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Management and Socio-Humanities

THE FIRST WRITTEN WORKS IN ANCIENT . HISTORICAL PROOFS OF APPEARANCE

Branislav STEFANOSKI

Historical researcher, ,

Abstract: The first written works in South- weren’t written in Greek language. The territory of , inhabited by the Arm’nians, knew different migrations wave. One of the people that arrived there, the Danaans (the ), is originated in Egypt. They mix themselves with Pelasgi on Peloponnesus and communicated bilingually. and were completely decisive when saying that the Greek language is a newborn one that had been speaking parallel with Pelasgian in the beginning, and by time had grown into separate language. The first written works on Greek language date VII c.B.C.. They are primarily translations of works written in Pelasgian language.

Keywords: Arm’nian people, Pelasgi, Danaan’s arrival, bilingualism

1. THE WRITTEN WORKS IN MYTHIC information that barbarians have settled from TIMES to . (Herodotus; I, 173). From the other side, the , according to the The first works written in Greek language language they have spoken are connected with dates back after the 600-th year B.C. (Pliny, the autochthons population in Peloponnesus (in Nat. Hist. I, B, c. 29). The big myths of the "" Z 152-Z 175 the connection between the first written words by: Homerus, his teacher royal houses from Ephyra on Peloponnesus and Pronapydos, Tamyros and from , from Lycia can be seen). his teacher Linos, Olympus from or Diodorus (V, 74), from Aegirius on Olynthus from Lycia, the writer of the gives statements alike the above. Diodorus (III, "Phrygian " epic, Timothy, were not written in 67) has written that the legends from mythology Greek language, but in Thracian and Pelasgian dealing with: Atlantes, Argonauts, and (Arm'nian). , "are taken from Homerus In the time when Orpheus lived, and, that is contemporaries who has written their works XIV century B .C. the Greeks had not yet been on Pelasgiian language using Pelasgian formed as ethnicity (in the classical meaning letters”. of the word). Nor had their ancestors Danaans Linos, the teacher of Orpheus and been some significant factor in the enclaves Tamyros, according Diodorus Siculus (III, throughout Peloponnesus where they have p.67.4) has written in “Pelasgian letters” the come as fugitives from Egypt in 1526 B.C. In story of the first . Here I give the fact, the process of mixing of the Danaans with original Diodorus writing, on Greek language, as the autochthonous people, which result were given in the book: Serbs, the oldest people the Ancient Greeks is just in the beginning. (Belgrade, 1990) by Olga Lukic on the page Orpheus lived in Thrace. In the Orpheus 274 volume II. The same can be found in time there are not Danaan colonies in Thrace. Dacia praistorica, Bucarest, 1986 by N. Olympus from Phrygia lived in Phrygia. There Densusianu on page 118: “Тόν δ’ οϋν Λινον φασϊ are no colonies of Danaans here either, nor on τοϊς Πελασγικοϊς γράμμασι συνταξάμενον τάς τού the coast of Minor, not to talk about the πρώτου Διονύσου πράξεις καϊ τάς άλλας deep inland. Contrary to this, we have the μυθολογίας άπολοπεϊν έν τοϊς υτομνημασιν.

41 The First Written Works in Ancient Greece. Historical Proofs of Greek Language Appearance

‘Ομοιως δε τουτοις χρησασθαι τοϊς Πελασγικοϊς the had spoken one language with γράμμασι τόυ ‘Ομήρου διδάσκαλον”, “According many dialects and speeches, still, even the to the stories, Linos, writing with Pelasgian confronted sides, and could easily understand letters, has left the myth of the famous works of each other. The only participants in the Trojan the first Dionysus as well as other myths. war speaking “barbarian” language were the Those Pelasgian letters were also used by “barbarianized” , who has previously Pronapydus, Homerus' teacher”. accepted the language of , “barbarians” Didorus book III, ch. 67: “…ιδια δε των coming from Crete (Herodotus; 1,171/172). Πελασγων πρωτων χρησαμενων τοις The mythic surveys which, translated into Old χαρακτηρσι – Πελασγικα πρσαγορευθηκαι…”, Greek, are still known to us today, actually talk “using the carved signs of the first Pelasgi about real events of the old Pelasgi, who, in their and the Pelasgian language". time, had transformed them into written works. These are only small part of the insight by the With my years long interdisciplinary scientific Ancient writers. From this, one can undoubtedly researching I managed to come in position to state that everything the Ancient Greeks from transform the mythic surveys into real history the Classical Age had shown in their works as with a clearly determined chronology. ''mythic survey" is actually a translation from Homeric and pre-Homeric time where all the 2. ORDERED REVIEW OF THE literacy has been going on Pelasgian language LANGUAGE AND ETHNIC CHANGES and letters. ON THE TERRITORY OF OLD GREECE The translations done in the seventh AND MACEDONIA WITH AND century B.C. are conditioned by the fact that the bilingual communities has been transformed in monolingual in meantime, with 2.1. End of third millenium before clearly differentiated language from the one Christ. The territory of the later famous spoken by the “barbarians” (Arm'nians). Ancient Macedonia (Macedonia, Epirus and I consider that the key role was played by Thessaly) is populated with: , Brygi , which, as a result of the big influx of and other Arm'nians tribes who lived as cattle “barbarians”, fast assimilating into the new breeders and spoke Arm'nian language. community, as well as the big natality, had grown into megalopolis. It was necessary to built educative system for the functioning of this megalopolis. In these conditions, the culture of the population raises on a higher level than the one of the “barbarians”, who lived in the surrounding. The new formed language required adequate cultural education, and this could most easily be done by translating the hundreds years old writings of the famous Pelasgi. One more evidence that there was no language unity even among the , those living on and in Athens, and those who Fig. 1 The diffusion of the Arm'nians at the end of the colonized after the Trojan War, is the fact third millennium B.C. that in Fifth century B.C. (Herodotus; 1,142) the Ionians in Asia Minor spoke four different The territory of the Ancient Greece - dialects. They so much differed that the Ionians above all: the coast of the later Peloponnesus could not understand each other. and parts of Attica were populated with: Let us not forget that according to Proto-Pelasgi, who mainly live from Homerus' “Iliad” all the armies participating in agriculture, speaking proto-Arm'nian language 42 Management and Socio-Humanities

(Arm’nian dialect with elements of the science has proved it. In XXI/XX century B.C. the Mediterranean Italic speeches), and in the Cadmeans (the Phoenicians) inhabited the eastern continental part inhabited by Arm’nians. People part of Crete and founded Thebe in . of different ethnic origin populated the Somewhere in XVIII century B.C. as a result of islands, first of all Crete. increased number of population comes to separation of the bigger Arm'nian tribes and their partial 2.2. Beginning of second millenium before dislocating in new areas. Christ. In the time of the proto-Pelasgian king (The variant of ) whose capital was in (South-East Thessaly) big Hoods emerged, causing watering of the valleys and depopulation of the masses. The unworked agriculture land conditioned the big migrations of tribal groups towards the Pannonian plains on the north side of the river . These Pannonian tribes were linguistically related with the tribes living in the southern part of the Balkans Peninsula and their language corresponded greatly with the Daco-Romanian people language. These are agricultural tribes, in Fig. 2 The arrival of Pannonians and the Cadmeans the contemporary historical science erroneously in XXI/XX century B.C. identified as Greek tribes. By the mixing of the new coming Pannonians with the autochthonous Arm'nian population as well as the proto-Pelasgi from the far South and the islands, in a period of time, in the plains the related tribal groups of , Hellenes, Pelasgi, , were formed... who were primarily farmers. These tribal groups inhabited first of all the plain agricultural spaces beginning with what is now to north, through the valley of (), the central muddy parts of the later Ancient Macedonia, , The Field of Korea, the lowlands of Thessaly, Attica and Peloponnesus. In the mountain (summer) and the seaside Fig. 3 The forming of Dardanians, Paeonians, Pelagonians, Pelasgi (winter) dwelling places the Arm'nian tribes lived, who were primarily cattle breeders. These So, part of the Paeonian population during tribes assured in their power felt as masters of the flow of the River Axius (Vardar) goes south the whole land. and crosses over to Crete, where, then, and five Arm'nian tribes in that time were unique hundred years later, is recorded that ethnically language group on the whole tenitory of the (linguistically) heterogeneous population had Balkans peninsula south of the rivers Sava and lived. These newcomers gave the dynasty and Danube. the absolute master of Crete and the The Arm'nian anthropological type on the Mediterranean, Minos. territory of Ancient Greece is aged tens of Part of the Dardanians jump in Asia Minor thousands of years. The Greek anthropological and populate the region around Hellespont 43 The First Written Works in Ancient Greece. Historical Proofs of Greek Language Appearance known as Dardania or . Also the tribe Brygi and others, reminding us on BATO, B ATUS as who is very old and numbered Balkans' well as the toponym , belonging on the element, splits into two, the one part remains toponomastics and the geographical location on the territory of Macedonia and the other in the areas of the Paeonians from (the goes in Asia Minor where the change of the coasts of the river Axius = Vardar). It is fatherland changes the name from Brygi into interesting that from the Minos epoch Homerus , and the land they populate is called (“Iliad” B 646) mentions the town GORTYN on Phrygia. It is important to record another Crete, adequate to the name of the town migration, and that is the flow of the Thesally 's GORTYN in Paeonia. tribe Curetes into Asia Minor in the regions later Also, Herodotus (History, IV, 154), known as: Lydia, Caria and . mentions FRONIMA (= Quiet), daughter of Many ancient writers record the migrations the king Etearchus (Ete + archond = etemal by parts of the mentioned tribes. What happens leader) from the town Oaxus on Crete. to be a real problem is the time when these Nevertheless, the name FRONIMA is migrations took place. During my researching, f r o m Arm n Macedonian origin coming from I connected the locating of XVIII century B.C. fronima (= quiet). as a century of migrations with the establishing Herodotus (History, I,173, and VII, 92) tells of an organized agricultural society on Crete, that: The Lycians have come from Crete where which central deity was (the goddess their name had been Termilis. In the time when of harvest), and this event, according to barbarians lived on Crete and when after the archeological records, happened exactly in dynastic battles between the sons of Europe; XVIII century B.C. The relation between the Sarpedon and Minos, Saipedon had lost, he and Paeonians and the newcomers on Crete is his subjects run away from Crete to Milias (the drawn by: the hydronym MESSAPOS (MESS southern part of Asia Minor) that was later + APOS) called Lycia. Lycia got it's name from the name of , son of Pandion from Athens, who, for some time was leader of the Termilis. From what is told it is obvious that: the Lycians as well as the other citizens of Crete from the time of Minos, including Minos himself were barbanans - Arm'ns, (In Herodotus all those who were not Greeks are called barbarians) plus some barbanans from other language gamily. Homerus (“Iliad”, N 450) tells that Idomeneus, who was leading the Crete army and was a bit older, was son of Deucalion, and grandson of Minos.

Fig. 4 The separation of the bigger tribes and their migration into the new fatherlands deriving from the Armenian words mese “in the middle” and apa, apos “water, rich with water” or with the general meaning “big water in the middle”. The word “mese” appears besides the Greek also in the Daco-Romanian “miez, mijloc” and in the Italian “mezzo”. It is actually the name of the river that flows in the middle of Crete. Besides this toponym there are some other names recorded: BATON, STABAYA Fig. 5 The escape of Sarpedon from Crete

44 Management and Socio-Humanities

regarded by today's science as part of the MINOS AND SARPEDON Greek culture. (brothers) ~1350 B.C.

DEUCALION with his subjects run away from Crete and forms Lycia

IDOMENEUS LYCIANS from Cnossos on Crete / on the side of on the side of invaders Troy

Fig. 6 The relationship between the Cretans and the Lycians

We actually have Idomeneus now as an ally of the invaders fighting against his brothers Fig. 7 The cycle of the genetic origin of Lycians (Termilis) who fight on the Trojans side. Trojans and the Lycians

It is interesting that according to Homerus 2.3. The arrival of the Danaans (The scriptures, The Lycians are the most faithful Greeks). In 1527/6 B.C. The Danaans (The allies of Trojans being also very close in language. Greeks) come from Egypt and mix with the If we do retrospection, the language connection Pelasgi on Peloponnesus. between the Lycians (Cretans of Minos) and the In XVI century, 1527/6 B.C. precisely, (I Trojans appears. The logic goes that the acknowledged this year on the basis of precise Lycians (Cretans) comes from Paeonians chronology of events I made in the book while the Trojans comes from the Paeonian “Pelasgi”, published 1998, and on the basis of relative neighbors, the Dardanians. a discovered Egyptian hieroglyphic scripture The Trojans that inhabited the flow of the speaking about the civil war that happened that river after the devastation of Troy were year and the exile of the part of the population called “Paeonians Strimians” from the simple from Egypt, who fleeing before the repressions reason that, although they originated from the as a result of their defeat, came first in Dardanians they did not differ at all from the Peloponnesus and part of Attica inhabited with rest of the relative Paeonians. Thracians (Hecateus in Strabo, Georg. VII. 6). The newest studies and analysis in the part With time, these two identities mixed and of the genetics done by experts from conglomerated with the autochthonous immunology and molecular biology suggest that Armenian (Pelasgian) people, and with certain the population in the Republic of Macedonia is in number of Phoenicians, something that, after the closest relations with the one from Crete. Trojan period, resulted m forming the Greek It was Minos and his people that were language and people as a separate ethnic group. barbarians, and the language spoken by the Many ancient writers speak about the most of them was close to the one the Egyptian origin of the Greeks, Herodotus Paeonians did. If the Crete inhabitants had being the most decisive (VI.53), Erato – book been barbarians (regardless to whether they 6: “ch.53. And the Spartanians are the only originated form Paeonians, Caucones or else) Hellenes that say so, and I also remark what then it is a big mistake the Cretan culture in the other Hellenes say. And they say that these time of Minos and the one before it, to be Doric kings until Perseus, the son of Danae,

45 The First Written Works in Ancient Greece. Historical Proofs of Greek Language Appearance not mentioning the god , were Hellenes. I Marathon, in the surrounding of Nea Makri. It said only until Perseus it could not be spoken is a temple of the Egyptian goddess Isis. about his father as a mortal man, as for ’ father Amfitreus. So I was in right 3. CONCLUSION when said only until Perseus. And if we counted all the ancestors of Danae, the Herodotus clearly states “than the Greek daughter of Akriseus, it would be established language was created” using the term that the forbearers of the were true έγένετο that is immediately translated as was Egyptians by origin.” created meaning “it appears”. Also, the word έπείτα had not be altered it’s meaning in the Old Greek as well as the New Greek, meaning than. Also, from the integral sentence: “than the Greek language was created, always used simultaneously with that same, as I can see” it obvious that the Greek language, according to Herodotus insight was in a parallel use with the “barbaric” Pelasgian language. It means that the first Greeks, the ones from the time of the Trojan War were bilingual. At the beginning of VIII c. B.C. a mixed language is used, while after the Dorian takeover of Peloponnesus there is imposing of the Hellenic identity ( was Deucalion son, and by whom the Dorians are named was son of Hellen). The Fig. 8 The arrival of the Danaans first written works on Greek language date VII c.B.C. They are primarily translations of It is known that Perseus, son of Danae, works written in Pelasgian language. granddaughter of Danaus, went in Egypt to visit Hemis, the native town of his grand- BIBLIOGRAPHY grandfather Danaus. Hemis was big town in the region of Thebe 1. * * * Herodotova Istorija, Matice Srpske, near the town Neapolis. A huge four-cornered Novi-Sad, 1988; temple was built in his town given by Perseus 2. Luković-Pjanović, O., Srbi, narod as testament for the town of his ancestors najstariji, AIZ Dosije, vol.II, Belgrad, (Herodotus: II.91). 1990, p.274; The Egyptians, who inhabited 3. Densuşianu, N., Dacia preistorică, Peloponnesus and Attica, brought their Medidiane, 2nd ed., Bucureşti, 1986, p.118; religion with them. One of the monuments of 4. Stefanoski, C.B., Ocljul al Omeru, Casa Egyptians religion can be found in Attica, near Gramosta, Tetovo, 2004.

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