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Pdf 436.34 K International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science (IJASHSS) Available online at http://www.ijashss.com Volume 7, Issue 4 (2018) pp. 426-436 Original Article Pars Sea: Maritime Connection between Iran and Indian Subcontinent Ali Ahmadalizadeh1*, Nader Karimian Sardashti2 1Research Organization and Curriculum Development, Ministry of Education, Tehran, Iran 2The Faculty of Tourism, Handicraft, Cultural Heritage of Search in statute, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 24 October 2018, Revised: 05 December 2018, Accepted: 20 December 2018 ABSTRACT Pars Sea has witnessed critical events that have affected the history of Iran, some positively and some negatively. Babylonians and Assyrians called Pars Sea as the lower sea (in the direction of Mesopotamia downstream). This sea was called Pars Sea on the inscription from Darius Ierafound along the connecting channel between Nile River and Suez Canal. The naming of Pars Sea stemmed from being the connecting waterway to Pars Gulf inland or Iran. Achaemenid Dynasty who ruled Pars extended its reign from Mediterranean on the west to Indian Sea, Send River, and Pamir Plateau on the East. The north part of their territory included the area from Black Sea to Lake Baikal including Khawrezm and Khazar on the North. Neighborly relation with India strengthened the economic, political, and cultural relations of the two countries. Pars Sea served as the main waterway between East and west. This waterway was sometime referred as Silk Waterway. This article is a discussion of Iran-India maritime relations through Pars Sea. Keywords: Pars Sea, Indian Subcontinent, Persian Gulf, Iran, Pre-Islamic Era, Silk Waterway, Maritime. Introduction Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian Prime religion of India and Zoroaster religion of Minister, wrote in his book, "Among many Iran shared common beliefs. Vedic nations who were connected to India and Sanskrit language and Ancient Pahlavi had cultural influence, Iranians maintained language, Avesta, were similar in many the longest continual relation through Silk respects" (Nehru, 1977). Waterway. The relationship between Iran The beginning of Iran-India relation is and India dates back to pre-Indian-Arian not clear in the long history of the two civilization. Indian and Arian nations ancient civilizations. However, the shared common roots with ancient diplomatic relationship between the two Iranians who chose different geographical countries started as soon as governments areas for their settlement. The two were formed in these two countries and nations rose from a single race. They had politics governed the relationship between similar religions and languages. Vedic two countries. As political and cultural 426 | Page Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 relations between Iran and India Research Question and Hypothesis developed, so did the economic relation. The main question in this article is what The history of political-economic facilitated the historical relationships relation between Iran and India is longer between Iran and India through Pars Sea. than 2500 years. Iranians established The ship building industry played an relationships with other nations and important role in facilitating the governments starting from 1000 BC. relationship. This relationship, in turn, These relationships developed into was instrumental in the development of political-cultural-economic ties. Ancient ship building industry. This paper Iran was connected to Egypt and Greece attempts to describe the types of through Mediterranean Sea. She was also commercial, political, and cultural connected to Far East countries, like India, relations that existed between the two through the caravan roads that ended in countries. China on the north. Therefore, Iran played an active role in international trading and Research Methodology cultural transactions at that time via sea and land. This study was a library research. The data used in this study was taken from Research Significance many literature and library resources including ancient and historical texts, Iran and India are two countries with long mostly from pre-Islamic era. history and very established political governments. These two countries formed Literature Review two ancient civilizations sharing common heritage and taking influence from each Books and articles written about Iran and other. Identification of the bilateral India maritime relation are very rare. This influences is important in a study of study may be the first one about the role of political-cultural-economic-trading Pars Sea in the relationship between Iran relations between the two countries. Pars and Indian Subcontinent. Sea served as the connecting waterway between the two nations and was History of Iran-India Relation instrumental in facilitating their History of Iran-India relation includes five relationship. This study is a detailed historic periods. examination of the significance of Pars Sea Pre-Achaemenid Era (Persian Gulf) referred here as Silk Waterway. Pre-historic people who lived in Iran Plateau maintained relations with Research Objective neighboring and far away nations. The silk people who lived near Kashan5000 years The main objective of this study is to BC were from the same race as of Indians. provide a pre-Islamic historical account of Thus, they stayed in close contact with political-economic-trading relations them. between Iran and India through Pars Sea. About 4000 years BC, during a period Pars Sea was the connecting waterway called Vedic, Arian nations were either still which facilitated trade of goods as well as living together or had just segregated into political and cultural exchange. Iran and India, yet, they remembered their traditions. This period is named Vedic Era 427 | Page Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 after Book of Veda as one of the oldest Will Durant stated in his book, religious books. RigVeda is the oldest "Dravidian is the name of people and the section of Book of Veda which dates back name of their languages. Some people to 4000 years BC. Rig Veda mentioned an with brown skin and long head came to account Arian nation before they north and northwest of India at lEast one segregated to settle in Iran and India. thousand years before Arians migrated to Veda language and particularly, Rig Veda India. Dravidian languages are taken from are similar to Avesta language. their culture. It appears that Dravidians Boghazkoiinscription found in 1907 in were the first people who formed a ancient capital of Hittians in Asia Minor, civilization in Send Valley. They had whose inscriptions dates back to 1400 to advanced social and political systems 1300 BC, mentioned a number of Vedic (Durant, 1986). Without any doubt, their Gods including Indra, Varuna, Mitra, migration to Iran has been through sea. Venasattia (Nahid)as guarantors of the That may explain why their successors still treaty between Hittie and Mitani, the two live on seashore. nations residing west of Iran plateau. Euphrates and Tigris Rivers were the What we can deduce from this inscription two main waterways connecting east to is that Arian nation of Iran and India had west during Pre-Achaemenidae Era. These not separated yet in 1400 BC and Vedic two rivers through Pars Sea served as the religion had extended far beyond Iran connecting waterway between India and Plateau to reach Asia Minor (Mashkoor, Mediterranean Sea. During Chaldean King 1976). Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 BC) reign, Dravidian was the most populated city Tredon Port on Persian Gulf was the of India before Arian nation invasion and intermediary trading port between India settlement in India. This name is now and Soor Port in Phoeniciain referred to a group residing in south of Mediterranean Sea – presently in Lebanon. India, Baluchistan, and Persian Gulf Goods from India would be shipped to Shores. These people may be successors of Tredon Port, and then they would go Dravidian people (Mosahab, 1966). through Euphrates Valley to Syria. The Ethnological findings prove the ancient goods would then be transported from relationship between Iran and India before Syria inland to Phoenicia and its Arian tribes' migration to India and Iran ports.During Pre-Achaemenid era, this Plateau. The findings show that the route was more important than the current language spoken by Brahui tribes, waterway through Red Sea and Nile River. who reside in Baluchistan highlands and Iranians preferred inland routes over Persian Gulf seashore, is related to one of waterways. They used Euphrates River as Dravidian dialects spoken south of India. an irrigation channel and a defensive This may indicate that Dravidian people barrier. Iranians used India-Red Sea withdrew from Iran to India and resided in waterway for their trades. Trading ships south of Indian Subcontinent after Arian could travel from India to countries along tribes invasion. Only one tribe remained Mediterranean Sea after the canal between in Baluchistan and also scantly throughout Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea started its Persian Gulf Islands and Seashores who operation (Eghtedari, 1965). kept their language intact (AfsharYazdi, Trading ships could take one of the two 1985). routes to India. One way was to make calls at two busy ports on Oman Seashore by 428 | Page Ahmadalizade & Karimian Sardashti Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4):426-436 the name of Sohar and Muscat. The ships such as astronomy due to their important would then sail to KolemMeli (Ceylon) in rolein navigation. He established a south Malabar. This was the same route university in Egypt as part of this effort. taken by ships destined to China. The Later, wild hens and roosters from India other way was to make calls to Kish Island, were taken from Indian forests and Old Hormoz, and Tiz in Markan (Hoorani, transferred to countries along 1969). Mediterranean Sea. They became the local Achaemenid Era birds of the west (IIliff, 1953). India-Iran relations during Achaemenid Achaemenid Empire was established in era influenced architecture and inscription 559 BC.
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