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THE FREER BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS Text-Critical Studies Sidnie White Crawford, Series Editor Number 6 THE FREER BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS Fresh Studies of an American Treasure Trove THE FREER BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS Fresh Studies of an American Treasure Trove Edited by Larry W. Hurtado BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 THE FREER BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS Copyright © 2006 by the Society of Biblical Literature This edition published under license from the Society of Biblical Literature by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Freer biblical manuscripts : fresh studies of an American treasure trove / edited by Larry W. Hurtado. p. cm. — (Society of Biblical Literature text-critical studies ; v. 6) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-14679-2 (cloth binding : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 90-04-14679-2 (cloth binding : alk. paper) 1. Bible—Manuscripts. 2. Freer Gallery of Art. 3. Bible—Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Hurtado, Larry W., 1943– II. Series. BS4.F74 2006b 220.4—dc22 2006016811 ISSN 1569-3619 Printed in The Netherlands on acid-free paper. Contents Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... ix Introduction Larry W. Hurtado.................................................................................................. 1 Paleography and Philanthropy: Charles Lang Freer and His Acquisition of the “Freer Biblical Manuscripts” Kent D. Clarke ..................................................................................................... 17 The Freer Twelve Minor Prophets Codex—A Case Study: The Old Greek Text of Jonah, Its Revisions, and Its Corrections Kristin De Troyer ................................................................................................. 75 The Unidentified Text in the Freer Minor Prophets Codex Malcolm Choat .................................................................................................... 87 The Text of Matthew in the Freer Gospels: A Quantitative and Qualitative Appraisal Jean-François Racine ......................................................................................... 123 The Use and Nonuse of Nomina Sacra in the Freer Gospel of Matthew J. Bruce Prior ...................................................................................................... 147 Was Codex Washingtonianus a Copy or a New Text? Dennis Haugh .................................................................................................... 167 The Corrections in the Freer Gospels Codex James R. Royse ................................................................................................... 185 Reassessing the Palaeography and Codicology of the Freer Gospel Manuscript Ulrich Schmid .................................................................................................... 227 vi CONTENTS The Scribal Characteristics of the Freer Pauline Codex Thomas A. Wayment ........................................................................................ 251 Manuscript Markup Timothy J. Finney .............................................................................................. 263 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 289 Contributors .............................................................................................................. 303 Index of Modern Authors and Authorities ...........................................................305 Abbreviations AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJT American Journal of Theology Bib Biblica CLFP Freer, Charles Lang. Charles Lang Freer Papers, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington, D.C. Gift of the Estate of Charles Lang Freer. FMP Freer Minor Prophets FWKPapers Kelsey, Francis W. Francis W. Kelsey Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. FWKRecords Kelsey, Francis W. Francis W. Kelsey Records, Kelsey Museum Archives, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. HTR Harvard Theological Review JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies Neot Neotestamentica NovT Novum Testamentum NTS New Testament Studies NTTS New Testament Tools and Studies RB Revue biblique SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series SBT Studies in Biblical Theology TLZ Theologische Literaturzeitung ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche -vii - Acknowledgements The completion of the Freer manuscripts project and the publication of this volume allow me the opportunity to acknowledge the contributions and assistance of a number of others. Perhaps foremost is Kent Richards (Executive Director of the Society of Biblical Literature), who from my earliest emailed communication about the project endorsed it enthusiastically and has provided constant encour- agement and practical support across the years from late 1999 onward. With Kent’s endorsement, other members of the staff in the Atlanta office of the SBL also merit my hearty thanks. Patrick Durusau was particularly influential and crucial in the cognate project of producing new color, digital photographs of the Freer biblical manuscripts. Frank Ames, and then particularly Bob Buller, were wonderfully cordial, efficient, and supportive in the planning and produc- tion of this volume. Matthew Collins graciously took the lead in arranging and scheduling the special session to feature presentations from some of the contribu- tors to this volume in the 2006 Annual Meeting of the SBL in Washington, D.C. At the early stages of my contacts with the Freer Gallery in 1999–2000, Dr. Thomas Lentz (then Deputy Director) and Dr. Dehejia (his successor until 2002) responded cordially and enthusiastically. Dr. Milo Beach (then Director) and some of his staff met with me in my visit to the Freer in the summer of 2000 and encouraged me to proceed with a proposal for a scholarly project focused on the Freer codices. I would also like to thank other members of the Freer Gallery staff, including Dr. Ann Gunter (Chief Curator), Timothy Kirk, Beth Duly, Tara Coram and Susan Kitsoulis (in the Collections Department), and Colleen Hen- nessey (Freer and Sackler Gallery Archives). I also acknowledge Dr. Julian Raby (current Director), who met with representatives of the SBL and me in March 2003 for further discussions about the project and other matters, including an exhibition. Bruce Prior brought to my attention the fact that 2006 would be the cen- tenary of Freer’s acquisition of the first four of the biblical manuscripts and suggested that I might approach the Freer Gallery with some plan for recognizing this. Bruce’s enthusiasm for the Freer manuscripts is infectious, and at this point of writing I look forward to seeing his own labor of love, a full and careful tran- scription of the Gospels codex. -ix - x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I also acknowledge gratefully a travel grant awarded by the University of Edinburgh Development Trust, which covered my air fare to Washington in the summer of 2000 for that crucial first meeting with the Freer Gallery administra- tion and staff. We scholars do our work “on a shoestring,” so I also want to thank Frank Matera for providing me lodging in guest facilities of Catholic University of America during that visit, when I emailed him with my plaintive appeal. Introduction Larry W. Hurtado The Freer Biblical Manuscripts Among the many thousands of precious objects held by the Freer Gallery of Art are six biblical manuscripts that comprise one of the most important collections of such items in the world. Yet, although they initially generated enormous popu- lar and scholarly excitement internationally at the time of their acquisition and publication in the early twentieth century, in the subsequent decades they have received only sporadic serious attention from biblical scholars, and the general public today scarcely knows of them. The ten contributions to this volume are intended primarily to help redress the unjustified scholarly neglect, and they will illustrate for any interested reader the insufficiently explored significance of these manuscripts. This centennial year of the acquisition of the first four of them is an appropriate occasion to publish a fresh set of studies of what amounts to a small but highly valuable treasure trove of biblical manuscripts that now belong to the American people thanks to the generosity of Charles Freer. Freer purchased four of the six manuscripts in December 1906 from an Egyptian antiquities dealer in Cairo. These four Greek parchment manuscripts include a codex of the four Gospels commonly dated to the early fifth or late fourth
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