PLACES AND PEOPLES IN CENTRAL ASIA AND IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN NEAR EAST
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A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER COMPILED FOR THE SERICA PROJECT FROM SELECT PRE-ISLAMIC SOURCES BY
PROF. SAMUEL N.C. LIEU FRAS, FRHISTS, FSA, FAHA
Visiting Fellow, Wolfson College, Cambridge and Inaugural Distinguished Professor in Ancient History, Macquarie University, Sydney
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ANCIENT INDIA AND IRAN TRUST (AIIT) CAMBRIDGE, UK AND ANCIENT CULTURES RESEARCH CENTRE (ACRC) MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, NSW, AUSTRALIA
(JULY, 2012)
ABBREVIATIONS
Acta Mari = The Acts of Mār Mārī the CPD = A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, ed. Apostle, ed. and trans. A. Harrak D. MacKenzie (Oxford, 1971). (Atlanta, 2005). Ctes. = Ctesias. AI = Acta Iranica (Leiden – Téhéran- DCBT = W.E. Soothill and L. Hodous Liège 1974f.) (eds.) A Dictionary of Chinese Akk. = Akkadian (language). Buddhist Terms (London, 1934). Amm. = Ammianus Marcellinus. DB = Inscription of Darius at Behistan, cf. Anc. Lett. = Sogdian Ancient Letters, ed. OP 116-135. H. Reichelt, Die soghdischen DB (Akk.) = The Bisitun Inscription of Handschriften-reste des Britischen Darius the Great- Babylonian Version, Museums, 2 vols. (Heidelberg 1928- ed. E.N. von Voigtlander, CII, Pt. I, 1931), ii, 1-42. Vol. 2 (London, 1978). A?P = Inscription of Artaxerxes II or III at DB (Aram.) = The Bisitun Inscription of Persepolis, cf. OP 15-56. Darius the Great- Aramaic Version, Aram. = Aramaic (language). eds. J.C. Greenfield and B. Porten, CII, Arm. = Armenian (language). Pt. I, Vol. 5 (London, 1982). Arr. = Flavius Arrianus. Déd. = J.T. Milik, Dédicaces faites par Athan. Hist. Arian. = Athanasius, Historia des dieux (Palmyra, Hatra, Tyr et des Arianorum ad Monachos, PG 25.691- thiases sémitiques à l'époque romaine 796. (Pari, 1972). BS = Bei Shi 北史 ed. Li Yanshou 李延 DFG = D.F. Graf (with L. Dreyer), ‘The 壽 (Beijing, 1974) Roman East from the Chinese Perspective’ in Palmyra and the Silk BSTBL = Buddhist Sogdian Texts of the Road = Les Annales Archéologiques British Library, (ed.) D.N. MacKenzie Arabes Syriennes 42 (1996) 199-216. (Leiden, 1976). DMT iii = N. Sims-Williams et al . eds. BW = B. Watson trans. Records of the Dictionary of Manichaean Texts, Vol. grand historian (Han dynasty) by Sima 3 (Turnhout, 2004). Qian, 2 vols. (Hong Kong, 1993). DNa = Inscription of Darius at Naqš-i- Chin. = Chinese (language). Rustam (A), cf. OP 137-138. C2 = N. Sims-Williams (ed.) The Doc. Addai = Doctrina Addai, ed. and Christian Sogdian Manuscript C2 trans. G. Howard, The Teaching of (Berlin, 1985). Addai (Chico, 1981). CII = Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum DPe = Inscription of Darius at Persepolis CII (Gr.) = G. Rougemount, Inscriptions (E), cf. OP 136. grecques d’Iran et d’Asie centrale, DSf = Inscription of Darius at Susa (F), Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum Part cf. OP 116-135. II, Inscriptions of the Seleucid and DSm = Inscription of Darius at Susa (M), Parthian periods and of eastern Iran cf. OP 145-465. and Central Asia; v. 1, Inscriptions in 大唐西域記 non-Iranian languages (London, 2012). DTXYJ = Da Tang Xiyuji (= CIS = Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, Daito Seiki) by Xuanzang 玄奘 (Kyoto Pars secunda. Tomus III: Inscriptiones 1911); also T 2087 (Vol. 51) 868a- palmyrenae, eds. J.-B. Chabot et al. 946c. (Paris, 1926). DZc = Inscription of Darius at Suez (C), Copt. Coptic (language) cf. OP 147. A Multi-lingual Gazetteer
DCESSZFSZ = Daci’ensi Sanzangfashi KT = The Kül Tigin Inscription, ed. T. zhaun 大慈恩寺三藏法師傳 (i.e. Life Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic of Xuanzang 玄奘 ) T 2053 (Vol. 50) (Bloomington, 1968) 231-242. 220c-280a. Lat. = Latin (language). EI = Encyclopaedia Iranica (London, LXX = The Septuagint (in Greek). Costa Meza et al. 1982-) Manich. = Manichaean. Elam. = Elamite (language). Men. Prot. = Menander Protector. FH = F. Hirth, China and the Roman Minshu = Minshu 閩書 (The Book of Min), Orient: researches into their ancient compiled by He Qiaoyuan 何喬遠 , and mediæval relations as represented punctuated edition by a committee of in old Chinese records (Leipzig and the Research Centre for Classical Hong Kong, 1885). Works of the Xiamen University, 5 FHG = Fragmenta Historicorum vols (Fuzhou: Fujian renwen chubenshi Graecorum, ed. C. Müller, 5 vols. 褔建人文出版社 2000). (Paris, 1841-70). MMTKGI = W. Sundermann, Mittel- GMM = Geographi Graeci Minores, ed. iranische manichäische Texte kirchen- C. Müller, 2 vols. et tabulae (Paris, geschichtlichen Inhalts (Berlin, 1981). 1885). Nachlese I = W. Sundermann, ‘Nachlese Gr. = Greek (language). zu F.W.K. Müllers “Sogdischen Texten Hdt. = Herodotos. I. 1. Teil”, Altorienalische Hebr. = Hebrew (language). Forschungen 1 (Berlin, 1974) 219-55. HHS = Hou Hanshu 後漢書 ; ed. Fan Ye Nachlese II = W. Sundermann, ‘Nachlese 范曄 (Beijing, 1965). zu F.W.K. Müllers “Sogdischen Texten HS = Han Shu 漢書 , ed. Ban Gu 班固 I. 2. Teil”, Altorienalische Forschungen 3 (Berlin, 1975) 55-90. (Beijing, 1962). a NDRC = Y.P. Saeki, The Nestorian IEOG = F.C. De Rossi (ed.) Iscrizioni Documents and Relics in China dello Estremo Oriente Greco, (Tokyo, 1952). Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Nest. = Nestorian. Kleinasien 65 (Bonn, 2004). Nest. Mon. = Nestorian Monument at Inv. = Inventaire des inscriptions de Xi’an, ed. Y.P. Saeki, The Nestorian Palmyre (Beirut and Damascus, 1930-) Monuments and Relics in China, 2nd Isid. Char. = Isidore of Charax, edn. (Tokyo, 1951) 1-12 (Chin. text Mansiones Parthicae, ed. and trans. section). W.H. Schoff, Parthian Stations of NT = The New Testament (n Greek). Isidore of Charax (Philadelphia, 1914). OIr. = Old Iranian (language). JEH = J.E. Hill, Through the Jade Gates OP = R.G. Kent, Old Persian, Grammar, to Rome –A Study of the Silk Routes Texts, Lexicon (New Haven, 1952). during the Later Han Dynasty 1st to 2nd OT = The Old Testament (in Hebrew). Centuries CE (Cookstown, 2009). Palm. = Palmyrene (Aramaic) (language). Josh. Styl. = Chronicle of Joshua the PAT = D. R. Hillers and E. Cussini (edd.) Stylite, ed. W. Wright (Cambridge, Palmyrene Aramaic Texts (Baltimore, 1882). 1996). JTS = Jiu Tangshu 舊唐 書 , ed. Liu Xu 劉 Pe. = (Middle) Persian (language). 昫 (Beijing, 1975). Pesh. = The Peshitta, i.e. The New Khot. = Khotanese (language). Testament in Syriac (London, 1966) KhT = Khotanese Texts, ed. H.W. Bailey, Petr. Patr. = Petrus Patricius. 7 vols. (Cambridge, 1945-85).
3 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East -
PG = Patrologia Graeca cursus T = Taishō shinshu daizōkyō 大正新修大 completus, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 藏經 (Tokyo, 1936-) 1857-66). Theoph. Sim. = Theophylactus Ps. Mos. Xor. Geog. = J. Marquart, Simocattes. Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Thphn. = Theophanes. Moses Xorenac‘i, Abhandl. Der Txt. Sogd. = Textes sogdiens (Mission königli. Gesells. der Wiss. Zu Pelliot en Asie Centrale, 3. Série, Paris Göttingen, NF III, 2 (Berlin, 1901) 1940). Pth. = Parthian (language). Uigh. Xuanzang = A. von Gabain, Die Ptol. = Claudius Ptolemaios, Geographica uigurische Übersetzung der Biographie / Cosmographia, ed. and trans. A. Hüen-Tsangs, SPAW 1935, VII. Stückelberger and G. Graßhoff, Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. = Vita Alexandris Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Magni Syriaca, ed. E.A. Wallis Budge, Geographie, 3 vols (Basel, 2006). The History of Alexander the Great QGN = . Quellen zur Geschichte der being the Syriac version of the Pseudo- Nabatäer, Textsammlung mit Callisthenes (Cambridge, 1889) 1-275. Übersetzung und Kommentar, eds. U. Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. Abbrev. = Vita Hackl, H. Jenni and C. Schneider, Alexandris Magni Syriaca Abbreviata, (Freiburg and Göttingen 2003). ed. J.P. Land, Anecdota Syriaca RGDS = Res Gestae Divi Saporis, ed. and (Berlin, 1858) 205-208. trans. P. Huyse, Die dreisprachige W&A = J. Markwart, Wehrot und Arang Inschrift Šābuhrs I. an der Ka‘ba-i (Leiden, 1938). Zardušt (ŠKZ), 2 vols. (London, 1999). W-G = Wade-Giles system of trans- SD = B. Gharib ed. Sogdian Dictionary literation of the Chinese language. (Tehran, 1995). WS = Wei Shu 魏書 ed. 魏收 in SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (Leiden, 1921-) Sanguozhi 三國志 (Beijing, 1974) SJ = Shiji 史記 , ed. Sima Qian 司馬遷 XPh = Inscription of Xerxes at Persepolis (Beijing, 1960). (H), cf. OP 150-52. XTS = Xin Tangshu 新唐書 ed. Ouyang SJFZ = Shijia fangzhi 釋迦方志 , T 2088 (Vol. 51) 948a-975a. Xiu 歐陽脩 (Beijing, 1975). Skj. = P.O. Skjærvø, An Introduction to XYBJ = Xuanyuan ben jing 宣元本經 , ap. Manichean Sogdian, (Cambridge MA) NDRC (Chin. text section) 96 (ll. 1-10) www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_I_Intro.pdf ZFZ = Zhu Fan Zhi 諸蕃志 , compiled by SNCL = (suggestion made by) Samuel N.C. Lieu. Zhao Rugua 趙汝适 , ed. Han Zhenhua Sogd. = Sogdian (language). 韓振華 , Zhu Fan Zhi Zhubu 諸蕃志注 SassS = M. Back, Die sassanidischen 補 (Hong Kong, 2000). Staatsinschriften (Leiden, 1978) ZPE = Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und ST i = F.W.K. Müller, Soghdische Texte I, Epigraphik (Bonn) SPAW 1934, 3-111. ZZTC = Zizhi tongjian 資治通監 ed. ST ii = F.W.K. Müller and W. Lentz, Sima Guang 司馬光 (Shanghai, 1956). Soghdische Texte II, SPAW 1934, 504- 607. STSC = M. Schwartz, Studies in the Texts of the Sogdian Christians, PhD. UCalf. Berkeley, 1967. Syr. = Syriac (language). SZBSL = Shizun bushi lun 世尊布施論 , ap. NDRC (Chin. text section) 51-70.
4 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer
(I) English
Abarshar (Pe. ‘the upper, i.e. northern Pe. ’lxsyndrgyrd (Alaxsindargird) lands, later province of the Sasanian (Manich.) M2 I R I 27 (MM ii, p. 302) Empire round Nīšāpūr) Sogd. rxsy-nt’y-kyrδ (əraxsinder-kird) Pe. (1) ’prštry (Abaršahr) RGDS (Pe.) (Manich.) MMTKGI 359 3 Alexandria (2) (city on the Gulf of Issus, Pe. (2) ’bršhr (Abaršahr) (Manich.) mod. Alexandretta in S. Turkey) MMTKGI 2230 Gr. Ἀλεξάνδρια RGDS (Gr.) 15 Pth. ’prhštr (Abaršahr) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Pe. ’lhsndly’y (Alexsandariyā) RGDS Pth. (2) ’br šhr (Abaršahr) (Manich.) (Pe.) 9 MMTKGI 669 Pth. ’lyhsndry’ (Alexsandariyā) RGDS Sogd. (1) ’βr šxr (Abaršahr) (Manich.) (Pth.) 7 MMTKGI 396 Amida (ancient city in N. Mesopotamia, Sogd. (2) ’bršhr (Abaršahr) (Nest.) ST now Diyarbakir in S.E. Turkey) ii 525.29 n. 30 Syr. ’myd Gr. πάντα τὰ ἀνατάτω ἔθνη (lit. ‘all Gr. Ἄμιδα Proc. Pers. Ι.17.24 the nations in the upper parts’) RGDS Lat. Amida Amm. XVIII.6.17 (Gr.) 4 Amu Darya, the (river) see Oxus. Abirādu (a village in Elam) Ana(tha) (island-fortress on the OIr. Abirāduš DSf 46. Euphrates) Adiabene (region in E. Mesopotamia) Gr. (1) Ἀναθώ Isid. Char. 1, p. 2 Gr. Ἀδιαβηνή Strabo XVI.1.18 Gr. (2) Ἄναθα RGDS (Gr.) 12 Syr. ḥdyb Thom. Marga 51 Pe. ’nty (Ānāt) RGDS (Pe.) 7 See also Assyria. Pth. ’nty (Ānāt) RGDS (Pth.) 5 Ākaufaka (a province of the Achaemenid Anthemusia(s) (Hellenistic foundation Persian Empire - Kohistan) and region in N. Mespotamia, anc. OIr. Ākaufakaciya- adj. XPh 27 Batna (q.v.)) Alan Gates (place-name) Gr. Ἀνθεμουσιάς Isid. Char. 1, p. 2, Gr. αἱ πύλαι Ἀλανῶν RGDS (Gr.) 3 Ἀνθεμουσιά Strab. XVI.1.27 Pe. ’l’n’n BBA (Alānān dar) RGDS Lat. Anthemusia Plin. NH V.(xx).86, (Pe.) 2 Amm. XIV.3.3 Pth. ’l’nn TROA (Alānān bar) RGDS Antioch (-on-the-Orontes, metropolis of (Pth.) 2 Roman Syria, mod. Antakya in S. Alans, the (a steppe people who lived Turkey) north of the Caspian) Gr. (1) Ἀντιόχεια Proc. Aed. II.10.23 Gr. οἱ Ἀλανοί Thphn. chron. 94.24 Gr. (2) Ἀντιόχια RGDS (Gr.) 15 Chin. Alanliao 阿蘭聊 (JEH) HHS 88 Aram. (Palm.) ’nṭky’ Inv. 10 29:2 Albania (region in the Caucasus) Syr. ’ntywky, ’ntyky’ Pesh. Acts 11:26 Gr. Ἀλβανία RGDS (Gr.) 3 Pe. ’ndywk (Andiyōk) RGDS (Pe.) 9 Pe. *’ld’n (Ar(r)ān) RGDS (Pe.) [2] Pth. ’ndywk (Andiyōk) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Pth. RGDS (Ardān) (Pth.) 2 Chin. Andu 安都 WS 102 Aleppo (major city in Syria) Antioch(eia) in Mygdonia see Nisibis. Gr. Βέρροια RGDS (Gr.) 13 Apameia (Lat. Apamaea - city in Syria, Pe. hlpy (Halab) RGDS (Pe.) 8 mod. Qal‘at el-Mudig in Syria) Pth. hlpy (Halab) RGDS (Pth.) 5 Gr. Ἀπάμια RGDS (Gr.) 13 Alexandria (1) (capital city of Hellenistic Pe. ’pwmy’y (Apōmiyā) RGDS (Pe.) 8 and Roman Egypt) Pth. ’pwmy’ (Apōmiyā) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Gr. Ἀλεξάνδρια Arabaye see Beth-‘Arabāyē.
5 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East -
Arabia (region/kingdom: a province of Pe. hryw (Harēw) RGDS (Pe.) 2 the Achaemenid Persian Empire and Pth. hryw (Harēw) RGDS (Pth.) 2 later of the Roman Empire) Sogd. hryw (Harēw) (Nest.) ST ii OIr. Arabāya DB 1.15 525.29 n. 30 Gr. Ἀραβία RGDS (Gr.) 2, 23 Aristia (town or village in Roman Syria, Pe. (1) ’rb’yst’n (Arbyestān) RGDS mod. ar-Rastan in Syria) Pe. (2) ’rw’yst’n (Arwāyistān) Gr. Ἀριστία RGDS (Gr.) 16 (Manich.) MMTKGI 1478 Pe. *’lstwn (Aristōn) RGDS (Pe.) 10 Pth. ’rb’yst’n (Arbyestān) RGDS (Pth.) Pth. ’rstwn (Aristōn) RGDS (Pth.) 7 1 Armenia (nation/ a province of the Arabs (people) Achaemenid Persian Empire) OIr. (1) Arabāya* Akkad. KUR Ú-ra-aš-ṭu DB (Akk.) 49, Syr. (1) ‘rby’ Doc. Addai 49.19 ethn. LÚ Ú-ra-aš-ṭa-a-a Syr. (2) ṭyy’, ṭyyt’ Josh. Styl. 19.19 OIr. Armina DB 1.15, ethn. Arminiya OIr. (2) Tāzig (CPD 83 from Sem. DB 2.29 Ṭaiyi’) Aram. ’rrṭ DB (Aram.) 8, ethn. ’[rrṭy] Chin. (1) Dashi 大食 JTS 198 DB (Aram.) 8 Chin. (2) Tiaozhi 條支 (from Tāzig or Gr. Ἀρμενία RGDS (Gr.) 3, 10, 41 Tāzik?) HHS 88. Pe. ’lmny (Armin) RGDS (Pe.) 2 Arachosia (a province of the Achaemenid Pth. ’rmny (Armin) RGDS (Pth.) 1 Persian Empire) Syr. ’rmn Acta Mari 11, p. 24 Elam. ḫar-ra-u-ma-ti-iš OP 213 Arshada (a fortress in Arachosia) Akk. KUR A-ru-ḫa-at-ti DB (Akk.) 52 Elam. ir-šá-da OP 171 OIr. Harawatiš DSm 10, deriv. ethn. OIr. Aršādā DB 3.72 Harawatiya “Aryans” and “Non-Aryans” see under Gr. Ἀραχωσία Arr. Anab. V.5.2; ethn. Iranians and Non-Iranians. οἱ Ἀραχωτοί Arr. Anab. III.11.3 Arzanene (ancient Arzania, region north Chin. Wuyishanli 烏弋山離 (JEH) of Mesopotamia around the city of Arzen) HHS 88 Syr. arzwn Acta Mari 7, p. 12.11 Arbairā see Arbela. Gr. Ἀρζανάνη Proc. Pers. I.8.21 Arbela, Arbairā (ancient Arba’ilu, city in Lat. Arzanena Amm. XXV.7.9 Assyria, later a major centre of Asia (continent, one of the three divisions Christianity and chief city of Adiabene; of the known world: Europe, Asia and mod. Arbīl in N. Iraq ) Lidya (Hdt. II.16) – term later used Elam. ḫr-be-ra OP 171 mainly of the Roman province of Asia Akk. ar-ba-’-il OP 171 covering the western part Asia Minor OIr. Arbairāyā DB 2.90 with Ephesus as capital) Gr. Ἄρβηλα (f.pl.) Arr. Anab. III.8.7 Gr. Ἀσία, gen. Ἀσίης Hdt. II.16, Syr. ’rbyl Acta Mari 8 Strab. XI.1.1 Aria (nation/region - a province of the Pe. ’syd’y (Āsāyā) RGDS (Pe.) 13 Achaemenid Persian Empire, known Pth. ’s’y’ (Āsāyā) RGDS (Pth.) 10 later as Herat) Syr. ’sy’ Pesh. Acts 2:9 Elam. ḫar-ri-ma OP 213 Assyria (region/nation/ a province of the Akk. a-ri-e-mu OP 213 Achaemenid Persian Empire) OIr. Haraiva DSm 9 OIr. Aθurā DB 1.14 etc., adj. Aθuriya Gr. (1) ethn. οἱ Ἄρειοι Arr. Anab. DSf 32 III.8.4 Gr. Ἀσσυρία RGDS (Gr.) 2 Gr. (2) Ῥήν (?) or Ῥή (?) RGDS (Gr.) Pe. ’swrstn (Asūrestān) RGDS (Pe.) 2 4 Pth. ’swrstn (Asūrestān) RGDS (Pth.) 1
6 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer
Syr. ’twr Acta Mari 8 Gr. Βάκτρα Hdt. IX.113.1; τὸ Sogd. (1) ’’δwr’yk SD no. 55 Βάκτριον ἔθνος (lit. ‘the Bactrian Sogd. (2) swrstn KG 354 (Manich.) nation’) Hdt. I.153.4; ethn. οἱ (Southern Mesopotamia round the Βάκτριοι Arr. Anab. III.21.1 royal cities Seleucia-Ctesiphon) Gr. (2) Βακτριανή Ctes. Ass. IV.1 (ap. Chin. (1) (Budd.) Sulasatangna 蘇剌薩 Diod. Sic. II.5.3), Strabo II.8.2, ethn. οἱ 儻那 (
7 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East -
Pth. btn’n (Batnān) RGDS (Pth.) 8 OIr. Karkā DNa 30, adj. Karka- Lat. Batnae Amm. XIV.3.3 Gr. ethn. pl. οἱ Κᾶρες, οἱ Καρικοί Syr. bṭnn (Baṭnān) Josh. Styl. 83.4 Carmania, Karmania, Kermania Beroea, Berrhoia see Aleppo. (region/a district of Persia in southern Beth-‘Arabāyē (i.e. ‘Land of the Arbas’ – Iran) region around Nisibis in N. OIr. Karmānā DSf 35 Mesopotamia). See under Mygdonia. Gr. (1) ἡ Καρμανία Strabo XV.2.14 Birtha Aruban (?) (city on the Euphrates, Gr. (2) Κερμανζηνή RGDS (Gr.) 4 mod. Qreiye?) Pe. klm’n (Kīrmān) RGDS (Pe.) 3 Pe. byrty ’rwp’n (Bīrt Arūbān) RGDS Pth. krmn (Kīrmān) RGDS (Pth.) 2 (Pe.) 7 Carrhai see Harran. Pth. byrt ’rwp’n (Bīrt Arūbān) RGDS Caucasus (mountains) (Pth.) 5 Gr. (τὸ) Καπ ὄρος RGDS (Gr.) 3 Birtha Asporakan (city on the Pe. *kpy *kwpy (Kaf kōf) RGDS (Pe.) Euphrates, later renamed Zenobia, [2] mod. Halebiye in the Rep. of Syria) Pth. kpy ΘWRA (Kaf kōf) RGDS Gr. Βίρθα Ἀσπωράκου RGDS (Gr.) (Pth.) [2] 12 Čāčestān see under Tashkent. Pe. byrty ’spwlk’n (Bīrt Aspōragān) Chalkis (city in Syria, mod. Qennisrin) RGDS (Pe.) 7 Gr. Χαλκίς RGDS (Gr.) 13 Pth. byrt ’spwrk’n (Bīrt Aspōragān) Pe. knšr’y (Kinašrā) RGDS (Pe.) 7 RGDS (Pth.) 5 Pth. knšr’y (Kinašrā) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Bithynia (region in NW Asia Minor, later Chanar (city in N. Mespotamia, possibly name of a Hellenistic kingdom and the same as the Hellenistic foundation then a Roman province) of Ichnai) Gr. Βιθυνία Strab. IV.12.1, RGDS Gr. Χάναρ RGDS (Gr.) 17 (Gr.) 21 Pe. *h’nly (Xānar) RGDS (Pe.) 10 Pe. btwny’y (Bitūniyā) RGDS (Pe.) 13 Pth. h’nry (Xānar) RGDS (Pth.) 8 Pth. btwny’ (Bitūniyā) RGDS (Pth.) 10 Chang’an (W-G. Ch’ang-an – western capital of Han and Tang China) Caḍota see Niya. Chin. 長安 Chang’an (lit. “lasting Cappadocia (region/ a satrapy of the peace”) Achaemenid Persian Empire, later a Gr. (1) Σήρα μετροπόλις Ptol. VI.16.8 Roman province) Sogd. (1) ’xwmt’n (
8 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer
Aram. krk myšn (Karka Mayšān) PAT Chin. (5) Zhongguo 中國 (lit. “Middle 1376.4 (Palm.) Kingdom”) SJ 123, SJFZ 1, 949B3 Aram./Parth. ’spsnqrṭ (Ispasinqert) Sanskr. (Bud.) Mahyadeśa (lit. “Middle Déd. 20-21 Kingdom”) DCBT 110b See also under Vologesias. Charkhlik (city in province of Xinjiang, Chin. (6) Da Tang 大唐 lit. “Great China) Tang (Dynasty)” DTXYJ 5, 894c26 Chin. Shanshan 鄯 善 (city near mod. Turk. Taito ( 9 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - Gr. (2) Κορκουσίων RGDS (Gr.) 16 Euphrates) Pe. klkysy’y (Kirkisyā) RGDS (Pe.) 10 Gr. (1) Δοῦρα Νικάνορος πόλις Pth. krksy’ (Kirkisyā) RGDS (Pth.) 8 Mans. Parth. 1 Corduene (region in Armenia / N. Gr. (2) Δοῦρα RGDS (Gr.) 17 Mesopotamia, now in S. Turkey) Pe. dwl’y (Dūrā) RGDS (Pe.) 10 Syr. qrdw Acta Mari 7, p. 14.1 Pth. dw 10 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer Gr. Ἐλυμαΐς Strabo XVI.1.17 Ǧindaris) See also Huzistan. Gr. Γίνδαρος RGDS (Gr.) 14 Elbourz Mountains (place-name, mod. Pe. gndlwsy (Gindaros) RGDS (Pe.) 8 Kūhhā-ye Alborz) Pth. gndrws (Gindaros) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Gr. τὸ Πρέσσουρ ὅρος RGDS (Gr.) 3 Gold City see Jincheng. Pe. plšhw’ly kwpy (Parišxwār kōf) Gourgan see Hyrcania. RGDS (Pe.) 2 Greeks, Hellenes (commonly referred to Pth. pryšhwr ΘWRA (Parišxwār kōf) as Ionians in Asia) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Gr. (1) οἱ Ἴωνες (“Ionians”) Hdt. Ethiopia (a province of the Achaemenid I.6.2; (adj.) Ἰωνικός (“Ionian”) Hdt. Persian Empire) I.56.2 Elam. ku-ša OP 180 OIr. Yauna (a province of the Akk. ku-ú-šu å 180 Achaemenid Persian Empire consisting OIr. Kūša DSf 43, ethn. Kūšāya, pl. mainly of the Greek cities of the ethn. As prov. Kūšiya. Aegean coast) DSm 10, ethn. Yauna, Hebr. Kūš OP 180 ethn. pl. as prov. Yaunā Euphrates (river) Aram. (Palm.) ywny’ CISem. Gr. Εὐφρήτης (f.) Hdt. I.179.4, 3924.4(Palm.) Εὐφράτης (m.) Strabo XVI.1.21 Syr. ywny’ Xi’an Nest. Insc. Syr. l. 4 OIr. Ufrātuš DB 1.92 Bactr. ιωναγγο (adj.) Rabatak l. 3, Ferghana (region in mod. Uzbekistan) IEOG, p. 204 Chin. (1) Dayuan 大宛 (Yuan from Prakrit: Yona IEOG 409, p. 237 Yavana ? (OIr. for Ionians = Greeks) or Chin. Yuan 宛 (as in Dayuan 大宛 . See Prakrit Yona, i.e. the Graeco-Bactrian under Ferghana.) empire, used of Ferghana and Bokhara) SJ 123 Gr. (2) Ἕλλην, pl. οἱ Ἕλληνες Chin. (2) Bahana 拔汗那 ZZTC 211 (“Hellenes”) CII (Gr.) 5.5, CISem. Chin. (3) Feihan DTXYJ 1.20.9 (= 3924.3(Gr.) T51.871b14) Guma (county/region in Xinjiang, Gandara (a province of the Achaemenid Uighur: Guma Nahiyisi) Persian Empire) Chin. Pishan 皮山 (lit. “skin-hill”, Elam. gán-da-ra OP 183 mod. Pishan or Guma (JEH) HHS 88 Akk. gan-da-ri OP 183 Guzang (city) OIr. Gadarā DB 3.66, ethn. Gadāraya Chin. 姑臧 A?P 12 Sogd. kc’n Anc. Lett. II.6 Gandutava (a district of Arachosia) Elam. ir(for gán)-du-ma-qa OP 183 Hama (city in Syria, now in mod. Syria) OIr. Gadutava DB 3.66 Gr. Χάμαθ RGDS (Gr.) 15 Gedrosia (region) Pe. *hm’ty (Hamāt) RGDS (Pe.) 10 Gr. Γεδρωσία Strabo XVI.4.2 Pth. hm’ty (Hamāt) RGDS (Pth.) 7 Germanikeia (city in Roman Syria, now Hamadan (Gr. Ecbatana, city, now Maraş in S. Turkey) capital of Hamadan province of Iran) Gr. Γερμανίκια RGDS (Gr.) 17 Elam. ag-ma-da-na OP 212 Pe. glmnwsy (Garmanos) RGDS (Pe.) Akk. a-ga-ma-ta-nu OP 212 10 OIr. Hagmatāna (lit. “meeting place”), Pth. grmnyws (Garmaniyos) RGDS loc. Hagmatānaiy DB 2.76 (Pth.) 8 Gr. (1) Ἀγβάτανα Ctes. Assyr. (cf. Gindaros (a large village in Syria Steph. Byz. Ethn. s.v. Ἀγβάτανα), administered from Antioch, mod. 11 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - ‘Aκβάτανα Ptol. Geog. VI.2.14 [xw](n)’nw Gr. (2) Ἐκβάτανα (f.pl.) Arr. Anab. Chin. Xiongnu 匈奴 SJ 123 III.19.5 Huzistan (region) Gr. (3) Ἀμιδαν RGDS (Gr.) 64 OIr. . hŪja DSe 21, hŪvja DB 1.14, Pe. ’hmt’n RGDS (Pe.) 33 ethn. hŪvja and der. ethn. hŪvjiya- DB Pth. ’hmtn RGDS (Pth.) 27 1.75 Chin. (1) Aman 阿蠻 (Ariana, Herat, Gr. (1) ethn. οἱ Σουσιανοί Arr. Anab. JEH; Hamadan, DFG, see also Oman) III.8.5, οἱ Σούσιοι Arr. Anab. III.11.3 HHS 88 Gr. (2) Οὐζηνή (i.e. Susiana) RGDS Chin. (2) Hedu 和 櫝 ? (SL) HHS 88 (Gr.) 2, 35, ethn. οἱ Οὔξιοι Arr. Anab. Chin. (3) Fandou 番兜 ? HS 96a III.11.5 Hami (city, mod. prefecture and city in Gr. (3) Οὐξία Strabo XVI1.17 Xinjiang) Pe. hwcstn (Χūzestān) RGDS (Pe.) [2], Chin. (Han period) Yiwu 伊吾 or [21] Pth. hwzstn (Χūzestān) RGDS (Pth.) 1, 伊吾盧 Yiwulu (JEH) HHS 88 16 Harran (Gr. Karras and Lat. Carr(h)ai - Hyrcania (region - a district of the city in N. Mesopotamia, now in S. Median Empire and later a province of Turkey) the Parthian Empire) Syr. ḥrn Josh. Styl. 38.2; (ethn.) ḥrny’ OIr. Varkāna DB 2.92 ibid. 47.11 Gr. (1) Ὑρκανία Arr. Anab. III.19.8; Gr. Κάρρας RGDS (Gr.) 19 ethn. οἱ Ὑρκάνιοι Hdt. III.117.1 Pe. h’rn (Harrān) RGDS (Pe.) 12 Gr. (2) Γουργάν RGDS (Gr.) 3 Pth. h’rn (Harrān) RGDS (Pth.) 9 Pe. gwlk’n (Gurgān) RGDS (Pe.) 2 Lat. Carrae Amm. XVIII.7.3 Pth. wrkn (Wurgān) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Hecatompylos (capital city of Hyrcania, See also Iberia. site near mod. Shar-I Qomis or Komis between the Iranian cities of Damghan Iberia (nation/region in the Caucasus, and Shahrud) mod. Georgia) Gr. Ἑκατόμπυλος (lit. . “(city) with a Gr. Ἰβερία RGDS (Gr.) 3, 60 hundred gates”) App. Syr. 57, Pe. wlwc’n (Wiruzān) RGDS (Pe.) [2], Ἑκατονταπύλος Diod. XVII.75.1 30 Chin. Hedu 和 櫝 ? (JEH) HHS 88 Pth. wyršn (Wiržān) RGDS (Pth.) 2, 25 Herat see under Ariana. India / Hindestan (i.e. Sind, India) Hierapolis (city in Roman Syria, mod. (region) Membij or Menbij) Elam. ḫi-in-du-iš OP 214 Gr. Ἱεράπολις RGDS (Gr.) 13 OIr. Hinduš DSm 10, der. ethn. Hiduya Pe. mnbwk (Manbūg) RGDS (Pe.) 7 A?P 13 Pth. mnbwk (Manbūg) RGDS (Pth.) 5 Gr. Ἰνδία RGDS (Gr.) 4 Hindestan (i.e. Sind, India) (region). See Pe. hndstn (Hindestān) RGDS (Pe.) 3 India. Pth. hndstn (Hindestān) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Hindu Kush, the Bactr. Ιυνδο Rabatak l.4, ap. IEOG, p. Gr. τὸ Παραπαμίσος ὄρος Arr. Anab. 204 V.5.3 Chin. (1) Shendu 身毒 (lit. “body- Lat. Paropamisadae Amm. XXIII.6.14 poison(ous)” - phonetic translit. of See also under Gandara. Hindu) SJ 123. Hira see under Vologesias. Chin. (2) Tianzhu 天竺 (= Northwest Huns, the India, Sind) HHS 88 Gr. οί Οὔννοι Zos. IV.3 Sogd. xwn Anc. Lett. II.14 (?) 12 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer Indian (adj.) Syr. ’wršlm Doc. Add. 2.15c Sogd. ’yntk’w BSTBL 10 (Intox. l. 37) Sogd. (Nest.) ’wršlm C4 56 V.6 Ionia (a province of the Achaemenid Chin. (Nest.) wulishilian 烏梨師斂 Persian Empire consisting mainly of Xuso (Xuting) Mishihuo jing ed. P.Y. the Greek cities of the Aegean coast) Saeki, Nestorian Monuments 25 (Chin. OIr. Yauna DSm 10, ethn. Yauna, ethn. text section) pl. as prov. Yaunā Jews (people/nation) Gr. ἡ Ἰωνίη Hdt. I.6.3; (ethn.) οἱ Sogd. (1) cxwd, pl. cxwdt Nachlese II, Ἴωνες Hdt. I.6.2; (adj.) Ἰωνικός Hdt. p. 66.19,20; cxwδ’ny (adj.) ST i, p. I.56.2 45.19 Iran (kingdom/nation) Chin. 石忽 [人 ] Shihu[ren] (Nest.) OIr. (1) Ērānšahr (lit. “land of the Shizun bushi lun l. 66, Aryans”) Sogd. (2) ( 13 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - Chin. Yanqi 焉耆 (JEH) HHS 88. Also Larmenaza (town in Syria, mod. Yancai 奄蔡 (lit. ‘Vast Steppe’ H&L, Armenaz) JEH) HS 96B, HHS 88. Gr. Λαρμέναζα RGDS (Gr.) 14 Karghalik (city/region, now part of the Pe. ’lmn’c (Armenāž) RGDS (Pe.) 9 Kashgar Prefecture in Xinjiang, China) Pth. ’rmn’š (Armenāž) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Chin. Xiye 西夜 lit. “western night” Libya (region/kingdom) Elam. pu-ú-ti-ḭa-ap OP 197 HHS 88 Akk. pu-u-ṭa OP 197 Karmania see Carmania. OIr. Putāya DNa 29 Kashgar or Kash (oasis city now in Gr. Λιβύη Hdt. Ι.46.3 Xinjiang, China, now known in Lob Nor (salt lake in Xinjiang, China) Chinese as Kashi 喀什 ) Chin. (1) Yanze 鹽澤 lit. “salt-swamp” Gr. Κάς (?) RGDS (Gr.) 4 SJ 123, HS 96A Pe. k’š (Kāš) RGDS (Pe.)3 Pth. k’š (Kāš) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Chin. (2) Puchanghai 蒲昌海 lit. Chin. Shule 疏勒 (JEH) HHS 88 “Puchang lake” HS 96A Loulan (city situated north of Lob Nor) Keriya (town/region in mod. Xinjiang, China) Chin. 熡蘭 CS 50 Chin. (1) Qule 渠勒 (now south of Sogd. kr’wr’n Anc. Lett. VI.5 Lo-yang see Luoyang. Keriya (JEH) HHS 88 Luoyang (Lo-yang W-G – ancient city 拘彌 Chin. (2) Jumi (JEH) HHS 88 and eastern capital of Tang China) Kermania see Karmania. Chin. 洛陽 HHS 88 Khotan (kingdom/region) Sogd. srγ Anc. Lett. II.11,13,37, srγč’n 于寘 Chin. Yutian HHS 88. SHBM ii 1.34 Kohistan see Ākaufaka. Syr. (Nest.) srg Nest. Mon. 21 Ktesiphon see Ctesiphon. Kuganaka (a town in Persia) Macedonia see Thrace. Elam. ku-ug-gán-na-qa-an OP 180 Maishan (Gr. Mesene) (region of S. Akk. ku-gu-na-ak-ka OP 180 Mesopotamia) OIr. Kuganakā DB 2.9 Gr. (1) Μεσανηνή RGDS (Gr.) 2 Kushan (region/kingdom) Gr. (2) Μαικηνή (error for Μαισηνή Gr. (τὸ) Κουσηνῶν ἔθνος RGDS ?) Strabo XVI.4.1 (Gr.) 4 Pe. myš’n (Mēšān) RGDS (Pe.) [2]. 23, Pe. kwš’nštry (Kušānšahr) RGDS (Pe.) 25, 26, 27 3 Pth. myšn (Mēšān) RGDS (Pth.) 18, Pth. kwšnhštr (Kušānšahr) RGDS 20, 21 (Pth.) 2 Syr. myšn Acta Mari 31 Bactr. κυϸανο Rabatak l.1, IEOG, p. Makhelonia (region in the Caucasus?) 204 Gr. Μαχελονία RGDS (Gr.) 3 Chin. Dongli 東離 (= eastern part of Pe. syk’n (Sīgān) RGDS (Pe.) 2 the Kushan Empire) (JEH) HHS 88 Pth. sykn (Sīgān) RGDS (Pth.) [2] Kyrrhos (town in Syria and centre of the Maka (a province of the Achaemenid region known as the Kyrrhestikē, mod. Persian Empire, cf. JAOS 56.217-8) Ḫoros or Qal‘at Nebi Huru near the Elam. ma-ak-qa OP 201 Turkish border) Akk. ma-ak OP . 201 Gr. Κύρρος RGDS (Gr.) 15 OIr. Maka DB 1.17, ethn. Maciya; pl. Pe. *kylwsy (Kir(r)os) RGDS (Pe.) 9 as prov. Maciyā A?P 29 Pth. kyrws (Kir(r)os) RGDS (Pth.) 7 Gr. ethn. pl. οἱ Μάκαι Hdt. IV.175.1 (a tribe on the Libyan coast?) 14 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer Makran, Makuran (region of S. Iran = Pe. mdy’nlwt’n (Mayānrōdān) RGDS Achaemenid Gedrosia) (Pe.) 14 Gr. Μακαράν RGDS (Gr.) 4 Pth. mdynrwtn (Maδyānrōdān) RGDS Pe. mkwl’n (Ma(u)rān) RGDS (Pe.) 3 (Pth.) 11 Pth. mkwrn (Ma(u)rān) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Syr. byt nhryn Doc. Addai 1.18 Makuran see Makran. Chin. Tiaozhi 條枝 (phonetic translit. Margiane, Marw, Merv (region in mod. of Tigar i.e. the “Tirgris” (?) DFG; = Uzbekistan) Mesopotamia or Babylonia, incl. Akk. adj. LÚ mar-gu-ma-a-a DB Characene and Susiana (?)) SJ 123. On (Akk.) 69 this see also under Arabs. OIr. Margu- DB 4.25, adj. Mārgarva- Mudraya see Egypt. DB 3.12 Mygdonia (Hellenistic name for region in Aram. mrgw DB (Aram.) 30 N. Mesopotamia around the city of Gr. (1) ἡ Μαργιανή Ἀντιόχεια Ptol. Nisibis) I.12.7, VI.10.4 Gr. Μυγδονία Polyb. V.51. Gr. (2) Μάρου RGDS (Gr.) 3 Syr. byt ‘rby’ (i.e. ‘Land of the Arbas’) Pe. mlwy (Marw) RGDS (Pe.) 2, 28 Acta Mari 8, p. 16 Pth. mrgw (Marγ) RGDS (Pth.) 2, 23 Syr.(1) mrgyws Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. Nazareth (town/city in Galilee) 208.17 Gr. Ναζαρέτ ΝΤ Mt. 2:23, Ναζαρά Syr. (2) mrw Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. ΝΤ Lk. 4:16, Ναζαρέθ ΝΤ Lk. 2:39 208.18 Syr. nčrt Pesh. Mt. 2:23 Sogd. mrwrwd (Nest.) ST ii 525.29 n. Sogd. ncrθ (Nest.) Nachlese I, 241.2 30 (form suggested by Sundermann) Mazūn see Oman. Chin. 那薩羅 Nasalo (Nest.) XYBJ l.2 Media (nation/ a province of the Nikopolis (city in Roman Cilicia Achaemenid Persian Empire) Campestris, now Islāhiye in Turkey) Elam. ma-da OP 202 Gr. Νεικόπολις (sic) RGDS (Gr.) 30 Akk. ma-da-a-a OP 202 Pe. *nykplwsy (Nīkopolos) RGDS OIr. Māda DB 47 (Pe.) 18 Aram. mdy DB (Aram.) 1, adj. mdy Pth. nykplws (Nīkopolos) RGDS (Pth.) DB (Aram.) 2 13 Gr. (1) Μηδία Arr. Anab. III.19.3, Nile (river) ethn. pl. οἱ Μῆδοι Hdt. ΙΙΙ.62.4 OIr. Pirāva DZc 9 Gr. (2) Μαδηνή RGDS (Gr.) 3 Gr. Νεῖλος Hdt. II.10.2 Pe. m’dy (Māh) RGDS (Pe.) 3 Nisibis (ancient Naṣibina, important Pth. m’d (Māδ) RGDS (Pth.) 3 Roman frontier city in N. Syria, now Merv see Margiane, Marw. Nusaibyn in S. Turkey) Mesene see Maishan. Syr. nzybyn Acta Mari 7, p. 12.7 Meshike (region / town on the right bank Gr. (1) Νίσιβις Strabo XVI.1.23 of the Euphrates, renamed Pērōz- Lat. (1) Nesibis, Plin. NH VI.42, Šābuhr q.v. by Shapur I after his Nisibis Amm. XIV.9.1; adj. Nisibenus victory over Gordian in 244 CE) id. XVIII.10.1 Gr. Μησιχί(ισ?)η (region) RGDS (Gr.) Gr. (2) Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν Μυγδονίᾳ 8; Μισιχή (town) RGDS 10 (Antiocheia in Mygdonia) Polyb. Pe. mšyk (Mišik) RGDS (Pe.) 4 V.51.1 Pth. mšyk (Mišik) RGDS (Pth.) 3 Lat. (2) Antiochia, Plin. NH VI.42 Mesopotamia (region) Niya (city in Xinjiang, China, ancient Gr. Μεσοποταμία Strabo XVI.1.21, Caḍota) RGDS (Gr.) (Gr.) 23 15 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - Chin. (Han) Ronglu 戎廬 (region south Pe. p’ld’n (Pār(a)dān) RGDS (Pe.) 3 of Niya, JEH) HHS 88 or Jingjue 精 絕 Pth. p’rtn (Pār(a)dān) RGDS (Pth.) 2 (JEH) HHS 88 Parga (a mountain in Persia) “Non-Iranians / non-Aryans)” (peoples) Elam. par-rak-qa OP 196 Gr. Ἀναριανός, pl. Ἀναριανοί RGDS Akk. KUR Pa-ar-ga DB (Akk.) 76 (Gr.) 1 OIr. Parga DB 3.44 Pe. ’nyl’n (Anērān) RGDS (Pe.) 1 Aram. [pr]g’ DB (Aram.) 46 Pth. ’ny’ry’n (Anērān) RGDS (Pth.) 1 Parthia (nation/ a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire) Oman (region/people) Elam. par-tu-ma OP 196 Gr. (τὸ) Μίζουν ἔθνος RGDS (Gr.) 5 Akk. KUR Par-ar-tu-ú cf. DB (Aram.) Pe. *mzwnštry (Mazūnšahr) RGDS p. 59 (Pe.) 3 OIr. Parθava DB 1.16, adj. Parθava- Pth. mzw[nh]štr (Mazū[n]šahr) RGDS OP 196 (Pth.) 2 Aram. prtw DB (Aram.) 29 Orhai (Gr. Edessa - city in N. Gr. (1) Παρθυηνή Mans. Parth. 1 Mesopotamia, mod. Urfa) Gr. (2) Παρθία RGDS (Gr.) 2 Syr. ’wrhy DA Pe. plswby (Pahlaw) RGDS (Pe.) 2, Gr. Ἔδεσσα RGDS (Gr.) 19 [21] Pe. ’wlh’y (Urhā) RGDS (Pe.) 12 Pth. prtw (Parθaw) RGDS (Pth.) [1], 16 Pth. ’wrh’y (Urhā) RGDS (Pth.) 9 Chin. Anxi šē (from the Pth. dynastic Oxus (river, mod. Amu Darya) name of Aršak) SJ 123 Gr. Ὄξυς Arr. Anab. IV.15.7 Pasargadae (city) Pe. Wehrōd (lit. ‘the good river’) EI OIr. Paišiyāuvādā DB 3.42 I.996. Gr. ὁ Πασαργάδης (m. sg.) Hdt. Chin. (1) (Han) Guishui 媯 水 lit. “Gui IV.167.1; αἱ Πασαργάδαι (f.pl.) Ctes. River” (BW) SJ 123 Pers. 35 (FGrH no. 90 F 66)) Pashkibour see Peshawar. Chin. (2) (Tang) Wuhuhe 烏滸河 CTS Pērōz-Šābuhr (lit. “victorious is Shapur” 221b – city on the left bank of the Euphrates = mod. Anbar) Palmyra see Tadmor. Gr. Πήρωσσαβουρ RGDS (Gr.) 5, 10 Pamirs, the (mountain range) Pe. prywzšhpwhry (Pērōz-Šābuhr) Gr. Ἰμάος Ptol. VI.15.1 RGDS (Pe.) 6 Chin. Congling 葱嶺 (lit. “onion- Pth. prgwzšhypwhr (Pērōz-Šābuhr) ridge”) HS 96A; HHS 88. RGDS (Pth.) 4 Pamphylia (coastal region of SE Asia Persepolis (city, capital of Persis, now in Minor, later name of a Roman the prov. of Fars, Iran) province, wrongly translated as Gr. Περσεπόλις Strabo XV.3.1 Καμπανία in the RGDS (Ge.) 21) Pe. ststwn-y (Sadestūn) (lit. (city of) ‘a Gr. Παμφυλία Strab. XIV.2, (ethn.) hundred pillars’) Cf. SassS 259 Πάμφυλοι Hdt. I.28 Persia (nation/ a province of the Pe. pmply’y (Pamf iliyā) RGDS (Pe.) Achaemenid Persian Empire) 13 Elam. parš-ip OP 196 Pth. pmpl’y’ (Pamfiliyā) RGDS (Pth.) Akk. KUR Par-su DB (Akk.) 31, adj. 10 LÚ Par-sa-a DB (Akk.) 44 Syr. pmpwly’ Pesh. Acts 2:10 OIr. Pārsa- (adj.; also masc. as sb.) DB Paradan (region) 1.14, adj. Pārsa DB 1.49 Gr. Παραδηνή RGDS (Gr.) 4 Aram. prs DB (Aram.) 36, adj. prsy DB (Aram.) 2 16 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer Gr. (1) Πέρσης Hdt. I.140.1 Seleukidae? JEH or Seleukeia; Rekem, Gr. (2) Περσίς RGDS (Gr.) 2 i.e. Petra, DFG), HHS 88 Pe. p’lsy (Pārs) RGDS (Pe.) 1 Rephanea (city in Syria, mod. Rafniye) Pth. p’rs (Pārs) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Gr. Ῥεφανέα RGDS (Gr.) 14 Sogd. p’rs (Pārs) C2 1R6 Pe. rpnywsy (?) (Refaniyos) RGDS Syr. byt prsy’ Acta Mari 31, p. 74 (Pe.) 8 Chin. (1) (Buddh.) Bolasi 波 剌 斯 Pth. rpnyws (?) (Refaniyos) RGDS DTXYJ XI,37.1 (Pth.) 6 Chin. (2) Bosi 波斯 JTS 198 Rhages (a district in Media, now Rai near Persian (adj. and ethn.) Tehran) Akk. LÚ Par-sa-a DB (Akk.) 44 Elam. rak-qa-an OP 205 OIr. Pārsa- (adj.; also masc. as sb.) DB Akk. ra-qa- OP 205 1.14, adj. Pārsa DB 1.49 OIr. Ragā DB 3.2 Sogd. p’arsyq (pārsik) C2 1R9 Roman (and Byzantine) Empire, the, Peshawar (city, now in mod. Pakistan) Gr. (1) ἡ Ῥωμαίων ἀρχή RGDS (Gr.) Sanskr.(?) Puruṣapura W&A 106 7 Gr. ethn. (τὸ) Πασκιβούρων (ἔθνος) Gr. (2) Ῥωμανία (late classical) RGDS (Gr.) 4 Athan. Hist. Arian. 35, PG 1.733C Pe. pškpwly (Paškabūr) RGDS (Pe.) 3 Syr. (ethn.) rhwmy’ ‘Romans’ Doc. Pth. pškbwr (Paškabūr) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Addai 1.10 Chin. Fulousha 富樓沙 BS 97 Pe. (1) hlwmy (Hrōm), RGDS (Pe.) 4, hrwm ’dyn štry (Hrōmāyīn šahr, lit. Petra see Rekem. “kingdom of the Romans”) RGDS (Pe.) Phoenicia (region of the Levant, mod. 16 Lebanon) Pe. (2) (Manich.) hrwm (Hrōm) M2 I R Gr. (1) Φοινείκη Strab. Geog. i 2 XVI.2.21 Pth. (1) prwm (Frōm) RGDS (Pth.) 3, Gr. (2) Φονείκη RGDS (Gr.) 21 prwmyn hštr (Frōmāyīn šahr, lit. Pe. pwnky’y (Fōnikiyā) RGDS (Pe) 14 “kingdom of the Romans”) RGDS Pth. pnky’y (Fōnikiyā) RGDS (Pth) 10 (Pth.) 12 Putaya see Libya. Pth. (2) frwm (Frōm) (Manich.) M216c+M1750 R 12 Qennisrin see Chalkis. Turk. purum KT E4 Qilian (mountain range) Sogd. frwmcyq (Frūmčīk) (adj.) (Nest.) Chin. Nanshan 南山 (lit. “southern ST i, frwmcyqty z’y (lit. ‘Roman mountains”, JEH) HHS 88. territory) STSC, 4.15 (form suggested by editor); frwmyq (Frūmīk) (adj.) Rakha (place-name, a town (?) in Persia) (Nest.) C2 86R3 Elam. rak-qa-an OP 205 Chin. (1) Da Qin 大秦 (lit. “Great Qin Akk. DB (Akk.) URU Ra-[ḥa-]’ DB (Dynasty)” or “Great China”) HHS 88 (Akk.) 74 (N.B. the term might have originally Aram. rḥ’ DB (Aram.) 41 been applied to the Seleucid Empire) OIr. Raxā DB 3.34 拂林 Rekem (Semitic name for Petra – city in Chin. (2) Fulin JTS 198, also Arabia) (Buddh.) Fulin 拂懍 DTXYJ 11, p. 37.9 Nab. Raqmu QGN N.060.05.02.3, p. (= T 2087, 938a25) 221 Chin. (3) Lumei 蘆眉 ( 17 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - Romans, the (and the Byzantines) Sogd. sm’rkndh Anc. Lett. II.20 Gr. οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι RGDS (Gr.) 8 Chin. Samojian 颯秣建 DTXYJ I,21.9 Syr. (ethn.) rhwmy’ ‘Romans’ Doc. Sardis (eponymous chief city of a Addai 1.10 province of the Achaemenid Persian Pe. hrwm’dyn (Hrōmāyīn) RGDS (Pe.) Empire, formerly the kingdom of 5 Lydia) Pth. prwmyn (Frōmāyīn) RGDS (Pth.) Lydian Śfard- OP 210 4 Elam. iš-par-da OP 210 Pth. (Manich.) frwm’y (Frōmāy) (lit. Akk. sa-ar-du OP 210 “a Roman”) M1321 V 9 OIr. Sparda DSm 7 Sogd. (Nest.) frwmčyqt’ (pl.) Gr. aἱ Σάρδιες Hdt. I.7.2 ‘Romans’ ST ii 1.57 Satala (city and important Roman Rome see Romans. military base on the Upper Euphrates, now Sadak in NE Turkey) Sagartia (a northwestern province of the Gr. Σάταλα RGDS (Gr.) 17 Achaemenid Persian Empire) Pe. s’t 18 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer Gr. Σίνζαρα RGDS (Gr.) 16 Pe. swšy (Sūš) RGDS (Pe.) 11 Pe. sncly (Sinzar) RGDS (Pe.) 9 Pth. swšy (Sūš) RGDS (Pth.) 8 Pth. syzry (Sīzar) RGDS (Pth.) 7 Syr. šwš Acta Mari 31, p. 72.1See also Sittacaene (region in S. Mesopotamia) Susiana. Gr. Σιτακηνή Strabo XVI.17.1; (ethn.) Sūristān (= Assyria, esp. re the region οἱ Σιττακηνοί Arr. Anab. III.8.5 around Seleucia and Ctesiphon) Sogdia(na) (nation/region - a province of Sogd. swrstn KG 354 (Manich.) the Achaemenid Persian Empire) (Southern Mesopotamia round the Elam. šu-ug-da OP 209 royal cities Seleucia-Ctesiphon) Akk. su-ug-du OP 209 Chin. (1) (Budd.) Sulasatangna 蘇剌薩 OIr. Suguda DB 1.16 儻那 ( swndyqy’) Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. 204.7 Tadmor (city in the Syrian Desert more 栗弋 Chin. (1) Liyi (orthographic error popularly known as Palmyra) for Suyi 粟 弋 ?) HHS 88 Aram. (Palm.) tdmwr CIS II Chin. (2) Suli 窣利 DTXYJ I,18.5 3944(Palm.).3 Khot. ethn. sūlī, pl. sūlya, adj. sūlina Gr. Πάλμυρα CIS II 3913(Gr.).1 KhT vii 76-78 Chin. Qielan 且蘭 (?) WS 30.862 Chin. (2) Kangju 康居 (region Copt. ( 19 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - Tibet (region/kingdom, now an Pe. ’wln’y (Urnā) RGDS (Pe.) 7 autonomous region of China) Pth. ’wrn’y (Urnā) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Turk. tüpüt KT E4 Uvadaicaya (a town in Pars) Syr. byt twpt’y’ (Bēt Tūptāye) Elam. ma-te- ṣi-iš OP 177 Chin. Xizang 西藏 (lit. “western OIr. Uvādaicaya DB 3.51 despository” or “western hide-away”) Uvarazmīy see Chorasmia. Tigra (a fortress in Armenia) Uyama (a fortress in Armenia) Akk. URU Di-ig-ra DB (Akk.) 51 Aram. huyaw Cowley AP 251 OIr. Tigra DB 2.39 Elam. ú-i-ḭa-ma OP 176 Aram. tgr DB (Aram.) 12 OIr. Uyamā DB 2.44 Tigris (river) OIr. Tigrā- DB 1.85 Vologesias (a Parthian city in Lower Gr. (1) Τίγρης (f.) Hdt. I.189.1 Mesopotamia) Gr. (2) Τίγρiς (m.) Strabo XVI.1.21 Gr. (Palm.) Ὀλογασία, Déd. Pe. dglty Paik. 20§38 13.6.[23]; Ὀλογαισία Inv. X 112.7 Chin. Tiaozhi 條枝 (?) (see also under Aram. (Palm.) ’lgšy’ CIS II 3933.4 Arabs) Chin. 於羅 Yuluo (Vologesias, SNCL, Tuobawei see China. Charax Spasinou, JEH; Hira, FH) HHS Trans-Oxiana (region of C. Asia) 88. Chin. 康居 Kangju (region Tashkent plus the Chu, Talas, and middle Wakhān (region in mod. Afghanistan) Jaxartes basins JEH = Sogdiana? v. Chin. Xiumi 休密 (Western Wakhān supra) SJ 123 and Zibak JEH) HHS 88 Tun-huang see Dunhuang. “Western Region(s)”, the Tura (region, now in Uzbekistan) Chin. Xiyu 西域 HHS 88 Xiao Yuan 小宛 (lit. “little Yuan” or “Lesser Ferghana”, JEH) HHS 88 Yarkand (city and region, now in the Turan (vassal kingom of the Sasanian Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang, China) Empire, north of Makuran, term later Chin. Shache 莎車 (Suoche JEH) HHS used of Central Asia) 88 Gr. Τουρηνή RGDS (Gr.) 4 Yarkhoto (mod. name of city west of Pe. twr’n (Tūrān) RGDS (Pe.) 3 Turfan in Xinjiang, China) Pth. twgrn (Tuγrān) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Chin. Jiaohe 交河 HHS 88 Turfan (city and region, mod. Turpan or Yautiya (a district in Achaemenid Persia) Tulofan 吐魯番 in Xinjiang, China) OIr. Yautiyā DB 3.23 Chin. Jushi Qian 車師前 lit. “nearer Ye (major trading city in China) carriage-driver” (JEH) HHS 88 Chin. 鄴 Turks, the (people) Sogd. ’nkp’ Anc. Lett. II.13 Turk. türk bodun (lit. “Turkish people”) KT E6 Zabdicene (a Transtigritanian region) Chin. tujue 突厥 SS 84 Gr. Ζαβδικηνή Petr. Patr. Hist. frag. Gr. οἱ Τούρκοι Men. Prot. Hist. 10 14 (FHG iv 180) Tzin(i)stan see China. Lat. Zabdicena Amm. XXV.187.9 Syr. byt zbdy Acta Mari 8 Urfa see Orhai. Zazana (a town on the Euphrates above Urima (city in Syria, mod. Horum Babylon) Huyuk) Elam. za-iz-sa-an OP 211 Gr. Οὔρινα RGDS (Gr.) 14 Akk. za-za-an-nu OP 211 OIr. Zazāna DB 1.92 20 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer Zeugma (Sem. lit. “ford or crossing” - a city commanding the most important crossing on the Eurphrates in Syria) Gr. Ζεῦγμα RGDS (Gr.) 14, Strabo XVI.1.22 Pe. zwm’y (Zōmā) RGDS (Pe.) 8 Pth. zwm’ (Zōmā) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Chin. Feiqiao 飛橋 (?) (lit.”flying bridge”, i.e. Zeugma, DFG) HHS 88 Zibak see Wakhān Zuzahya (a town in Armenia) Elam. zu-iz-za OP 211 Akk. zu-ú-zu OP 211 OIr. Zūzahya DB 2.33 21 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - INDEX 2 Chinese-English Alanliao 阿 蘭聊 the Alans (JEH) HHS Gaochang 高昌 Karakhoja (near Turfan) 88. HHS 88. Aman 阿蠻 (Ariana, Herat, JEH; Gaofu 高附 Kabul (JEH) HHS 88. Ecbatana, Hamadan, DFG, SNCL) Guhu 孤胡 (lit. “lone barbarian”, mod. HHS 88. Dawan Cheng, JEH) HHS 88. Anxi 安息 (from Ar/nsak) Parthia SJ 123, Guishuang 貴霜 (Badakhshān and the HHS 88. adjoining territories north of the Oxus, JEH) HHS 88. Bahana 拔汗那 Ferghana ZZTC 211 Guishui 媯 水 (lit. “Gui River”, the Amu Darya, BW) SJ 123. Congling 葱嶺 (lit. “onion-ridge”) the Pamirs HS 96A; HHS 88. Haixi 海西 (‘West of the Sea’ = Egypt (?), JEH) HHS 88. Da Yuezhi 大月氏 see under Yuezhi 月 Han 漢 Title of ruling dynasty of China 氏 . (202 BCE - 220 CE), also used to Da Qin 大秦 lit. “Great Qin (Qin – title signify China vis à vis the non-Chinese of dynasty 221-207 BCE used also to SJ 123. designate China)” i.e. the Graeco- Hedu 和 櫝 (Hecatompylos?, JEH) HHS Roman Empire HHS 88. 88. Danhuan 單桓 probably around the Hexi 河西 (lit. “West of the River (i.e. the southern shore of (Lake)m Ebi Nur Huanghe) - Chinese territory west of (JEH) HHS 88. the Huang He JEH) HHS 88 Daxia 大夏 lit. “Great Summer” or Hujiangu 呼 鞬 谷 (Hujian Gorge, ) “Great China” = Bactria (comm. op.) SJ 123. Jiaohe 交河 Yarkhoto HHS 88. Dayuan 大宛 Ferghana (comm. op.) SJ Jincheng 金城 (lit. “gold-city”, mod. 123. Lanzhou fu, JEH) HHS 88. Dere 德若 place in the region of modern Jingjue 精 絕 Caḍota/Niya (JEH) HHS Mazar – mod. Bazar Dara to the west 88. of Shahidullah (JEH) HHS 88. Jinman cheng 金滿城 (lit. “city full of Dianyue 滇越 Vietnam (?) SJ 123. gold” - city near Guchen, JEH) HHS Dongli 東離 lit. “The Eastern Division” 88. (i.e. of the Kushan Empire) (JEH) HHS Jiuquan 酒泉 (lit. ”wine-spring” - one of 88. the four commanderies of Hexi 河西 Dong Qiemi 東且彌 i.e. “eastern” Qiemi JEH) HHS 88. – kingdom to the north of the Pamirs Jumi 拘彌 (mod. Keriya, JEH) HHS 88. (Stein, ap. JEH) HHS 88. Jushi Houbu 車師後部 (lit. “Further (i.e. Dumi 都密 (the region of Termez, JEH) Northern) Jushi” Jimasa, JEH) HHS HHS 88. 88. Dunhuang 敦煌 SJ 123, HHS 88. Jushi Qian 車師前 lit. “Nearer (i.e. Southern) Jushi“ Turfan (JEH) HHS Feiqiao 飛橋 (lit.”flying bridge”, i.e. 88. Zeugma in Syria, DFG) HHS 88. 22 A Multi-lingual Gazetteer Kangju 康居 Trans-Oxiana (BW) = Ruoshui 弱水 (lit. “weak river” ? JEH) Sogdiana? SJ 123. HHS 88. Lanshi cheng 藍市城 (lit. “city of the Samojian 颯秣建 Samarkand (city in blue market, Bactra, BW) SJ 123; mod. Uzbekistan, aka Smarakanse) Lanshi cheng 藍氏 城 (lit. “city of the DTXYJ 1.21 blue clan”, mod. Baghlan, JEH) HHS Shanshan 鄯 善 Charkhlik (ancient 88. kingdom of Loulan/Kroraina, capital Lijian 梨 鞬 (alt. name for Da Qin = near modern Ruoqiang, JEH) HHS 88. Seleukidae? JEH, Rekem, i.e. Petra) Shendu 身毒 lit. “body-poisonous” HHS 88. (phonetic translit. of Hindu) India SJ Liusha 流沙 (lit. “shifting sands” ?, JEH) 123. HHS 88. Shuangmi 雙靡 Shighnān (JEH) HHS 88. Liuzhong 柳中 (city north of Hami, mod. Shule 疏勒 Kashgar (JEH) HHS 88. Lukchun, JEH) HHS 88. Sibin 斯賓 Susa (JEH), Ctesiphon Liyi 栗弋 or Suyi 粟 弋 Sogdiana HHS (SNCL) HHS 88. 88. Shache 莎車 Yarkand (JEH) HHS 88. Lixuan 黎軒 Hyrcania (BW) SJ 123. Sulasatangna 蘇剌薩儻那 ( Nanshan 南山 (lit. “southern hills”, i.e. Tianzhu 天竺 Northwestern India, Sind the Qilian range, JEH) HHS 88. HHS 88. Tiaozhi 條枝 (phonetic translit. of Tigris Pishan 皮山 (lit. “skin-hill”, mod. Pishan or Huzi(stan) or of Tāzig, i.e. the or Guma (JEH) HHS 88. Arabs) the name is usually taken to Puchang hai 蒲昌海 (lit. Puchang Lake mean S. Mesopotamia or Babylonia, or Sea, mod. Lob Nor) incl. Characene and Susiana Pulei 蒲類 (formerly a kingdom near (Huzistan), or of the Seleucid Empire Lake Barkol, JEH) HHS 88. in general SJ 123, HHS 88. Puda 濮達 Paktiya (JEH) HHS 88. Wuhuhe 烏滸河 Amu Darya, river CTS Qiemi see under Dong Qiemi. 221b Qiemo 且末 Cherchan (JEH) HHS 88. Wusun 烏孫 lit. “crow-grandson” – a Qiuci 龜茲 Kucha (JEH) HHS 88. Tocharian-speaking people = Ἀσμίραιοι of Ptolemy (VI.16.3) 渠勒 Qule (south of) Keriya (JEH) HHS whose homeland was (mod.) Issyk-kol 88. and Semirechiye (JEH) SJ 123, HS 96A, HHS 88. 日南 Rinan (lit. “sun-south”, command- Wutanzili 烏貪 訾 離 (southeast of Ebi ery commandey south of Jiaozhi, JEH) Nur, JEH) HHS 88. HHS 88. Wuyishanli 烏弋山離 Arachosia (and 戎廬 Ronglu (region south of Niya, JEH) Drangiana) (JEH) HHS 88. HHS 88. 23 Places and Peoples in Central Asia and the Graeco-Roman Near East - Wuyi 烏弋 abridgement for Wuyishanli Zhongguo 中國 lit. “Middle Kingdom” 烏弋山離 HHS 88. vis à vis the barbarians of the Western Regions SJ 123. Xiao Yuan 小宛 Tura (JEH) HHS 88. Zihe 子合 lit. “son(s) agreeing” Shahi- Xidun 月兮頓 (the region of Balkh and dulla (JEH) HHS 88. Sheberghan, JEH) HHS 88. Xiongnu 匈奴 lit. “fearsome slave” Huns (?) SJ 123, HHS 88. Xiumi 休密 Western Wakhān and Zibak (JEH) HHS 88. Xiye 西夜 lit. “western night”, Karghalik HHS 88. Xiyu 西域 Western Region(s) HS 96A, HHS 88 Yan 嚴 kingdom in the northern Urals (?) (JEH) HHS 88. Yancai 奄蔡 Karashahr (?) (H&L) SJ 123, HS 96B, HHS 88. Yangguan 陽關 (frontier pass south of Dunhuang, JEH) HHS 88. Yanqi 焉耆 Karashahr (JEH) HHS 88. Yanze 鹽澤 (lit. salt-marsh) Lob Nor SJ 123, HS 96A. Yangguan (lit. “Yang Barrier”) HS 96A Yiwu 伊吾 Hami (RAM, JEH) HHS 88. Yiwulu 伊吾盧 see Yiwu HHS 88. Yizhi 移支 Barkol (JEH) HHS 88. Yuezhi 月氏 lit. “Moon-tribe” or Da Yuezhi 大月氏 lit. “Great Moon-tribe” Scythians (?) Indo-Scythians (BW); Tocharians (HWB; hence the Kushans, JEH) SJ 123, HHS 88. Yuli 郁立 mod. Fukang (JEH) HHS 88. Yuluo 於羅 (Charax Spasinou, JEH; Hira, FH, Vologesias, SNCL) HHS 88. Yumen 玉門 (lit. “jade-barrier”, frontier pass near Dunhuang and at the head of the Gansu Corridor) HS 96A; HHS 88. Yumi 扜 鰛 region near Khotan SJ 123 Yutian 于寘 or 于闐 Khotan SJ 123, HS 96A, HHS 88. Yutian Nanshan 於 窴 南山 (mod. Karakax Shan, JEH) HHS 88. 24