SIEG MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2019
10TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE 13TH – 16TH NOVEMBER 2019
BACKGROUND GUIDE
United Nations Industrial
Development Organization
SIEGMUN 2019 BACKGROUND GUIDE
Content
Welcome Letter 3
Committee Overview 4
I. Impact of Automation Upon the Labour Market 6
INTRODUCTION 6
HISTORY OF THE TOPIC 6
DISCUSSION OF THE TOPIC 7
RELEVANT UN DOCUMENTS 10
KEY QUESTIONS 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
II. Sustainable Production and Consumption of Plastic 12
INTRODUCTION 12
HISTORY OF THE TOPIC 12
DISCUSSION ON THE TOPIC 14
RELEVANT UN DOCUMENTS 16
KEY QUESTIONS 16
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
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Welcome Letter Dear Delegates,
We welcome you to the 10th anniversary edition of SiegMUN, where we expect to witness exciting sessions with you stepping into the shoes of a delegate representing a state in the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) committee. With a cumulative experience of 40+ MUNs, we as Chairpersons look forward to this experience as a platform to exchange the knowledge we have gathered together, with all of you. We three were part of the Delegation representing the University of Siegen at the National Model United Nations (NMUN) 2019 Conference in New York, USA where we secured the Outstanding Delegation Award (first position). Arun was the Chairperson in United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) with 150 double-delegations to cater to; Max secured the Best Delegate Award and the Best Position Paper Award in United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); and Souha was a part of the Delegation during her first year of deciding to participate in MUN Conferences. The Siegen MUN Society is a growing group of individuals who want to bring change into this world and we are welcoming new members with open arms. MUNs are considered to be a medium of cultivating yourself into a professional speaker, eloquent debater and overall, creating a tryst with diplomacy. With curiosity in our minds, we are expecting a mind full of doubts and questions on why several decisions are taken/not yet taken in the world to foster betterment for each living being. The topics for UNIDO are meant to accelerate development in the member states, but there are several factors that needs to be looked upon. We are eagerly waiting for your presence during the committee sessions and afterwards to know you personally. We wish you all the best for your preparation for the conference.
Your Chairs,
Arun Joseph (Student, Master of Science in Human-Computer Interaction)
Max Smécz (Secretary General, JUNON e.V.)
Souha Balai (Student, Bachelor of Science in Economics and Social Sciences)
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Committee Overview
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is the specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.1 Accordingly, the Organization’s programmatic focus is structured, as detailed in the Organization's Medium-Term Programme Framework 2018-2021, in four strategic priorities: creating shared prosperity, advancing economic competitiveness, safeguarding the environment, strengthening knowledge and institutions, and provides a number of cross-cutting services that support countries in implementing their policies and programmes.2
Inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) is the primary source of income generation, allows for rapid and sustained increases in living standards for all people, and provides the technological solutions to environmentally sound industrialization.3 Technological progress is the foundation of efforts to achieve environmental objectives, such as increased resource and energy-efficiency. Without technology and innovation, industrialization will not happen, and without industrialization, development will not happen. The relevance of ISID as an integrated approach to all three pillars of sustainable development is recognized by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will frame the UN and member state efforts towards sustainable development through 2030.4
UNIDO has two policy making organs: The General Conference and the Industrial Development Board.5 The Programme and Budget Committee is a subsidiary organ of the Industrial Development Board. As of April 1, 2019, 170 States are Members of UNIDO.6 UNIDO calls to “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”. The relevance of ISID, however, applies in greater or lesser extent to all SDGs.
1 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO in brief. 2 Ibid. 3 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development. 4 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO in brief. 5 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Policymaking Organs and other related bodies. 6 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Member States List.
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Bibliography
Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unido.org/inclusive-and-sustainable-industrial-development Member States List. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unido.org/member_state Policymaking Organs and other related bodies. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unido.org/resources/policymaking-organs-and-other-related-bodies UNIDO in brief. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unido.org/who-we-are/unido-brief
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I. Impact of Automation Upon the Labour Market Introduction Whether it is the autopilot in the airplane or the algorithm implemented in the traffic lights; from simple to complicated, automated technology already surrounds us today. In general, automation describes a technology by which processes are performed with minimal human assistance and is one of the main elements of the fourth industrial revolution.7 This new wave of industrial development expands on more than just the industrial sector, presenting itself in a big variety. As numbers indicate that almost 78% of predictable physical work and 66% of data collection and processing jobs are automatable this wave flushes the markets in a more disruptive way than any other industrial revolution that has ever occurred.8 When and how the member states enter the age of digitalized industry, depends on the policies and frameworks that member states can agree upon. History of the Topic Just like the past industrialization waves, the current wave relies on the breakthroughs in the technological field, including hardware such as microchips and cyber-physical systems (CPS), just as much as new software, such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, the internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, virtual reality (VR) and cognitive computing.9
The foundation of this topics’ discussion consists of two elements: Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which guarantees the free choice of employment, under just and equal conditions, while being protected from unemployment.10 Additionally, the International Labour Organizations (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up points out that labour should always be influenced by economic and social policies equally, so that a broad- based sustainable development is a given.11
7 Cambridge Dictionary, Automation. 8 Frey and Osborne, The Future of Employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization?, 2013. 9 Margaret Rouse, Techtarget: Fourth Industrial Revolution. 10 UN GA, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (A/RES/217 A), 1948. 11 ILO, ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, 1998.
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The modernized formulation of sustainability in this matter is visible in all Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), especially SDG 8, aiming for decent working standards and SDG 9, resembling the United Nation’s (UN) commitment to foster industry and innovation.12 Due to the positive effects and its innovation character, automation cannot be neglected as a useful tool towards the other goals. But especially with recent partnerships like UN Global Compact, even corporations themselves have intensified their urge towards other companies to comply with international labour laws and steer towards a socially progressive economy.13
Seeing that most of these frameworks do not specifically comment on automation, as they are either not of modern nature or with a higher focus on the social aspect of labour, there are less direct laws concerning the technological and economic elements and the connected issues. Though the overall goals stay the same, allowing labour under fair and secure conditions, the factors on which the achievement of these goals depend, changed. The importance of this topic lies in the yet unchanged legislations concerning it. Discussion of the Topic As all economic sectors are affected, no government is untouched by the questions regarding this topic. Therefore, no matter the specific trigger, multiple organizations have debated upon the risks and benefits of the industrial automation. But as the technological development continues with rapid speed the international community faces new arguments and challenges every day, thus parties mostly act after their own means. On the one hand parties focus on the positive effects, hoping to utilize the potential of new, independent, interconnected machinery, in order to save space, money and energy. Most prominently, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) itself works on multiple levels: For one the joint project with the a2i-programme in Bangladesh supporting industry 4.0 worldwide, promises to help countries in transition towards it.14 Secondly, in
12 UN GA, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1), 2015. p. 14. 13 UN Global Compact, Our Work. 14 a2i, a2i Homepage; Siemens PLM, Industry 4.0; UNIDO, UNIDO-Bangladesh event promotes Industry 4.0 opportunities, 2019.
7 SIEGMUN 2019 BACKGROUND GUIDE cooperation with the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Global Dynamics Research Network, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations University and others, UNIDO co-hosts an interdisciplinary workshop aiming to resolve questions surrounding the future of industrial work and the emerging technologies.15 Also several non-state actors, such as the Pakistan IT-company MindstormEngineering and the NGO TeachForAll’s Global STEM Initiative, provide direct solutions to process optimization and STEM training, while other corporations, such as IBM, offer webinars on Automation 101.16 Generally speaking, sympathizers of automation promise themselves the creation of new jobs and the simplification of jobs, making employment accessible to even more than before. Contrary to the belief, that this productivity will fall after a certain time, the supporters see the income growing, thus boosting the demand for a long period of time.
On the other hand, various reports, indicate the potential of technology replacing workers stands unproportionally to the numbers of newly created jobs. Only within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), it’s Employment Outlook 2019 estimates that before 2040, 14% of existing jobs will be replaced by automated processes and additional 32% will experience drastic changes because of partial automation.17 Whether these people will be able to find new jobs, is questioned. While sudden unemployment is one of the main concerns of critics, organizations, such as the OECD also fear that the newly created jobs might not be suitable for the former labour force. These people are often stuck in low pay employment, without being socially protected or having access to further education. Others live in communities left behind by globalization, thus having no access to new advances at all. Due to this divide they might not be able to adapt to the modernized working environment during the technological transition and suffer from deterioration of “quality and equity.”18
Furthermore, it is debatable, who will suffer or benefit from these effects the most, as different reports all clearly state that indicators for the fourth industrialization
15 UNIDO, Future of Industrial Work Conference, 2019. 16 MindstormEngineering, Who We Are?; IBM, Automation 101; Teach For All, Global STEM Initiative. 17 OECD, Employment Outlook 2019, 2019. 18 Ana Valdivia, Challenges Of The Technological Transition: The Impact Of Automation In The Labor Market, 2019.
8 SIEGMUN 2019 BACKGROUND GUIDE waves, such as the robot density rate or the robot stock numbers, stand especially low in developing countries. Even though the development towards more robotics is visible worldwide, as the ILO report “Robots worldwide: The impact of automation on employment and trade” shows, it is also very apparent, that developed countries are far ahead in automation with 20,000-60,000 robots in most of the shown developed countries.19 Compared to that, no developing country represented in the figures rates higher than 10,000, revealing the immense gap between the different parts of the world.20 In the International Federation of Robotics report on global robot density in 2016, most developed European countries rate above the average with about 80-200 robots per 10,000 employees, while most of the lower rating countries, at only 3-60 robots per 10,000 employees, are made up by Eastern European or Asian countries, excluding any African countries, except South Africa.21 No matter which side is taken, most of the experts on this topic agree that, in the long run, technological progress always reinforced the need for human labour, but often with highly disruptive effects.22
Weighing the risks with the benefits is the main challenge in that matter. Ultimately, no policy will stop automation or its negative effects on the labour market from happening, as innovation depends on the demand which is steered by society.23 This presents member states with intense uncertainties, which is why it is entirely upon member states to choose between offensive methods and intervene in the markets or defensive methods, deciding to focus on the creation of awareness and protection.
Relevant UN Documents I. Universal Declaration of Human Rights II. ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up III. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda IV. DESA World Economic and Social Survey 2018: Frontier technologies for sustainable development V. DESA Frontier Issues: The impact of the technological revolution on labour markets and income distribution
19 ILO, Robots worldwide: The impact of automation on employment and trade, October 2018. p.6. 20 Ibid. 21 IFR, Robot Density rises globally, 2018. 22 DESA, The impact of the technological revolution on labor markets and income distribution, 2017. 23 UN, Brief for GSDR – 2016 Update, 2016.
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->(Full Version) ->(Executive Summary) ->(Key Messages) VI. UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 2017 VII. Global Sustainable Development Report 2019 IIX. Secretary General: Foresight for digital development (2016)
Key Questions ● How is your countries economy structured? ● What are the effects automation had/has/will have on your economy? ● How does your countries legal system include the labor force? ● How does the current technological development affect your country? ● Do businesses have the educational or financial capacities to include automated or digitalized machinery?
Bibliography
Access to Information, (n.d.). Welcome to a2i. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://a2i.gov.bd/ Ana Garcia Valdivia, (n.d.). Challenges Of The Technological Transition: The Impact Of Automation In The Labor Market. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/anagarciavaldivia/#1e4c7dcb601f Cambridge Dictionary, (n.d.). Definition: Automation. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/automation Frey & Osborne, (2013). The Future of Employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization?. Retrieved October 18, 2019. From: https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employ ment.pdf International Business Machines Corporation, (n.d.). Automation 101. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from: https://www.ibm.com/services/insights/automation-101 International Federation for Robotics, (2018). Robot density rises globally. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from: https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/robot-density-rises- globally MindstormEngineering, (n.d.). Who We Are? Retrieved October 15, 2019, from: https://mindstormengg.com/about-us/ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (2019). Employment Outlook 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://www.oecdilibrary.org/employment/oecdemploymentoutlook2019/summary /englishfbf42313en?parentId=http%3A%2F%2Finstance.metastore.ingenta.com %2Fcontent%2Fpublication%2F9ee00155-en Siemens, (n.d.). What is Industry 4.0. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/de/our-story/glossary/industry- 4-0/29278 Teach For All, (n.d.). Global STEM Inititaive. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from: https://teachforall.org/global-stem-initiative
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Techtarget Whatis, (n.d.). Definition: Fourth Industrial Revolution. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/fourth-industrial-revolution United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Affairs. (July, 2017). The influence of the technological revolution on labor markets and income distribution. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp- content/uploads/sites/45/post/2017SepPPTFrontierIssues.pdf United Nations, General Assembly, Seventieth session. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: http://undocs.org/A/RES/70/1 UN Global Compact, (n.d.). Our Work: Labour. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/our-work/social/labour United Nations, Global Sustainable Development Report, (n.d.). Brief for GSDR – 2016 Update. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/968825_Soltau_Auto mation%20and%20artificial%20intelligence%20- %20what%20could%20it%20mean%20for%20sustainable%20development.pdf United Nations Industrial Development Organization, (n.d.). Future Industrial Work Conference. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://unido.org/news/future- industrial-work-conference United Nations Industrial Development Organization, (n.d.). UNIDO-Bangladesh event promotes Industry 4.0 opportunities. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://unido.org/news/unido-bangladesh-event-promotes-industry-40- opportunities United Nations, International Labor Office, (2018). Robots worldwide: The impact of automation on employment and trade. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/ ---inst/documents/publication/wcms_648063.pdf United Nations, International Labor Organizations, 86th Session. (June 18, 1998). ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ ---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_716594.pdf
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II. Sustainable Production and Consumption of Plastic Introduction According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), sustainable consumption and production (SCP) refers to “the use of services and related products, which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources (..) so as not to jeopardize the needs of future generations.”24 The main goals of SCP patterns are the increasing of resource efficiency and the decoupling of economic growth from environmental degradation. Additionally, SCP also promotes energy efficiency and sustainable infrastructure and provides access to basic services, green jobs and a better quality of life for all. Its execution helps to achieve overall development plans, reduce future economic, environmental and social costs, strengthen economic competitiveness and reduce poverty. How and if SCP patterns are used in the following years is a topic of current debate. History of the Topic The economic and social progress over the last century has been accompanied by environmental degradation that is endangering the very systems on which our future development and very survival depends. While the population has continued to increase rapidly, which promoted a rapid economic growth, the use of resources and the connected environmental consequences have exceeded dangerously high standards. According to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the resource use grew from 24.8 billion tons in 1970 to 69.9 billion tons in 2008.25 This level of resource use has been accompanied by a massive growth in waste and contributes to a series of pressure points including climate change, food insecurity, water scarcity and air pollution. It has also led to an alarming insecurity for a number of resources that are strategically important in modern production and environmental development. The need for sustainable economic strategies was first highlighted at the Rio
24 UNEP, Sustainable consumption and production policies. 25 CSIRO, Global Environment- Economy Model, 2013.
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Earth Summit in 1992 and was also promoted in the outcomes of the Rio +20 summit, with the adoption of the 10 Year Framework Programmes.26 Following the groundwork of this summit, the United Nations General Assembly (GA) created 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aimed at ensuring sustainable economic, social and environmental development.
Goal 12 “Responsible Consumption and Production” calls for a change to sustainable consumption and production and includes targets for more efficient use of natural resources, sustainable management of chemicals and waste. It also promotes the reduction of waste, especially food waste, as well as a significant reporting of sustainability information by companies. Additionally, SDG 12 clearly promotes awareness of sustainable development and sustainability criteria in public procurement, as well as the reduction of inefficient fossil subsidies.27
While every SDG requires immediate action, it is SDG 12 that concerns this body the most, as modern economies and politics are as intertwined as they can be. Even though companies are forced to work closer together than ever before, it is still the system itself, which only allows for limited control over the markets, as this is the very reason the markets work: They are not controllable.
Plastic straws or forks are little objects but they do long-lasting damage. The single-use plastics legislation will address 70% of marine littered items, avoiding environmental damage that could cost around 22€ billion by 2030.28 According the UNEP, up to 18,000 plastic parts of all sizes are drifting on every square kilometer of the sea surface.29 But more than 90% of the waste sinks to the bottom of the sea and remains hidden from our eyes.30 Plastic is almost imperishable in the sea, it is only slowly decomposed by salt water and sun and gradually releases smaller fragments to the environment. The remnants kill up to 135,000 marine mammals and one million seabirds each year.31 The animals starve to death with full stomachs, as plastic clogs
26 UN, Report of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, 2012. 27UN General Assembly, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1), 2015. p. 24. 28 European Commission, Press release - Karmenu Vella, 21 May 2019. 29 UNEP 2006. 30 World Ocean Network, Homepage, 2019. 31 Nabu- Bundesverband, Müllkippe Meer, 2018.
13 SIEGMUN 2019 BACKGROUND GUIDE the digestive system.32 Turtles, whales and dolphins get caught in old fishing nets, drown or suffer from serious injuries in liberation attempts.33 During the decomposition processes, hazardous ingredients such as bisphenol A, phthalates or flame retardants are released, which can accumulate in the food chain and have lasting effects on the genome and the hormone balance of marine organisms.34 Also, this can have harmful, long-term consequences on humans. The small plastic particles attract environmental toxins dissolved in seawater such as the insecticide DDT or PCBs. Discussion on the Topic If the world doesn’t act to change its consumption and production patterns, the consequences will be irreversible damaging to the environment, the resources, the economic structure and the biodiversity. Roughly 30% of the food produced for human consumption each year is wasted. When it comes to consumers, households consume 29% of global energy and contribute to 21% of resultant CO2 emissions.35 Thus, the majority of energy use and CO2 emissions is caused by the industry, meaning that they are the number one party that needs to adapt and comply with SCP patterns.
While a large part of the world’s industry is based in developed countries, the trend indicates that developing countries are rising, as many companies outsource their industry to cheaper locations. This is the reason why programs in developing countries are especially needed to help them surpass the faults of the old industrial methods. Through funds and support from the European Commission, the UNEP has coordinated many initiatives such as the SWITCH initiatives doing exactly that.36 By providing tools and a network for the exchange of social and ecological innovations, the programs aim to make consumption and production patterns more sustainable in the Mediterranean, Asia and Africa. This includes educating consumers on sustainable consumption and lifestyles, providing them with adequate information through standards and labels and engaging in sustainable public procurement, among others.
32 BCIT News, Homepage, 2019. 33 Nabu- Bundesverband, Müllkippe Meer, 2018. 34 Nabu- Bundesverband, Müllkippe Meer, 2018. 35 UNEP, Sustainable consumption and production policies. 36 SwitchAfricanGreen.org; SwitchMed.eu; SwitchAsia.eu.
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Projects like these are essential factors for achieving sustainable development in the transition towards SCP. Leading the emerging markets towards SCP means leading them to an overall improved quality of life and greater employment opportunities, complementing poverty reduction strategies or acting as guidelines for projects, such as the Marrakech Task Forces and the Cooperation Dialogue to improve international cooperation.37 The Task Force aimed to explore ways in which people and organizations can be involved, exemplified, empowers and encouraged by governments to promote sustainability in people’s everyday lives. The Marrakech Sustainable Lifestyles Task Force carried out nine key projects involving activities in 43 counties all over the world.38 The projects covered areas as diverse as social innovation, communication, education, marketing, advertising and research. These projects tested ideas and collected stories about sustainable lifestyles from around the world and have contributed to a better understanding of what sustainable lifestyles are and how they can be achieved.
This resembles a trend that might be contradictory to the overall production methods, but it shows that there is potential and action where ever one seeks it. In particular, the continuing infrastructure developments required across the world provide immense opportunities for SCP. Countries worldwide are also continuing to address challenges regarding air, water and soil pollution. Countries worldwide need to manage renewable resources so that they are indeed renewed and need to control both global atmospheric pollution and local pollution from solid waste.
Another important part of the discussion on this topic is the defining of sustainable methods and their measurements. While there are efforts to develop indicators of sustainable consumption and production such as the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) or the General Progress Indicator (GPI) and of environmental sustainability, such as the World Bank’s Genuine Savings Indicator and the Ecological Footprint (EF), much more has to be done, so that every member state can debate on a common basis.
37 United Nation Environment Programme, The Marrakech Task Force. 38 United Nations Environment Programme, Task Force on Sustainable Lifestyles.
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The Council of the European Union (EU) adopted also the proposal of the European Commission for banning single-use plastic products, which are the most often found on the European beaches.39 By introducing concrete measures to reduce the use of single- use plastics, such as cutlery, plates and straws, and offer easily available and affordable alternatives, the EU wants to stop the plastic pollution, especially in the oceans. And safe the natural environment while promoting more sustainable production and consumption. Additionally, the EU set rules such as: a ban on selected single-use products made of plastic in 2021, measures to reduce consumption, extended producer responsibility schemes, a 90% separate collection target for plastic bottles by 2029.40
Relevant UN Documents I. Report of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Rio De Janeiro, 2012 II. United Nations Environment Programme: Sustainable Consumption and Production - A Handbook for policymakers III. The 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns IV. Transforming our world. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1) V. Universal Declaration of Human Rights VI. Report United Nations Environment Development ABC of SCP Clarifying concepts on Sustainable Consumption and Production (2010) VII. Framework United Nation Environment Programme: Sustainable Consumption and Production for poverty alleviation (2012) IIX. Report of the United Nations Environment Programme: Single- use plastics: A Roadmap for Sustainability (2018) IX. Report of the United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Trends in Sustainable Development (2010) X. Report of the United Nations Environment Programme. Consumption Opportunities (2001) Key Questions ● How sustainable are consumption and production methods in your country? ● What are the effects of your countries’ current consumption and production patterns on climate change, water, agriculture and more? ● What is your country doing to achieve Goal 12 regarding sustainable consumption (e.g. green power, sustainable mobility, etc.)?
39 European Commission, Press release, 2019. 40 European Commission, Press release, 2019.
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● What are businesses, NGOs, CSOs or other actors doing in your country to achieve sustainable production methods?
Bibliography European Commission, (May 21, 2019). Circular Economy: Commission welcomes Council final adoption of new rules on single-use plastics to reduce marine plastic litter. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://europa.eu/rapid/press- %252509release_IP-19-2631_en.html NABU- Bundesverband, (2018). Müllkippe Meer: Plastik und seine tödlichen Folgen. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://www.nabu.de/imperia/md/content/nabude/naturschutz/meeresschutz/1810 3-nabu-broschuere_muellkippe_meer.pdf Oxfam, (2014). Even it up. Time to end extreme inequality. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://www.oxfam.de/system/files/20141029-even-it-up-extreme- inequality.pdf World Ocean Network, (n.d.). Pollution - Facts and figure. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://www.worldoceannetwork.org/won-part-6/carem-wod-2014- 4/thematic-resources-pollution/facts-figures-pollution Charter of the United Nations, (1945). Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml United Nations, General Assembly, Third session, (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (A/RES/217 A (III)). Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (2016). Global Sustainable Development Report 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2328Global%20Sustai nable%20development%20report%202016%20(final).pdf United Nations Environment Development, (2010). ABC of SCP Clarifying concepts on Sustainable Consumption and Production. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/default/files/10yfp-abc_of_scp-en.pd United Nations Environmental Development, (June, 2012). The 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns (10YFP). Retrieved October, 1 2019 from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1444HLPF_10YFP2.p df United Nations Environment Programme, (n.d.). Definition: Sustainable consumption and production policies. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we- do/sustainable-consumption-and-production-policies United Nations Environment Programme, (June 5, 2015). Sustainable Consumption and Production - A Handbook for policymakers. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1951Sustainable%20 Consumption.pdf
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United Nations Environment Programme, (2012). Sustainable Consumption and Production for poverty alleviation. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1515xPA- SCPforPovertyAlleviation.pdf United Nations, General Assembly, Seventieth session, (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: http://undocs.org/A/RES/70/1 United Nations (June 20-22, 2012). Report of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Retrieved October 1,2019 from: https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/CONF.216/16&Lang=E United Nations Statistics Division, (n.d.). Global indicator framework for Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20aft er%202019%20refinement_Eng.pdf United Nations, World Health Organization, (Sep 1, 2000). The United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en/ United Nations, (January 1, 2016). Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption -production/ United Nations, (December 12, 2015) Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement). Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf United Nations Environment Programme, (May, 2008). Marrakech Task Forces. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: http://www.unep.fr/scp/marrakech/taskforces/pdf/FAQ2May08.pdf United Nations in India, (n.d.). Sustainable Consumption and Production. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://in.one.un.org/page/sustainable-development- goals/sdg-12/ United Nations, (n.d.). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda %20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf United Nations Environment Programme, (2014). Valuing Plastic - The Business Case for Measuring, Managing and Disclosing Plastic Use in the Consumer Goods Industry. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from: http://www.greenpeace.org/austria/Global/austria/dokumente/Studien/meere_ Plastic_Debris_Study_2006.pdf References UNIDO in brief. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unido.org/who-we-are/unido-brief
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