only

executed by the north, crossing 1 life lost. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 195

SPEYER, or SPIRES. Bassee, and north-west of Arras, A city, the capital of Rhenish while the position east of Vermelles Bavaria, on the River Rhine. was maintained. It has a fine cathedral. On the 29th December. 1914, the Its famous Diet of 1529 con- Allies took and established them- demning the Reformation gave rise selves in the village here. " to the term Protestant." ST. JULIEN. Population, 18,115. On the 26th April, 1915, the loss The station here was bombed by of it was reported after a gallant fight British airmen. by the Canadians. • SPREEWALD." ST. PATRICK'S DAY. Hamburg-Amerika liner. Flag Day, organised by the Irish She was captured in Atlantic Women's Association in aid of Irish waters the on 12th September, 1914, soldiers and prisoners of war. by H.M.S. "Berwick." ST. PIERRE VAAST WOOD. SPRING-RICE, Rt. Hon. Sir Cecil, It was occupied by the British on G.C.V.O., G.C.M.G. the 16th March, 1917. Aged 59. ST. OUENTIN. British Ambassador to U.S.A. A town in the Department Aisne, Held important positions in France, on the River Lace, Russia, Persia, Constantinople, and Somme. Sweden. tulle, and other factories, and iron- works. Died 14th February, 1918. Population, 54,1 16. SPURGEON, Captain. On the 20th March, 1917, rapid Son of Sir Arthur Spurgeon. advance was made by the Allies Lost his life in the war (died of towards Cambrai and St. Quentin. wounds). On the 23rd March, 1917, the Germans were defeated by the ST. AMAND. French between La Fere and here. Six miles north-west of Valen- _ On the 2nd April, 1917, the British ciennes. advanced to within two miles of S^ On the 21st October, 1918, Sir D. Quentin, adding many more villages " Haig reported : We are approach- to their gains. ing St. Amand." On the 10th March, 1917, a great On the 22nd October, 1918, he battle was fought between Lens and " reported: Our patrols have entered here, and from Lens to Arras. St. Amand." Vimy Ridge was taken by Canadian

ST. DENIS WESTREM. troops. The British took over 1 1,000 On the 27th September, 1917, the prisoners, including 235 officers, and enemy aerodrome here was attacked over 100 guns. by R.N.A.S. airmen, who dropped ST. QUENTIN, Church of. bombs on sheds and on 15 Goteh In August, 1917, the Germans set machines lined up. fire to this magnificent church in ST. FARGAUX. Rheims on their retreat from the Somme. On the 31st October, 1918, the " French reported : Yesterday, at the STAHL, Gustav. end of the day, the enemy violently The German reservist who alleged counter-attacked west of here, but that the " Lusitania " was arm.ed, was we maintained our positions." sentenced at New York to 18 months' ST. GEORGES. penal servitude on the charge of perjury on the 8th September, 1915. On December 19th, 1914, the Allies gained further ground before STAMBULINSKY. Nieupoort and here, as well as east Bulgarian statesman. and south of Ypres, north of La He warned King Ferdinand that 196 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

" if he joined the Central Alliance he In May, 1918, he stated: We would lose his throne. must see to it that an industry has raw material when peace STAMFORDHAM, Lord, G.C.B., enough G.G.I.E., G.C.V.O. comes." Aged 70. STEINBACH. Private Secretary to the King. On the 4th January, 1915, Berlin Acted in similar capacity to Queen officials admitted that Steinbach had Victoria. been captured by the French. Lost his only son, killed in action, in May, 1915. 'STEPHEN FURNESS." STANISLAU. An armed ship. A town on the River Bistritza, On the 23rd December, 1917, she Austrian Galicia. was torpedoed and sunk in the Irish Tanning, dyeing, etc. Sea; 101 killed. Population, 32,446. On the 8th July, 1917, the Austrian STEUGER, Major- General. front west of here was broken by Commander of 58th German General Korniloff, and 7,000 pri- Brigade. soners were taken. Issued order on the 26th August, On the 23rd July, 1917, the Ger- 1914: "All prisoners are to be mans recaptured Halicz, here, and killed. The wounded taken with other places, andtook many prisoners. or without arms are to be killed. taken in large STANLEY, Rt. Hon. Sir Albert H., Prisoners, even when M.P. organised units, are to be killed. No living man must be left behind Aged 44. us." President of the Board of Trade since December, 1916. STEWART, Charles J. Knighted in June, 1914. Appointed Public Trustee, 1907. STEEG, M. Was Senior Official Receiver in the passing of the Companies Winding- Was appointed Minister of the in 1890. Resigned 1919. Interior for France in the new up Act his sons in the war. Ministry formed in 1917. Lost two STEEL.MAITLAND, Sir Arthur STOCKHOLM. H. D. R., Bart., M.P. A city on isle at the outlet of Lake Was Under Secretary for the Maelar, Sweden. The capital of Colonies. Sweden, and called " The Queen of Chief Organiser Central Con- the Baltic " for the beauty of its servative Office. surroundings. It has royal palace. Special Commissioner to Royal Houses of Parliament, national Commission on Poor Laws, 1906-7. museum, old Franciscan church, Under Secretary for the Colonies with tombs of kings and great men of on the change of Ministry in Decem- Sweden. ber. 1916. Commercial and industrial centre, Created a Baronet in June, 1917. with many academic institutions. Became head of the Commercial Population, 350.000. Intelligence Department in Septem- On the 13th August, 1917. the ber. 1917. British Government refused pass- STEELE, Lance -Sergeant Thomas ports for Stockholm to Labour (811). leaders. Seaforth Highlanders. Gained STONE, Lieut. (Acting- Captain) the V.C. in the war. W. N. STEIN, Herr. Late Royal Fusiliers. Gained the Secretary of the Office of Eco- V.C. in the war. nomics, Germany. Lost his life in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 197

STONE, Gunner C. E., M.M. by two powerful German cruisers off (34328). the Shetlands; 135 British killed. Royal Field Artillery. Gained the V.C. in the war. STUART, Viscount. STORKEY, Lieut. Percy Valentine. Heir to Lord Castle Stuart. Lost his life in the war. Australian Imperial Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. STUART, Lieut. Ronald Niel, D.S.O. STRACHAN, Lieut. Henry, M.C. I R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in Canadian Cavalry. the 1 Gained the war. in i V.C. the war. STUBBS, Sergeant Frank isTRACHEY, Colonel Richard Edward John, C.M.G. (1506). Gained the V.C. in tre war. Aged 57. Died of wounds. Educated at Wellington College and Sandhurst. STUERGTH, Count. Obtained commission in the Rifle The Austrian Prime Minister. Brigade in 1881. Made Captain in On the 21st October, 1916, he was 1891, Passed Staff College in 1896, shot dead at Vienna by Dr. Frederich Major in 1898, Lieut. -Colonel in Adler, a journalist. 1911. Retired in 1918. STURDEE, Admiral Sir Frederick Married in 1896 Grace Alice, Charles Doveton, Bart., daughter of Field-Marshal Sir H. W. K.C.B., K.C.M.G., G.V.O. Norman, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. Aged 60. Staff service includes : A.D.C. to Entered the Navy in 1871. Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Rear-Admiral commanding First Queensland; D.A.Q.M.G., Punjab Division of the Home Fleet in 1909. later Command ; D.A.A.G. and Commander-in-Chief (H.M.S. In-

, Office; Assistant A.A.G., War to vincible) in action off Falkland Isles,

j in Brigadier- General Charge, Ad- 1914; took part in Battle of Jutland, ministrative, Northern Command. 1916. Served with 3rd Brigade, Upper Received a Baronetcy on the 1st Burma Field Force, in 1888-89 January, 1916. (medal and clasp), and in Tochy Promoted Admiral in May, 1917. Valley Expedition in 1 897 (medal and clasp). STURKH, Count. C.M.G. in 1918 for services The Austrian Premier. rendered during the war. Was assassinated on the 21st On retirement from the Army he October, 1916. joined the Ministry of Pensions in STURMER, M. charge of Forfeiture Section. On the 26th July, 1916, he be- STRACHIE, Lord. came Russian Premier and Foreign Aged 61. Minister. Appointed Paymaster - General STUTTGART. from 1912, but retired on the recon- A city near the bank of the River struction of the Ministry in 1915. Neckar, the capital of Wiirtemburg, STRINGER, Private G. Germany. Beautifully situated amid Manchester Regiment. Gained vine-clad hills. It has royal palaces and library, art museum, etc. the V.C. in the war. literary and educational centre. Piano ••STRONGBOW," H.M.S. and furniture m.aking, cotton weav- A British destroyer. ing, publishing and paper industries. On the 17th October. 191 8, she and Population, 285,240. the " Mary Rose," another British The factories and station here destroyer, together with nine Scandi- were bombed by British airmen on navian merchant vessels, were sunk many occasions. 198 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 22nd September, 1915, a On the 26th January, 1917, an raid was made by a French aeroplane ineffective raid was made by a small squadron, which dropped 30 bombs German war vessel. No casualties. on the palace of the King of Wiirtem- On the 16th June, 1917, Zeppelin in burg as a reprisal for the bombard- L 48 was brought down Suffolk ; ment of open towns by the Germans. 3 Germans of the crew alive. On the 16th September, 1917, the " SUFFREN." here, Colmar, and French raided An old French battleship. other places as a reprisal. On the 25th November, 1916, she 22nd September, 1917, On the was submarined off Lisbon and sank airmen bombed here, Treves, French with all hands, consisting of 18 Frankfort. Coblentz, and officers and 700 men. On the 2nd October, 1917, French airmen dropped bombs here and on SULLIVAN, Private J. Treves, Coblentz, and Frankfort. Late 1st Irish Guards. STYR RIVER. Owing to the exchange of British prisoners in September, 1918, facts In Galicia, Austria. A tributary relating to his murder were ascer- (110 miles) of the River Dneister (a tained. He was taken at Ypres, and river of 700 miles), of West Russia. his death was reported by the German Rises in the Carpathians. Government. On the 28th July, On the 2nd December, 1914, the " 191 5, a German paper, the Lubecker Russians retook Styr River, and thus Volksbote," published a statement regained possession of the Lodz- that two British prisoners had Warsaw railway. attacked a German sentry with 11, British. SUBMARINE B spades, and that the German had shot One of 1 1 submarines completed one of them. The British Govern- in the year 1905-6, having adisplace- ment demanded explanations, when ment of 316 tons. In spite of the German Government stated that difficult currents she dived under five Sullivan attacked the guard, who, rows of mines in the Dardanelles and " forced by necessity," fired on him. torpedoed the Turkish warship This did not agree with the newspaper " Messadujeh " on the 13th Decem- version ; and both versions were ber. 1914. proved false by the sworn statements SUETER, Commodore Murray of prisoners, which showed that the Eraser, C.B. prisoners were ordered to work at 4 a.m., though they had been Was Superintendent of Aircraft promised that work should not begin Construction. till 6 a.m. They objected, when a Received C.B. in 1914. sentry struck one of the prisoners a SUFFOLK. brutal blow in the face. This Most easterly maritime county in prisoner was left alone with Sullivan,

England ; bounded by Essex, Norfolk, who had been badly wounded, having Cambridge, and the North Sea. lost his second, third, and fourth Area, 1,475 square miles. Popu- fingers, and half the first finger of his lation, 394,080. left hand, which was bleeding. He Agriculture, fisheries, and manu- gave this sworn account of what " factories. followed : The two sentries kicked County town, Ipswich. and beat us with their rifles out of the On the 31st January, 1916, there passage as far as the second landing, was an air raid on this and the Kent when Sullivan halted, showing them

coasts and Midland Counties ; 67 his bleeding hand, and trying to explain killed and 117 iniured. that it was impossible for him to work On the 2nd August, 1916, six air- with a scythe in his v/ounded con- ships raided over Suffolk, Norfolk, dition. The sentry put up his rifle and Essex. The total damage was and shot Sullivan through the chest. small. The two sentries at once threw him A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 199

down the stairs, where he fell, landing SUVLA BAY. at my feet. He raised himself on his The landing-place of the heroic hands and knees, looked at me, Anzacs, in their attack upon the smiled, and collapsed without speak- Gallipoli Peninsula. Mr. Churchill ing." characterises this costly and tragic SUMATRA. failure as a "legitimate gamble." An isle of the Malay Archipelago, SWAKOPNUMD. from Java by Strait of Sunda. The chief port of German South- Under Dutch influence. West Africa. Area, 161 ,612 square miles. Popu- On the 14th January, 1915, the lation, 3,000,000. Union forces occupied it. Manufactures, coffee, sugar, rice, SWEDEN. pepper, etc. Mountainous, with mineral wealth, King Gustavus, succeeded in 1907. country of North Europe, gold and tin. A part of H.M.S. " Yarmouth " sunk two of forming east (and larger) Scandinavian Peninsula. the " Emden's " supply ships off here on the 14th October, 1914. Area, 172,875 square miles. Popu- lation, 5,250,000. SUPPLY SERVICES. Mountainous west, but otherwise In Sir Douglas Haig's report on flat, and cut up by rivers and many " the victory he wrote : These ser- lakes, while one-fourth of the land is vices rose magnificently to the forest. demands made upon them. It is Great timber export; mineral and their ex- in no small degree due to manufacturing industries active ; agri- cellent organisation and administra- cultural and dairying. tion that our armies in the field have Capital, Stockholm.. " never lacked food, clothing, equip- The German cruiser " Undine ment, guns, or munitions. The was sunk by British submarine off greatest testimony to the efficiency of the coast of Sweden on the 7th these services is the rapidity of our November, 1915. advances, which otherwise would On the 1st January, 1917, Sweden, have been impossible." Holland, and Denmark stopped 'SUSSEX." sailings in fear of the German A cross-Channel steamer, belong- blockade. ing to the Chemins de Fer de I'Etat • SWIFT," H.M.S. Frau. Built in 1896, having a A ship of the Dover Patrol tonnage of 1,353 and a speed of 21 (Commander A. M. Peck). knots. On the 20th April, 1917, six Ger- She was torpedoed on the 24th man destroyers attempted a raid on March, 1916. Dover. Two of them were sunk by On the 9th April, 1916, Germany " the " Swift " and the Broke." informed the U.S. Government that The " Swift " tried to ram the leading she disclaimed sll responsibility for German boat, but missed Ker, and, the torpedoing of her. after torpedoing one of the German On the 13th May, 1916, in a boats astern, gave chase to the Ger- Note to the Spanish Government, " man leading boat. The " Broke admitted the torpedoing Germany torpedoed the second German de- of her by a German submarine, and stroyer, and rammed the third de- promised compensation andtendered stroyer. She fell alongside the enemy an apology. and engaged her at the closest SUTHERLAND, Duke of. quarters. The Germans boarded ** On the 10th August, 1916, it was the Broke," but were promptly announced that he had given an killed or taken prisoners, and the estate of 12,000 acres for the settle- British vessel swung clear. Con- ment of sailors and soldiers. tinuing the attack, she hit another 200 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

German destroyer on the bow with a S 115. torpedo, but did not sink her, and A German destroyer. was herself struck in the engine-room She was sunk by gunfire on the by a shell. She drifted, disabled, 17th October, 1914. towards the destroyer which she had S 116. previously rammed. The Germans, A German destroyer. after shouting for mercy, treacher- She was sunk by a submarine on ously opened fire, to which the the 6th October, 1914. Broke " replied with a torpedo that finished that enemy off. A second S 117. German destroyer sank a few minutes A German destroyer. later. This historic engagement She was sunk by a submarine on only lasted five minutes. The Ger- the 17th October, 1914. destroyers sunk in it, 85 and man G S 118. G 42, were both large and powerful A German destroyer. vessels. She was sunk by gunfire on the The British destroyer Comman- 17th October, 1914. ders were promoted to Captain's rank and received the D.S.O. for their fine S 119. work. A German destroyer. SWISS GOVERNMENT. She was sunk by gunfire on the On the 23rd December, 1916, it 17th October, 1914. sent a Note to the belligerent Powers, TABRIZ. supporting President Wilson's Note. Capital of the province Azerbaijan, the 5th February, 1917, the On Persia. Swiss Federal replied Government Great commercial centre. For- to President Wilson's Note, declining merly chief emporium for the trade to break off relations with Germany. of Persia in the west, much of which •• SYDNEY," H.M.A.S. is now diverted by the railway An unprotected second class through the Caucasus. Citadel cruiser. and " Blue Mosque." Noted for It captured and destroyed the orchards and gardens. " German raiding cruiser " Emden Population, 200,000. off Keeling in October, 1914. On the 13th January. 1915, the SYKE, Private Ernest (40989). Turks occupied it. Northumberland Fusiliers. Gained TAGUS. the V.C. in the war. On the 24th February, 1916, 16 SYMONS, Lieut. W. J. German steamers lying in the Tagus 7th Australian Imperial Force. since the outbreak of the war were Gained the V.C. in the war. seized by Portugal. "SZENT ISTVAN." TAHURE. An Austrian Dreadnought. On the 27th September, 1918, the She and another were torpedoed by French captured it and Ripont, Commander L. Rizzo, of the Italian Bouvroy, Servon, and Melzicourt. Navy. Austrians admitted the loss " "TAKACHIHO." of Szent Istvan." " " S20. A Japanese battleship of the D type, launched in 1885, with a A German destroyer. tonnage of 3,709. On the 5th June, 1917, a force of On the 17th October, 1914. she light British cruisers and destroyers, was torpedoed by destroyer S 90. under Commodore Tyrwhitt, en- gaged six German destroyers at long "TAKU." range. After a running fight she was A German destroyer. sunk by British gunfire. Another She was sunk by the Japanese at destroyer was severely damaged. Kiao-chau in September, 1914. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 201

TALBOT, Lord Edmund, M.P., On the 9th September, 1915, near M.V.O., D.S.O. here the German 3rd Guards and Aged 64. other troops, including Austrians, Chief Whip, with the Hon. F. were taken by surprise. They Guest, in the Coalition Government. suffered heavily in killed and Brother of the late Duke of Nor- wounded, and lost over 8,000 folk. prisoners. Served in the South African War. On the 1st November, 1915, the Was Chief Conservative Whip Russians gained successes near here, until formation of Coalition Govern- and took 5,000 prisoners. ment. TARNOW. TANDEY, Private H., D.G.M., Onthe5thJune, 1915, the Russians M.M. (34506). entered here. 5th Battalion, West Riding Regi- TCHITCHERIN, M. ment (T.F.) (Leamington). Gained On the 15th October, 1918, it was the V.C. in the war. stated that he had agreed to the TANK CORPS. release of the remaining British On the 28th July, 1917, a Royal officials in Russia. Warrant was issued authorising the ' TEMES." formation of the Tank Corps. An Austrian battleship of the TANKS. "K" type, launched in 1904. Colonel E. D. Swinton, C.B., Tonnage, 433. D.S.O., says that the Hornsby- On the 23rd October, 1914, she Ackroyd caterpillar tractor suggested was mined in the Danube. the first definite idea of a fighting TEMPEST-HICKS, Captain machine on tank lines. G. E. H., M.C. This tractor, made by a military Former M.C.C. cricketer. officer, was tested in 1906-8 for Lost his life in the war. military traction in England, but did TENNANT, Rt. Hon. H. J., not get much support. ex-M.P. Tanks are male or female. The Aged 54. Parliamentary former carries light quick-firing guns, Was Under Secre- tary to the Office capable of firing shell. The female War from July, 1915, to 1916. carries nothing but machine-guns for December, use against enemy personnel. Was Secretary for Scotland, 1916. Brother of In Sir Douglas Haig's victory Mrs. Asquith. " Became a Privy Councillor in June, report he wrote : So great has been 1914. the effect produced upon the German Resigned with infantry by the appearance of British the Ministry in December, 1916. tanks that in more than one instance, His eldest son killed when for various reasons real tanks was in May, 1917. were not available in sufficient num- bers, valuable results have been TENNYSON, Hon. Aubrey. obtained by the use of dummy tanks Grandson of the Laureate. p'ainted on frames of wood and Lost his life in the war. canvas." TEPELINI. " TARA." In Albania. A British armed liner. On the 30th August, 1916, the She was sunk by a submarine on Italians occupied it. the 5th November r915. TEREST. TARNOPOL. On the 29th September. 1918, it A town near Lemberg. Austrian was captured by the Belgians. Galicia. TERGNIER. Has milling, honey, and wax trade. It was occupied by the French on Population, 31,468. the 7th September, 1918. 202 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

THAPA, Rifleman Kulbir. THOMAS, Albert. Gurkha Rifles. Gained the V.C. Was Minister of Munitions in the in the war. French Government. • THESEUS," H.M.S. THOMAS, Private (Lance-Cor- A cruiser, completed in 1894, poral) J. (50842). having a displacement of 7,350 tons North Staffordshire Regiment and a speed of 19 knots. (East Manchester). Gained the On the 15th October, 1914. she V.C. in the war. and the " Hawke " were attacked by submarines in the North Sea, and THOMAS, W. Beach. " " the Hawke was sunk, there being Aged 50. about 70 survivors. War correspondent of the " Daily THIANT. Mail." On the 22nd October, 1918, the THOMSON, Captain Alan G. British entered here. Royal Scots. THIAUMONT WOOD. Edinburgh Academy athlete. On the 30th June. 1916, the French Lost his life in the war. retook it. THIELT. THORN. fortified On the 19th October, 1918, it was A town on the River captured by the Allied troops. Vistula, West Prussia. THIEPVAL. Population (with garrison), 29,784. On the 11th November, 1914, the On the 26th September, 1916, the Germans were making active prepara- British it, in captured and, conjunc- tion to resist the Russians here. tion with theFrench.carriedCombles, cavalry pursuing the enemy. THORNE, Will, M.P. THIERRY CHATEAU. Aged 62. Founder and General Secretary of In July, 1918, all the houses which the Gas Workers and had not been stripped were wantonly General Labourers' Trade Union. fouled and wrecked by the Germans. Paid important visit to Russia in Tapestries were hacked to pieces, May, 1917. pictures slit from corner to corner, leather coverings ripped from chairs, THOUROUT. all looking-glasses were shattered, Twelve miles from Bruges. carpets fouled, inkpots were were On the 17th October, 1918. the thrown at the wallpapers, nursery Belgians captured it. toys and dolls' houses were smashed, and rocking-horses cleft with axes. THROSSELL, Second-Lieut. A priceless collection of illuminated H. V. H. manuscripts was not carried off, but Australian Imperial Force. Gained deliberately stained v/ith some foul the V.C. in the war. liquid. Beds and rooms were treated Lieut.-Colonel Lord A. as lavatories. THYNNE, Late Member of Parliament. THIERS. Lost his life in the war in Septem- On the 24th October,^ 1918, Sir ber, 1918. " Douglas Haig reported : We are at Thiers." TIBATI. THIONVILLE. In the Cameroons. On the 21st November, 1915. The French name of Diedenhofen, it was occupied by Anglo-French Alsace-Lorraine. troops. Capitulated to Germany in 1870. Thefactories, stations, and railways TIEGHEM. here were bombed by British airmen On the 1st November, 1918, the on fifty-two occasions. Second British Army captured it. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 203 " TIGER," H.M.S. to the ground, after the French A British battleship. practice. The infantry did splendidly, " " Together with the Lion," Prin- but the conditions were too hard. " cess Royal," New Zealand," and The want of an unlimited supply of Indomitable," she was engaged high explosive was a fatal bar to our in a running fight with the German success." ships " DerfBinger," " Seydlitz," The paper was publicly burnt, " Moltke," and Bliicher," on the with ndicule, on the Stock Exchange 24th January, J9I5. and elsewhere, but it is now fully ad- " " The Lion was flying the flag of mitted that but for this timely ex- Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. posure of War Office methods the She was engaged in the battle on allied cause would have been irre- the 31st May, 1916—see under trievably lost. This was one of the *' " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' vital turning points of the War. The TIGRIS. late Lord Kitchener was largely re- A river in Asiatic Turkey, rising in sponsible, as Secretary of State for the mountains of Armenia and War. The Ministry of Munitions, Turkestan, flowing 1,100 miles to under Mr, Lloyd George, and free join the Euphrates, 40 miles north- from War Office control, was created west of Basra, the biblical Hiddeket. to cope with the tragic situation. On the 6th February, 1915, a force On the 3 1st May, 1 915, the printer, of 12,000 Turks and Arabs surprised publisher, and writer of a letter " " a British reconnoitring detachment in the Times," entitled The Need for Compulsion," were charged in the valley of the Tigris ; 189 British were killed and wounded. atthe Mansion House with publishing On the 9th April, 1916, the British information that might be useful to were defeated here. the enemy.

On the 20th May, 1 916, the British The summons was dismissed on and Russian troops joined hands on the 5th June, 1915. the Tigris, and were advancing on Kut. " TIPPERARY," H.M.S. On the 29th January, 1917, the A British destroyer. British advanced on the Tigris, She was sunk by gunfire in the holding Turkish trenches on a front North Sea Battle of Jutland on the of 4,300 yards. 31st May, 1916—see under" H.M.S. " TILLETT, Benjamin, M.P. Queen Mary.' Aged 60. Labour leader. TIRGO. Visited the front, and subsequently On the 13th November, 1916, the addressed recruiting meetings. Roumanians were defeated here. TILLOY. On the 30th September, 1918, TIRPITZ, Admiral von. it was captured by English and Aged 69. Canadian troops. Formerly German Secretary of TILSIT. State for the Navy. Resigned on the 1 6rh March, 1916, Germany. and was succeeded by Admiral von the it On 8th November, 1918, was Capelle. reported to have joined the revolu- Writing to Mr. Gerard in 1917, he tion. " said : Our submarine warfare is ' TIMES," The. going to bring Britain to her knees, On the 14th May, 1915, a profound and when we have her there she has sensation was caused by the statement to pay us our price. That price will of the military correspondent that be the British Navy, and with it and we had not sufficient high ex- our own Navy we shall come to the plosive to level the enemy's parapets United States and get what we want." . 204 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

TISDALL, Sub-Lieut. A. W. St. TOUSSOUN. Clair. On the 2nd February, 1915, the Gained the V.C. in the war. Turks made an attempt to cross the Suez Canal here. The British troops TISZA, Count. delivered an attack, and the Turks Austro-Hungarian statesman. fled in disorder. the 19th October, 1918, On On the 4th February, 1915, a speaking in the Lower House of the Turkish force of 12,000, with heavy " Diet, : Hungarian he stated We artillery, attacked the British post must recognise frankly that we have here. Simultaneously another at- the lost war." tempt was made to cross the Canal the 31st October, 1918, he was On by pontoons and rafts. assassinated. The British artillery and ships TOGOLAND. opened fire, and after twelve hours' fighting the Turks retired with heavy In the German Protectorate of losses West Africa, on the Gulf of Guinea. On" the 5th February. 1915, the Area, 33,000 square miles. Popu- Turks retired from the Suez Canal. lation, 2,000,000, chiefly Soudanese negroes. TOVEY, Second-Lieut. Duncan. Capital, Little Popo. Composer of songs. Lomo, the chief port. Lost his life in the war. It was seized by British and French forces on the 9th August, 1914. TOWERS, Private J. (30245). 2nd Battalion, Scottish Rifles TOLLERTON, Private Ross. (Preston). Gained the V.C. in the Cameron Highlanders. Gained war. the V.C. in the war. TOWNER, Lieut. E. T. TOMBS, Lance-Corporal J, 2nd Battalion, Australian Machine Liverpool Regiment. Gained the Gun Corps. Gained the V.C. in the V.C. in the war. war. TOMBS, Desecration of. On the 2nd April, the TOWNLEY, Sir Walter, K.C.M.G. ^^ 1917, Times " correspondent at Head- On the 8th January, 1917, he was " appointed British Minister at the quarters reported : The slabs have been lifted bodily from graves by Hague.

human hands, and the graves are - empty." TOWNSHEND, General Sir Charles Vere, K.C.B. , D.S.O. TOPOLETS. Aged 58. On the 18th September, 1918, it Major-General, 191 1. was taken by the Serbians. Served in the Soudan and Nile TORRE DI MOSTO. expeditions, 1884-1885; South Africa, 1899-1902. etc. On the 1st November, 1918, the On the 3rd December, 1915, he Italian advanced guards entered here, reached Kut-el-Amara with the very with large capture of booty, guns, and inadequate Mesopotamian Force. prisoners. On the 30th April, 1916, at the fall TOURCOING. of Kut, after a most heroic resistance, North-East of Lille. he surrendered with 9,000 troops. Population, 60,000. On the 19th October, 1916, he was On the 18th October, 1918, it was awarded the K.C.B. captured by the Second British Army. Second-Lieut. (Acting-Cap- The town was undamaged. TOYE, tain), A.M., M.C. TOURNAI. Middlesex Regiment. Gained the See under Bailleul. V.C, in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 205

TRAIN, Corporal Charles WilUam Mountainous and afforested, with (510051). much fertile land and considerable London Regiment (Finsbury Park). mineral wealth. Gained the V.C. in the war. It was captured on the 17th April, TRANSPORT SERVICES. 1916, by the Grand Duke Nicholas, aided by the fleet. In Sir Douglas 'Haig's victory " TREPOFF, M. report he wrote : The railway construction troops accomplished On the 23rd November, 1916, he successfully an unparalleled pro- was appointed Russian Premier in gramme of railway reconstruction. succession to M. Sturmer. By the end of October no fewer than He resigned on the 9th January, 1,050 miles of line, much of which 1917, and was succeeded by M. had been destroyed, had been Golitzine. brought into service for our armies. TREVELYAN, Charles P., ex-M.P. This included 485 miles of new track Aged 49. and 4,000 feet of bridging. In a Formerly Parliamentary Secretary period of six months nearly 7,000,000 to the Board of Education. officers and other ranks were carried Took up a strong position against by the broad and metre gauge rail- conscription in 1916. ways." TREVELYAN, G. Macaulay. TRANSYLVANIA. Aged 43. Formerly a separate crown-land of Acted as a special correspondent the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now to the war. merged in Hungary proper. Sur- TREVES. rounded and traversed the Car- by Ancient city in Rhine province of pathians. Prussia, on the River Moselle. Area, 21,159 miles. square Popu- Cathedral city containing the holy lation. 2,500,000. coat said to have been worn by On the 29th August, 1916, the Christ. Visited by 1,500,000 pil- Roumanian troops took possession of grims. passes of the Transylvanian Alps. Has many Roman antiquities. On the 8th October, 1916, the Population, 45,818. Roumanian in forces Southern On the 3rd June, 1917, the French Transylvania to fron- withdrew the bombarded Treves in return for tier. German bombardment of Bar-le- TREASURY. Duc. Whitehall. S.W. 1. On the 2nd October, 1917, French On the 6th February, 1915, the airmen dropped bombs here and on Treasury announced that the Chan- Stuttgart, Coblentz, and Frankfort- cellor of the Exchequer, after confer- on-Main. ence with the Finance Ministers of The factories, station, railways, and France and Russia, MM. Ribot and barracks here were bombed by British Bark, had agreed with them to unite airmen on seventeen occasions. their financial resources to bring the 'TRIGLAV." war to a successful conclusion, An Austrian destroyer. TREATING. She was sunk by a mine on the 29th December, 1915. On the 11th October, the 1915, "TRIUMPH," H.M.S. new order against treating in the British battleship, completed London area came into force. A in the year 1904, having a displace-

[ TREBIZOND. ment of 12,500 tons and a speed of Vilayet (district) of Asiatic Turkey, 19nnots. on the south coast of the Black Sea. She was torpedoed off the Gallipoli Area, 12,387 square miles. Popu- Peninsula by a German submarine lation, 1,200.000. on the 25th May. 1915. 206 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

TRONES WOOD. aroused suspicion, and the ' New On the 10th July, 1916. heavy York World * commissioned a dis- firing had taken place at Trones tinguished American pathologist. Wood, east of Montauban, for three Dr. T. C. Beebe, to investigate it. It days. The British repelled five out seems that the enemy deliberately of six counter-attacks, but in the attempted to spread tuberculosis in sixth the Germans regained a footing this way, but definite proof has not in the wood. yet been secured." On the 1 1th July, 1916, the British TUPIGINY. troops completed the capture of the On the 19th October, 1918, it was enemy's first system of defences on captured by the French. the Western Front on a front of ' TURBINE." 14,000 yards, including the five An Italian torpedo-destroyer. strongly fortified villages, and Trones She was sunk by gunfire on the Wood was also recaptured. TROTSKY. 24th May, 1915. "TURBULENT," H.M.S. The associate of Lenin in the Bol- British destroyer. shevik atrocities in Russia since A November, 1917. She was sunk by German gunfire in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on TROUBRIDGE, Vice-Admiral the 31st May, 1916—see under Ernest Charles, C.B., "H.M.S. 'Queen Mary.'" G.M.G., M.V.O. TURIN. On the 12th November, 1914, he city in North Italy, on the Rivers was honourably acquitted by a court- A and Dora. former capital martial of neglect in permitting the Po The Italy. It has a cathedral, uni- German cruisers " Goeben " and of versity, royal palace, castle, and " Breslau " to escape from the Straits Carignano. thriving of Messina. Palazzo Has and varying manufactories and ex- TRUCE. tensive trade. On the 25th December, 1914, an Population (including garrison, informal truce was held all along the 8,500 strong), 427,733. line. Coming out of their trenches, On the 23rd September. 1917, the Allied troops fraternised with Marquis Lauriatis made a non-stop the enemy. On the stroke of mid- aeroplane flight from Turin to night hostilities were resumed. London. *• TUBANTIA." TURKEY, Mohamed V., Sultan of. A Dutch liner. Came to the throne in 1909. On the 16th March, 1916, she was Had been a cipher in the war. torpedoed by a German submarine Died on the 3rd July, 1918. 50 miles off Harwich. The passen- gers and crew were rescued. TURKEY, or THE . TUBE, Lieut. F. H. Sultan Mohamed V., succeeded in Australian Imperial Force. Gained 1909. the V.C. in the war. Large State of the Eastern Hemi- TUBERCULOSIS GERMS, Inocu- sphere, consisting of Turkey in lation of French Non-com- Europe and Asiatic Turkey, under batant Population with. the immediate rule of the Sultan, and On the lOth^ April, 1917, the of dependencies in Africa and Europe. "^^ " Morning Post reported : " On The losses of territory in the war the eve of the evacuation the Germans with the Balkan States in 1912-13 inoculated the French population in can hardly be definitely stated at the various places compulsorily with a moment, so much of the delimitations certain vaccine. This was such a still remaining in doubt. Portions peculiar action on their part that it have had to be ceded to Greece arc' A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 207

Serbia, and for the formation of the TYNESIDE. new State of Albania. Air raid on the 14th April, 1915 :

What was lost to Bulgaria may be 1 injured. won back. The total area is 1,200,000 square TYRWHITT, Commodore (acting miles, with a population of some Rear Admiral), Sir 2,800,000, including the vilayets of Reginald York, K.C.B., Constantinople and Adrianople, with D.S.O. the Mustessarifat at Chatalja. One of the few romantic figures in The north-west portion of Turkey the war. in Europe extends to a line drawn On the 10th May, 1917. 11 German from Enos in the Aegean to Midia in destroyers were sighted between the the Black Sea, and now also including Dutch and English coasts by British Adrianople. Turkey in Asia com- scouting force, under Commodore prises (with the Archipelago) 209,380 Tyrwhitt, and chased to Zeebrugge square miles in Asia Minor, with and seriously damaged. 92,120 square miles in Armenia, On the 5th June, 1917, six German 209,270 square miles in Syria and destroyers engaged in a running fight Mesopotamia, and 173,700 square by Commodore Tyrwhitt, in com- miles in Arabia. African Turkey mand of light cruisers and destroyers, included the suzerain territories of sinking L 20. Egypt, Cyprus, and Samos, together On the 15th June, 1917, he was covering 368,100 square miles. promoted K.C.B. Capital, Constantinople. Before the war she had a peace UDINE. strength of 210,000 men and On the 29th October, 1917, it was 2,000,000 available men. captured by the Germans. On the 5th November, 1914, England declared war against her. UKRAINE. On the 20th August, 1915, Italy A Russian Province. On the 9th February, she declared war against her. _ 1918, On the 21st June, 1916, Mecca was signed peace with Germany, and captured by the Grand Sherif of received part of Poland. Mecca and declared independent of On the 15th October, 1918, it was Turkey. reported that the revolution was On the 30th August, 1916, she spreading and had reached the declared war against Roumania. Government of Podalio. The revolu- On the 1st January, 1917, she tionaries took the town of Njesjin. denounced the Paris Treaty of 1858 Violent fighting was going on in the and the Berlin Treaty of 1878. Government of Poltava, where the revolutionaries numbered 13,000. TURNBULL, Sergt. James Young The Germans sent a large force to (15888). surround the revolutionary troops. Highland Light Infantry. Gained the V.C. in the war. ULWA. TURNER, Second-Lieut. A. B. In this region of the eastern battle- Berkshire Regiment. Gained the ground the enemy's offensive was V.C. in the war. foiled, but south of the Vistula his attacks were TURRALL, Private T. G. very stubborn on the 3rd January, 1915. Worcestershire Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. "UNDAUNTED," H.M.S. •TUSCANIA." A light cruiser, completed in the An American transport. year 1914, having a displacement of On the 5th February, 1918, she 3,750 tons and a speed of 30 knots. was sunk by submarine. She had Commanded by Captain C. H. Fox, " : 2,400 on board; 166 killed. formerly of H.M.S. Amphion." 208 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

Accompanied by four destroyers, On the 20th January, 1915, the the " Lennox,"" Loyal," " Legion," U.S. Press strongly reprehended the and " Lance," she engaged, off the German air raid on the east coast of Dutch coast, four German destroyers England. on the 17th October, 1914, all of On the 25th January, 1915, Mr. which were sunk. The damage to the Bryan refuted the charge that the British vessels was slight, and only U.S. Government had shown par-

1 officer and 4 men were wounded. tiality to the Allies, and affirmed that She accompanied British seaplanes the action of the Government had on making an attack at daylight on been based on legal principle without German warships lying in Schilig bias of any kind. Roads, off Cuxhaven, on the 25th On the 11th February, 1915, the December, 1914. U.S. Government issued two Notes * UNDINE." —to Great Britain and Germany. That to Germany intimated that an A German light cruiser. attack on a vessel flying the American She was sunk by a British sub- flag would be regarded in a very grave marine in the Baltic on the 7th light. The Note to Great Britain November, 1915. stated that the U.S. Government UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. would " view with anxious solicitude President Dr. Woodrow Wilson, any general use of the flag of the U.S. succeeded in 1909. by British vessels traversing these Federal Republic (largest in the waters " (the German war zone). world) of North America, embracing On the 12th July, 1915, the Ger- the central portion from the Atlantic mans replied to the American protest to the Pacific, between Canada and of the 10th June, intimating that the the great lakes north, to the Gulf of U.S. citizens desirous of crossing Mexico south. the Atlantic must do so in American Area (including Alaska, purchased vessels, or take the risk. from Russia in 1867, and Hawain), On the 24th July, 1915, the full 3,622,933 square miles. Population, text of the U.S. Note to Germany 102,000,000. was issued. It was friendly and Capital, Washington. reasonable in tone, and contained a Commercial metropolis, New solemn warning that German repeti- York. tion of violation of neutral rights The Spanish-American War of when they affected American citizens 1898 resulted in the acquisition by v/ould be regarded by the U.S. the U.S.A. of the Philippines, Porto Government as " deliberately un- Rico, and Guahan. friendly." The U.S.A. are very rich in every On the 1st September, 1915, Count kind of minerals, produce much Bernstorff, acting on instructions timber, corn, fruit, and vegetables, from Berlin, notified Mr. Lansing and stand high in the world in stock- that Germany accepted the American raisin::: and manufactures. principle that passenger liners should On the 29th December, 1914, the be warned before being attacked by U.S. Government addressed a Note submarine. to the British Government on the On the 4th November, 1915, subject of the treatment of American numerous arrests were made in the commerce by British war vessels, U.S, of German spies concerned in complaining of arbitrary and un- munition conspiracy. necessary search and delay. On the 3rd December, 1915, the On the 2nd January, 1915, it was U.S. Government asked for the rumoured that the plot to smuggle recall of Captain Boy-ed and Captain 1,000 officers to Germany in the von Papen, the German attaches guise of naturalised Americancitizens, at Washington. by means of forged passports, had On the 27th January, 1916, it been foiled by the U.S. authorities. published a Note strongly protesting " A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 209 against the British search of mails fighting contingent of the U.S. for contraband. troops arrived in France. On the 10th February, 1916, a Ger- On the 18th October, 1917. she man Note to the U.S. Government refused the supply of commodities threatened to treat all armed mer- to Holland and Scandinavia unless chantmen as belligerent ships, and proof was given that they did not warned neutrals that no responsibility pass into Germany. would be taken for their safety. On the 27th October, 1917, the On the 16th February, 1916, the first American shot was fired in U.S. refused to recognise Germany's France against the enemy. claim to torpedo armed merchantmen Her military effort was, however, without warning. made rather late in the war, as the Ger- On the 19th April, 1916, the U.S. man Army was summarily smashed presented a Note to Germany stating as soon as Marshal Foch was given that diplomatic intercourse would be supreme and sole command of all broken off unless Germany discon- Allied forces. tinued the torpedoing of merchant- men conveying American citizens. UNWIN, Com. E. On the 26th May. 1916. the U.S. R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. in a Note protested against the UPTON, Corporal J. searching of mails by Great Britain Sherwood Foresters. Gained the and France. V.C. in the war. On the 29th November, 1916. the U.S. sent a Note to Germany pro- URUGUAY. testing against the deportation of President Feliclano VIera, suc- Belgians for forced labour. ceeded In 1915. the 1st February, 1917, she On Republic of South America, be- was officially informed that Germany tween Brazil, the Argentine, and the the limitations she must abandon Atlantic. herself has hitherto imposed upon Area, 72,151 square miles. Popu- in the employment of the lighting lation, 1,100,000. at sea," and proposing that weapons Cattle and sheep-rearing; also the U.S. Government should warn fruit grovv'ing. their vessels against entering the Capital, Montevideo. dangerous zone. Great indignation It is divided into 19 departments. in America, and alarm in neutral Over 1 ,000 miles of railway opened countries. Danish and Dutch vessels In the country. stopped their sailings. It severed Its relations with Ger- the 3rd February. 1917, On many on the 7th October, 1917. diplomatic relations between the U.S.A. and Germany were at last U3. broken off. Count Bernstorff was An Austrian submarine. given his passport, and Mr. Gerard On the 13th August, 1915, she was was recalled from Berlin. sunk by the French torpedo-boat cruiser The interned German " BIsson " In the Lower Adriatic. and Hamburg-Amerika liners were seized. U8. The United S.S. " Housatonic A German submarine. was sunk in daylight off the Scilly On the 4th March, 1915, she was Isles by a German submarine. sunk off Dover. The Admiralty On the 6th April, 1917, war was decided that the 29 officers and men " declared against Germany. could not be allowed honourable On the 8th April, 1917, Austria treatment," the submarine being declared war against her. presumably guilty of attacking un- On the 9th April, 1917, Bulgaria armed merchantmen and ships carry- declared war against her. ing non-combatants, neutrals, and On the 26th June, 1917, the first women, Q 210 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

U 12. VALLENTIN, Captain J. F. A German submarine. South Staffordshire Regiment. She was rammed and sunk by Gained the V.C. in the war. H.M.S. " Ariel " on the 10th March, VAN. 1915. A fortified town on the east side U14. of Lake Van (a salt lake, 70 miles On the 15th June, 1915, the Ger- long), Turkish Armenia, south of man Admiralty announced the loss of Erzerum. Military station. Mas- her. sacre 1 895-1 896. Population, 30,000. Capital, Viloyel Van, on Persian U 18. border. Area, 15,440 square miles. A German vessel. Mountainous and pastoral, sulphur On the 23rd November, 1914, she springs, petrol wells. Population, v^as rammed by a British warship off nearly 500,000. the north coast of Scotland. On the 19th February, 1916, the U29. Russians captured Mush and stormed A German submarine. Akhlat on Lake Van. On the 25th March. 1915, the VANDY. Admiralty reported the sinking of East of Vouziers. The French her. troops crossed the river and made U39. a dent in the German line at Vandy, A German submarine. which had been captured. On the 18th May, 1918, she was ••VANGUARD," H.M.S. bombed and damaged by the French. A battleship, completed in the year She was interned at Cartagena in a 1910, having a displacement of damaged state. 19,250 tons and a speed of 22 knots. VALENCIENNES. On the 9th July, 1917, she vyas A fortified town on the River blown up by internal explosion, with Escault, Department Nord, France. over 800 lives lost. Famous for lace manufacturing. VANN, Captain (Acting - Lieut. - Metallurgical industries, starch, Colonel) B. W., M.C. chemicals, etc. Late l/8th Battalion (attached Population, 32,506. l/6th Battalion) Notts and Derby On the 22nd October, 1918, Sir Regiment (T.F.). Gained the V.C. Douglas Haig reported progress in in the war. the encircling of it. Lost his life in the war. On the 2nd November, 1918, it VAUX. was taken by Canadian troops, under Near Chateau-Thierry. General Currie. On the 1st July, 1918, the Ameri-' •VALIANT," H.M.S. cans captured it, with 450 prisoners. A battleship, completed in 1915, VAUX WOOD. having a displacement of 27,500 tons Crowns the heights above the and a speed of 25 knots. Somme, from which there was a She was engaged in the North Sea wonderful view eastwards over the Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, enemy's positions. 1916—see under " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' *' VEALE, Private T. W. H. VALIERO. Devon Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the war. On the 10th December, 1914, the third attempt of the Austrians to VEDRINES, Jules. carry out an effective invasion of Aged 38. Serbia was made. The enemy, French airman. having been disastrously defeated Did brilliant work in the war. near here, retreated, with losses in VENDIGNES WOOD. men estimated at 30,000 and in guns On the 24th October. 1918, the at 50. enemy was driven from here. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 211

DIGNES. Was relieved on the 15th Septem-

On the 24th October, 1 91 8, at close ber, 1914. ot day the enemy counter-attacked On the 21st February, 1916, the vigorously opposite here, and was great battle opened with an attack by repulsed. the Crown Prince's army on the On the 25th October. 1918, it was French positions between Haumont captured. Wood and Herbebois. i^ENIGE. On the 22nd February, 1916, although losing heavily, the Germans Maritime city of Italy, at the head carried Haumont Wood and the of the Adriatic, situated on 80 isles French salient north of Beaumont. in thelagoons. Splendid arch. Rich On the 23rd February, 1916, con- in art treasures and historic associa- tinuing their attack, the Germans tions. Great commercial and indus- penetrated the wood of La Wavrille, trial activity. east of Bois de Caures. The French Population (exclusive of garrison), evacuated Haumont village. 175.000. ... On the 24th February, 1916. the In shipbuilding to-day French line was slightly withdrawn ranks next after Genoa among Italian with unbroken front, Brabant-sur- cities. Meuse, Samogneux, part of the Bois- Austria became possessed of des-Caur^s, and Ornes being given Venice on the apportioning of the up. old Napoleonic possessions, but the On the 25th February, 1916, the Venetians, led by Danielo Manin, rose French took up a new line of six or against their oppressors in 1848-9, seven miles to the north of Verdun, when the struggle for Italian inde- and furious fighting was resumed. pendence really began. But it was On the 27th February. 1916, the not until 1866 that Venice was able French withdrew their line six m.iles to free itself from Austrian rule and east of Verdun. become part of the new Kingdom of On the 28th February, 1916, in Italy. Champagne, the Germans carried the On the 24th May, 1915, an air raid Navarin Farm. was made by the Austrians on the On the 6th March, 1916, south- arsenal. east of Verdun the Germans carried On the 27th October, 1915, an Forges and successfully attacked Austrian aviator dropped bombs and Hill 265. destroyed the beautiful painting of On the 7th March, 1916, Fresnes, Tiepols on the ceiling of Di Scalzi south-east of Verdun, was taken by Church. the Germans. VENIZELOS, M. Elentherios. On the 8th March, 1 91 6, a vigorous 55. Aged _ enemy attack at Bethincourt was Prime Minister of Greece. repulsed. Minister of and Was Justice On the 22nd March, 1916, after Foreign Affairs. a heavy bombardment, the Germans in disagree- Resigned Premiership carried Avocourt Wood and gained with the King on the 5th ment a footing at Hancourt. October, 1915. On the 29th March, 1916, the to office in 1917 by the Recalled French drove the enemy out of a Alexander, and formed a new King horn of the Avocourt Wood. in Greece on National Government On the 31st March, 1916, the the 26th June, 1917. French evacuated Melancourt. but VERDUN. checked further assaults in the region A fortified town on the River of Le Morte Horn. me. Meuse, France. On the 7th April. 1916, the Ger- Has a twelfth-century cathedral. mans regained the ground captured Has confectionery, liqueur, and by the British at St. Ello on the 27th hardware factories. March, 1916. 212 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 8th April, 1916, the French piercing the enemy's line along a evacuated the Bethincourt salient. front of about five miles to a depth of On the 9th April, 1916, the British two. held a considerable portion of the On the 24th October. 1916,. the ground gained at St. Elio. On the French scored a great victory here, same day the Germans delivered recapturing Douamont village and furious attacks on a huge scale on a fort, the quarries, Caillette. and front of 12 miles, but only secured a Chapitre and Tumin Woods, with hold on the slopes of Le Morte 4,500 prisoners. Homme. Approximately the German On the 15th December. 1916. the

losses before Verdun to the 1st April, French gained a victory here : 10,000 1916, numbered 200,000. prisoners and 80 guns were taken.

On the 1 1th May, 1916, a German On the 20th August, 1917, the attack against the centre at Verdun French charged the Germans before was driven back. Verdun, and captured nearly 6.000 On the 8th June, 1916, the Ger- prisoners. mans held Fort Vaux, the French On the 21st August, 1917, on the retaining the environs. Western Front there was a further On the 13th June, 1916, the Ger- advance by the French here. The mans again penetrated advanced Hill of Oie and fortifications around French positions near here. Hill 344 were recaptured. On the 16th June, 1916, fierce new On the 24th August, 1917. the German attacks were made. All French took Hill 304, Camard Wood, failed, with the loss of 200 prisoners. and reached the southern bank of On the 23rd June, 1916, the Ger- Forges Brook. mans made a fresh advance at Verdun, The prolonged struggle for Verdun taking the first line of trenches be- formed one of the most remarkable tween Hills 320 and 321, together and dramatic episodes of the war. with the Thiaumont Wood, a front of VERMELLES. a mile. On the 19th December, 1914. the On the 30th June, 1916, Thiaumont Allies gained further ground before Wood was regained by the French. Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well On the 4th July, 1916, Thiaumont as east and south of Ypres, north Wood fell into the hands of the Ger- of La Bassee, and north-west of Arras, mans for the fourth time. while the position here was main- On the 4th August, 1916, the Ger- tained. mans regained the chief part of On the 13th October. 1915. the Fleury. British captured German trenches On the 18th August, 1916, the behind the Vermelles-Hulluch road. Germans were expelled from two VERVINS. fortified redoubts near the Thiaumont Wood. On the 6th November, 1918, it On the 3rd September, 1916. the was taken by the French. French gained ground on the Fleury VESLES. sector. On the 24th October. 1918. the On the 6th September, 1916, the French took it and Pirrepont. French scored a signal success at VICKERS, Private A. Verdun, attacking the German line 2nd Royal Warwickshire Regiment. on the Vaux Chapitre Wood front, Gained the V.C. in the war. carrying it to a length of 1,600 yards and taking 250 prisoners. VICKERS, Second-Lieut. C. G. On the 27th September, 1916, the Sherwood Foresters. Gained the Germans sustained a bad defeat in V.C. in the war. an attack against the Thiaumont- VICKNOR." Fleury front near Verdun. A British armed liner. On the 23rd October. 1916. the She was sunk by accident on the French obtained a great triumph. 20th January. 1915. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 213

VIERORDT, H. On the 20th May, 1916, the crater German writer. was regained by the Loyal North The following statement by him Lancashires. " appeared in the Easier Nachrichten" VINGENT, M. DanieL on the 15th October, 1914: " Was appointed Minister of Public Germany, hate ! Cut the throats of Instruction for France in the new the millions of your adversaries, and Ministry formed in 1917. build a monument of smoking corpses " to the very clouds. No prisoners ! VINDIGTIVE," H.M.S.

Make them dumb 1 Transform the An old British cruiser. neighbouring countries into deserts." On the 9th May, 1918, she was VIGNEULLES LES HATTON - sunk as a blockship in the entrance to GHAXEL Ostend harbour. To hamper the German attack and On the 13th Jiily, 1915, the Ger- prevent their submarines freely man strategic railway and stores here from using Zeebrugge and Ostend, it was were bombarded by a French aerial determined to obstruct the entrances squadron of 35 aeroplanes. of these two harbours. A number of "VILLE DE LA GROTAL." old cruisers (among them the " Vin- A French mail steamer. dictive") were prepared, with con- She was sunk by a German sub- crete in their bottoms, to serve as marine on the 20th 1915 December, ; blockships, and be sunk in the en- 80 lives were lost. trances. The operations were under VILLERS-BRETONNEAUX. the orders of Vice-Admiral Keyes On the 24th April, 1918, it was and Rear-Admiral Sir R. Tyrwhitt, captured by the Germans. who had been specially promoted in VILNA. January for his excellent work in command of his light squadrons. Lithuanian Government, West On the 22nd April, 1918, after Russia, on border of Poland. more than one false start, the British Area, 16,421 square miles. Popu- blockships put to sea, accompanied by lation, 1,998,500. monitors and a strong escort. At Forest, agriculture, and cattle- Zeebrugge a very marked success was breeding. obtained. The " Vindictive" was laid There are numerous tracts of against the Mole, and also two armed marshland and many lakes, and Mersey ferry-boats, " " and industries are flour, among the chief Daffodil," and the Mole was saw, and paper mills, brev/eries, stormed by a strong landing party. distilleries, glass-works, brick-works, The viaduct which connected it with etc. the land on the shoreward end was the 14th September, 1915, On blown up by an old submarine of the Hindenburg made a vigorous drive " C " class (commanded by Lieut. against the Russian forces between Sandford), and filled with explosives. Dvinsk, causing the Vilna and In the confusion which this sudden Russians to retire. and heroic attack caused among the September, 1915, On the 18th Germans, British destroyers and fell its evacuation by the Vilna after motor-boats, covered by a smoke- a successful Russians, who made screen, attacked a swarm of small All the railways had been retreat. German craft behind the Mole, and of the south- cut, with the exception three cruisers, " Thetis," " In- running line to Lida and Rovno. trepid," and " Iphigenia," steamed men. Hindenburg had 500,000 into the entrance of the inner harbour. VIMY RIDGE. The " Thetis " fouled an obstruction On the 15th May, 1916, the Lanca- and became unmanageable, so that shire Fusiliers in a night attack gained she had to be sunk before she was in " " the enemy's forward line on a front the entrance ; but the Intrepid " " of 250 yards. and Iphigenia were both taken in 214 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

and sunk athwart the entrance at its On the 28th December, 1914, the narrowest point, blocking it for the Russians were massing forces on the passage of anything but a small section of the Lower Vistula which destroyer. With a loss of 188 included the railway, and were in officers and men killed or mortally great strength in the region of Plock wounded, 16 missing, and 384 and thence to the Warsaw front. wounded, the " Vindictive " and the VITRY-LE-FRANCOIS. other vessels retired, after an exploit A fortified town of France, on the willfor ever live the heroismof which River Marne, near Chalons. in history. At Ostend the operations It has a population of 8,564, and blockships couldnot failed. Thetwo carries on the industry of bell- reach the entrance, as the wind founding, etc. changed and the smoke-screen lifted. It was abandoned by the Germans were blown up just outside. They on the 12th September, 1914, after destroyer " North Star " and The being fortified. four launches were the only British ships lost. VIVIAN, M. On the 9th-10th May, 1918, On the 13th October. 1915, he another effort was made to close became French Minister of Foreign Ostend by the same methods, the Affairs in succession to M. Delcasse. " Vindictive " being used as the VIVIANI, Rene. blockship. She was carried in Prime Minister of France, June, despite a thick sea fog which came 1914, to 1915. down most inopportunely, and de- Delivered stirring orations during spite many hits, one of which killed the war. her captain, Commander A. E. On the 12th October, 1915, he Godsal. Owing to the fog she announced in the French Chamber grounded in the entrance, and could the decision of Great Britain, France, not be placed in the desired position, and Russia to assist Serbia and so that she only obstructed the uphold the Treaty of Bucharest channel, without rendering it im- signed the 10th August, 1913. passable. The loss in this affair was VOLKLINGEN. 8 killed, 10 missing, and 29 wounded, while one British motor-boat had to Germany. be destroyed. The blast furnaces here were bombed by British airmen on three VIRGO, J. J. occasions. An Australian who has done much for the Y.M.C.A. VOLUNTEER FORCE. VISHGRAD. On the 29th February, 1916, the On the 14th December, 1914, the Government decided to recognise the National Volunteer Force as a mili- Montenegrins captured it, defeating the Austrians. tary force for home defence by putting VISTULA. into operation the Act of 1863. 'VON DER TAUN." A river rising in Austrian Silesia, and flowing (693 miles) past Cracow A German battleship. and through Russian Poland and She was engaged in the North Sea Battle of Prussia to the Baltic, near Dantzic. Jutland on the 31st May, 1916 see " ' Its three head waters are the White, — under H.M.S. Queen Mary.' *' Little, and Black Vistulas, and in its long course it receives as tributaries VOSGES. the waters of the Bug and other A mountain chain in East France streams. From Cracow to the sea it and Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, 190 is navigable. miles long. On the 29th October, 1914, the Extending from Basle on the north, resistance of the German armies was they run along the left side of the broken. Rhine valley, and give forth the A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 215

Rivers Saas and Moselle on the WAGENFUHR, Paul. north. Commander of the U boat which The highest summit is the Ballon sank the " Belgian Prince " on the de Guebwiller. 31st July, 1917, leaving 40 of the Also east frontier department, crew on the submarine's deck without France. life-belts, and then submerged, Area, 2,305 square miles. Popula- leaving them to drown. tion, 420,000. His U boat. No. 44, was subse- Agriculture, dairying, vineyards, quently sunk by our Navy, with all and textile industries. hands, the well-merited death of a Capital, Epinal, standing on the coward and bully. Upper Moselle. The mountains are well v^ooded, WAGNER, Herr. and the plains exceedingly fertile, German writer. " while the deposits of coal, silver, lead, Stated : Let us bravely organise copper, and lithographic stone are great forced migrations of the inferior extensive. people. We must coerce them." There are also many mineral springs, which are much resorted WAIN, Temporary -Lieut. (Acting- to by invalids. Captain) R. W. L. The military developments pro- Late Tanks Corps. Gained the ceeded slowly here in December, V.C. in the war. 1914. Lost his life in the war.

VOUZIERS. WALDEGRAVE, Second-Lieut. The French entered here on the E. J. 12th October, 1918. R.F.A. Marlborough cricket captain in V 187. 1917. A German destroyer. Lost his life in the war. She was sunk by gunfire on the 28th August, 1914. WALES, H.R.H. the Prince of, Edward Albert Christian V 188. George Andrew Patrick A German destroyer. David, Duke of Cornwall, She was sunk by a submarine on K.G., G.C.M.G.. O.B.E., the 26th July, 1915. M.G. Aged 25. WADGASSEN. Went to the front in November, Germany. 1914, attached to Sir John French's The blast furnaces and the raihvay Staff. here were bombed by British airmen. On the 9th April, 1915, he landed in England with dispatches from Sir WAELHEM WAVRE. John French, and arrived at Windsor A town near Brussels, in the St. the following day. Catherine sector of the Antwerp On the 19th July, 1915, the King defences. of Italy conferred the Order of the Population, 8,500. Annunziata upon him. The Germans opened heavy fire On the 27th October, 1915, the here on the 28th September, 1914. French President decorated him The Germans blew up the Wael- with the Cross of War. hem Fort on the 29th September, On the 29th October, 1915, he 1914. arrived at Buckingham Palace on a The Belgians retired across the short leave of absence from the front. Nethe on the 2nd October, 1914, On the 9th November, 1915, he first blowing up the Waelhem returned to France. Bridge. On the Ist January, 1916, he was 216 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

appointed Chairman of the Com- WALSH, Captain Arthur, M.C. mittee on War Pensions, Son of Mr. Stephen Walsh, M.P. On the 1st January, 1916, he pre- Lost his life in the war. sided over the first meeting of the WAR CABINET. Committee con- new Statutory 2 Whitehall Gardens, S.W. 1. stituted under the Naval and Military WAR OFFICE. War Pensions Act, his first public Whitehall, S.W. 1. function of importance. the 15th January, 1917, it Went to Egypt in March, 1916, on On was announced that General Smuts appointment as Staff-Captain on the would represent South Africa at the Staff of the General Officer Com- manding the Mediterranean Ex- special War Conference. peditionary Force. WAR TRADE DEPARTMENT. Appointed D.A.Q.M.G. May. 1916. 4 Central Buildings. S.W. 1. Hon. Appointed in July, 1917, WARD, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph G., Colonel of a battalion of the Cheshire K.C.M.G. Regiment. Aged 62. Also appointed Colonel-in- Chief Premier of New Zealand, 1906- of the 12th (Prince of Wales's) 1912. Battalion (T), Devonshire Regiment, He was representative for New and 1 5th( County of London )Battalion. Zealand in the War Cabinet, 1917 London Regiment, April, 1919. and 1918. WALFORD, Captain G. N. WARE, Corporal S. W. Royal Artillery. Gained the V.C. Late Seaforth Highlanders. Gained in the war. the V.C. in the war. Lost his life in the war. Temporary-Lieut. WALLACE, *• WARILDA." S. I. D. A hospital ship. Royal Field Artillery. Gained the On the 4th August, 1918, at V.C. in the war. 1.40 a.m., she was torpedoed by the WALLER, Private Horace (30144). Germans and sank. Owing to the Late King's Own Yorkshire Light repeated German outrages she was Infantry. Gained the V.C. in the not carrying distinctive lights. This war. was the first occasion for two years on Lost his life in the war, which she had no German wounded on board. Of some 770 persons in WALMER. her, including a large number of sick A coast town in Kent, England, and wounded, 123 were killed, among near Deal (included in the Cinque them Mrs. Violet Long, Deputy Port of Sandwich). Contains Wal- Chief Controller of W.A.A. Corps. mer Castle, the official residence of WARING, Corporal (Lance- Ser- the Lord Warden. geant), William, M.M. The Duke of Wellington died here (355014). in 1852. castle built The was by Late 25th Battalion, Royal Welsh Henry VHL Fusiliers (T.F.) (Welshpool). Gained Residential population, 5,347. the V.C. in the war. On the 20th February, 1916, Ger- Lost his life in the war. man seaplanes raided Lowestoft and WARK, Major Blair Anderson, here. There were 1 killed and 1 D.S.O. injured at Walmer. 32nd Battalion, Australian Imperial WALSH, Stephen, M.P. Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. A^ed 60. WARMBAD. Parliamentary Secretary to the In German South Africa. Local Government Board in June, On the 6th April, 1915, it was 1917. taken by the Union forces. - A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 217

WARNEFORD, Flight- Sub-Lieut. came almost to a standstill, though fighting occurred north of here on Late R.f!c. On the 7th June, the 23rd February, 1915. 1915, he destroyed a Zeppelin On the Russian front a great battle between Ghent and Brussels at a was in progress from near Warsaw height of 6,000 feet, and gained the to Grodus on the 26th February, V.C., the King taking the unusual 1915. course of conferring the honour by The German attack on the Russians telegram. ended in disaster, the enemy being in full retreat from the Narew on the WARNER, Private E. 27th February, 1915. Bedfordshire Regiment. Gained The Germans were again thrown the V.C. in the war. back to their frontier, leaving behind "WARRIOR," H.M.S. them over 10,000 prisoners, on the 2nd March, 1915. cruiser, completed in 1907, A On the 28th July, 1915, the Ger- having a displacement of 13,550 tons mans crossed the Vistula between and a speed of 22^ knots. Warsaw and Iwangorod. She was destroyed by German gun- Warsaw fell after the Russian fire in the North Sea Battle of Jutland evacuation on the 4th August, 1915, on the 31st May, 1916 see under — " and Iwangorod was occupied by the " ' H.M.S. Queen Mary.' Germans on the 5th August, 1915. WARSAW. *'WARSPITE," H.M.S. In the Government of Russian A battleship, completed in 1915, Poland. On the bank of the River having a displacement of 27,500 tons Vistula and Lower Bug river down and a speed of 25 knots. to the Prussian frontier. She was engaged in the North Sea Area, 6,749 square miles. Popula- Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, tion, over 2,000,000. 1916—see under " H.M.S. * Queen " Agricultural, stock-raising, and Mary.' machinery and sugar factories, WATERS, Temp. Capt. (Acting A Zeppelin was brought down near Major) A. H. S., D.S.O., here on the 14th October, 1914. M.C. On the 4th November, 1914, the 218th Field Coy., RE. Gained German troops were driven back the V.C. in the war. from here a distance of 90 miles, to within 30 miles of their own frontier WATSON, Major (Acting -Lieut. The Russians captured 15,800 Aus- Colonel), O.G.S., D.S.O. trian prisoners and scores of guns. (R. of C). On the 21st November, 1914, von Late King's Own Yorkshire Light continued his advance, Hindenburg Infantry. Gained the V.C. in the reaching a point within 40 miles of war. and was successfully checked Warsaw, Lost his life in the war. on the 23rd November, 1914. A. Chalmers, On the 24th December, 1914, the WATSON, Mrs. M. C.B.E. German attempt to reach here M.D., weakened, and further south the Was Chief Controller of the Austrians were severely punished Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. at several points, a large force being Sister of Sir Eric Geddes and Sir in full retreat in Western Galicia. Auckland Geddes. On the 5th February, 1915, Made Commander of the Order of " " Warsaw at all costs was again the the British Empire in August, 1917. Kaiser's command, and von Mac- kensen with 100,000 men and 600 WATT, Skipper Joseph (1206). guns was making the atternpt. R.N.R., W.S.A. Gained the V.C. The German advance in Poland in the war. 218 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

WATTS, Sir Philip, LL.D., D.S.O., On the 6th August, 1917, he was F.L.S. appointed Second Sea Lord. Aged 68. On the 26th December, 1917, he Director of Naval Construction to succeeded Admiral Sir J. Jellicoe as the Admiralty from 1901 to 1911. First Sea Lord. Designed the first Dreadnought, On the 7th November, 1918, he which was launched in 1905. was appointed British Naval Repre- sentative to be associated with Mar- WEARNE, Second-Lieut. Frank Bernard. shal Foch in making the Allied armistice terms known to the German Essex Regiment. Gained the delegates. V.C. in the war. "WESTFALEN." WEATHERS, Lance - Corporal battleship. (Temporary - Corporal) A German Lawrence Carthage. On the 19th August, 1916, sub- marine E 23 attacked her in the North 43rd Battalion, Australian Imperial Sea, and she is believed to have been Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. sunk. WEDGWOOD, Joseph C, D.S.O., M.P. WESTMINSTER, Duke of, G.C.V.O., D.S.O. Aged 46. Was an Assistant Constructor in Aged 39. Portsmouth Dockyard. Served in the war with distinction. Served in the South African War. WESTON, Dame Agnes E., G.B.E., Appointed Sub-Lieutenant in LL.D. Royal Naval Division in September, Aged 76. 1914, and was wounded. Well-known philanthropist. Taken prisoner by Austrians. Founded Sailors' Institutes at Promoted to Commander. Devonport and Portsmouth. WEIR, Sir W. Was busy ministering to victims On the 26th April, 1918, he was of naval disasters in the war. appointed Air Minister. " WESTOVER." WELCH, Lance -Corporal James U.S. supply ship. (8763). On the 11th July, 1918, she was Royal Berkshire Regiment. Gained torpedoed; 10 killed. the V.C. in the war. WEXFORD. WELLS, Sergeant H. A maritime county, province of 2nd Royal Sussex Regiment. Leinster, South-East Ireland. Gained the V.C. in the war. Area, 901 square miles. Pasture, WELSH DAY. tillage, dairying, stock-keeping, and Flag Day arranged in aid of the fishery. National Fund for Welsh troops. Population (falling). 102,289. WELSH GUARDS. There is only one hill of any par- ticular height, and that is Mount On the 3rd August, 1915, the King Leinster, on the border, 2,610 feet. presented them with their first The Slaney is the chief river, and colours. empties itself into the sea through WEMYSS, Admiral Sir Rosslyn, Wexford Harbour. There are valu- G.G.B., C.M.G., M.V.O. able fisheries. Several old castles Aged 55, survive, as well as the monasteries of On the 19th December, 1915, the Dunbrody, Tintern, and Ross. British forces were withdrawn Capital, Wexford, a town on the from Suvla Bay by Sir Charles River Slaney. Population, 11,455. Monro and Admiral Wcmyss, with Some of the old fortifications and only 3 casualties and the loss of 6 part of St. Sclsker's Priory remain. guns. Cromwell took the town in 1644. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 219

In the insurrection of 1798 many and, after being destroyed by the serious disturbances took place both Danes in 867, was refounded in 1078 in Wexford City and in other parts of as a Benedictine abbey for monks. the country. The church is of Norman origin, On the occasion of the Sinn and is approached from the town by Feiners* rebellion in April, 1916, it a stone stairway of nearly 200 steps. became necessary to move columnsof The British hospital ship '* Ro- " " troops here—see under Dublin." hilla was wrecked here on the 30th WHEELDON, Alice. October, 1914, many lives being lost. On the 16th December, 1914, a On the 10th March, 1917, at the cruiser force a raid, Central Criminal Court, she, Alfred German made G. Mason, Winnie Mason, and shelling it, Scarborough, and Hartle- Harriet Ann Wheeldon were charged pool. with conspiring to kill Mr. Lloyd WHITE, Temp. -Captain Archie George and Mr. A. Henderson. Cecil Thomas. With the exception of Harriet Wheel- Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the don (found not guilty), they were V.C. in the war. sentenced to ten, seven, and five WHITE, Sergeant Albert (24866). years* penal servitude respectively. Late South Wales Borderers WHEELER, Major George Camp- Gained the V.C. in the war. bell. Lost his life in the war. Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army. WHITE, Private Jack (18105). Gained the V.C. in the war. Royal Lancashire Regiment. WHEELER, Major G. M. Gained the V.C. in the war. 7th Hariana Lancers. Gained the WHITFIELD, Private H. (230199). V.C. in the war. King's Shropshire Light Infantry WHIGHAM, General Robert D., (Oswestry, Salop). Gained the V.C, D.S.O. in the war. Aged 54. WHITTAKER, Rt. Hon. Sir T. P., Deputy-Chief of the Staff. M.P. Served in the Nile Expedition and Aged 69. the South African War. Strong temperance advocate. On the outbreak of the war Sub- Was Chairman of Royal Commis- Chief of the Staff serving under Sir sion on Paper Supply in 1916, re- William Robertson. signing in 1917. WHITBY. WHITTLE, Sergeant John Woods A seaport town and watering-place, (2902). facing the German Ocean, at the Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- mouth of the River Esk, North perial Force. Gained the V.C. in Riding, Yorkshire, England. the war. Its industries consist of fisheries, '• WIEN." jet manufactories, and some ship- A small Austrian battleship. building. On the 9th December, 1917, the It has a population of 11,139. Italians torpedoed and sank her and The two sides of the tov/n stand on another battleship in the Adriatic. either side of the harbour, with a stone bridge with a swivel connecting "WIESBADEN." them. A German light cruiser. The older portions of the town are She was sunk by British gunfire in on the east side, and comprise a the Battle of Jutland on the 3 1 st May, 1916—see under " H.M.S. ' Queen number of steep, narrow streets rising " to the heights above, on which stand Mary.' the old parish church of St. Mary and "WILHELM DER GROSSE." " " the ruins of St. Hilda's Abbey, the A German battleship of the H latter founded in the seventh century, type, with a tonnage of 14,349. 220 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 26th August, 1914, she was WILLIAM P. FRYE." sunk by the guns of H.M.S. " High- On the 15th April, 1915, the flyer." United States sent a Note to Ger- * many suggesting the payment of WILHELMINA." £45,650, with interest, as compensa- An American vessel. tion for the sinking of her. 9n the 9th February, 1915, she arrived at Falmouth, England, v^ith WILLIAMS, Able Seaman W. C. foodstuffs, consigned to Germany, R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. from the United States. WILLIAMS, Seaman William. WILHELMSHAVEN. R.N.R., O.N. Gained the VC. in the war. A naval station of the German Empire. Fort in Jahde Terrace on WILLIAMS, C.S.M. J. H., D.C.M., North Sea, near Bremen. M.M. (20408). Has a population of 25,560. 10th Battalion, South Wales Bor- Inaugurated by Wilhelm I. in derers (Cwm, Mon.). Gained the 1869, it has since been developed and V.C. in the war. defended until it forms a fortress of WILLINGDON, Lord. the first order, with forts, moles, dry Aged 52. docks, and stores of vast extent. Governor of Bombay from April, " The Yorck," a German cruiser 1913. of nearly 10,000 tons, was sunk off WILLIS, Captain Richard Ray- here on the 4th November, 1914, by mond. a German mine. 1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. WILHELMSTHAL. Gained the V.C. in the war. The capital of German East Africa. WILSON, President Woodrow, On the 13th June, 1916, General Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. Smuts' northern column captured Aged 63. it. President of the U.S.A. Elected, 1912. Re-elected in November, WILKINSON, Temp -Lieut. T. O.L. 1916. Former President of Princeton Late North Lancashire Regiment. University. Gained the V.C. in the war. Was Governor of New Jersey, Lost his life in the war. 1911. WILKINSON, Private A. (43839). On the 8th December, 1914, in l/5th Battalion, Manchester Regi- his Annual Presidential Message to ment (T.F.) (Leigh). Gained the Congress, he made an important national V.C. in the war. statement with regard to defences, and foreshadowed a scheme WILLCOCKS, General Sir James, of optional military training for every G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., citizen. He emphasised America's D.S.O. prospective role of peace-maker. 62. the 11th 1915, the text Aged , On June, Governodr of Bermuda in April, of his Note to Germany was pub- 1917. lished, which demanded assurances Servedin Wazin campaign, Soudan, in regard to the safeguarding of the Burma, China, Lushai, and West lives of American citizens. Africa. On the 10th September, 1915, Dr. After commanding in India came Dumba, the Austro-Hungarian Am- to Europe with Indian Army Corps. bassador in Washington, was found Received G.C.M.G. in 1915. out in a flagrant violation of diplo- Appointed in April, 1916, Colonel matic propriety in America, and of the Loyal North Lancashire Regi- President Wilson demanded his ment. recall. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 221

On the 7th October, 1915, he sent. It asked in polite language announced his engagement to Mrs. for the surrender of Germany. The Norman Gait. reply made a strong impression on On the 19th April, 1916, he notified the German population. The publi- Germany that unless submarine cation of it was followed by a panic attacks, in violation of international in Berlin banking centres and on law, were stopped, diplomatic re- the Stock Exchange. lations would be severed. On the 21st October, 1918, Ger- On the 20th December, 1916, he many's reply to his Note was handed sent a Note to all belligerents sug- by the German Government to the gesting an avowal of views. Swiss Legation in Berlin for trans- On the 11th January, 1917, the mission to the U.S. Government, signed Allies replied to him. The reply by Dr. Solf, State Secretary claimed restoration and compensa- of the Foreign Office. the tion for lands occupied, and reorgani- On 5th November, 1918, he replied to confirming that sation of Europe upon a basis of Germany, nationality. they should apply to Foch for terms. On the 26th February, 1917, he On the 12th November, 1918, in a speech to the he said asked Congress for power to arm U.S. Congress, American merchantmen. that the peoples of the Central Empires could rest assured that On the 4th April, 1917, he asked everything possible would be done Congress to declare that a state of to supply them with food. Hunger war existed between the U.S.A. and did not it Germany. breed reform ; bred madness. On the 7th April, 1917, war He assisted in the preliminary resolution passed the American peace negotiations in Paris, which Senate by 82 votes to 6. The House dragged on, in secrecv, from Novem- of Representatives adopted it by 373 ber, 1918, to June, 1919. votes to 50. An emergency vote of The obstinate attitude he assumed £20,000,000 was voted by the Senate over the Fiume question nearly to the President for use at his dis- caused permanent trouble. In spite cretion. of the determined secrecy of the Big On the 29th August, 1917, his Four, the peace terms were read in reply to the Pope's Peace Note v/as the U.S. Senate and adversely com- published. mented on. On the 1st September, 1918, he " WILSON, Admiral of the Fleet stated : This is much more than a war to alter the balance of power in Sir A. K., CM., G.C.B., Europe. It is a war to make nations G.C.V.O., V.C. and peoples of the world secure Aged 76. against every such Power as the Served in the Crimean War. German autocracy represents. Not Has served in China, Egypt, and until it is won can men anywhere live the Soudan. free from constant fear or breathe Rendered valuable aid in consulta- freely while they go about their daily tion at the Admiralty in the war. task. The world cannot be safe." WILSON, J. Havelock, M.P. On the 7th October, 1918, Ger- British Labour leader. many's Peace Note was handed to He strongly advocated the total him. boycotting of the Huns as part of On the 12th October, 1918, Ger- their punishment. many's Peace Note was issued. It In March, 1918, he stated: "I was a declaration of readiness to have a document in my possession in accept America's terms laid down by which four of the principal (German) the President on the 8th January. trade union leaders justify their On the 15th October, 1918, his policy of murder of British and reply to Germany's Peace Note was neutral seamen." 222 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 18th November. 1918, WOIPPY. speaking at Yarmouth, he stated that Germany. the seamen's boycott would continue The railways here were bombed by until they were satisfied that Ger- British airmen. many had repented and made good. WOMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY No matter what Governments might CORPS. settle, no German would put foot on British ships for several years. During the progress of the war this WILSON, William B. Corps was organised. It was com- monly known as the Waacs. Later Secretary of Labour of the U.S.A. it was called Queen Mary's Women's WILSON, Private G. Army Auxiliary Corps. Highland Light Infantry. Gained It has done splendid work in the the V.C. in the war. war. WIMBORNE, Lord. The women were required to enroll Aged 46. for service for the duration of the war, Formerly Hon. Ivor Guest. and it was stipulated that should the Served in South African War. war be over in less than a year from Appointed Viceroy of Ireland early the date of enrolment they should be in 1915, but resigned after the Sinn liable to serve for a year. Feiners' outbreak in 1916. He was They were able to enroll for home asked to remain in office, but after a or foreign service. For foreign ser- few months he was superseded by vice no woman was accepted under Lord French. 20, and for home service under 18 WINDHUK. years of age. Was occupied by General Botha on They were employed, both for home the 13th May, 1915. and foreign service, as shorthand- typists, book-keepers, accountants, li- WINDSOR. brarians, cooks, waitresses, laundresses, On the 17th July, 1917, a Royal housemaids, general domestic workers, Proclamation was issued announcing drivers for motors and transport, " " the adoption of Windsor as the washers, storehouse-women, packers, Royal surname, and relinquishing the issuers, messengers, checkers, tele- use of German titles and dignities. phonists, telegraphists, sorters, post- WINFREY, Sir Richard, M.P. women, printers, gardeners, grooms, Age 61. shoemakers, bakers, tailors, acetylene Was Parliamentary Secretary to the welders, electricians, magneto re- Minister of Agriculture for four years. pairers, fitters, machinists, tinsmiths, Knighted in 1914. coppersmiths, armature winders, vul- Joined Ministry in January, 1917. canisers, sand blasters, sheet metal WINGATE, Major M. R. workers, wireless mechanics, aero- plane riggers, dopers, painters, sign Son of the Sirdar of Egypt. writers, storekeepers, sailmakers, Lost his life in the war. fabric workers, wing workers, canvas WINTERTON, Earl, M.P. stitchers, upholsterers, body trim- Aged 36. mers, tracers, colourists, photo- An active member of the Conserva- graphers, etc. tive Opposition. He served in the The women were, as a rule, housed Army during the war. in hostels, under the care and super- WITHAM, Private Thomas. vision of women administrators. In other cases they were housed in Coldstream Guards. Gained the quarters provided by the military V.C. in the war. authorities and approved by the WITTLICH. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. Germany. They were allowed, when possible, The factory here was bombed by a fortnight's leave with pay during British airmen. each year's service, and in the case of A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 223

those serving abroad free travelling in their own town or locality, and facilities were provided to their were not sent elsewhere. homes and back. (2) Home Service (Mobile Free medical attendance was pro- Branch). — Under this head the vided for all members serving over- women had to be prepared to go to seas and at home if accommodated in any part of the . Government hostels or billets. (3) Home or Overseas Service Khaki uniform was provided for all (Mobile Branch). — Under this head women overseas and for all women at the women had to be prepared to go home whose duties took them wherever they might be sent, either regularly into barracks or camps. home or overseas. No woman whose husband was Uniform was provided free, and, serving overseas was eligible for except where the women joined for employment overseas in the same " local " service, board and lodging theatre of war as that in which her was also provided. husband was serving. The women were employed as The Chief Controller of the Corps clerks, storewomen, cooks, waitresses, was Mrs. Chalmers Watson, M.D., laundresses, housemaids, electricians, C.B.E., a sister of Sir Eric Geddes. etc., in the Technical Section, motor- car drivers, draughtswomen, uphol- WOMEN'S LAND ARMY. sterers, painters, photographers, and During the progress of the war labourers, at varying amounts of pay, this Army was organised, having for commencing at 24s. per week, up to its objects the employment of women as much as 45s. per week. for milking, ploughing, hoeing, har- vesting, care of stock and horses, WOMEN'S ROYAL NAVAL SER- general farm work, planting trees, VICE. baling hay in the field, work at the This branch of the Service was stores, stacking and loading bales, organised during the progress of the chaff-cutting for the Army under the war. They were generally called Forage Department of the War Office, Wrens. and for felling trees, sawing into The women were required to join lengths, and stacking and carting. because, as was stated, there were There were three sections of the certain duties, hitherto performed by Women's Land Army: (1) Agricul- men of various naval ranks and ture; (2) Timber-cutting; and (3) ratings, which could be done equally Forage. well by women, whose substitution The women could elect to sign on would release men for more strenuous for a year, in which event they were branches of naval service. required to be prepared to go The women were required to enroll wherever they were sent, and could for service for the duration of the

join either section ; or could sign on war ; but should the war end in less for only six months, and could join than a year from date of enrolment, the agricultural and timber-cutting they were liable to serve for one year. sections, but not the forage. There were two branches of ser-

vice : (a) Mobile Women Im- ; (&) WOMEN'S ROYAL AIR FORCE. mobile Women. During the course of the war this (a) The mobile branch consisted of Corps was organised. They were women who were enrolled with popularly known as Wrafs. liability to be sent where they were The women were required to enroll required in the United Kingdom. for one year or the duration of the (&) The immobiler^^branch con- war, whichever might be longer. sisted of women who, continuing to There were three classes of service. live at home, were employed locally. (1) Local Service (Immobile Free uniform and, in certain instances, Branch). — Under this head the free board and lodging were pro- women were required to serve only vided. 224 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

The women were employed as WORMS. clerks, stewards, cooks, laundresses, A city near the Rhine, Hesse garage workers, telephonists, telegra- Darmstadt, Germany. phists, engineers, etc., at varying It has a famous Romanesque rates of pay, according to the work cathedral. undertaken, commencing at 24s. per Famous in former times as a royal week, to as much as 48s. per week. residence and seat of Diets, at one of WOOD, Rt Hon. T. Mackinnon, which, in 1521, Luther made his P.G., ex-M.P. memorable defence. Aged 52. The scene of the Nibelungenlied is laid in Was Chancellor of the Duchy of Worms. Lancaster. Charlemange frequently resided here. Corporal (Lance- Sergeant) WOOD, The industry of the town was so H. B., M.M. great in the Middle Ages that it had Battalion, Scots (Bris- 2nd Guards a population of 60,000. tol). Gained the V.C. in the war. It is the centre of wine industry. WOOD, Private W. (59812). Good modern trade. 10th Battalion, Northumberland Population, 51.860. Fusiliers (Stockport). Gained the The chemical factories here were V.C. in the war. bombed by British airmen. WOODALL, Corporal (Lance- Ser- WOTAN. geant) J. E. (Z1030). On the 30th August, 1918, the Rifle Brigade (Salford). Gained Canadians pushed up to the Wotan the V.C. in the war. or Hindenburg " switch " line at WOODCOCK, Private Thomas Hancourt. (83871). On the 2nd September, 1918, Irish Guards. Gained the V.C. in Canadian and British troops broke the war. through the Wotan or Hindenburg " " "WOODCOCK." switch line on a front of several miles, routing the Germans. On the I5th November, 1918, she and the " Quinton " arrived at Til- WOUNDED, Ill-treatment of. bury from Rotterdam, carrying a On the 11th April, 1917, evidence number of passengers, including was printed in the " Times " that repatriated officers and men of German Red Cross nurses brutally the British Army from Germany. maltreated the British wounded, Among the passengers was the Rev. withheld food from them, spat on J. T. Crotty, of Enniskillen, who for them, and spat in their drink. nearly four and a half years had been WRIGHT, Orville. acting as Roman Catholic chaplain One of the pioneers of the science at prisoners* of war camps at Lemberg flight heavier- than- air and Glessen. of by machines. WOODROFFE, Lieut. S. C. Brother of Wilbur Wright. Prince Consort's Own. Gained Presented his flying-machine patent the V.C. in the war. rights to Great Britain in 1916. WOODS, Private James Park. WRIGHT, Sir Almroth, E.M.D., 48th Battalion, Australian Imperial F.R.S. Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. Aged 58. WOOL, British, The Export of. Awarded the Le Comte prize of Was prohibited on the 6th October, £2,000 for his special work in war 1914. bacteriology in June, 1915. WOOLLEY, Second-Lieut. G. H. WRIGHT, Captain T. Queen Victoria's Rifles. Gained Royal Engineers. Gained the the V.C. in the war. V.C. in the war. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 225

W V LVERGHEM. The sea frontage, which extends On the 2nd September, 1918, for about three miles, has a spacious •itish troops captured it. marine parade and fine piers, the V^MBIAGAS. Wellington and Britannia Piers, as well as the old jetty dating from 1808. In the Cameroons. The parish church of St. Nicholas On the 9th October, 1915. it was is one ol the largest parish churches c:ptured by the British forces. in the kingdom, 230 feet in length, V C RTEMBERG. with a spire 168 feet high. The station here was bombed by Yarmouth was chartered by King British airmen. John, and returned two members of Parliament from the time of Edward WATT, Lance- Corporal G. H. II. until 1867. 3rd Coldstream Guards. Gained In 1888 Yarmouth was created a ih; V.C. in the war. county borough WTTSCHAETE. On the 3rd November, 1914, a German squadron appeared, and, On the 16th April, 1918, there was after firing on the " Halcyon," made heivy fighting here, and ultimately off, throwing out mines, by one of tlv! Germans captured it. which the submarine D 5 was sunk. YM.C.A. There was a Zeppelin raid here This organisation was responsible and on King's Lynn on the 19th for valuable aid to our soldiers January, 1915; 4 were killed. diringthe war. Its activities were On the 14th January, 1918, it was

' cry widespread, both at home and bombarded by German destroyers ; on all the Fronts. No praise can be 4 killed, 8 injured. toe great. "YARMOUTH," H.M.S. VA' P, Sir Arthur, K.B.E. A protected second class cruiser, ^p.s Director of Food Control with a displacement of 5,250 tons. " " m the 1st September, 1917. She sank two of the Emden's formerly Secretary of Y.M.C.A., supply ships off Sumatra on the 14th nchester. October. 1914. Vas extremely active on behalf of " YARRA." i war work ot the Y.M.C.A. A French liner. created Knight of the Commander On the 29th May, 1917, she was i. ler of the British Empire in torpedoed and sunk in the Mediter- A, ?ust. 1917. ranean ; 56 missing. V R HISSAR." YARROW, Sir Alfred F., Bart.

> Turkish destroyer. The head of the Yarrow ship- ' he was sunk by a British sub- building firm. Has built many of i ; ! -ine outside the Gulf of Ismid on the finest later types of ships for the ':>.e 3rd December, 1915. Navy. YARMOUTH, Great. Received Baronetcy on the 1st A seaport, fishing town, and January, 1915. \v2tering-place, at the mouth of the " YARROWDALE." Hiv-ir Yare, Norfolk, England. A British steamer, captured by the The headquarters of the herring Mowe." fleet. Reached a German port on the 31st Residential population (including December, 1916, with 469 prisoners. Gorleston and Southtown), 55,808.

! a municipal, parliamentary, and "YASAKA MARU." c:.L. ty borough. A Japanese liner. i^ bridge connects the town with On the 12th December, 1915, she its Suffolk suburbs of Southtown, or was sunk by a German submarine -.iiiiie Yarmouth, and Gorleston. without warning. 226 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

YATE, Major C. A. L. YOUNG, Private T. (203590). Yorkshire Light Infantry. Gained Durham Light Infantry(High Spe

the V.C. in the war. CO. Durham). Gained the V.C. i YAUNDE. the war. The capital of the German YOUNG, Private J. F. (177239). Cameroons. 87th Battalion, Quebec Regimen On the 1st January, 1916, the Gained the V.C. in the war. , British forces occupied it. *• YOUNG, Private W. YENESEI." j|| East Lancashire Regiment. Gaine i - A Russian mine-layer. the V.C. in the war. She was sunk by a submarine on the 6th June. 1915. YOUNGER, Mr. Justice. •YORCK." Aged 58. A German armoured cruiser of the Judge of the High Court sine "C" type, launched in 1904, with April, 1915. a tonnage of 9,050. Served on Commission respectii. She was sunk off Wilhelmshaven war prisoners in 1917. on the 4th November, 1914, by Appointed G.B.E. in August, 191 . striking a group of German mines. YPRES. 11 YORIHITO, Prince of Rigashi- A town on the River Yperleofl Fushimi, G.C.V.O. West Flanders, Belgium, 32 milcS On the 28th October, 1918, he south-west of Bruges. arrived at Devonport on a special Population, 18,054. ' mission from Japan, to present, on It has linen and lace manufactori behalf of the Japanese Emperor, the and military school. sword and badge of a Field-Marshal It was one of the most flourish!; in the Japanese Army to King George. of Flemish towns in the fourteen On the 5th November, 1918, he century, with over 200,000 inhal handed £500 to the Lord Mayor for tants and a great diaper industry.

the poor of London and £500 to the Its Gothic Cloth Hall, with i Red Cross Society. imposing belfry, still exists, and dat YORKSHIRE COAST. from the thirteenth century. On the 21st August, 1917, Zeppe- Another fine Gothic edifice is 1 lins raided the Yorkshire coast, and Cathedral of St. Martin. escaped uninjured. Little damage It was occupied by the Fran. was done. British forces on the 13th Octob. On the 12th March, 1918, three 1914. It became popularly knov " Zeppelins raided the coast, and at as Wipers." Up to the 25th October. 191 Hull; 1 killed. although greatly reinforced, the Gc YOUENS, Temp. - Second -Lieut. Frederick. mans were held in check for five da by a British force, which ultimate Late Durham Light Infantry. saved the position and threw t Gained the V.C. in the war. enemy back 15 miles. Lost his life in the war. On the 31st October, 1914. I Temporary- Second-Lieut. YOULL, London Scottish troops made John. splendidly successful charge here. Scottish Northumberland Fusi- On the 2nd November, 1914, t liers. Gained the V.C. in the war. Germans were concentrating YOUNG, Lieut. Dawbarn. numerous force with the object Rising architect. retaking Ypres. Lost his life in the war. On the 9th November, 1914, t YOUNG, Second-Lieut. F. E. Germans made a vigorous but u Late 1st Battalion, Herts Regiment successful attempt to capture it. (T.F.). Gained the V.C. in the war. It was still in the hands of t' Lost his life in the war. Allies on the 21st November, 191^ A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 227

On the 11th December. 1914, the Ypres-Menin road, and won positions Germans made another attempt to of great military importance, includ- smash through the Allies' lines near ing Corpoe, Glencorce Wood, Veld- here, but without success. hoek. and part of Polygon Wood. On the 19th December, 1914, the On the 26th September, 1917, the Allies gained further ground before British advanced on a seven-miles Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well as front east of Ypres, and took Tower east and south of here, north of La Hamlets Spur, the remainder of Bassee, and north-west of Arras, Polygon Wood, and pushed on while the position east of Vermelles tovv^ards Passchendaele. had been maintained. On the 9th October, 1917. Anglo-

On the 1 9th April, 1 9 1 5, the British French forces attacked German troops gained a notable success near defences in the lov/ ground north- here, conquering Hill 60 and killing east of Ypres, between Passchendaele hundreds of Germans. Ridge and Houthulst Forest, took On the 23rd April, 1915, as the St. Jean Mangelare, Veldhoek. and result of a surprise attack, in which Koekult, completed the capture of asphyxiating gasses were used, the Poelcappelle. and established a new Germans forced the French to fall line. back to the Yser Canal, and the YSER. British supporting them were com- During the desperate German pelled to readjust their lines. attacks near Ypres the British gunner$ On the 28th April, 1915, the Ger- continued to bombard the German man offensive here was " definitely flank with great success. Further to stopped." ham.per the enemy the dykes near On the 11th May, 1915. the Ger- here were cut on the 22nd October, mans were repulsed here. 1914, the effect being to cause the On the 2nd March, 1916, the whole district to be flooded at high British regained the International tide. French to the south-east of Ypres. The bombardment continued with On the 8th January, 1917, it was violence on the 31st October, 1914, iieavily shelled by the Germans. and the flooding between here and On the 31st July, 1917, there the Nieupoort-Dixmunde railway vas a great AnglorFrench attack rendered the German trenches un- n Flanders, around Ypres. Two tenable. ortress systems were stormed, and 1 The German forces were thrown illages carried, including St. Julien, back over the Yser on the 15th Pilkem, Frezenberg, and Westhoek. November, 1914. Advance of two miles on a 15-miIes ront. South of the Ypres-Menin ZAHLE. ioad HoUebeke and La Bassee Ville Palestine. were captured. Passage of Yser Canal On the 6th October. 1918, It and forced by the French, who took Rayak were occupied by British teenstrasse and Bixschoote. cavalry. On the 1st August, 1917. mass ZALESZEZYKI. :-Ounter-attacks by the Germans on On the 30th July, 191 7, the fall of the line gained British. new by the it was announced. * St. Julien lost. ZAMIS, M. On the 2nd and 3rd August, 1917, the treacherous the heavy German counter-attacks Appointed by King Constantine as Greek Premier on the British line near here were on the 7th October, 1915. He completely repulsed. The British re- resigned on the 24th June, 1917. --.. trained St. Julien and other positions -1 Sost at Infantry Hill. ZEEBRUGGE.

^ On the 20th September, 1917, the The port of Bruges, with which r^^ British attacked on an eight-miles since 1907 it has been connected by * ' ont from east of Ypres athwart the a ship canal. !

228 A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR

On the 22nd January, 1915, it was Ostend. Two blockships were sunk bombarded by British airmen, who in the channel. " Vindictive," with dropped 27 bombs. One German other vessels, landed storming parties submarine was believed to be on the Zeebrugge Mole. At Ostend damaged. two blockships were run ashore, but not so as to close On the 23rd August, 1915, it was the channel. bombarded by the Allied Fleet, great On the 18th October, 1918, it was damage being done, especially to the reported that it had been evacuated military works. by the Germans and was in flames, On the 20th March, 1916. the supposed to be caused by the Germans blowing Allies made an air raid here, 65 Allied up their ammuni- tion machines being in action. All re- dump and aeroplane sheds. turned safely after doing much On the 19th October, 1918, damage. Belgian troops occupied it. On the 28th July. 1916, Captain ' Fryatt, of the Great Eastern steamer ZELEE." " " Brussels," was captured in the A French battleship of the " K North Sea. He was callously shot type, launched in 1900, having a by the Germans here. This was tonnage of 680. purely an act of revenge. She was sunk by German gunfire On the 10th November, 1916. on the 22nd September, 1914. British aeroplanes attacked Ostend and Zeebrugge, and on the Western ' ZENTA." Front British and German air An Austrian battleship of the squadrons fought a pitched battle. D " type, launched in 1897. Ton- Over 40 machines were engaged on nage, 2,263. each side. The enemy squadron was On the 16th August, 1914, she was broken up. ;

sunk by gunfire off the French coast, i On the 7th April, 1917, the first distinct British success in the flotilla war was gained, when two German ZEPPELIN, Count. destroyers lying outside Zeebrugge Born in 1838. Fought in American were torpedoed. One, G 88, was Civil War; also in 1870 against sunk, and the other may have gone France. down. There was no British loss. Died on the 8th March, 1917. Onthe 10th May, 1917, 11 German He was the inventor and builder destroyers were sighted between the of a special type of "lighter-than- j Dutch and English coasts by British air" gas-filled airships. These scouting force under Commodore monsters were used by the Germans Tyrwhitt, and chased to Zeebrugge for night attacks upon the civilian and seriously damaged. population of England. They were On the 31st May, 1917, the French hailed with delight by the Germans bombed the submarine base here. til a peculiar shell was used that et the alight. On the 1st June, 1917, British aeroplanes bombed the bases here, also at Ostend and Bruges. ZIERIKZEE On the 3rd June, 1917, there was A town in province Zeeland,> a fierce bombardment by Allied air- Holland, on the Isle of Schonwen, 21, men on German aerodromes at miles east of Flushing. Zeebrugge, St. Denis Westrem, Population. 7,428. Bruges, and other enemy establish- On the 30th April. 1917, 3 people ments. were killed and great damage done On the 22nd April. 1918, there was bombs dropped by an unknown , by a British naval raid here and at aeroplane. A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 229

ZIMMERMANN, Herr. (Palm-oil is one of the principal

Aged 53. . sources of nitro-glycerine and of all German Foreign Secretary in modern high explosives.) November, 1916. In the " Vossische Zeitung " of ZWEIBRUCKEN. " April, 1918, he stated : We cannot A town near Speyer, Rhenish in any circumstances content our- Bavaria, on the River Erbach. selves with the French and Belgian Formerly capital of the sometime Congo. We must have Nigeria and sovereign countship of Zweibrucken. Sierra Leone. We must have a great Industrial population, 12,000. consolidated colonial empire that can The factories, station, railways, and send us 400,000 tons of palm-oil barracks here were bombed by British immediately after the war." airmen on four occasions.

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