Sport Physical Education and Fitness in Yugoslavia
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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1986 Sport physical education and fitness in ugoslaY via Joseph D. Lesar The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lesar, Joseph D., "Sport physical education and fitness in ugoslaY via" (1986). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7320. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7320 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th i s is a n unpublished m a n u s c r i p t in w h i c h c o p y r i g h t s u b s i s t s . A n y f u r t h e r r e p r i n t i n g o f its c o n t e n t s m u s t b e a p p r o v e d BY THE AUTHOR, Ma n s f i e l d L i b r a r y Un i v e r s i t y o f M o n t a n a nATF: 198 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sport, Physical Education and Fitness in Yugoslavia by Joseph D. Lesar B.A., University of Montana, 1979 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Physical Education University of Montana 1986 Approved by: rman. Boar f Examiners Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP38121 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Oissartation PVblnNng UMI EP38121 Published by ProQuest LLO (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ..........................................iv List of M a p s ......................................... V List of Figures......................................... vi Introduction ......................................... vii P u r p o s e ............................................. vii Methods of Data Collection........................ viii Limitations..........................................ix Chapter One - History of Yugoslavia................. 1 Ethnic and Political Diversity Before 1918. 1 The Republics ..................................... 2 Nationalistic Awakening .......................... 5 Struggling for Unity: 1918-1941................. 8 Occupation, Liberation and Civil War: 1941-1945. 10 A New Yugoslavia - The Communists Take Control: 1945-1950....................................... 15 The Break with Russia ............................... 16 Reforms and an Evolving Political System: 1950-Present ................................... 18 Development of Yugoslav Sport Culture ........... 20 Chapter Two - Sport in Yugoslavia...................... 24 Club Structure and Funding.......................... 24 Professionalism ................................... 28 Sport in the M i l i t a r y ............................... 29 The Olympics in Sarajevo............................. 31 The C i t y .......................................... 31 i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sarajevo Gets the Bid......................... 32 Preparations: Finance ........................ 32 Preparation; The Venues ...................... 34 Preparations: Food, Lodging, Transportation . 37 Public Opinion of the Games.................. 40 Sarajevo Pulls It Off: Personal View of the G a m e s ...................................... 42 Effect of the Olympics on Yugoslav Sport C u l t u r e .................................... 53 Notes on Sport in Yugoslav Society.............. 55 Chapter Three - Physical Education in Yugoslavia . 57 History and Structure ............................ 57 Physical Education in Schools ................... 60 Elementary Schools ............................ 61 Secondary Schools............................. 71 Physical Education at the University Level . 73 The Physical Education Teacher : Outline and Discussion of University Training for Physical Educators...................................... 74 Ljubljana...................................... 75 S a r a j e v o ...................................... 89 Z a g r e b ........................................ 96 F a c i l i t i e s ................................... 101 Pay S c a l e s ................................... 103 Role of Physical Educators in Yugoslavia . 103 Chapter Four - Fitness in Yugoslavia ..............107 ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Agriculture to industry ......................... 107 Social Consciousness on Fitness ................ 108 Social Stratification in Fitness and Sport. 110 Activity Levels After Age Eighteen............ 114 Lifetime Sports ................................. 118 Chapter Five - Conclusion...................... ...125 References....................................... 128 Personal Communications and Interviews ............ 130 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sample Outline of Physical Education Activities Grades 5-8 ........................... 63 Table 2: Table of Events for Sport Day............... 69 Table 3: Requirements for a Degree at University of Eduarda Kardelja in Ljubljana................... 80 Table 4 : Requirements for Two Year Sport Trainer Degree..............................................91 Table 5: Requirements for Physical Education Degree (Four Year), University of Sarajevo ............ 93 Table 6: Requirements for Degree of Physical Culture, University of Zagreb .................. 99 Table 7 ; Five Most Popular Sports Activities of Slovene Population: Comparison Between Men and W o m e n .............................................119 Table 8; Ten Most Popular Sport Activities of the Active Slovene Population; Percent of Active Population Engaged in 1980...................... 120 Table 9: Five Most Popular Sports Activities of Slovenes Population Over Forty Years of Age . 121 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF MAPS Map 1: The federated units of Yugoslavia since the Second World War................................... 3 Map 2: The Yugoslav lands on the eve of the First World W a r ......................................... 7 Map 3: The territory of Yugoslavia during the Second World War.................................. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OP FIGURES Figure 1: Example of Assessment Model ............. 83 Figure 2: Measurement Organization Model............. 87 Figure 3: Computer Output Distribution............... 88 vx Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION In the late afternoon of January 31, 1984, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Yugoslavia, was smokey, dreary and colorless. There was no helpful ring of English to be heard. After the affluence of London, Paris and Salzburg and the color of Bavaria and the Austrian Alps, all through which the southbound train to Yugoslavia meandered, this city was a disappointment. Perhaps this project was a mistake. On February 28, 1984, a different man on a different train headed north. A month has passed, and with it had passed a gloomy impression of the land of the South Slavs. A short four weeks opened an awareness of a new country and a new culture. The XIV Winter Olympic Games, along with newly introduced relatives, friends and colleagues, sparked an understanding of what makes Yugoslavia's culture the way it is. The following report is a personal description of the Yugoslav Physical Culture (Telesno Kulturo). In February, 1984, the Yugoslav culture, physical and otherwise, was on world display. Being present for the Olympic Games in Sarajevo, or anywhere in Yugoslavia, provided a view of the country not exhibited by the media. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and interpret what was learned about the Yugoslav Physical Culture. Physical Culture includes sport, physical education and vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. fitness. The system of sport hierarchy and participation is outlined as well as the structure and organization of physical education in Yugoslavia. The Olympic Games are described. Fitness in Yugoslavia is discussed. The philosophy and goals of those responsible