United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization DIRECTOR VICE-DIRECTOR MODERATOR Kristal Sinaj Nathan Ching Gina Fasseland UTMUN 2020 United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Contents Content Disclaimer 3 UTMUN Policies 4 Equity Concerns and Accessibility Needs 4 A Letter from Your Director 5 Topic A: The Implementation & Usage of AI in the 21st Century 6 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) 6 Developments in AI 8 Developments in AI have been most prominent in Business, Education and Humanitarian Aid. 8 Issues & Problems 11 Case Study: The Right to Privacy in the 21st Century 14 Questions to Consider 18 Topic B: Using Education to Prevent Extremism and Child Exploitation 19 Introduction: A New Type of Rule 19 Current Developments & UNESCO’s Role in Prevention 20 Roots of the crisis 23 Case Study: Using Education to Fight Extremism 26 Deradicalization Schools 28 Questions to Consider 29 Topic C: Protection of World Heritage Sites from Tourism, Urbanization & Pollution 31 Introduction to World Heritage Sites 31 Current Developments 31 UNESCO’S role 34 Issues & Problems 35 The Current Approach to Sites considered in Danger 36 1 UTMUN 2020 United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Case Studies: Reducing Disaster Risk at World Heritage Sites 37 Questions to Consider 42 Advice for Research and Preparation 43 Topic A – Artificial Intelligence & Privacy Key Resources 44 Topic B – Education and Extremism Key Resources 44 Topic C – World Heritage Sites Key Resources 45 Bibliography 46 Topic A 46 Topic B 46 Topic C 47 2 UTMUN 2020 United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Content Disclaimer At its core, Model United Nations (MUN) is a simulatory exercise of diplomatically embodying, presenting, hearing, dissecting, and negotiating various perspectives in debate. Such an exercise offers opportunities for delegates to meaningfully explore possibilities for conflict resolution on various issues and their complex, even controversial dimensions – which, we recognize, may be emotionally and intellectually challenging to engage with. As UTMUN seeks to provide an enriching educational experience that facilitates understanding of the real-world implications of issues, our committees’ contents may necessarily involve sensitive or controversial subject matter strictly for academic purposes. We ask for delegates to be respectful, professional, tactful, and diplomatic when engaging with all committee content, representing their assigned country’s or character’s position, communicating with staff and other delegates, and responding to opposing viewpoints. The below content warning is meant to warn you of potentially sensitive or triggering topics that are present in the formal content of this background guide, as well as content that may appear in other aspects of committee (e.g., debate, crisis updates, directives), so that you can either prepare yourself before reading this background guide or opt-out of reading it entirely: One of the issues being debated in this committee focuses on extremism and the exploitation of children. Due to the nature of this topic, some difficult subjects may arise, such as violence, abuse, and religious discrimination including Islamophobia. We ask that delegates remain respectful during debate, both of the subject matter and of other delegates. If, because of this committee’s content warning, you wish to request switching committees and you registered with UTMUN as: a) part of a group delegation, please contact your faculty advisor and/or head delegate with your concerns and request. b) an individual delegate, please email our Equity Officer at [email protected] with a brief explanation of your concerns based on this committee’s content warning and your request to switch. You will be contacted shortly regarding your request 3 UTMUN 2020 United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural UTMUN Policies We ask for your cooperation in maintaining order, both inside and outside of committee session, so that we may provide a professional, safe, inclusive, and educational conference. Throughout the conference, please note that delegates shall only: 1. Wear Western Business Attire (i.e., no costumes, no casual wear) 2. Embody their assigned country’s/character’s position, not their mannerisms (e.g., no accents, no props) 3. Use laptops or electronic devices during unmoderated caucuses to draft paperless resolutions/directives (subject to their committee director’s permission) 4. Opt for diplomatic, respectful, and tactful speech and phrasing of ideas, including notes (e.g., no foul language, suggestive remarks, or obscene body language) 5. Make decisions that contribute to a professional, safe, inclusive, and educational space for debate The rest of our conference policies can be found on our website at https://www.utmun.org/ conference-policies. By attending all or part of a UTMUN conference, attendees agree to abide by all of our conference policies. Furthermore, delegates’ efforts to contribute to a culture of collaboration, inclusivity, and equity at our conference, both inside and outside of committee session, will be considered by the dais and Secretariat when determining conference scholarships and committee awards. In cases of failing to adhere to any of UTMUN’s policies, the Secretariat reserves the right to take any action it deems necessary, including rendering delegates ineligible for awards, taking disciplinary action, and prohibiting delegates from participating further in the conference. Equity Concerns and Accessibility Needs UTMUN 2020’s Secretariat and Staff are committed to ensuring every attendee has an enjoyable, comfortable, and safe experience and is able to participate fully and positively at our conference. If you have any equity concerns (e.g., concerns about barriers to participation) or accessibility needs now or during the conference, please do not hesitate to contact your committees’ dais and/or our Equity Officer [email protected] . 4 UTMUN 2020 United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization A Letter from Your Director Dear Delegates, It is my pleasure to welcome you to UTMUN 2020! My name is Kristal and I’m incredibly excited to serve as the Director of this year’s United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Committee (UNESCO). Through our committee sessions, our goal is to explore, discuss and analyze this century’s most pressing and forthcoming issues. UNESCO deals with the preservation of natural and manmade landmarks as well as the promotion of education and scientific development. We seek to build peace through international cooperation through Education, Culture, and the Sciences. Our focus for this year’s topics include the exciting - but equally mysterious - new technological frontier of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the ever-complex question of how education relates to extremism around the world, and the responsibility that we all have in preserving World Heritage Sites. You will be faced with questions that will challenge your thinking and push you to consider the world with a fresh, new pair of eyes. This committee will deal with questions to issues relating to ethical legislation, education, the power and importance of accountability, the right to privacy, and human rights, among others. Successful delegates are individuals who come to committee prepared with a strong understanding of their respective positions and global stance; who diplomatically, coherently and concisely advocate for their country’s policies; respect, listen and engage with fellow delegates in thoughtful debate. We expect all delegates to be familiar with the Model UN rules and procedures and suggest that delegates come prepared with questions to raise in discussion with fellow delegates prior to the conference. In preparation, I strongly encourage all of you to conduct your respective research about the committee beforehand. This guide is for you to use and become thoroughly familiar with prior to the start of conference. It should be a starting point, but further research is highly encouraged. The fields of AI, the relationship between extremism and education, and UNESCO’s work in World Heritage Site preservation are fascinating topics about which I’m sure you will discover a lot of information to inspire debate during committee sessions. We’re excited to analyze and discuss these topics along with you. We hope your time in this committee will be an enjoyable one; an experience which teaches you to critically analyze and immerse yourself in engaging global issues. We wish you the best of luck in your research and preparation and look forward to meeting you all in February. Kristal Sinaj, Director, United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) [email protected] 5 UTMUN 2020 United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Topic A: The Implementation & Usage of AI in the 21st Century Beginning in 1945, in the aftermath of one of the deadliest wars in history, humanity began a search for a better life. A better society; a better way of living, working, eating, and thinking. The latter half of the 20th century was an era in which humans truly began to think outside their comfort zone and dive deep into the new frontier. One of them was space exploration. The other was technology. We have come a long way from the radio and black and white television sets of the 20th century to the revolutionary “World Wide Web” (otherwise called the Internet)