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Hitit Üniversitesi T.C. HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU: KÜLTÜREL YAPI VE ARKEOLOJİK VERİLER İlker ÇAKMAK Yüksek Lisans Tezi Çorum 2018 ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU: KÜLTÜREL YAPI VE ARKEOLOJİK VERİLER İlker ÇAKMAK Hitit Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Yaşar Erkan ERSOY ÇORUM 2018 ÖZET ÇAKMAK, İlker. Erken Demir Çağı’nda Orta Anadolu: Kültürel Yapı ve Arkeolojik Veriler, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çorum, 2018 Bu çalışma, Erken Demir Çağı'nda (M.Ö. 1200-800) Orta Anadolu'nun kültürel özelliklerini, dönemin mimari ve seramiklerini tartışarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlar. Bu bağlamda, Gordion, Boğazköy / Hattuşa ve Kaman-Kalehöyük'ü içeren üç ana merkezin yanı sıra İç Anadolu'daki çeşitli il sınırlarında gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik yüzey araştırmaları da veri olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu merkezlerdeki Erken Demir Çağı arkeolojik verilerinde de izlenildiği üzere, M.Ö. birinci binin başlarında kültürel ve bölgesel çeşitlilik mevcuttur; bu muhtemelen 1200'den sonra Hitit krallığının yıkılışından sonra merkezi otoritenin olmamasından kaynaklanır M.Ö. birinci binin başına tarihlenen seramikleri değerlendiren birçok bilim insanı, özellikle Erken Tunç ve Orta Tunç Çağı'na tarihlenen yerel malzemelerle (yani 3. Binin sonlarına ve M.Ö. 2. binyılın ilk yarısı) bir bağlantı bulmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Orta Anadolu, Geç Tunç Çağı sonu / Erken Demir Çağı Geçişi, seramik, mimari, kültürel yapı, 1200-800 M.Ö. Gordion, Hattuşa, Kaman-Kalehöyük i ABSTRACT ÇAKMAK, İlker. Cultural Characteristics of Central Anatolia during the Early Iron Age: The Archaeological Evidence, Master’s Thesis, Çorum, 2018. This study aims to evaluate the cultural characteristics of Central Anatolia during the Early Iron Age (ca. 1200-800 BC) by discussing architecture and pottery in the concerning period. Three major sites that include Gordion, Boğazköy / Hattuşa and Kaman Kalehöyük as well as survey data from various districts in Central Anatolia are chosen In this context. As the overall discussion on the Early Iron Age material from these sites suggest, there is a cultural and regional diversity in the early first millennium BC, which is highly likely the result of the lack of central authority following the demise of the Hittite kingdom after 1200 BC. Especially for the pottery during the concerning period, many scholars try to seek its origin particularly on the local material dating back to the Early Bronze and Middle Bronze Ages (i.e. late 3rd and the first half of the 2nd millennium BC). Keywords: Central Anatolia, Late Bronze Age / Iron Age Transition, Early Iron Age, pottery, culture, architecture, 1200-800 BC, Gordion, Hattuşa, Kaman Kalehöyük ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET…………………………………………….…………………………i ABSTRACT………………………...…………………………..…………ii İÇİNDEKİLER..........................................................................................iii TEŞEKKÜR………………………………………………………………vi HARİTA LİSTESİ…………………………………………...………….vii LEVHALAR LİSTESİ…………………...…………...……………..…viii KISALTMALAR……………………......…………………….…...….xviii ÖNSÖZ…………………...……………..………...…………...……...…xxi GİRİŞ…………………………………………..…………………………..1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM I. ORTA ANADOLU COĞRAFYASI……………………………..…...………...…...4 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM II. ORTA ANADOLU’DA TUNÇ ÇAĞI SONU ve ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI BAŞLANGICI II. Genel Olarak Karşımıza Çıkan Merkezlerdeki Durum……...….…………….....7 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM III. GORDİON’UN KONUMU, ARAŞTIRMA ve KAZI TARİHÇESİ III. 1. Gordion’un Konumu……….…………………...……………...……….…..…18 III. 2. Araştırma ve Kazı Tarihçesi…………………………………...…………...…18 III. 3. Mimari Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler ……………………...…...…...………..21 iii III. 4. Erken Frig ve Kronoloji Sorunu…….……………...………………...….…...25 III. 5. Seramikteki Duruma İlişkin Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler……......…….......29 III. 6. Gordion-Troia İlişkisi…………….……………………………………...….....35 III. 7. Gordion ile Troia Seramikleri Arasındaki Farklar………………….……....41 III. 8. Erken Frig Dönemi Çanak Çömleği……...…………………………...……....43 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM IV. BOĞAZKALE (HATTUŞA)’NİN KONUMU, ARAŞTIRMA ve KAZI TARİHÇESİ IV. 1. Boğazkale’nin Konumu…………...…...………………………..………....…..47 IV. 2. Araştırma ve Kazı Tarihçesi………………...……………...…………..….….48 IV. 3. Boğazkale’de İmparatorluk Dönemi Yerleşiminin Sona Erişi…...…..……..51 IV. 4. Mimari Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler………..……...……………………...….59 IV. 5. Seramikteki Duruma İlişkin Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler…...……….….…65 BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM V. KAMAN-KALEHÖYÜK’ÜN KONUMU, ARAŞTIRMA ve KAZI TARİHÇESİ V. 1. Kaman-Kalehöyük’ün Konumu…………...………………………………...…77 V. 2. Araştırma ve Kazı Tarihçesi………………………...…………………….……77 V. 3. Mimari Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler ……………..………………………..….77 V. 4. Seramikteki Duruma İlişkin Veriler ve Değerlendirmeler……......……….…83 ALTINCI BÖLÜM VI. ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU YAKIN ÇEVRESİNDEKİ ARAŞTIRMALAR iv VI. Genel Olarak Karşımıza Çıkan Merkezlerdeki Durum……….....….………....89 YEDİNCİ BÖLÜM VII. ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NDA ORTA ANADOLU’DA KÜLTÜREL YAPI VII. Erken Demir Çağı’nda Orta Anadolu’da Kültürel Yapı…..……...…….….....99 DEĞERLENDİRME VE SONUÇ ………………….……….…...…………..…….103 KAYNAKÇA……………..………………………………………..……………....…121 HARİTALAR………………………………………………………...…………..…..145 LEVHALAR……………………………………………………………….…………159 v TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalışmamda öncelikli olarak bana maddi ve manevi anlamda yardımlarını esirgemeyen başta ailem olmak üzere, her konuda bana destek sağlayan saygı değer danışmanım, Prof. Dr. Yaşar Erkan Ersoy hocama teşekkürlerimi borç bilirim. Ayrıca tez konum ile ilgili sürekli görüşüne başvurduğum, kaynak konusunda bana kütüphanesini açan sevgili hocam Hitit Üniversitesi Antropoloji Bölüm Başkanı Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mustafa Tolga Çırak hocama, konuyla ilgili görüşlerine başvurduğum, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Önder İpek hocama, yine Çorum Müzesi uzmanlarından Resul İbiş’e, Örükaya Kazısında birlikte çalıştığımız Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Emine Sökmen hocama fikirlerinden ötürü teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Yüksek lisans boyunca desteğini esirgemeyen Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Özlem Sir Gavaz hocama, çeviri ve tezin okunması sürecinde yardımcı olan Hitit Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü hocalarım, Dr. Kudret Sezgin, Dr. Ozan Özbudak, Dr. Abdullah Hacar’a, teşekkür ediyorum. İki sezon boyunca aynı kazıda birlikte çalıştığımız, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Öğr. Üyesi Prof. Dr. Sema Doğan hocama, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Öğr. Üyesi Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ebru Fındık hocama katkılarından dolayı çok teşekkür ederim. Meslektaşlarım, Eray Biter, Malik Ejder Demirtaş, Songül Bezgin, Meral Göz, Fatih Mehmet Çongur’a, Halil Akkuş’a, Çorum Müzesi çalışanlarına, Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü çalışanlarına, Hitit Üniversitesi Rektörlüğüne ve Hitit Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi çalışanlarına teşekkür ederim. vi HARİTALAR LİSTESİ Harita 1A: Anadolu Coğrafyası Genel Görünümü………………………………..…145 Harita 1B: Anadolu Şehir Haritası…………………………………………………...145 Harita 2: Anadolu Geç Tunç Çağı Merkezleri………………………………...……..146 Harita 3: M.Ö. I. Binde Anadolu Genel Görünümü………………………...………..147 Harita 4: Orta Anadolu Coğrafyası Demir Çağı Merkezleri……………………..….148 Harita 5A: Erken Demir Çağı Göç Yolları…………………………………………..149 Harita 5B: Gordion Yerleşim Topoğrafyası………………………………………….149 Harita 6A: Boğazköy Çevresinin Topoğrafyası……………………………….……..150 Harita 6B: Boğazköy Budaközü Ovası Topoğrafyası…………………………….….150 Harita 7A: Büyükkaya kuzeyden görünüm…………………………………….…….151 Harita 7B: Erken Demir Çağı yerleşim alanları……………………………………...151 Harita 8A: Çadır Höyük konumu…………………………………………...………..152 Harita 8B: Erken Demir Çağı seramik kültür yayılım alanları……………………....152 Harita 9: Alişar Höyük IV seramiğinin yayılım alanları………………………..……153 Harita 10: Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Demir Çağ Merkezleri…………………..…..…..154 Harita 11: Yukarı Kızılırmak Bölgesinin konumu…………………………..……….155 Harita 12A: Amasya Oluz Höyük topografyası…………………………………..….156 Harita 12B: Oymaağaç (Vezirköprü) genel görünümü……………………………....156 Harita 13A: Buckel Seramiğin Balkanlar ve Türkiye’deki dağılımı…………….…..157 Harita 13B: Buckel Seramiğin Balkanlar ve Türkiye’deki dağılımı………………....157 Harita 14: Buckel Seramiğin Balkanlar ve Türkiye’deki dağılımı………………..…158 vii LEVHALAR LİSTESİ Levha 1: Gordion Yerleşim Planı………………………………………………….....159 Levha 2: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresine ait Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen ev planı………………………………………………………………………………...…160 Levha 3: Gordion’da YHSS 8 yapı evresine ait Geç Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen depolama çukurları……………………………………………………………………………….161 Levha 4A: Gordion YHSS 8 yapı evresine ait Geç Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen çukur ve YHSS 9 yapı evresinde Son Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen teras yapısı……………………162 Levha 4B: Gordion’da YHSS 8 yapı evresinde Geç Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen bir yapı……………………………………………………………………………………162 Levha 5: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen ev planı…………………………………………………………………………………...163 Levha 6A: Gordion’da YHSS 7 yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen ev yapısı…………………………………………………………………………………..164 Levha 6B: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen fırın yapısı…………………………………………………………………………………..164 Levha 7: Gordion’da YHSS 7A yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen “Burnt Reed House” “Yanmış Ev” den ele geçen çark yapımı seramik örnekleri……………165 Levha 8: Gordion’da YHSS 7B yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen fırın yapısı…………………………………………………………………………………..166 Levha 9: Gordion’da YHSS 7A yapı evresinde Erken Demir Çağı’na tarihlenen “Burnt Reed House” “Yanık Saz Evi planı…………………………………………………...167
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