International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science (IJASHSS) Available online at http://www.ijashss.com Volume 7, Issue 4 (2018) pp. 426-436 Original Article Pars Sea: Maritime Connection between and Indian Subcontinent Ali Ahmadalizadeh1*, Nader Karimian Sardashti2 1Research Organization and Curriculum Development, Ministry of Education, Tehran, Iran 2The Faculty of Tourism, Handicraft, Cultural Heritage of Search in statute, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 24 October 2018, Revised: 05 December 2018, Accepted: 20 December 2018 ABSTRACT Pars Sea has witnessed critical events that have affected the history of Iran, some positively and some negatively. Babylonians and Assyrians called Pars Sea as the lower sea (in the direction of Mesopotamia downstream). This sea was called Pars Sea on the inscription from Darius Ierafound along the connecting channel between Nile River and Suez Canal. The naming of Pars Sea stemmed from being the connecting waterway to Pars Gulf inland or Iran. Achaemenid Dynasty who ruled Pars extended its reign from Mediterranean on the west to Indian Sea, Send River, and Pamir Plateau on the East. The north part of their territory included the area from Black Sea to Lake Baikal including Khawrezm and Khazar on the North. Neighborly relation with India strengthened the economic, political, and cultural relations of the two countries. Pars Sea served as the main waterway between East and west. This waterway was sometime referred as Silk Waterway. This article is a discussion of Iran-India maritime relations through Pars Sea. Keywords: Pars Sea, Indian Subcontinent, , Iran, Pre-Islamic Era, Silk Waterway, Maritime.

Introduction Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian Prime religion of India and Zoroaster religion of Minister, wrote in his book, "Among many Iran shared common beliefs. Vedic nations who were connected to India and Sanskrit language and Ancient Pahlavi had cultural influence, Iranians maintained language, , were similar in many the longest continual relation through Silk respects" (Nehru, 1977). Waterway. The relationship between Iran The beginning of Iran-India relation is and India dates back to pre-Indian-Arian not clear in the long history of the two civilization. Indian and Arian nations ancient civilizations. However, the shared common roots with ancient diplomatic relationship between the two Iranians who chose different geographical countries started as soon as governments areas for their settlement. The two were formed in these two countries and nations rose from a single race. They had politics governed the relationship between similar religions and languages. Vedic two countries. As political and cultural 426 | Page

Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 relations between Iran and India Research Question and Hypothesis developed, so did the economic relation. The main question in this article is what The history of political-economic facilitated the historical relationships relation between Iran and India is longer between Iran and India through Pars Sea. than 2500 years. Iranians established The ship building industry played an relationships with other nations and important role in facilitating the governments starting from 1000 BC. relationship. This relationship, in turn, These relationships developed into was instrumental in the development of political-cultural-economic ties. Ancient ship building industry. This paper Iran was connected to Egypt and Greece attempts to describe the types of through Mediterranean Sea. She was also commercial, political, and cultural connected to Far East countries, like India, relations that existed between the two through the caravan roads that ended in countries. China on the north. Therefore, Iran played an active role in international trading and Research Methodology cultural transactions at that time via sea and land. This study was a library research. The data used in this study was taken from Research Significance many literature and library resources including ancient and historical texts, Iran and India are two countries with long mostly from pre-Islamic era. history and very established political governments. These two countries formed Literature Review two ancient civilizations sharing common heritage and taking influence from each Books and articles written about Iran and other. Identification of the bilateral India maritime relation are very rare. This influences is important in a study of study may be the first one about the role of political-cultural-economic-trading Pars Sea in the relationship between Iran relations between the two countries. Pars and Indian Subcontinent. Sea served as the connecting waterway between the two nations and was History of Iran-India Relation instrumental in facilitating their History of Iran-India relation includes five relationship. This study is a detailed historic periods. examination of the significance of Pars Sea Pre-Achaemenid Era (Persian Gulf) referred here as Silk Waterway. Pre-historic people who lived in Iran Plateau maintained relations with Research Objective neighboring and far away nations. The silk people who lived near Kashan5000 years The main objective of this study is to BC were from the same race as of Indians. provide a pre-Islamic historical account of Thus, they stayed in close contact with political-economic-trading relations them. between Iran and India through Pars Sea. About 4000 years BC, during a period Pars Sea was the connecting waterway called Vedic, Arian nations were either still which facilitated trade of goods as well as living together or had just segregated into political and cultural exchange. Iran and India, yet, they remembered their

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Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 after Book of Veda as one of the oldest Will Durant stated in his book, religious books. RigVeda is the oldest "Dravidian is the name of people and the section of Book of Veda which dates back name of their languages. Some people to 4000 years BC. Rig Veda mentioned an with brown skin and long head came to account Arian nation before they north and northwest of India at lEast one segregated to settle in Iran and India. thousand years before Arians migrated to Veda language and particularly, Rig Veda India. Dravidian languages are taken from are similar to Avesta language. their culture. It appears that Dravidians Boghazkoiinscription found in 1907 in were the first people who formed a ancient capital of Hittians in Asia Minor, civilization in Send Valley. They had whose inscriptions dates back to 1400 to advanced social and political systems 1300 BC, mentioned a number of Vedic (Durant, 1986). Without any doubt, their Gods including Indra, Varuna, Mitra, migration to Iran has been through sea. Venasattia (Nahid)as guarantors of the That may explain why their successors still treaty between Hittie and Mitani, the two live on seashore. nations residing west of Iran plateau. Euphrates and Tigris Rivers were the What we can deduce from this inscription two main waterways connecting east to is that Arian nation of Iran and India had west during Pre-Achaemenidae Era. These not separated yet in 1400 BC and Vedic two rivers through Pars Sea served as the religion had extended far beyond Iran connecting waterway between India and Plateau to reach Asia Minor (Mashkoor, Mediterranean Sea. During Chaldean King 1976). Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 BC) reign, Dravidian was the most populated city Tredon Port on Persian Gulf was the of India before Arian nation invasion and intermediary trading port between India settlement in India. This name is now and Soor Port in Phoeniciain referred to a group residing in south of Mediterranean Sea – presently in Lebanon. India, Baluchistan, and Persian Gulf Goods from India would be shipped to Shores. These people may be successors of Tredon Port, and then they would go Dravidian people (Mosahab, 1966). through Euphrates Valley to Syria. The Ethnological findings prove the ancient goods would then be transported from relationship between Iran and India before Syria inland to Phoenicia and its Arian tribes' migration to India and Iran ports.During Pre-Achaemenid era, this Plateau. The findings show that the route was more important than the current language spoken by Brahui tribes, waterway through Red Sea and Nile River. who reside in Baluchistan highlands and Iranians preferred inland routes over Persian Gulf seashore, is related to one of waterways. They used Euphrates River as Dravidian dialects spoken south of India. an irrigation channel and a defensive This may indicate that Dravidian people barrier. Iranians used India-Red Sea withdrew from Iran to India and resided in waterway for their trades. Trading ships south of Indian Subcontinent after Arian could travel from India to countries along tribes invasion. Only one tribe remained Mediterranean Sea after the canal between in Baluchistan and also scantly throughout Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea started its Persian Gulf Islands and Seashores who operation (Eghtedari, 1965). kept their language intact (AfsharYazdi, Trading ships could take one of the two 1985). routes to India. One way was to make calls at two busy ports on Oman Seashore by

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Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 the name of Sohar and Muscat. The ships such as astronomy due to their important would then sail to KolemMeli (Ceylon) in rolein navigation. He established a south Malabar. This was the same route university in Egypt as part of this effort. taken by ships destined to China. The Later, wild hens and roosters from India other way was to make calls to Kish Island, were taken from Indian forests and Old Hormoz, and Tiz in Markan (Hoorani, transferred to countries along 1969). Mediterranean Sea. They became the local Achaemenid Era birds of the west (IIliff, 1953). India-Iran relations during Achaemenid was established in era influenced architecture and inscription 559 BC. They formed a strong centralized in India. Ashoka (372-232 BC), the famous government throughout Iran which has Buddhist king of India, built a palace in his recorded the oldest political relations with capital, Pataliputra, fashioned after other nations. KuroshKabir, as the first Dariush palaces. A hall with hundred ruler of Achaemenid, annexed most of columns fashioned after states under Median Empire through Achaemenidpalaces was found in the area negotiations and direct conflicts. Thus, in 1896. Another hall with eighty columns Assyria, Armenia, Cappadocia, and was discovered in 1912. The columns in mountains of Iran Plateau became part of this hall were single piece polished Achaemenid Empire. During Kurosh reign, columns similar to columns found in Achaemenid government made peace Apadana Hall in TakhtJamshid. The agreement with Greeks of Asia Minor, architect of this historical site was Kilikian, and Babylonian in 538 and 543- influenced by Achaemenid palaces in 546 BC (Mahmid, 1982). TakhtJamshid. DariushKabir conquered India and Ashoka established the tradition of crossed Send River to annex India to his inscription for the first time in India in kingdom in 512 BC. Send and Punjab imitation of inscriptions made during Provinces were among rich and wealthy Dariush and other Achaemenid kings. The parts of Indian. They paid their annual remains of Ashoka inscriptions still exist in dues in gold to Iran and according to Gaya Mountains in Indian Bihar State. Herodotus. Iran sold the gold to Rome. There are many works of arts from Ashoka Inland routes of Achaemenid period were time that show the influence of Iran arts used during the reign of Alexander and his and architecture in India Subcontinent. successors, as known as Solookian kings. They are the evidences of relationship However, they were unable to utilize the between the two countries, especially vast maritime routes of the same period maritime, during Dariush reign (Mashkoor, which covered east of Africa, Red Sea, Pars 1976). Sea, and all the way to Indian shores Persian Gulf islands maintained close (Eghtedari, 1965). ties with India Subcontinent during Achaemenid era. Kish Island was one of Dariush dispatched discoverers and the main centers of pearl fishery in Persian searchers, such as Silaksto India as part of Gulf. It was the pearl trading port between his efforts to turn Iran into a maritime Mesopotamia and India. Yaqut al-Hamawi power. This initiation is rare in the history wrote in seventh century AH about the of civilizations. He encouraged the marine trade between India and Persian development of certain scientific fields Gulf region where ships would make

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Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 frequent calls to Kish Island (Yaqut al- area that included Persian Gulf, Mocran Hamawi, 1966). Sea, and Eritrea Sea according to old maps The trade between Kish Island and (Gutschmidt, 1965). India was mentioned in a story by Sheikh Maurya Empire was established by Saadi when he met a trader who said he Chandragupta in north of India one and a had funds in India and planned to take half century after withdrawal of Alexander Indian steel to Halab– or Aleppo, Syria from India. It had two states, namely, (Hamidi, 1990). Alakozai and Kedrozai (old names of Another document attesting to the old Afghanistan and Baluchistan). Maurya relationship between Persian Gulf Islands Empire became neighbor to Solkidian and India was mentioned in a story by Sir Empire. The neighborly relation between William Ouseley about the naming of Kish these two countries promoted marine Island. According to a hand-written Farsi traveling and trades to northwest of India book, the naming of Kish Island came via routes to Send River Valley (Illiff, about after a son of a poor widower by the 1953). Iran cultural and architecture name of Ghayse boarded a ship to India influence can be observed throughout with his cat in an attempt to escape Chandragupta territory (Vilrus, quoted in poverty. It was a time when India was Pigat, V. 4, p. 85). infested by mice growth. The number of Further Iran influence on India is mice has increased so much that they evident from fifth century BC. For would freely feed on King's meal. Several example, Young and Miller reported that servants had to stand guard to disperse Indian holed silver coins were modeled mice at king's meal time. Ghayse heard after Iranian coins. Kharosthi Alphabet about the problem and brought his cat to found in Taxila was taken from Iranian chase the mice away. The mice Arami Alphabet of Zoroastrian religion. disappeared from the scene in a short Among artifacts found in Taxila are two period and Indian King gave him valuable valuable jewelries that earlier thought that rewards. Ghayse returned to Sirafand took they were Greek but later they were his mother and brothers with him. This recognized as belonging to Achaemenidae Island is called Kish which is Farsi name era (Ancient India Book, V. 1, p. 32; ibid, V. for Ghayse after this incidence (Wilson, 4, p. 94). 1969). Parthian Era Solookian Era MehrdadII (132-78 BC) marked the revival The eastern territory under Alexander rule of political relations between Iran and east included Iran and certain parts of India. and west. He benefited from the strategic The area was kept in Solookian era (330- position of his territory as the midway 312 BC) which included Alexander of stop on the trading routes to India and Macedonia and his successors. The area China, mainly in cause of Silk Road. The was divided into 14 Satrapies. Persian Parthians provided direct security over Gulf Islands and Pars Country was one trading and military routes including Silk Satrapy (Diaconoff, 1972). Solookians Road, Silk Maritime, Spice Road, and Pearl ruled 25 to 28 Satrapies (312-129 BC). A Road. Satrapy was divided into Aparkhies. An Pars territory remained independent Aparkhy was divided into Hyparkhies. during . Mayer wrote in Satrap was the territory along Eritrea, an reference to Pripolus: "Pars never became

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Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 a part of Parthian Empire, though Pars and Mid Asia as a way to gain control of Kings had accepted their superiority." trading land routes. (Pripolus, 1927; Strabon, 1866). Pars Sassanid kings had always expressed territory includedKarmania shores interest to expand and strengthen their (Mocran State in Baluchistan) and the relation with India depending on the shoreline along north of Persian Gulf political-economic conditions of the time. opposite Suadi Arabia in Sea of Oman. BahramGur of Sassanid made a trip to IsidoreKharaschmentionedArdeshir as one India (Mir Khand, V. 1, pp. 360-62). of Pars Kings. Other kings whose names According to IbnJarir al-Tabari, are stamped on coins areDariush, Nersi, BahramGur took a wife from India - an Tirdad, Manoochehr, etc. (Mimir, V. 2, p. Indian Princess from Maharaja Adhirajah, 452). Megadha and KanavajiDynasty. The territory covering Pars, Karmania, DeibelMocranplus parts of territoryalong southern shore of Persian Gulf, and Send River were her dowry (Tabari, 1889). current Oman was under Iranian rule at Rawlinson has rejected Tabari's account of the time of Pripolus. Governing this vast BahramGur marriage to an Indian princess area was only possible with marine power. (Rawlinson, 1876). However, Parok has Iranians who lived in Karmania most likely accepted Tabari's account without had sea going fleet even before Pripolus argument (Parok, 1924). time (Hadi Hassan, 1976, p. 9). There are Deibel is a wealthy port at Send River other documents that prove the marine mouth. Mocran and Send are marine capabilities of Iranians who lived in states. The best interpretation from Karmania. Capitan EimarehKermani, Tabari's account is that Iranians extended BozorgIbnShahriar, Mas'oodi, and other their economic control from Mocran to writers have mentioned about marine Deibel Port. Maritime activities of Iranians capabilities of Karmania. Marine can be confirmed by following events. experience from long time rivalry between Iranian fleet was in competition with Mocran and Kerman (Karmania) seamen Roman fleet as far as Ceylon Port in 512 goes back to Sassanid era. For more AD (Hadi Hassan, 1976). detailed account of Karmania (Mocran) AnaccountbyIndicoplostus about maritime stories, please refer to Persian GhobadSassani era (487-531 AD) included Gulfwritten by Ahmad Eghtedari. a story about a tradesman by the name of Sassanid Era Sopatrus who traded with Indians and had died thirty five years earlier. Sopatrus had Sassanid Dynasty started by ArdeshirI entered Ceylon once at the same time an (Babakan). They kept the rivalry with Iranian ship anchored there. Residents of Rome Emperors that existed during Adolis went to seaside to welcome the Ashkanid (Parthians). Roman rulers people aboard the Iranian ship. Sopatrus always considered Iran as a barrier to went along the welcoming delegates who their expansion. Therefore, they sought to behaved with Iranian customs. The local engage Iran in long conflicts (Mahmid, elders and port officials were among the 1982, p. 93). Romans engaged Iran in an welcoming parties and took visitors to the attempt to conquer Mesopotamiafor an king (Indicoplostus, V. 11, p. 638). access to Persian Gulf as way of controlling CasmosIndicoplostus wrote his book the waterway to India and China. Romans Christian Historiography in 547 AD. Since, had also tried to conquer Transcaucasia Sopatrus had died 35 years earlier, then,

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Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 the oldest mention of Iranian trading with reports point to the fact that Iranians had a Ceylon was in 512 AD (Hadi Hassan, strong navy. 1976). Rawlinson has expressed doubt about Khosrua Anooshiravan (531-575 AD) the reported territory of Anooshiravan. He became king in 531 AD and become one believed that Anooshiravan never prominent Sassanid Dynasty kings. undertook a military expedition to India Iranian territory in his era expanded from nor he ever ruled any part of India Lazikaat Black Sea in north to Yemen in (Rawlinson, 1876). Contrary to south. Anooshiravan's territory extended Rawlinson, Hadi Hassan using to Ceylon Island or Serendib according to Indicoplostus as reference wrote that Send Tabari, HamzehIsfahani, and Thalebi. River or Phison was the border mark Raynaud made a reference to Abul-Feda between Iran and India before it entered Geography Book (Al-Boldan Calendar) and into Persian Gulf. Indicoplostus wrote that concluded in his bookIndia Memoirs that Ceylon Island had a church that provided Ceylon was conquered by Iranian fleet service to Iranian Christian who had (Raynaud, p. 125). Sir James Tenet settled there. This church had a priest sent mentioned the same in his book Ceylon. from Iran and a deacon with full Iranians had an outstanding position in accouterment for religious rites. The the east under Khosrua Anooshiravan rule central location of Ceylon attracted ships in early 6th century AD. Iranian ships from India, Iran, and Abyssinia would make frequent calls to Indian ports. (Indicoplostus V. 11, p. 337, as quoted by Iranian navy defeated Ceylon in a battle Hadi Hassan, 1976). waged in revenge for mistreatment of Another credible reference about Iranian tradesmen who lived there (Hadi Iranian maritime trading in Indian Ocean Hassan, 1976). is Procopius of Caesarea who was later Tabari wrote in his history book: "after known as Justinian (527-565 AD). He Yemen came under Kasra rule, he sent one wrote: "when Helstaius ruled Abyssinia of his commanders with a strong army to and Assimiphaeus ruled Humerita (a town conquer Serendib - the land of jewelries on Red Sea shores), Emperor Justinian sent governed by India. Iranian commander a messenger by the name of Julianus to ask waged a war against King of Serendib. He both countries to unite with him for a took over the Island, killed the king, and conflict with Iran on the ground of sharing took a great wealth of jewelry for Kasra" the same religion. Justinian encouraged (Tabari, 1889). Abyssinians to enter into silk trade in Serendib, Constantinople, and Koor al- competition with Iranians. He argued that Yamin were among great conquests of if Abyssinians bought silk from India and Kasra Anooshiravan (HamzehIsfahani, sold to Romans, they would acquire a great 1967, p. 58). The territory under wealth. This trade was advantageous to Anooshiravan ruleextended to Kashmir Romans because they did not have to pay and Serendib (Thalebi, p. 615). Abul-Feda their enemy. reported that according to Iranian and On the other hands, Humeritans wanted Arabic historians Anooshiravan dispatched to appoint Cassius, an escapee, as the chief a fleet of ships to Ceylon in cause of the commander of MadianArmydestined to reported mistreatment of Iranian traders." attack Iran. Madian huge army was made (Abul-Feda, 1970). All these historical of soldiers from Humeritans and MadianSarasins (the name of a tribe in

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Madian State). Both kings sent back the Dynasty controlled this vast region until messenger with promise of assistance. took over Yemen and . However, none of them kept their promise. Saudi Arabia and east of Africa were the It was not possible for Abyssinians to buy crossing points for desert going caravans silk from Indian as Iranian traders were during Parthians. They served as the always present in any ports where Indian trading link between Ceylon and ports on ships called. Iranians were resident nearby Mediterranean Sea. These caravans and would buy the whole cargo in bulk. crossed through shores of Pars Sea. The Humeritans faced another problem. They key role of Pars Sea in this important route had to cross a long desert in order to reach brought about many conflicts between the battlefield. Furthermore, they were Iran and east Roman governments. They unwilling to engage in a war with a nation all show that Sassanid fleet maintained stronger than them (Procopius, V. 1, p. 20, superiority and controlled the region. 9, 10, 193, & 194). Their fleet made frequent calls to ports in Procopius did not mention any Indian Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman. The trading ports of that time, but Indicoplostus and social relationships established during mentioned several Indian trading ports Sassanid continued during Islamicrulers from Sassanid era. He wrote: "the most (IbnMajid, 1923). important trading points in India are Major alluded to thriving marine Sendo, Arhuta (an unknown location on activities and trading after Parthians west shores of Gujarat Island) Caliana, Dynasty. He wrote that Iranians gained a Sibur, (Chaul or Chenul, a port South of better understanding of critical marine Mumbai), plus five trading places in Maleh trade after Parthians debacle. They for exporting pepper, namely, Parti, learned from Indian traders who Mangarure (Mangalore), Salopanteh, frequented Persian Gulf ports that they can Nalopaneau, Podupanteau. Also five days reach to Malabar and Ceylon rapidly and far from inland, there is Toprol in Indian safely through sea. Therefore, they built a Ocean. And after that, Maralo is located fleet that would travel to these locations inland and serves as a trading center for once a year to trade spices and other Shengshels. Next, there is Kabez goods in exchange for Indian valuable (presently Kovery), a trading place for goods. They could also buy Chinese goods Alabandum export. Further away from in Ceylon market. Tezinesta (China from sea), there is silk Iranian traders used this route to ship producing land of clove." (Indicoplostus, V. goods from India to rich residents of 11, p. 337). Constantinople. They managed to take South shores of Persian Gulf and Sea of over the trading that traditionally Oman from to Bab el-Mandeb on belonged to Egyptians. Therefore, Egypt Red Sea shore were divided into three trading with other nations gradually territories in Sassanid era. Basra Port's subsided and eventually became nil. ancient name was VahishtAbazArdeshir. Iranian trades with India benefited from The current Basra Port was built during Iran strategic position. It eventually took Islamic era. The present Bahrain, Qatar, complete control of silk trading which and Al-Ahsa were a single state called traditionally belonged to Ceylon (India in Mishmahig at that time. Omanat region 15th Century, R.H. Major, p. 10). which includes the present United Arab Linguistic literature provides additional Emirates was part of Yemen. Sassanid evidences besides historical documents for

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Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 maritime relations between India and Iran. Indian Subcontinents, particularly Marine trade was extended during supported by marine trading through Pars Sassanid era to points beyond Ceylon and Sea. stretched to include Sumatra and Chinese ports. Gabriel Frander in his article titled Conclusion "Iranian Elements in Arabic Maritime Pars Sea is geographically and historically Texts" published in Asiatic Journal proves one of the key strategic seas on earth. It the point by referring to Persian words. plays a key political-economic role in the He writes: "the role of in region. Several powerful governments establishing and development of maritime were formed in Pars Sea region relations between Persian Gulf ports and throughout history, especially during pre- Far East has been exaggerated. Most Islamic period. These governments had likely, Arabs simply followed the route vast areas under their rules. They established earlier by Iranians. maintained long political-economic The word "Nakhoda" or "Nookhoda" in relations with their neighboring and Arabic language is taken from Iranians and faraway countries. Indian Subcontinent is is written the same way as Iranians one of the oldest countries with marine spelling. The word Baghboor as mentioned relations with Iran according to historical by IbnKhordadbeh or the word Faghfoor documents. The earliest marine relations as mentioned by Mas'udi and AbulFida are with India started from Median Empire used as pseudonym for Chinese Emperor. and lasted throughout Sassanid Dynasty. These words in Arabic Language were Pars Sea was a connecting medium for taken from Persian word Baghpoor political-economic relations. The meaning son of God. The Persian word historical relation continued throughout was a translation of Chinese word Tin the history in spite of numerous problems. Tisumeaning son of sky (Frander, pp. 193- This paper presented some of the 275: April and June, 1924, as quoted by evidences for the historical relationship. Hadi Hassan, 1976). He mentioned several There is no doubt that Pars Sea has played Farsi words that were used in India such a more extensive role than is evident from as Bijat (islands in Indian Ocean), the historical literature. Because of limited Khoshnami (a mountain in Andaman available documents, this paper relied only Archipelago), Sandar, Foolat, Darchin on what was accessible. Hope this paper (Chinese Wood), JozBoau (hazelnut), and can serve as an evidence to confirm the Jozolhend (coconut). hypothesis that silk waterway connected One influence taken from India is the east to west Asia through Pars Sea with game of Chess during Sassanid era. further connection to Europe by way of Iranians adapted this game from India Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. which later became a national game. Another example is CalilehvaDemneh References (Calila e Dimna) tales which was translated into Pahlavi Language. The Abul-Feda (1970). Al-Boldan Calendar, (A. Arabic version was translated from Pahlavi H. Ayati, Trans), Tehran: Iranian Culture and became one of classic Arabic literary Foundation. works (Illiff, 1953). All these cultural Afshar, A. (1985). Tribute to Dr. Mahmoud exchanges were not possible without AfsharYazdi, V. 2, Tehran: Mahmoud extended relationships between Iran and AfsharYazdi Endowment Office. 434 | Page

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Tabari, M.J. (1960). Al-Tabari History (The Thalebi, History of Pars Kings, (Rotenberg, History of Prophets and Kings), (Dakhvieh Editor). Editor), V. 2, Cairo: Dar al-Ma'ref. Willerus, Z.I.M., Iran and India before Islam, Tabari, M.J. (1973). Al-Tabari History or in Pigat, The Ancient India, V. 4. The History of Prophets and Kings, (A. Payandeh, Trans), Tehran: Iranian Culture Wilson, S.A. (1969). Persian Gulf, (M. Sa'idi, Foundation. Trans), Tehran: Bongah-e TarjomehvaNashrKetab. How to cite this article: Ali Ahmadalizadeh, Nader Karimian Sardashti, Pars Sea: Maritime Connection between Iran and Indian Subcontinent. International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science, 2018, 7(4), 426-436. http://www.ijashssjournal.com/article_84104.html

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