DOCSLIB.ORG

CROSSJNG the STRAITS: the PERSIANS in THRACE' Jan P. Stronk Tn Or Shortly Before 5131, King Darius Collected a Large Fleet From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CROSSJNG the STRAITS: the PERSIANS in THRACE' Jan P. Stronk Tn Or Shortly Before 5131, King Darius Collected a Large Fleet From TALANTA XXX-XXXJ (1998-1999) CROSSJNG THE STRAITS: THE PERSIANS IN THRACE' Jan P. Stronk Tn or shortly before 5131, King Darius collected a large fleet from among the Greek cities in Asia Minor and sent it to the Pontic coast. A Greek engineer, Mandrocles, constructed a boat-bridge across the Bosporus. As Herodotus states (Hdt. IV.87), two marble memorial ste­ lae commemorated this feat in Greek and "Assyrian characters", by which he can have meant Old Persian, Elamite, or Akkadian. The Persian army crossed the bridge and entered Thrace, following the fleet. People from the West Pontic coast until the Ister, including Greek colonies and Thracian tribes, submitted to the Persians without resist­ ance. Without problems the army continued its march to the Ister. Meanwhile a pontoon bridge had been constructed across the river. Darius crossed the Danube and started a campaign against the Scythians of the South Russian steppes. As Bury puts it: "Cyrus had conquered the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean; Cambyses had completed and secured that conquest on the south side by the subjec­ tion of Egypt; it remained for Darius to complete and secure his empire on the north side by the reduction of Thrace" (Bury 1970, 238). A key function in this policy was preserved for "The Straits", the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. Control of the Straits was in more than one respect important for Persia. First because the Straits connected rather than divided the Thracians living on either sides of the Straits (cf. Stronk 1995, 59-60), second because mastery of the Straits facili­ tated the hegemony of the Ionian states in the Euxine region,2 third * In 1994, I submitted a paper with this title to the Thracia Pontica VI conference at Soz.opol (Bulgaria). Due to technical problems the text was printed somewhat muti­ lated, occasionally even stating the opposite of my intentions. I have, therefore, decid­ ed to l'esbape the paper and to present, though under the original title, a completely revised text. The dates mentioned in the text are B.C. cf. Bum 1984, 128; Dandamaev (1989) postulates an earlier date. about 516. l During the fifth century there were over twenl'y Ionian colonies in the Black Sea region, partly concentrated on the Crimea, but also scattered on the Eastern, Soulhem. 3 and Western shores; cf., e.g., Tsaac 1986, 50-51; Boardman 1980 ; Morkot 1996. 55 Fig. 1. The Dardanelles (after Admiralty Chart 2429) because any action directed at expansion either towards Greece or towards northern Thrace and beyond depended on Persian check of the Straits. According to Herodotus' account in his fourth book Darius' expedition was far from successful, in fact more or less a defeat. This may, per­ haps; be true for that part of the expedition beyond the Danube River, 56 directed against the Scythians. Darius succeeded to save himself and most of his army, largely thanks to the fact that the Ionian guardsmen who guarded the bridge across the Danube refused to destroy it in spite of the Scythlans bidding them to do so. Darius had, though, marched a considerable distance through the steppes in pursuit of his ever retreat­ ing adversaries. To some extent he may, therefore, have been political­ ly justified in adding the Saka pariidrayti (Scyth.ians across the sea) in the list of peoples subject to Persian rule though we may, apparently, safely assume that a real subjection never took place. As for Thrace, it appears that, at least in the region bordering the Black Sea, the Persians gained a finn hold. Among the tribes that were conquered were the Thracians of Salrnydessos, i.e. Thracians belonging to the Thynians, and Thracians living in the hinterland of Apollonia Pontica, modem Sozopol, and Mesembria (Hdt. IV.93; Lenk 1936, c. 419), present day Nessebur. Probably they were Odrysian tribes. The Getae resisted fiercely but were, nevertheless, enslaved. Only after the defeat of the Persian army in 479 and the death of Mardonius the picture altered considerably and Persian authority in the European part of Thrace dis­ appeared quickly. The attack on the Scythians appears to fit in the Achaemenid policy as regards the peoples that surrounded the Persian empire to the north and oortheast: Cyrus had at an advanced age still fought the Massagetae, while Darius had participated in at least two campaigns against other Scythian groups or entities, the Saka tigraxauda of Central Asia (cf. Dandamaev 1989, 138-139). Now this policy was extended, one might say as Cyrus had predicted (cf. Hdt. I.152-3), to the areas west and northwest of the Empire. As we have seen Darius' attempt failed as concerns the Scythians, though not for an important part of Thrace. Having crossed the l ster back into safety, Darius marched through Thrace to Sestus on the Chersonese and thence crossed over with his '\h1ps to Asia. He left, however, a general in Thrace, Megabazus (Hdt. CV.143), who subdued all the people of the HeUesponl who did not vol­ untarily take the side of the Persians (HdL IV.144).3 In this period we must place the massive deportation of Paeonians to Asia, because their tcnitory could not be garrisoned by the Persians (Burn 1984, 136). The "'tocy told by Herodotus on this deportation (Hdt. V.12-6) really is out of order. Though the Ionian revolt may have affected the Persian occupation of Thrace somewhat, Persian domination was, however, speedily after llriam (1996. 156) also suites that the result of Darius' expedition finally was far •mm unsuccessful: the Danube had become a firm border between the Persian Empire 11 : ul the Scythians living north of it and the King had gained a Lerritory that was rich in 'IT.itc-i(1 .. products. 57 d<jltll lom. dcfCh 20 m. iJ ~'i _.... .,.::·~----~·-· :· :. _.. --- ---- _.···:".,,..,, .·,..I , , .1·~' .. ··········-..::;.·,, (.. ,,' .· , -----.-.....!'Ov~z 111.iRNu ,. ~-~:: ~.:-.::.~. ~-= ........ _... ,•' ... " - ......... .. ::.:. ,.,,,. ..... -- ( ! .. MAAA BURxU '\, :,_... .. ·····-.. \ ... i I ··~ ECEABAT I I I ··. ', .. ' ' ··-.,'' . : I \\ ·---~, -.....', \\ : \ ... ' \ I \ I \I \I <. \ .. \ : : 'I '. I ... '\ \ '\ I ·, \ \ ' !. -~ ~ j ,: f I' , , , , , I ' Fig. 2. Part of the narrows of the Dardanelles (after Admiralty Chart 2429). 58 493 re-established by another Persian general, Mardonius4 (Hdt. VI.43 sqq.). Shipwreck of his fleet atAthos (492) and attacks by the Brygi, a 1bracian tribe, temporarily forced Mardonius to retire. During an attack by the Brygi Mardonius himself was wounded (Hdt. VI.45). Though Persian domination in 1brace continued, at least in the coastal regions, Mardonius himself was called back to Persia. In spite of the fact that the struggle between Persia and the Greeks con­ tinued with attacks on mainland Greece, Thrace was not directly involved in the so-called Persian Wars until about 481/480. The new Persian King Xerxes had ordered a massive invasion of Greece. To facilitate the crossing of the DardaneJLes by the army the construction of a bridge across the Hellespont was ordered. The Hellespont, or Dardanelles (cf. Figs. 1-3), is a geological syncline connecting the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean,s some 60 to 65 kms long and with a width varying between L2 kms and 6.5 kins. From the Sea of Marmora it runs more or less SWW, makes an almost 900 tum, to the S at Nara Bumu, and again between <_;anakkale (Asia) and Kilitbakir (Europe) and resumes its original course, turning W just at the point of the Turkish War Memorial (First World War, so-called Gallipoli landing) and opening into the Aegean. Its floor is wide and over 60 m deep, with irregular slope and intersected by potholes that are more than 100 m deep. Sedimentation in the Dardanelles is very prominent: only between Nagra Kalesi (Nara Burnu) and <_;anakkale the speed of the current at the seafloor is so strong that a deposit is pre­ vented. Since the banks of the Dardanelles decline rather steeply, it seems conceivable that the present situation does not significantly dif­ fer from that some 2500 years ago: factors that may have contributed to a slightly different situation are the rise of the sea level by some 1 to 2 m6 and the washing away of a part of the shoreline by the currents (cf. infra ad 8). The description of the construction of the bridge given by Herodotus (Hdt. VII.36) runs as follows: "That they might lighten the strain of the cables, they laid penteconters and triremes alongside of each other, three hundred and sixty to bear the bridge that was nearest to the Euxine sea, and three hundred and fourteen to bear the other; all lay • Mardonius was the nephew and son-in-law of King Darius, commander of Ionia since c. 492 and restored from there Persian authority in southern 11uace; he was left in command in Greece after the Porsian defeat at Salamis; be was killed in !he batUe at Plataea in 479. 'Most of the information on the Dardanelles is based upon Mertz 1928, 41 sqq. and 223. • Cf. Stanley/Blan.pied 1980; also Lambek 1996. 59 Fig. 3. Northern Aegean, Dardanelles, and Sea of Marmora seen from the space (Photo: NASA). obliquely to the line of the Pontus and parallel with the current of the Hellespont. Having so laid the ships alongside they let down very great anchors, both from the end of the ship nearest the Pontus to hold fast against the winds blowing from within that sea, and from the other end, towards the west and the Aegean, to hold against the west and south winds. Moreover they left for passage an opening in the line of pente­ conters and triremes, that so he that would might be able to voyage to the Pontus, or out of it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny
    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Ctesias and His Eunuchs: a Challenge for Modern Historians 
    Histos () – CTESIAS AND HIS EUNUCHS: A CHALLENGE FOR MODERN HISTORIANS Abstract: The prominence of eunuchs in Ctesias’ account of Persia has given rise in the last decades to a paradoxical combination of scepticism about their historicity and realis- tic interpretation questioning whether they were in fact castrated. The present paper brings to light the difficulties of the assessment of them as historical figures. It first takes into account the fact that we know Ctesias’ eunuchs only through fragments, that is, through the filter of later authors who refer to him while possibly having a personal rela- tionship to eunuchs in their own society. It then describes the distinctive features of Cte- sias’ eunuchs within Greek literature on Persia and presents the main interpretative trends on them. It examines possible touchstones and shows how difficult it is to cross- check Ctesias’ account of eunuchs with Near Eastern evidence. It assesses the founda- tions of current prevailing positions, and shows that a hypothesis has become a— questionable—dogma on two sorts of historical referents for Ctesias’ εὐνοῦχοι . Last, it questions the pertinence of ‘orientalism’ as a label for the representation of eunuchs in Ctesias’ account, and even highlights its shortcomings. All in all, this issue is in fact a per- fect illustration of the methodological problems that modern historians often have to face when they try to study ancient Persia through the accounts of Greek historians. t is curious that a phenomenon which was so important in so many major civilizations has been virtually taboo in modern scholarship’: ‘I such were some of the concluding words of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Excavating Classical Amphipolis & on the Lacedaemonian General
    Adelphi University Adelphi Digital Commons Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology 12-1-2002 Excavating Classical Amphipolis & On the Lacedaemonian General Brasidas Chaido Koukouli-Chrysanthaki Anagnostis P. Agelarakis Adelphi University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.adelphi.edu/ant_pubs Part of the Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Chaido and Agelarakis, Anagnostis P., "Excavating Classical Amphipolis & On the Lacedaemonian General Brasidas" (2002). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 12. https://digitalcommons.adelphi.edu/ant_pubs/12 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at Adelphi Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Adelphi Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 3 Excavating Classical Amphipolis Chaido Koukouli -Chrysanthaki The excavations carried out by D. Lazaridis between discovered and excavated;5 there is strong evidence 1956 and 1984 uncovered part of the ancient city of that the city's theatre was located next to it. 6 Amphipolis and its cemeteries, 1 [fig. 1] namely the external walls, the acropolis and, within the walls, In the northern part of the city were discovered: the remains of public and private buildings. On the sanctuary of Klio/ founded during the earliest years acropolis, the Early Christian basilicas destroyed the of the colony; further to the west, a small sanctuary city's important sanctuaries - those of Artemis of Attis dating to the Hellenistic and Early Roman Tauropolos,2 Athena3 and Asclepios4 - which literary periods;8 and, outside the north wall, a small sanctu­ sources and fragmentary votive inscriptions locate ary of a nymph.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Music and Traditions of Thrace (Greece): a Trans-Cultural Teaching Tool 1
    MUSIC AND TRADITIONS OF THRACE (GREECE): A TRANS-CULTURAL TEACHING TOOL 1 Kalliopi Stiga 2 Evangelia Kopsalidou 3 Abstract: The geopolitical location as well as the historical itinerary of Greece into time turned the country into a meeting place of the European, the Northern African and the Middle-Eastern cultures. Fables, beliefs and religious ceremonies, linguistic elements, traditional dances and music of different regions of Hellenic space testify this cultural convergence. One of these regions is Thrace. The aim of this paper is firstly, to deal with the music and the dances of Thrace and to highlight through them both the Balkan and the middle-eastern influence. Secondly, through a listing of music lessons that we have realized over the last years, in schools and universities of modern Thrace, we are going to prove if music is or not a useful communication tool – an international language – for pupils and students in Thrace. Finally, we will study the influence of these different “traditions” on pupils and students’ behavior. Key words: Thrace; music; dances; multi-cultural influence; national identity; trans-cultural teaching Resumo: A localização geopolítica, bem como o itinerário histórico da Grécia através do tempo, transformou o país num lugar de encontro das culturas europeias, norte-africanas e do Médio Oriente. Fábulas, crenças e cerimónias religiosas, elementos linguísticos, danças tradicionais e a música das diferentes regiões do espaço helénico são testemunho desta convergência cultural. Uma destas regiões é a Trácia. O objectivo deste artigo é, em primeiro lugar, tratar da música e das danças da Trácia e destacar através delas as influências tanto dos Balcãs como do Médio Oriente.
    [Show full text]
  • E. P. Dimitriadis - G
    E. P. Dimitriadis - G. P. Tsotsos Transport Geography and Local Development in 19th Century Thrace 1. Introduction a) In the course of its evolution since the mid-seventies, under the influence of the vigorous criticism of Radical Geography, Historical Geography has broadened its field of study to take in Social and Eco­ nomic History, Historical Anthropology, Cultural Ecology, etc., making full use at the same time of the contribution made by the “Quantitative Revolution” of the 60’s (e.g. matrix analysis). This new beginning, as it has been described by scholars in the field, is attempting to generate a renewed Historical Regional Geography, which in its turn will reveal a new form of humanism1. The field covered by this paper’ falls within the scope of Historical Geography, being a study of Thrace in the 19th century. However, it has the following special features: In its first part it concentrates on (histor­ ical) Regional Geography, mainly insofar as it concerns the analysis of certain selected variables, which are used as a kind of indicators of deve­ lopment and are associated with the natural environment (the earth) from the point of view of new regional science. This method permits us to ascertain the existence of certain geographical areas of Thrace which manifest homogenized features in terms of these variables and conse­ quently can be regarded as belonging to one single category in terms of development. In this way we can establish also the various types and degrees of development achieved by the various areas (e.g. unequal development). The second part of the paper explores the Transport Geography of 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
    THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology
    The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology Dedicated to Henry and Renee Kahane* DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. A few abbreviations are listed: AJA = American Journal of Archaeology. AJP = American Journal of Philology (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md.). BB = Bezzenbergers Beitriige zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen. BNF = Beitriige zur Namenforschung (Heidelberg). OGL = Oorpus Glossariorum Latinorum, ed. G. Goetz. 7 vols. Lipsiae, 1888-1903. Chantraine, Dict. etym. = P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. 2 vols: A-K. Paris, 1968, 1970. Eberts RLV = M. Ebert (ed.), Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte. 16 vols. Berlin, 1924-32. EBr = Encyclopaedia Britannica. 30 vols. Chicago, 1970. EEBE = 'E:rccr'YJel~ t:ET:ateeta~ Bv~avnvwv E:rcovowv (Athens). EEC/JE = 'E:rcuJT'YJfhOVtUn ' E:rccrrJel~ C/JtAOaocptufj~ EXOAfj~ EIsl = The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden and London) 1 (1960)-. Frisk, GEJV = H. Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch. 2 vols. Heidelberg, 1954 to 1970. GEL = Liddell-Scott-Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, 1925-40. A Supplement, 1968. GaM = Geographi Graeci Minores, ed. C. Miiller. GLM = Geographi Latini Minores, ed. A. Riese. GR = Geographical Review (New York). GZ = Geographische Zeitschrift (Berlin). IF = Indogermanische Forschungen (Berlin). 10 = Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin). LB = Linguistique Balkanique (Sofia). * A summary of this paper was read at the meeting of the Linguistic Circle of Manitoba and North Dakota on 24 October 1970. My thanks go to Prof. Edmund Berry of the Univ. of Manitoba for reading a draft of the present study and for stylistic and other suggestions, and to the Editor of Names, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Old Persian Prods Oktor Skjærvø
    An Introduction to Old Persian Prods Oktor Skjærvø Copyright © 2016 by Prods Oktor Skjærvø Please do not cite in print without the author’s permission. This Introduction may be distributed freely as a service to teachers and students of Old Iranian. In my experience, it can be taught as a one-term full course at 4 hrs/w. My thanks to all of my students and colleagues, who have actively noted typos, inconsistencies of presentation, etc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Select bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 9 Sigla and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 12 Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Old Persian and old Iranian. .................................................................................................................... 13 Script. Origin. .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Script. Writing system. ........................................................................................................................... 14 The syllabary. .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Logograms. ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MAC II in General, All Greek Troops “Constitutionally
    ALEXANDER’S FINAL ARMY An Honors Thesis for the Department of History By Jonathan A. Miller Thesis Advisor: Steven Hirsch Tufts University, 2011 AKNOWLEDGMENTS Alexander the Great is a man with whom many great leaders throughout history have been compared, a model of excellence whose achievements can never quite be matched. 2 My introduction to his legacy occurred in the third grade. Reading a biography of Julius Caesar for a class project, I happened across Plutarch’s famous description of Caesar’s reaction to reading a history of Alexander: “he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. ‘Do you not think,’ said he, ‘that it is a matter of sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?’”1 This story captivated my imagination and stuck with me throughout my middle and high school years. Once at college, I decided to write a thesis on Alexander to better understand the one man capable of breeding thoughts of inadequacy in Caesar. This work is in many ways a tribute to both Caesar and Alexander. More pointedly, it is an exploration into the designs of a man at the feet of whom lay the whole world. This paper has meant a lot to me. I want to thank all those who made it possible. First and foremost, my undying gratitude goes to Professor Steven Hirsch, who has helped me navigate the difficult process of researching and writing this thesis.
    [Show full text]