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TABLE OF CONTENTS I A WORD OF WELCOME by H. E. Lennart Meri, President of the Republic of Estonia, to the International Commission Investigating Crimes against Humanity in Estonia. In Kadriorg, on 26 January 1999 III STATEMENT by the International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. 27January 1999, Tallinn REPORTS Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity VII PHASE I : THE SOVIET OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA IN 1940-1941 XVII PHASE II: THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 XXV APPENDIX. Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court PARTI Soviet occupation 1940-1941 1 THE OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA BY THE SOVIET UNION IN 1940 Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio, Indrek Paavle, Meelis Maripuu, Aivar Niglas 7 SOVIET MILITARY BASES IN ESTONIAN TERRITORY IN 1939-1940 Magnus llmjdrv 33 RESETTLEMENT OF THE GERMAN MINORITY FROM ESTONIA IN 1939-1941 Luule Rand 45 HEAD OF STATE, THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PARLIAMENT OF ESTONIA IN 1934-1940. AN OVERVIEW Toomas Hiio, Peeter Kaasik 49 21 JUNE 1940 IN TALLINN AND ELSEWHERE IN ESTONIA Peeter Kaasik, Meelis Maripuu, Toomas Hiio 57 MEMBERS OF THE PUPPET GOVERNMENT OF JOHANNES VARES Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio, Meelis Maripuu 65 ROLE OF THE ESTONIAN COMMUNIST PARTY IN SUMMER 1940 Meelis Maripuu, Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio, Argo Kuusik, Aivar Niglas 79 ELECTION OF THE RIIGIVOLIKOGU OF THE ESSR ON 14-15 JULY 1940 Indrek Paavle 91 APPENDIX 1. Members of the districts' committees for the ESSR Riigivolikogu election by profession 91 APPENDIX 2. Candidates opposing the ETRL who participated in the ESSR Riigivolikogu election 98 APPENDIX 3. Summarised data concerning the ESSR Riigivolikogu election 99 THE ESSR RIIGIVOLIKOGU Peeter Kaasik, Meelis Maripuu 105 DISSOLUTION OF STATE INSTITUTIONS AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHER STATE OFFICIALS Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio 110 APPENDIX. Dismissal of the higher officials of the Republic of Estonia by the puppet government of Johannes Vares from 21 June to 25 August 1940 119 REORGANISATION OF THE POLICE FORCE AND THE COURT SYSTEM. PEOPLE'S HOME GUARD Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio, Argo Kuusik 124 APPENDIX 1. Dismissal of the Estonian Political Police personnel by the Government of Johannes Vares 131 LIQUIDATION OF THE ESTONIAN DEFENCE LEAGUE IN 1940 Peeter Kaasik 140 APPENDIX 1. ' Enactment for disbanding the Defence League 141 APPENDIX 2. Territorial structure of the Defence League in 1940 143 DISBANDING OF THE ESTONIAN ARMY AND MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS Peeter Kaasik 163 BEGINNING OF SOVIETISATION OF THE ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE AND SOCIAL POLICY Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio 175 DISSOLUTION OF PROFESSIONAL CHAMBERS, REORGANISATION OF WORKERS' ASSOCIATIONS AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio 179 APPENDIX. Dissolution of the professional chambers 181 EDUCATION, UNIVERSITIES AND RESEARCH. THE BEGINNING OF SOVIETISATION Toomas Hiio, Peeter Kaasik 189 SOVIETISATION OF THE PRESS Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio 193 RESISTANCE MOVEMENT Peeter Kaasik i 195 LEGAL CONTINUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA AND THE POLICIES OF NON-RECOGNITION Toomas Hiio 199 REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SOVIET UNION IN ESTONIA IN THE SUMMER OF 1940. DECISIONS OF THE POLITBURO CONCERNING ESTONIA IN 1940-1941 Indrek Paavle 207 THE ESSR SUPREME SOVIET AND ITS PRESIDIUM IN 1940-1941 Indrek Paavle 217 THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE ESTONIAN SSR IN 1940-1941 Indrek Paavle 241 SOVIETISATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN 1940-1941 Indrek Paavle 257 FATE OF THE ESTONIAN BORDER GUARDIN 1940-1941 Tiit Noormets 271 SOVIETISATION OF THE ESTONIAN COURT SYSTEM IN 1940-1941 Peeter Kaasik, Meelis Maripuu 286 APPENDIX 1. Replacement of judges 291 APPENDIX 2. Supreme Court of the ESSR 293 APPENDIX 3. Staff of the Prosecutor's Office of the ESSR on 7 April 1941 297 INTERNAL AFFAIRS AND STATE SECURITY INSTITUTIONS OF THE ESSR IN 1940-1941 Valdur Ohmann 303 APPENDIX 1. ESSR People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs in 1940-1941 306 APPENDIX 2. ESSR People's Commissariat for State Security. Structure on 1 April 1941 309 POLITICAL REPRESSION FROM JUNE TO AUGUST 1940 Peeter Kaasik, Toomas Hiio 312 APPENDIX. Fate of 14 individuals arrested in Estonia in June and July 1940 319 POLITICAL ARRESTS AND COURT CASES FROM AUGUST 1940 TO SEPTEMBER 1941 Meelis Maripuu, Argo Kuusik^ 329 APPENDIX 1. Article 58 of the Penal Code of the RSFSR 332 APPENDIX 2. Individuals sentenced to death and executed in Estonia in 1940-1941 by different war tribunals. Executions without any judicial procedure 363 THE DEPORTATIONS OF 14 JUNE 1941 Meelis Maripuu, Peeter Kaasik 380 APPENDIX 1. Operational instructions for the deportation of the anti-Soviet element from Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia 384 APPENDIX 2. USSR NKGB and NKVD joint directive No. 0053/0051. 4 June 19418 388 APPENDIX 3. Order for the deportation of the family of Jtiri Uluots 389 APPENDIX 4. Instructions to the heads of the echelons for sending detainees out from the Baltic States 391 FATE OF THE ESTONIAN ELITE IN 1940-1941 Indrek Paavle 400 APPENDIX 1. Fate of the members of the Estonian governments in 1918-1940 PART II Combat in Estonia in 1941 413 COMBAT IN ESTONIA IN 1941 Toomas Hiio 431 MOBILISATION INTO THE RED ARMY IN ESTONIA IN 1941 Tiit Noormets 445 EVACUATION IN 1941 TO THE REAR AREA IN THE SOVIET UNION Peeter Kaasik, Tonis Moldre 469 DESTRUCTION BATTALIONS IN ESTONIA IN 1941 488 APPENDIX 1. Data concerning the leadership of destruction battalions and workers' regiments formed in Estonia in 1941 490 APPENDIX 2. "Concerning the organisation of defence of the rear area of the 8th Army". The order of Deputy Commander of rear area defence of the 8th Army in the sphere Lieutenant Colonel L. Golovkin dated 15 July 1941 491 APPENDIX 3. Decoration of combatants, commanders and political workers of the destruction battalions of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Estonian SSR. Act of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR dated 16 August 1941 495 ESTONIA FROM JUNE TO OCTOBER, 1941: FOREST BROTHERS AND SUMMER WAR Peeter Kaasik, Mika Raudvassar PART III German occupation 1941-1944 521 GERMAN CIVILIAN ADMINISTRATION IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Meelis Maripuu 539 ESTONIAN SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN 1941-1944 Indrek Paavle 569 COURT SYSTEM IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Argo Kuusik 573 GERMAN POLICE INSTITUTIONS IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Argo Kuusik 577 SECURITY POLICE AND SD IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Argo Kuusik 596 APPENDIX 1. Task division plan of the Security Police and SD in Estonia. Effective from 18 March 1944 603 GERMAN ORDER POLICE IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Argo Kuusik 607 ESTONIAN CONSTABULARY IN 1941-1944 Argo Kuusik 610 APPENDIX 1. Comparative table of Estonian and German police officers positions and ranks of the SS 611 SECRET FIELD POLICE OF THE WEHRMACHT IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Argo Kuusik 613 PUBLIC SENTIMENTS DURING THE PERIOD OF GERMAN OCCUPATION Argo Kuusik 639 ESTONIAN CITIZENS AND RESIDENTS EXECUTED OR DECEASED IN IMPRISONMENT IN 1941-1944. AN OVERVIEW Indrek Paavle 648 APPENDIX 1. Executions procedure 649 APPENDIX 2. Statistics of the death sentences pronounced in 1941-1942 651 EXECUTION OF ESTONIAN JEWS IN LOCAL DETENTION INSTITUTIONS IN 1941-1942 Meelis Maripuu 663 SOVIET INVESTIGATIONS, CONCERNING THE EXECUTIONS IN ESTONIA DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION IN 1941-1944 Indrek Paavle 679 PRISON CAMPS IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Meelis Maripuu, Riho Vastrik 681 PLACES OF IMPRISONMENT SUBORDINATE TO THE CHIEF OF THE SECURITY POLICE AND SD IN 1941-1944 ESTONIA Meelis Maripuu * 689 TARTU CONCENTRATION CAMP IN 1941-1944 Riho Vastrik 705 ANNIHILATION OF CZECH AND GERMAN JEWS IN ESTONIA IN 1942-1943 Meelis Maripuu 715 APPENDIX. The personnel of Jagala concentration camp 717 FRENCH JEWS AT THE TALLINN CENTRAL PRISON IN 1944 Meelis Maripuu 719 VAIVARA CONCENTRATION CAMP IN 1943-1944 Riho Vastrik, Meelis Maripuu 739 SOVIET PRISONERS OF WAR IN ESTONIA IN 1941-1944 Meelis Maripuu PART IV Estonian military units in the Soviet and German armed forces 769 FORMATION OF THE ESTONIAN ARMY INTO THE RED ARMY RIFLE CORPS Peeter Kaasik 791 APPENDIX 1. The fate of the Estonian generals (in active service in 1940) 792 APPENDIX 2. The structure and location of units of the 22nd (Estonian) Territorial Rifle Corps of the Red Army in 1940-1941 797 ESTONIAN OMAKAITSE IN 1941-1944 Argo Kuusik 804 APPENDIX 1. Omakaitse territorial regiments (Malev) and commanders on 1 February 1943 807 ESTONIAN SECURITY GROUPS AND EASTERN BATTALIONS IN GERMAN ARMY IN 1941-1944 Toomas Hiio 825 ESTONIAN DEFENCE BATTALIONS / POLICE BATTALIONS IN THE GERMAN ARMED FORCES Aivar Niglas, Toomas Hiio 877 SOVIET INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF ESTONIAN DEFENCE BATTALIONS AND POLICE BATTALIONS OF THE GERMAN ARMED FORCES IN 1941-1944 Indrek Paavle 885 FORMATION OF THE ESTONIAN RIFLE CORPSIN 1941-1942 Peeter Kaasik 903 APPENDIX 1. Structure of 7th and 249th Estonian Rifle Divisions and 8th Estonian Rifle Corps and commanders of units in 1942 909 THE 8TH ESTONIAN RIFLE CORPS IN NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA IN 1942-1944 Peeter Kaasik 927 ESTONIAN UNITS IN THE WAFFEN-SS Toomas Hiio, Peeter Kaasik 969 ESTONIAN BORDER DEFENCE REGIMENTS IN 1944 Aivar Niglas, Toomas Hiio 999 APPENDIX 1. Commanders and battalion commanders of the border defence regiments 1001 THE 8TH ESTONIAN RIFLE CORPS IN THE CONQUEST OF ESTONIA IN 1944, IN COURLAND AND FROM SUMMER 1945 IN ESTONIA Peeter Kaasik 1019 ESTONIAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II Kaarel Piirimae PARTV Combat in Estonia in 1944. Attempt to restore the independence of Estonia in 1944 1035 COMBAT IN ESTONIA IN 1944 Toomas Hiio 1095 THE GOVERNMENT OF OTTO TIEF AND THE ATTEMPT TO RESTORE THE INDEPENDENCE OF ESTONIA IN 1944: A LEGAL APPRAISAL Lauri Mdlksoo 1107 INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF ESTONIA IN 1941-1944: A LEGAL APPRAISAL Lauri Mdlksoo 1113 REPATRIATIONS TO ESTONIA AND REPATRIATION POLICY IN ESSR 1944-1955 Ranno Roosi PART VI 1129 BIOGRAPHIES 1191 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS IN 1939-1945 1237 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1289 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF ESTONIAN, GERMAN AND SOVIET RANKS 1293 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1305 INDEX 1305 PERSONAL NAME INDEX 1325 GEOGRAPHICAL NAME INDEX 1339 MAPS 1339 MAPI.
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  • Tõsistel Aegadel on Oluline Kokku Hoida Hea Memento Rahvas! Aasta Eluring on Täis Saamas

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    NR 9 (93) Tõsistel aegadel on oluline kokku hoida Hea Memento rahvas! Aasta eluring on täis saamas. Möödunud kuude sündmusi meenutades võib öelda, et oli nii häid kui halbu üllatusi täis aasta. Meenuvad öölaulupidu, kaitseväe paraad, suvine kokkutulek Palamusel, olümpiamängude võiduhetked, vaba- dussõja võidusamba nurgakivi panek. Kuid samas: Venemaa agressiooni- sõda Gruusia vastu, ülemaailmse fi- nantskriisi jõudmine Eestisse, paljude heade inimeste lahkumine elavate seast. Kui eestlane vaatab aastavahetuse ajal peeglisse, vaatavad sealt vastu mu- relikud palgejooned. Ma ei hakka asju ilustama – eesseisev aasta tuleb raske nii Eesti riigi kui kodanike jaoks. Majandussurutise tagajärjed kas- IRL ja Memento Toompeal. Foto: Ainu Purje vatavad töö kaotanud inimeste hulka, Olgugi, et langetada tuleb paljusid lugeda represseerimise eest saadud paljud kodu ja sissetulekuga seotud valusaid otsuseid, on poliitikute jaoks staažiaastate määr tulumaksust vabas- unistused tuleb edasi lükata või neist esmaseks nõudeks mitte olla arg ja tatuks. Teisisõnu, kui aastakoefitsent sootuks loobuda. otsustamatu, vaid kindlameelne ja on näiteks 48 krooni ja inimesel on Muret tekitavad suundumused otsustav. Tähtis on rääkida inimestele Siberi-aastate eest saadud kümme Venemaal jätkuvad ning majandussu- asjade tegelikust seisust tõtt. staažiaastat, siis on tema tulumaksu- rutis naaberriigis võib tugevamat im- vaba määr 48 korda 10 ehk 480 krooni peeriumihoiakut ja jõupoliitikat esile Novembrikuus vaagisime Memen- kõrgem. Selle algatuse seadustamine ei kutsuda. to Liidu ning Isamaa ja Res Publica ole realistlik järgmisel aastal, kuid sel- Järgmisel aastal on ka kahed valimi- Liidu juhtidega seda, kuidas on edene- lekohast selgitustööd peame tegema sed: rahvas valib Euroopa Parlamenti ja nud koostöölepingu täitmine. pidevalt. kohalikke volikogusid. Ka see tekitab Hea meel oli tõdeda, et just lepin- Tähtis on toetada Euroopa Parla- kriisiolukorras pigem täiendavat sisepo- gu alusel suutsime saavutada seaduse- mendi üleskutset ja muuta 23.
  • Estonian Literary Magazine Spring 2016

    Estonian Literary Magazine Spring 2016

    Estonian Literary Magazine Spring 2016 1 MORE INFORMATION SOURCES: ESTonian Writers’ UNION Eesti Kirjanike Liit Estnischer Schriftstellerverband Harju 1, 10146 Tallinn, Estonia Phone & fax: +372 6 276 410, +372 6 276 411 [email protected] www.ekl.ee TARTU BRANCH OF ESTonian Writers’ UNION Vanemuise 19, 51014 Tartu, Estonia Phone and fax: 07 341 073 [email protected] ESTONIAN LITERATURE CENTRE Eesti Kirjanduse Teabekeskus Sulevimägi 2-5 10123 Tallinn, Estonia www.estlit.ee The current issue of ELM was supported by the Estonian Ministry of Culture 2 ESTONIAN LITERARY MAGAZINE · SPRING 2016 Contents 2 Don’t fear the more serious and mature children’s books An interview with Piret Raud by Eva and Indrek Koff 14 Six Estonian Poets: Juhan Viiding and others since him by Jan Kaus 18 Poetry by Juhan Viiding 20 The Man Who Spoke Snakish: Andrus Kivirähk in English by Peter Blackstock 24 The many voices of Estonian drama by Heidi Aadma 30 Insanity in Estonian literature by Maarja Vaino 34 The irony of hope by Adam Cullen 38 Short outlines of books by Estonian authors by Carolina Pihelgas, Peeter Helme and Jan Kaus © 2016 by the Estonian Institute; Suur-Karja 14, 10140 Tallinn, Estonia; ISSN 1406-0345 [email protected] · www.estinst.ee · phone: +372 631 4355 · fax: +372 631 4356 Editorial Board: Peeter Helme, Ilvi Liive, Piret Viires Editor: Jan Kaus · Translator: Adam Cullen · Language editor: Richard Adang Layout: Kristjan Mändmaa On the Cover: Piret Raud, Photo by Ingrid Maasik Estonian Literary Magazine is included in the EBSCO Literary Reference Center ILLUSTRATION BY PIRET RAUD BY ILLUSTRATION Don’t fear more serious and mature children’s books An interview with Piret Raud by Eva and Indrek Koff Last year alone, seven books by the children’s writer and artist Piret Raud were published in languages other than Estonian.
  • The Construction of the 'We'-Category: Political Rhetoric in Soviet Estonia from June 1940 to July 1941

    The Construction of the 'We'-Category: Political Rhetoric in Soviet Estonia from June 1940 to July 1941

    Sign Systems Studies 35.1/2, 2007 The construction of the ‘we’-category: Political rhetoric in Soviet Estonia from June 1940 to July 1941 Andreas Ventsel Department of Semiotics, University of Tartu 78 Tiigi St. 50410 Tartu, Estonia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The article asks, how one of the basic notions of cultural-political identity — we — is constructed in mass media, viz. which kind of semiotic and linguistic facilities are used in constructing a political unity. The approach used in this article is based on Lotman’s semiotic theory of culture and on the analysis of pronouns in political texts, using Emil Benvenist’s theory of deixis. Our case study concentrates on the years 1940–1941 which mark one of the most crucial periods in Estonian nearest history. The source material of the analysis consists of speeches of new political elite in power, all of which were published in major daily newspapers at the time. In outline, first year of soviet power in Estonia can be divided in two periods. First period would be from June 21 to “July elections” in 1940. In political rhetoric, new political elite tried to create a monolithic subject, the unity between themselves and people (people’s will) by emphasizing activity and freedom of self- determination. Nevertheless, starting from “elections”, especially from the period after “accepting” Soviet Republic of Estonia as a full member of Soviet Union, a transition of we-concept from an active subject to mere passive recipient can be detected. From that time on, people’s will was envisaged as entirely determined by marxist-leninist ideology and “the Party”.