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T.C. HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU: KÜLTÜREL YAPI VE ARKEOLOJİK VERİLER İlker ÇAKMAK Yüksek Lisans Tezi Çorum 2018 ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU: KÜLTÜREL YAPI VE ARKEOLOJİK VERİLER İlker ÇAKMAK Hitit Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Yaşar Erkan ERSOY ÇORUM 2018 ÖZET ÇAKMAK, İlker. Erken Demir Çağı’nda Orta Anadolu: Kültürel Yapı ve Arkeolojik Veriler, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çorum, 2018 Bu çalışma, Erken Demir Çağı'nda (M.Ö. 1200-800) Orta Anadolu'nun kültürel özelliklerini, dönemin mimari ve seramiklerini tartışarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlar. Bu bağlamda, Gordion, Boğazköy / Hattuşa ve Kaman-Kalehöyük'ü içeren üç ana merkezin yanı sıra İç Anadolu'daki çeşitli il sınırlarında gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik yüzey araştırmaları da veri olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu merkezlerdeki Erken Demir Çağı arkeolojik verilerinde de izlenildiği üzere, M.Ö. birinci binin başlarında kültürel ve bölgesel çeşitlilik mevcuttur; bu muhtemelen 1200'den sonra Hitit krallığının yıkılışından sonra merkezi otoritenin olmamasından kaynaklanır M.Ö. birinci binin başına tarihlenen seramikleri değerlendiren birçok bilim insanı, özellikle Erken Tunç ve Orta Tunç Çağı'na tarihlenen yerel malzemelerle (yani 3. Binin sonlarına ve M.Ö. 2. binyılın ilk yarısı) bir bağlantı bulmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Orta Anadolu, Geç Tunç Çağı sonu / Erken Demir Çağı Geçişi, seramik, mimari, kültürel yapı, 1200-800 M.Ö. Gordion, Hattuşa, Kaman-Kalehöyük i ABSTRACT ÇAKMAK, İlker. Cultural Characteristics of Central Anatolia during the Early Iron Age: The Archaeological Evidence, Master’s Thesis, Çorum, 2018. This study aims to evaluate the cultural characteristics of Central Anatolia during the Early Iron Age (ca. 1200-800 BC) by discussing architecture and pottery in the concerning period. Three major sites that include Gordion, Boğazköy / Hattuşa and Kaman Kalehöyük as well as survey data from various districts in Central Anatolia are chosen In this context. As the overall discussion on the Early Iron Age material from these sites suggest, there is a cultural and regional diversity in the early first millennium BC, which is highly likely the result of the lack of central authority following the demise of the Hittite kingdom after 1200 BC. Especially for the pottery during the concerning period, many scholars try to seek its origin particularly on the local material dating back to the Early Bronze and Middle Bronze Ages (i.e. late 3rd and the first half of the 2nd millennium BC). Keywords: Central Anatolia, Late Bronze Age / Iron Age Transition, Early Iron Age, pottery, culture, architecture, 1200-800 BC, Gordion, Hattuşa, Kaman Kalehöyük ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET…………………………………………….…………………………i ABSTRACT………………………...…………………………..…………ii İÇİNDEKİLER..........................................................................................iii TEŞEKKÜR………………………………………………………………vi HARİTA LİSTESİ…………………………………………...………….vii LEVHALAR LİSTESİ…………………...…………...……………..…viii KISALTMALAR……………………......…………………….…...….xviii ÖNSÖZ…………………...……………..………...…………...……...…xxi GİRİŞ…………………………………………..…………………………..1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM I. ORTA ANADOLU COĞRAFYASI……………………………..…...………...…...4 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM II. ORTA ANADOLU’DA TUNÇ ÇAĞI SONU ve ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI BAŞLANGICI II. Genel Olarak Karşımıza Çıkan Merkezlerdeki Durum……...….…………….....7 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM III. GORDİON’UN KONUMU, ARAŞTIRMA ve KAZI TARİHÇESİ III. 1. Gordion’un Konumu……….…………………...……………...……….…..…18 III. 2. Araştırma ve Kazı Tarihçesi…………………………………...…………...…18 III. 3. Mimari Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler ……………………...…...…...………..21 iii III. 4. Erken Frig ve Kronoloji Sorunu…….……………...………………...….…...25 III. 5. Seramikteki Duruma İlişkin Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler……......…….......29 III. 6. Gordion-Troia İlişkisi…………….……………………………………...….....35 III. 7. Gordion ile Troia Seramikleri Arasındaki Farklar………………….……....41 III. 8. Erken Frig Dönemi Çanak Çömleği……...…………………………...……....43 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM IV. BOĞAZKALE (HATTUŞA)’NİN KONUMU, ARAŞTIRMA ve KAZI TARİHÇESİ IV. 1. Boğazkale’nin Konumu…………...…...………………………..………....…..47 IV. 2. Araştırma ve Kazı Tarihçesi………………...……………...…………..….….48 IV. 3. Boğazkale’de İmparatorluk Dönemi Yerleşiminin Sona Erişi…...…..……..51 IV. 4. Mimari Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler………..……...……………………...….59 IV. 5. Seramikteki Duruma İlişkin Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler…...……….….…65 BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM V. KAMAN-KALEHÖYÜK’ÜN KONUMU, ARAŞTIRMA ve KAZI TARİHÇESİ V. 1. Kaman-Kalehöyük’ün Konumu…………...………………………………...…77 V. 2. Araştırma ve Kazı Tarihçesi………………………...…………………….……77 V. 3. Mimari Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler ……………..………………………..….77 V. 4. Seramikteki Duruma İlişkin Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler……......……….…83 ALTINCI BÖLÜM VI. ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU YAKIN ÇEVRESİNDEKİ ARAŞTIRMALAR iv VI. Genel Olarak Karşımıza Çıkan Merkezlerdeki Durum……….....….………....89 YEDİNCİ BÖLÜM VII. ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU’DA KÜLTÜREL YAPI VII. Erken Demir Çağı’nda Orta Anadolu’da Kültürel Yapı…..……...…….….....99 DEĞERLENDİRME VE SONUÇ ………………….……….…...…………..…….103 KAYNAKÇA……………..………………………………………..……………....…121 HARİTALAR………………………………………………………...…………..…..145 LEVHALAR……………………………………………………………….…………159 v TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalışmamda öncelikli olarak bana maddi ve manevi anlamda yardımlarını esirgemeyen başta ailem olmak üzere, her konuda bana destek sağlayan saygı değer danışmanım, Prof. Dr. Yaşar Erkan Ersoy hocama teşekkürlerimi borç bilirim. Ayrıca tez konum ile ilgili sürekli görüşüne başvurduğum, kaynak konusunda bana kütüphanesini açan sevgili hocam Hitit Üniversitesi Antropoloji Bölüm Başkanı Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mustafa Tolga Çırak hocama, konuyla ilgili görüşlerine başvurduğum, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Önder İpek hocama, yine Çorum Müzesi uzmanlarından Resul İbiş’e, Örükaya Kazısında birlikte çalıştığımız Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Emine Sökmen hocama fikirlerinden ötürü teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Yüksek lisans boyunca desteğini esirgemeyen Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Özlem Sir Gavaz hocama, çeviri ve tezin okunması sürecinde yardımcı olan Hitit Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü hocalarım, Dr. Kudret Sezgin, Dr. Ozan Özbudak, Dr. Abdullah Hacar’a, teşekkür ediyorum. İki sezon boyunca aynı kazıda birlikte çalıştığımız, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Öğr. Üyesi Prof. Dr. Sema Doğan hocama, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Öğr. Üyesi Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ebru Fındık hocama katkılarından dolayı çok teşekkür ederim. Meslektaşlarım, Eray Biter, Malik Ejder Demirtaş, Songül Bezgin, Meral Göz, Fatih Mehmet Çongur’a, Halil Akkuş’a, Çorum Müzesi çalışanlarına, Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü çalışanlarına, Hitit Üniversitesi Rektörlüğüne ve Hitit Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi çalışanlarına teşekkür ederim. vi HARİTALAR LİSTESİ Harita 1A: Anadolu Coğrafyası Genel Görünümü………………………………..…145 Harita 1B: Anadolu Şehir Haritası…………………………………………………...145 Harita 2: Anadolu Geç Tunç Çağı Merkezleri………………………………...……..146 Harita 3: M.Ö. I. Binde Anadolu Genel Görünümü………………………...………..147 Harita 4: Orta Anadolu Coğrafyası Demir Çağı Merkezleri……………………..….148 Harita 5A: Erken Demir Çağı Göç Yolları…………………………………………..149 Harita 5B: Gordion Yerleşim Topoğrafyası………………………………………….149 Harita 6A: Boğazköy Çevresinin Topoğrafyası……………………………….……..150 Harita 6B: Boğazköy Budaközü Ovası Topoğrafyası…………………………….….150 Harita 7A: Büyükkaya kuzeyden görünüm…………………………………….…….151 Harita 7B: Erken Demir Çağı yerleşim alanları……………………………………...151 Harita 8A: Çadır Höyük konumu…………………………………………...………..152 Harita 8B: Erken Demir Çağı seramik kültür yayılım alanları……………………....152 Harita 9: Alişar Höyük IV seramiğinin yayılım alanları………………………..……153 Harita 10: Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Demir Çağ Merkezleri…………………..…..…..154 Harita 11: Yukarı Kızılırmak Bölgesinin konumu…………………………..……….155 Harita 12A: Amasya Oluz Höyük topografyası…………………………………..….156 Harita 12B: Oymaağaç (Vezirköprü) genel görünümü……………………………....156 Harita 13A: Buckel Seramiğin Balkanlar ve Türkiye’deki dağılımı…………….…..157 Harita 13B: Buckel Seramiğin Balkanlar ve Türkiye’deki dağılımı………………....157 Harita 14: Buckel Seramiğin Balkanlar ve Türkiye’deki dağılımı………………..…158 vii LEVHALAR LİSTESİ Levha 1: Gordion Yerleşim Planı………………………………………………….....159 Levha 2: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresine ait Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen ev planı………………………………………………………………………………...…160 Levha 3: Gordion’da YHSS 8 yapı evresine ait Geç Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen depolama çukurları……………………………………………………………………………….161 Levha 4A: Gordion YHSS 8 yapı evresine ait Geç Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen çukur ve YHSS 9 yapı evresinde Son Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen teras yapısı……………………162 Levha 4B: Gordion’da YHSS 8 yapı evresinde Geç Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen bir yapı……………………………………………………………………………………162 Levha 5: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen ev planı…………………………………………………………………………………...163 Levha 6A: Gordion’da YHSS 7 yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen ev yapısı…………………………………………………………………………………..164 Levha 6B: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen fırın yapısı…………………………………………………………………………………..164 Levha 7: Gordion’da YHSS 7A yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen “Burnt Reed House” “Yanmış Ev” den ele geçen çark yapımı seramik örnekleri……………165 Levha 8: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen fırın yapısı…………………………………………………………………………………..166 Levha 9: Gordion’da YHSS 7A yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen “Burnt Reed House” “Yanık Saz Evi planı…………………………………………………...167
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    VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY’S IMPACT • A MAYA PIONEER • OUR PHOTO CONTEST WINNERS american archaeologyFALL 2003 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 7 No. 3 The Barton Site: Thousands of Years of Occupation 33> $3.95 7525274 91765 archaeological tours led by noted scholars superb itineraries, unsurpassed service For the past 28 years, Archaeological Tours has been arranging specialized tours for a discriminating clientele. Our tours feature distinguished scholars who stress the historical, anthropological and archaeological aspects of the areas visited. We offer a unique opportunity for tour participants to see and understand historically important and culturally significant areas of the world. Robert Bianchi in Egypt 2003 TOURS SRI LANKA MAYA SUPERPOWERS MUSEUMS OF SPAIN Among the first great Buddhist kingdoms, the island of This exciting tour examines the ferocious political Bilbao, Barcelona & Madrid Sri Lanka offers wonders far exceeding its small size. struggles between the Maya superpowers in the Late October 2 – 12, 2003 11 Days As we explore this mystical place, we will have a Classical period including bitter antagonism between Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University glimpse of life under kings who created sophisticated Tikal in northern Guatemala and Calakmul across the irrigation systems, built magnificent temples and huge border in Mexico. New roads will allow us to visit these OASES OF THE WESTERN DESERT dagobas, carved 40-foot-tall Buddhas and one who ancient cities, as well as Copan in Honduras, Lamanai Alexandria, Siwa, Bahariya, Dakhla & Kharga, Luxor chose to build his royal residence, gardens and pools and the large archaeological project at Caracol in Belize October 3 – 20, 2003 18 Days on the top of a 600-foot rock outcropping.
  • Biblical World

    Biblical World

    MAPS of the PAUL’SBIBLICAL MISSIONARY JOURNEYS WORLD MILAN VENICE ZAGREB ROMANIA BOSNA & BELGRADE BUCHAREST HERZEGOVINA CROATIA SAARAJEVO PISA SERBIA ANCONA ITALY Adriatic SeaMONTENEGRO PRISTINA Black Sea PODGORICA BULGARIA PESCARA KOSOVA SOFIA ROME SINOP SKOPJE Sinope EDIRNE Amastris Three Taverns FOGGIA MACEDONIA PONTUS SAMSUN Forum of Appius TIRANA Philippi ISTANBUL Amisos Neapolis TEKIRDAG AMASYA NAPLES Amphipolis Byzantium Hattusa Tyrrhenian Sea Thessalonica Amaseia ORDU Puteoli TARANTO Nicomedia SORRENTO Pella Apollonia Marmara Sea ALBANIA Nicaea Tavium BRINDISI Beroea Kyzikos SAPRI CANAKKALE BITHYNIA ANKARA Troy BURSA Troas MYSIA Dorylaion Gordion Larissa Aegean Sea Hadrianuthera Assos Pessinous T U R K E Y Adramytteum Cotiaeum GALATIA GREECE Mytilene Pergamon Aizanoi CATANZARO Thyatira CAPPADOCIA IZMIR ASIA PHRYGIA Prymnessus Delphi Chios Smyrna Philadelphia Mazaka Sardis PALERMO Ionian Sea Athens Antioch Pisidia MESSINA Nysa Hierapolis Rhegium Corinth Ephesus Apamea KONYA COMMOGENE Laodicea TRAPANI Olympia Mycenae Samos Tralles Iconium Aphrodisias Arsameia Epidaurus Sounion Colossae CATANIA Miletus Lystra Patmos CARIA SICILY Derbe ADANA GAZIANTEP Siracuse Sparta Halicarnassus ANTALYA Perge Tarsus Cnidus Cos LYCIA Attalia Side CILICIA Soli Korakesion Korykos Antioch Patara Mira Seleucia Rhodes Seleucia Malta Anemurion Pieria CRETE MALTA Knosos CYPRUS Salamis TUNISIA Fair Haven Paphos Kition Amathous SYRIA Kourion BEIRUT LEBANON PAUL’S MISSIONARY JOURNEYS DAMASCUS Prepared by Mediterranean Sea Sidon FIRST JOURNEY : Nazareth SECOND
  • Elamo-Hittitica I: an Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court 07 3

    Elamo-Hittitica I: an Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court 07 3

    Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture www.dabirjournal.org Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review ISSN: 2470-4040 Vol.01 No.03.2017 1 xšnaoθrahe ahurahe mazdå Detail from above the entrance of Tehran’s fire temple, 1286š/1917–18. Photo by © Shervin Farridnejad The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) ISSN: 2470-4040 www.dabirjournal.org Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture University of California, Irvine 1st Floor Humanities Gateway Irvine, CA 92697-3370 Editor-in-Chief Touraj Daryaee (University of California, Irvine) Editors Parsa Daneshmand (Oxford University) Arash Zeini (Freie Universität Berlin) Shervin Farridnejad (Freie Universität Berlin) Book Review Editor Shervin Farridnejad (Freie Universität Berlin) Editorial Assistants Ani Honarchian (UCLA) Sara Mashayekh (UCI) Advisory Board Samra Azarnouche (École pratique des hautes études); Dominic P. Brookshaw (Oxford University); Matthew Canepa (University of Minnesota); Ashk Dahlén (Uppsala University) Peyvand Firouzeh (Cambridge University); Leonardo Gregoratti (Durham University); Frantz Grenet (Collège de France); Wouter F.M. Henkelman (École Pratique des Hautes Études); Rasoul Jafarian (Tehran University); Nasir al-Ka‘abi (University of Kufa); Andromache Karanika (UC Irvine); Agnes Korn (Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main); Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (University of Edinburgh); Jason Mokhtarain (University of Indiana); Ali Mousavi (UC Irvine); Mahmoud Omidsalar (CSU Los Angeles); Antonio Panaino (University of Bologna); Alka Patel (UC Irvine); Richard Payne (University of Chicago); Khoda- dad Rezakhani (Princeton University); Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis (British Museum); M. Rahim Shayegan (UCLA); Rolf Strootman (Utrecht University); Giusto Traina (University of Paris-Sorbonne); Mohsen Zakeri (University of Göttingen) Logo design by Charles Li Layout and typesetting by Kourosh Beighpour Contents Notes 1.
  • How Archaeologists Found the Lost City of Troy

    How Archaeologists Found the Lost City of Troy

    How archaeologists found the lost city of Troy This doomed city at the heart of the Trojan War was lost for thousands of years until a team of German archaeologists uncovered the ancient site. HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN, THE German archaeologist, was in Turkey in the late 19th century on an eccentric quest. He was excavating a tell—an artificial mound that covers long abandoned settlements. The site, known as Hisarlik, was familiar to only a few specialists. But as Schliemann dug, he was pinning his hopes on finding the ruins of the most famous city in classical literature: Troy. PHOTOGRAPH BY EOSGIS . C O M The trouble was that Troy might not even have existed. The acclaimed Greek poet Homer popularized the Trojans and their city in The Iliad and The Odyssey, the 8th-century B.C. epic poems. These works told the story of a 10-year war between Greece and Troy, fought by such timeless characters as the kings Priam and Agamemnon, the warriors brave Hector and mighty Achilles, and the survivors crafty Odysseus and loyal Aeneas. The poems tell of bloody battles, fantastic adventures, heroic deeds, and tragic consequences. But was Troy a real place? Schliemann set out to prove it was. (Homer's Iliad contains timeless lessons of war.) And he did. Hisarlik is now widely accepted as the setting for Homer’s epic tales. Studies have revealed that the 100-foot-high mound contains not just one, but nine Troys, each built over the ruins of the one before. Today archaeologists consider Troy VI—the sixth counting from the bottom up—to be the likeliest candidate for Homer’s Troy.
  • Knowledge Uchicago

    Knowledge Uchicago

    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PAINTED CERAMIC TRADITIONS AND RURAL COMMUNITIES IN HITTITE ANATOLIA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY JOSHUA WARREN CANNON CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2020 Copyright © 2020 by Joshua Warren Cannon All rights reserved ii This work is dedicated to the many family, friends, and colleagues who helped make it possible. Above all, this work is dedicated to my wife, Anne Marie, who made it all possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The ‘Acknowledgements’ is an intimidating section to write. Will I be able to remember every person who was instrumental in getting me to where I am now? Likely, the answer is ‘no’. Therefore, I will include here a list of those people I feel are most responsible. While doing so, I also acknowledge that this brief mention at the beginning of a dissertation is a small recognition for the love, effort, and guidance the people listed here have given. I start with my father, Jerry Cannon. He taught me to love reading and to collect books. He taught me the value of asking questions and the joy of discussing their answers. He encouraged me no matter what I did and the thrill of telling him all about it is something I enjoy to this day. My mother, Louise Cannon, said to me once “I can easily imagine you as an old professor reading a book in a library.” She said this to me when I was 7 years old and reading a book about dinosaurs.