Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction

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© Anjali Pandey 2016 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6– 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identifi ed as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978– 1– 137– 34035– 1 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pandey, Anjali. Monolingualism and linguistic exhibitionism in fi ction / Anjali Pandey. pages cm Summary: "With over 7000 languages in use world-wide, how do some languages acquire hegemonic status? What role does prize-winning fi ction play in creating linguistic taste and distaste? How are linguistic wars for global prominence literarily and linguistically inscribed in literature? Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction frames these questions within the post-global moment, focusing on the increasing presence of cosmetic multilingualism—or linguistic exhibitionism—in prize- winning fi ction. The study offers a timely interdisciplinary-based framework, inclusive of the macro-production of literary commerce, and the micro-linguistics of globalization. Through analysis of multilingual strategies deployed by fi ve celebrated transnational authors of the past decade, this book demonstrates paradigm shifts towards a transparent-turn in 21st century prize-winning fi ction. This book will appeal to students and scholars of applied linguistics, multilingualism, stylistics, postcolonial studies and cultural studies"— Provided by publisher. ISBN 978–1–137–34035–1 (hardback) 1. Multilingualism and literature. 2. Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) 3. Frames (Linguistics) 4. Oriental literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PN171.M93P36 2015 823'.91409—dc23 2015023412

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Contents

List of Figures viii Acknowledgments ix

Introduction: Languages in Literature 1 1 The Place of Languages in the Space of Post- Globalism: Bilingualism, Bullhorns, and Blunders 10 2 Award- Cultures in the Era of Post- Globalization: Prize- Winning in a ‘Flat’- World 44 3 In-‘Visible’ Multilingualness: Linguistic Exhibitionism in the Post- Global Turn 83 4 Outsourcing English: Liberty, Linguistic Lust, and Loathing in Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger 125 5 Curried English: Flawed Fluency, Markedness, and Diglossia in Brick Lane 166 6 Language Liquidation versus Language Appropriation: Tracing the Trajectory of Linguistic Death and Unease in Unaccustomed Earth by Jhumpa Lahiri 202 7 Linguistic Insecurity and Linguistic Imperialism: Resuscitating Renaissance ‘Re- Linguiscism’ in Salman Rushdie’s The Enchantress of Florence 239 Conclusion: What Is Linguistic Exhibitionism Good For? 266

References 276 Index 292

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Introduction: Languages in Literature

Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction examines the seemingly increasing presence of multilingualism in the domain of English fiction. Of particular pertinence are the linguistic ramifications of the award- culture underpinning current, transnational authors from multiple continents writing in English— celebrated authors who linguistically and thematically spotlight globally- prominent languages such as English, while also including multilingual content from ‘other’ languages. Consider, for example, Booker winner Salman Rushdie’s use of approximately 150 tokenizations of multilinguality culled from nine different languages in The Enchantress of Florence, or Pulitzer winner Jhumpa Lahiri’s use of four languages and over 70 tokenizations of Italian in Unaccustomed Earth. How, for example, does Booker winner Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger use Hindi to make a case for English? What strategies does award- winner Monica Ali deploy in Brick Lane to invisibilize Bengali while managing to visibilize English? What literary and linguistic strategies of Englishing— spotlighting English— does Vodafone winner and 2014 Booker- shortlister Neel Mukherjee deploy while also simultaneously peripherizing the vocality of copiously deployed Bengali lexicalizations in The Lives of Others? How do these authors of this past decade represent as they sustain current global linguistic hierarchies and asymmetries? Indeed, investigating how cultural exhibitionism and valorization, of which language is an essential component, is overtly and covertly inscribed in and through 21st century transnational writing is emerging as a social- justice issue. This, especially in a seemingly ‘deterritorialized’ world in which some linguistic resources continue to be aesthetically privileged at the expense of the linguistic worth of ‘other’ languages. With a little over 7,000 languages currently in use (Lewis, Simon, and Fenning 2014), how a mere handful of languages acquire hegemonic linguistic ‘tender status’ relative to others in and through the seemingly innocuous, but immensely lucrative arena of prize- winning fiction offers a provocative and hitherto unexplored area of intellectual investigation. This book examines how the twin acts of

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 2 Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction linguistic exhibitionism and linguistic denigration are both ‘created’ and sustained in and through ‘celebrated,’ prize- winning ‘flat- world’ fiction. No work to date has attempted to systematically explore this important avenue of research. Where do linguistic preferences, or attraction values (Ginsburg and Weber 2014) for particular languages come from? What linguistic evidence exists in these globally- pervasive textualities to demonstrate that literary commerce (Brouillette 2014) can indeed be implicated in the manufacture of linguistic preferences? What such consistently recursive ren- ditions of monolinguality versus multilinguality bode for the maintenance of pluralinguism in our current world of fast- depleting linguistic resources and exponential language loss (Harrison 2007) is an area in immediate and dire need of focused and detailed exploration. This book frames these concerns within the macro- context of the post- global turn— a period in global history well past the so- called ‘flattening’ effects of globalization. All works analyzed cover key moments in the post- global trajectory and span over a decade: 2003– 2014. With western- hemisphere prestige- cultures (English 2014) forming a key component in global cultural “co- optation” patterns (Rosen 2005: 14), particularly in pluralinguistic and diverse parts of the globe, how transnational authors of ‘repute’ both appropriate and are appropriated into mainly monolingual paradigms by lucrative and powerful transnational publishing houses creates a unique and important avenue of intellectual investigation which to date has remained unexplored. While works have approached the study of languages in literature from a literary, and even commercial perspective (Brouillete 2014; Martin 2011; Narayanan; 2012; Rosen 2005; Thompson 2010; Yildiz 2012), to date, no study has focused on the specific multilingual strategies deployed by writers as a corpus and using a theorized framework of analysis. Presented from the perspective of linguistics and interdisciplinary sub- fields such as cultural and globalization studies, stylistics, translation- studies, semiotics, and postcolonial studies— to name a few from paradigms adopted— the current book fills a void in current research and aims for real interdisciplinarity. Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism offers a novel, theoretical paradigm of analysis within which to examine and analyze how multilingualism is in fact manifested in literature of the 21st century. Now, is the time for a large- scale, systematic study in actual interdisciplinarity. The framework adopted in this study is based in literary- sociolinguistics. Strategies of multilingual use, unlike in prior accounts (Bertacco 2014; Cordingley 2013; Sebba 2012), are not randomly presented, but rather, grounded within an overall interdisciplinary framework inclusive of ori- entations in Linguistics and Literature (see Chapter 3). Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism seeks to examine on a miniscule level— a level of “ nano- sociolinguistics” (Parkin 2013)— the workings of languages in literature. Consequently, the book presents a ‘ data- driven’, inductively- derived taxonomy of actually occurring covert and overt linguistic and literary

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 Introduction: Languages in Literature 3 strategies employed by ‘celebrated’, authors who engage with the materiality of multilingualism (Pandey 2014a). This, in contrast to prevalent top- down textual analyses of embedded discursive strategies currently popular in literary accounts (Huggan 2012). Simply put, the current book offers a theoretical framework based on analysis rather than analogy. The approach adopted is thus dually top- down and bottom- up, and macro- as well as micro- oriented. Prize- winning literary outputs, like counterpart- creations such as film, possess an internal formal structure— a microlinguistic level— (narrative, textual, linguistic, aesthetic, and semiotic) as well as an external, macro- context— the socio- economics of production (Miller, et al. 2005)— both levels of which typify the potential embedded in 21st century media such as literature to harness the sphere of ‘pleasure’ in the marketing of linguistic desire and distaste.

Outlining some aims

While research has argued that English is the most globally pervasive language spoken in 104 countries worldwide, followed by French spoken in 53 countries and tailed by Spanish spoken in 43 countries (Marling 2006), little research has documented how such linguistic hegemony on the part of dominant mega languages (Phillipson 2009; 1992; Skutnabb- Kangas 2000) is indeed constructed and maintained via novel, pervasive media formats such as universally- spanning literary bestsellers. Global linguistic contenders such as Arabic, spoken in 60 countries, Chinese in 33 countries and Persian spoken in 29 countries (Lewis, Simon, and Fenning 2014) serve as remind- ers that language prominence in human history is marked by shifts— Latin, French, Italian, Arabic, and now English, for example (Sebba 2012). These historical vicissitudes underscore just how inextricably linked to power the materiality of multilingualism (Pandey 2014a) inevitably is. In the post- global moment, then, such linguistic trendings bode well for a book industry premised on gaining increased transnational influence (Narayanan 2012; Thompson 2010). It is within such a macro- context, then, that we analyze the increasing presence of languages in literature. Current publications on the subject of prize- winning literature while offer- ing multiple innovative, literary perspectives (Brouillette 2014; Narayanan 2012; Yildiz 2012), are presented devoid any linguistic frameworks. Few book- length projects have engaged with the ultimate power of literature in shaping linguistic values, dispositions, and, most importantly, preferences towards specific languages over others. The current book unravels how transnational writing in this century achieves two congruent goals. Firstly, how literature ‘sells’ such linguistic desire in and through its pages, and secondly, how it succeeds in creating a linguistic valorization of some codes in lieu of others via asymmetrical deployments of consistently occurring patterns of multilingual use.

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Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism aims to answer some of the following linguistic queries— pleonastic concerns including but not limited to the following:

1. How is monolinguality versus multilinguality portrayed in the works of celebrated, prize- winning transnational writers of multilingual back- grounds? Why does this matter? What if any, is the seeming hegemonic role of prize- winning authors such as Adiga, Ali, Lahiri, Mukherjee, or Rushdie in co- opting and championing the canon’s aesthetic dispositions (Bourdieu 1984: 128) towards mega- language use? 2. To what extent does multilinguality itself constitute both the medium and message in modern transnational works? To what extent is global multilinguality as rendered in prize- winning fiction reflective of current multilingual trends i.e., increased usage of ‘big’ languages in favor of ‘small’ languages (Blommaert 2010)? 3. How are linguistic wars for planetary prominence literarily and linguistically inscribed in current prize- winning literature? What specific strategies do authors employ?; Is there a shift at work in the types of strategies as deployed by counterpart 20th century transnational writers (Jussawalla and Dasenbrock 1992)? 4. What are current prize- winning authors’ methods of valuation of particular languages over others in specific works? Do some languages acquire more power and status relative to others as deployed in these texts? What linguistic strategies do authors employ to achieve such aesthetic and linguistic outcomes? How can these be classified? 5. How is the worth and value of a particular language rendered in its juxtaposition against other languages both within a specific literary work, and also across multiple literary works? What is the linguistic taxonomy of strategies available to authors engaging with multilingual textuality in literature? Are all inclusions of multilingualism the same? What are the consistent typification strategies (Queen 2015) at work? What are the literary tendencies (Brouillette 2014) of the post- global moment, particularly as this pertains to multilingualism in monolingual literature? Why multilingualism in monolingual literature?

Why award- winning ﬁ ction?

The cultural production and marketing of coveted, national and transnational award- contests such as the Pulitzer, Booker, and the Nobel Prize— among a list from a recent gush of high- brow- oriented cultural creations is increasingly emerging to be of immense economic and symbolic worth in our seemingly ‘flat’ world. Of note, consider the ‘controversy’ surround- ing the absence of a Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2012— a first in 35 years. Noted book- critic Julie Bosman (2012) of the New York Times pronounced

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 Introduction: Languages in Literature 5 this a “snub,” while noting that, “In years past it’s the Pulitzer winner that captures all the attention and all the sales” (C1). So potent a symbol is this prize- winning title, that one of the publisher-contenders planned on ‘branding’ this titular- potency in the form of an imprinted “seal on the front cover” (C1). This, in a bid to boost via a semiotic- oriented marketing- strategy of visually spotlighted literary iconicity— that in spite of there being no prize, “the book was [in fact] a Pulitzer finalist” (C1). In a fiercely competitive bookselling market, such semiotic markers of prize- winning titles become doubly significant— not just for the sales they potentially generate, but, more importantly for the “regime of values” (Huggan 2012) they encode. As we find out in the chapters which follow, not awarding a prize constitutes part of the myth- making process in the economy of prestige (English 2014; 2005). Global wars for linguistic prominence, it is argued, are subtly and overtly being waged through multiple media- streams such as film (Pandey 2010), and via numerous “soft- power” (Nye 2011) media- formats, of which literature is a part. For those who claim that ultimately the fiction of imagination is just literature, and thus not really reflective of the actual truth of how languages are in fact rendered, this study urges for a reading of literature beyond such intellectual naiveté. Literature, like film, is increasingly pivotal in the transmission of culture. This book investigates to what extent prize- winning novels can be read as “vital cultural productions of the current present” (Shohat and Stam 2008: 129)— especially in their representation of linguistic resources. Cultural commerce is increasingly part of nationally- oriented branding efforts (Brouillette 2014). Thus, it is in and through award- winning literary and aesthetic content embedded in ‘celebrated’ transnational writing, that one is afforded a potential glimpse into how current wars for planetary- wide linguistic prominence play out in periphery and center spaces. Celebrity authors (Huggan 2012) form the fabric of modern culture. In its summary of memorable global cultural moments of the year 2008, for example, Salman Rushdie’s novel makes the list of recorded cultural milestones:

The economy is on the skid. Oil prices are soaring. A humanitarian crisis looms. A new president promises to restore America’s confidence. Salman Rushdie’s new novel is a hit, and Indiana Jones scores at the box office. (Rawsthorn 2008: 204)

As we find out in the chapters which follow, authors have stature globally (Brouillette 2014; Huggan 2012). Rushdie is being cited in an American magazine. In fact, Salman Rushdie’s, The Enchantress of Florence demonstrates the multivalency (economic and cultural), embedded in prize- winning fiction. That novel-writing serves more than mere aesthetic critique emerges when we look at the economic impact of the bestseller industry of which Rushdie has been a list-topper— a fact made ever more salient

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 6 Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction when we examine the portended sales figures for bestsellers in general in the global market. Examples from a key global moment— the 2008 global financial meltdown— are poignant in illustrating this. Thus, Hughes (2008) while conceding that “The $28 billion book industry faces challenges in a sluggish economy” (W.1), is quick to add an optimistic trend in the form of: “Bookstore sales in the first quarter totaled $4.46 billion, a 5.1 percent increase over the comparable period in 2007” (W.1). Books are now traded cultural commodities. Thus, when the 2008 Man Booker Award shortlist was announced in early September 2008, and The Enchantress of Florence slipped from its contender status, Espinoza and Beckett (2008) of none other than Forbes reported on the economic effects of the novel’s plum- meting value— a description unsurprisingly articulated in stock- market terms:

It seemed like a safe bet: a best- selling author going for a well estab- lished 50,000-pound ($87,806) literary prize. But Indian- British novelist Salman Rushdie, until Tuesday the favorite to win the Man Booker Prize, disappointed gamblers Wednesday and dimmed expectations of his book sales. (1)

On the American front, Bosman (2012) notes of the effects of another literary prize:

In the book world there is no prize like the Pulitzer. For an author it carries more weight and prestige than any other prize, even the much celebrated National Book Award. Sales typically increase, partly because Pulitzer- winning books tend to be translated into more languages and sold in more countries.

With such high- economic stakes underpinning the literary- world with its deterritorialized reach, a meticulous scrutiny of linguistic content contained in these works has to be undertaken— a gap in research which Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism addresses. The book begins by outlining the theoretical context before moving into a detailed analysis of specific authors’ works. The concluding chapter provides a classification of linguistic and literary strategies deployed by 21st century authors engaging with the materiality of multilingualism. Chapter 1 defines the post- global turn, and situates the microlinguistically adopted interdisciplinary framework within the macro- context of post- globalization— increasingly on a trajectory towards nationalist- oriented supra- territoriality. Copious evidence of retrenchments in global linguistic asymmetries, hierarchizations, and challenges to two- way global flows and ‘flat’-world configurations form key discussion points. Increasing acts of momentary multilingualism are cited in a bid to demonstrate how fractal

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 Introduction: Languages in Literature 7 recursivity in the realm of literary creation inevitably deploys as it deni- grates multilingual encounters of the 21st century. Chapter 2 provides a detailed, market- metric account of the commerce of literary production. Discussion centers on the circuitry of the prestige industry, particularly in the arenas of literary prize-consecration, canonicity, and academic capitalism. Particular focus is paid to the rise of nursery, or appren- ticeship models of transnational writing of pertinence to the The Booker, Pulitzer and Nobel Prize industries. Commodified authenticity impelled by industry short- termism, technology, product- differentiation, and, ultimately, capital convertibility, it is argued, have given birth to a new form of literary- outsourcing in the post- global turn. Ultimately, it is argued, literary brandism has instigated tendencies towards a transparent- turn in deployed multilingual textuality in prize- winning literature of the 21st century. Chapter 3 provides a definition of linguistic exhibitionism. A detailed, data- driven taxonomy and classification scheme of multilingual use incor- porative of both cline and category- based descriptors is presented in lieu of 20th century language debates premised on binarizations of mere appropriation or abrogation. Replacing, asystematic listings of multilingual strategies as consistently deployed in postcolonial theory, the proposed linguistically- devised cline is interdisciplinary, sociolinguistically grounded, and scalar in orientation: inclusive of lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic acts of multilingual code- mixing and code- switching. The taxonomy is causal rather than descriptive; and proffers an expansive and nuanced account of 21st century diachronic shifts in engagements with the materiality of multilingualism. Data from multiple Booker shortlisters analyzed demonstrates that unlike the deep multilingualism and de- Englishing strategies hallmark- ing the textuality of authors’ of the prior- century, literary creations of the 21st century demonstrate a clear trending towards shallow multilingualism and re- Englishing—indeed, a multilingualism-lite— the market benefits of which, particularly for the translation industry, form key discussion points. Chapter 4 focuses on the multilingual appropriation strategies deployed by Booker winner Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger. Adiga’s strategy of conspicuous conflationary contrasts embed another uniquely deployed strategy of linguistic exhibitionism— semantic re- looping. This strategy, it is argued, is designed to invite a contrived sense of participatory bilingualism in monolingual readers at the very same time that linguistic and literary inscriptions ensure the asymmetrical semiotic worth of global English relative to the deployed medley of local multilingualism. Ultimately, via an astute and systematic engagement with strategies of Englishing, Adiga manages to conflate a devalued currency status with local multilingualism relative to the ‘global’ transactional potential of monolingual English for protagonist and reader alike. Chapter 5 focuses on the work of Booker shortlister Monica Ali in Brick Lane. Discussion focuses on her uniquely deployed strategies of language

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 8 Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction fronting versus linguistic muting— strategies which simultaneously visibilize as they invisibilize deployed multilingualism. ‘Defaulted’ English ensures a linguistic forgetting of multilingual presence, which is told rather than shown. Ultimately, uniquely deployed strategies of Englishing— linguistically inscribed acts of English- learning, in combination with contrasting keywordings and metaphorizations— ensure that a distal multilingualism evokes connotations with the ‘foreign’, while by contrast, proximal linguistic renderings of monolingual English evoke consistent connotations with the ‘familiar’. Chapter 6 examines the linguistic strategies of multilingual deployment by Pulitzer- winner Jhumpa Lahiri in Unaccustomed Earth. The focus is on her use of asymmetrical uses of author self- translations— differential strategies of glossing/translation on the one hand, versus non- glossings/non- translation on the other. These asymmetries embed diametric connotations of marked versus unmarked diglossia— indeed, a vehicular versus vernacular status for some languages relative to others. Strategies of conspicuous conflationary contrast evoked in the form of lexical versus syntactic appropriation; and juxtaposition between linguistic exhibitionism versus linguistic exemplification in this collection of stories premised on timely tropes of transnational peregrination, demonstrate how linguiscism is literarily inscribed. Chapter 7 examines the multilingual appropriations of Booker winner Salman Rushdie in The Enchantress of Florence. The novel reflects as it sustains the differential currency- values of 21st century linguistic encounters. Rushdie’s strategies of conspicuous conflation, asymmetrical translation, linguistic fabrication, and differential authorial metalinguistic commentary reflect as the sustain a geography and sociolinguistics of asymmetry. Via a differential use of linguistic borrowing versus transliteration; deep versus shallow multilingualism, and truncated versus parentheticized glossings— among a plethora of linguistic strategies deployed by Rushdie— the chapter demonstrates how award- winning writers ultimately manage to reflect and sustain current global linguistic asymmetries in their literary creations. The concluding chapter examines the typification strategies— linguistic and literary— both within and across specific works in bid to provide an overall framework of 21st century linguistic exhibitionism. A primary find- ing is the extent to which literature in the current era of so- called flat- world interconnectedness serves as part of the machination for language homogenization, valorization, and peripherization. Ultimately, the current study reveals the phenomenon of momentary multilingualism in the service of normative monolingualism, and makes the case for paradigmatic shifts at work in 21st century appropriations in the materiality of multilingualism, as contrasted against counterpart 20th century authors. Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism explores how linguistic valuation is aesthetically and linguistically packaged in and through the seemingly

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 Introduction: Languages in Literature 9 innocuous domain of high culture literary outputs (Thompson 2010)— now with global, deterritorialized reach (Narayanan 2012). The emergence of language as linguistic capital (Duchêne and Heller 2007), prompts us to examine how “the commodification of language affects both people’s moti- vations for learning languages and their choices about which languages to learn” (Block and Cameron 2002: 5). Even more crucially, however, such linguistic configurations ultimately determine not just which languages people choose to master but, even more importantly, which languages they choose to discard. Linguistic proficiency in some languages as opposed to others is therefore a “saleable product— a linguistic brand for export, like Burberry” (Holliday 2009: 151)— a theme both reflected as it is sustained in modern, prize- winning transnational fiction, whose iterations in prize consecration, canonicity, and academic capitalism assure long- term sustainability in both center and periphery space— a discussion to which we turn.

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Index

abrogation, 7, 89, 92, 97, 102–108, 168 Aung San Suu Kyi, 43 academia, 32, 77, 269, See also, aurality, 89, 143, 158, 173, 192, 200, Higher Education 235, 272 academic capitalism, 7, 70, 77 Austen, Jane, 186 academic rankings, 72 authenticity, 38–39, 63, 77–81, 119, 127, Academies of Europe, 71 129, 150–151, 156, 262 Achebe, Chinua, 35, 74, 93, 99, 109 authenticity, commodified, 7, 38, 79 acrolect, 140–141, 195 address, terms of, 161, 214, 221, Baby Halder’s A Life Less Ordinary, 117 230–231 basilect, 194–196, 198–199 Adiga, Aravind, 1, 7, 71, 155 BBC, 10, 47, 49, 51 African postcolonial writing, 55, 108–109 Behr, Mark, 104 Afrikaans, 104 Ben, Takara, 108 Ali, Monica, 1, 61, 71, 80, 170, 174 Bengali, 37–39, 107, 116, 166, 174–177, Amazon, 59 203, 209, 218, 222 anglicization, See also linguistic Bengali writers, 36 exhibitionism; shallow bestseller, 12, 49, 53–54, 60–64, 112, multilingualism 170 See, brand name authors Anglo-American publishing, 25 Between the Assassinations, 154 Anglophilia, 152, 241 bidding wars, book industry, 37, 59–60, Anglophone, 39, 159, 151–153, 171–172, 228 66–69 Anglosphere, 17, 23, 46, 70, 76 big books, 45, 54, 66, 170 See, special relationship big languages, 3–4, 18–19, 29, 34, 41, Anglosphere, book market, 52 95, 105, 203, 271, 274 Anthony, Marc, 268 bilingual’s creativity, 90, 98, 169 anti-translation, 97, 107–108 bilingualism, 7, 85, 102, 113, 175, Anzaldúa, Gloria, 104 211–212, 215, 219, 248–249 apologize, See also, Englishing See also, participatory bilingualism appositives, See also, shallow book advances, 37, 45, 65–66 multilingualism book buzz, 49, 56, 60 appropriation, 7, 89, 92–93, 97–98, 111, book fair, 27, 52, 69 See also, Frankfurt 156, 168, 202 Book Fair Arabic, 3, 23, 28–31, 177, 247, 253 book industry, 51, 60–63, 72, 275 Arabic publishing industry, 28 book market, India, 24–25, 65, 69, assimilation, 35, 172, 204, 117, 138 217–219, 224 book sales, 6, 50–54, 60–63, 81, 130, asymmetry, See, linguistic asymmetry, see, 169–170, 264 language valuation Booker attraction power contenders, marketing, 49–50 English, 18 cultural significance, 35, 51, 130, 267 languages, 18, 30–32, 215 history of prize, 12, 42, 50–51 audiences, global-local, 110, 132, Indian writers, 64 146, 128, 149, 151, 163 See also, judges, 50, 70, 122, 149, 170, 263 Anglosphere, Anglophone literary themes, 62

292

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Man Booker prize, 125, 263 Chaghatai, 241, 246, 251, 255 Man Booker shortlist, 6 See also extinct language monetary effects, 49, 130, 170 Chamisso prize, 35 new entry rules, 2014, 81 children’s books, 42 prestige, 51, 130, 154 China, 11, 13, 29, 46, 65, 73–77 prize embossments, 264 China, book market, 29 prize selection process, 49 Chinese, 3, 23, 28–29, 42 Rushdie, Salman, 6, 8 Shanghai dialect, 11 shortlist, 1, 7, 36–38, 57, 60, 81, Christie, Agatha, 52 172, 200 Cisneros, Sandra, 99 university courses, 46 Cities of Literature, 47 winner, 1, 7, 24, 125 class, Bookerization, 51 asymmetry, 42, 80, 131, 135–137, books, effects of, 169–170, 269–271 140–141, 145–147, 162–164, 195 Bookscan, 60 middle-class, 42, 70, 120, 129, Borders Bookstore, 66 148, 275 borrowings, See also, linguistic ventriloquism, 149, 154 exhibitionism; shallow cline, See, linguistic exhibitionism, multilingualism taxonomy of strategies branding cline-based framework, See, framework cultural, 5, 35, 62, 267 Clinton, Hillary, 10–11, 13–14, 41, 43, linguistic, 9 code-alternation, 103 See also, literary, 5, 7, 21, 50, 56–59, 275 code-mixing brand-name authors, 54, 81 code-mixing, 7, 44, 87, 93–98, 109, BRIC nations, 14, 17, 74 113, 205 Brick Lane, 1, 122, 169–170, 269, 274 code-switching, 7, 109–111, 123, 142, 174, See also, marketable multilingualism 177, 180, 192, 210, 213, 216, 256–267 Britain, See also, UK code-switching, invisible, 181–182, book prizes, 46 186, 188–190, See also, invisible culture wars, 42, 82, 267 multilingualism university education, 26 Commonwealth, 52, 82 British Council, 26 Commonwealth, Writer’s Prize, 68 broken English, See also, Englishing conspicuous conflationary contrasts, 8, Brown, Gordon, 17, 42 87, 272, See, linguistic exhibitionism Bryant, Kobe, 10 contact linguistics, 95, 245 Butalia, Urvashi, 118 continuum-based, See, framework convergent accommodation, 191, canon, 74–77, 152–153, 186–188, 228, 216, 272 240 See also, postcolonial co-optation, 2 canonicity, 7, 32, 50, 67, 69, 71–77, correct English, See, Englishing 241, 271 See, postcolonial cosmetic multilingualism, 78, 84, 88–89, Cantonese, See, Chinese 98, 100, 103, 113, 116, 168, 178–179, center, 25, 48, 110 241 See also, invisible multilingualism; hubs, 20, 28, 34, 46–47, 64, 66–68, linguistic exhibitionism; momentary 74, 82, 130–131 multilingualism; truncated center-periphery, 22, 26, 32, 65–67, 72, multilingualism 76, 109–110, 116, 124, 130, 137, 144, cosmopolitanism, 20, 27, 34, 78, 92, 153, 161–163, 172, 196–200, 201, 120, 201–206, 209, 217, 219, 227, 203, See, global north, global south, See 233, 236, 241, 251, 260, 265 also, global-local; global cultural f lows covert prestige, 129

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 294 Index creative commerce, 2, 19–20, 52, 57, 63, economy of prestige, 5, 7, 35, 47–48, 50, 267–269 See also, culture industry 55, 57, 65, 67–68, 70–71, 81, 170, 268 critical languages, 13 El Salvador, 207, 234 critical multilingualism studies, Elle magazine, 110 87, 266 Emecheta, Buchi, 96 critics, 101, 125–128, 149, 154–155, The Enchantress of Florence, 1, 6, 8, 161, 228–229, 235, 239, 247 265, 274 cultural capital, 5, 24, 26–28, 32, 34, English, 3, 272–274 46, 56, 58, 63, 67, 70, 75, 111, African writers, 88, 109 204, 264, 269 See, books book market, 52 cultural commerce, 18, 43 Booker Prize, 42, 81 cultural mimicry, 74, 140 education in India, 33 culturalisms, See also, shallow global spread, 7, 26–34, 41, 52, multilingualism; linguistic 63–65, 116–117, 129 exhibitionism in India, 24, 33, 47, 76, 131 culture industry, 46, 48, See also, Indian writers, 118 creative commerce; UK, culture language teaching, 26, 40, 73, 76 industry South Korea, 26 curry, 171, 210, 219, 263 translation industry, 23 World Englishes, 83, 98–99, 129 Dari, 112 English studies, 34, 71, 73, 75 de-English, 7, 90, 123, See, re-English English, medium-message, 126 deep multilingualism, 2, 81, 96, 102, English, proficiency. See, Englishing 106–112, 114–115, 243, 255, 257, English, translation industry, 19 271 See also, anti-translation Englishing, 1, 7–8, 33, 84, 115, 124–127, default English, 7, 21, 168 133–135, 137, 156, 158, 166–167, default Italian, 214, 255 174–177, 180, 183, 191–192, 219, Desai, Kiran, 24, 64 224, 272–273 See also, default deterritorialization, 9, 15–17, 20–22, English; de-English; re-English 34, 47, 55, 78, 85, 171, 173, 195 anglicization, 104, 119, 121, 157, See also, center-periphery; global 213, 232 cultural flows; reterritorialization apologizing, 84, 181, 225–226, 268 The Diane Rehm Show, 56 broken English, 194–200, 199 Díaz, Junot, 78, 109 correct English, 134–138, 168, 186, digital booksellers, See also, Amazon 198–200, 224, 273 digital sampling, 59, 72 Englishness, 126, 148, 152, 158–159, diglossia, 8, 94–95, 140–142, 182, 187, 168, 171, 181, 183–184, 186, 209, 267 211, 220, 272 italicization, 148, 154, 157, 181 discourse-chaining, 191, 225 See also, italicization distal, 7, 176, 179, 189, 196, 200, 211, keywordings, 8, 131, 133–134, 218, 226, 229–230, 248, 253, 273, 273, 235 See also, proximal language fronting, 168, 179, 183–184 divergent accommodation, 119, 190, learning English, 39–40, 135, 168, 194, 220, 272 184–185, 219 See also, learning Dixit, Sudhir, See, Harry Potter English (main entry) dysphemia, 134 linguistic disenfranchisement, 40, 84, 175–176 East-West, 133, 242, 250, 254, 264 linguistic harrumphing, 186 See also, center-periphery linguistic shaming, 136, 188–189, The Economist, 68 222, 225–226

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metaphorizations, 7, 40, 125, 131–132, German, publishing houses, 52–53 138–139, 175, 183–185, 192, 196–197, Germanic, 243 200 See, whiteness, tropes Germany, 18 proficiency, 40, 147, 181, 185, 190, Ghosh, Amitav, 64, 68, 93 199, 224–225 global cultural flows, 7, 22, 25–26, 34, thematicization, 30, 166, 174, 190, 65, 69, 124, 268 200–201 global north, 23, 32, 34, 47, 53, 73, 79, transliteration, 179, See also, linguistic 151, 173–174, 203 exhibitionism; shallow multilingualism global south, 13, 73, 173, 192, 234 epenthesis, 183, 200 globalization, 16, 19, 21–22, 32, 65, 67, EU, 17, 22, 46, 214 136, 150, 163, 175, 267, 274 EU, book industry, 23, 45 globalization, sociolinguistics of, 19–21 EU, linguistic attitudes, 29, 32, 36 global-local, 7, 13, 15, 21–22, 25–26, 38, Europe, 206, 214, 236, 239, 249 49, 57, 61, 66–68, 78, 80, 101, 110, Eurovision song contest, 32 119, 128–137, 144–149, 151–154, exoticist, 39, 62, 79, 101, 119–122, 150, 163–164, 204, 207–210, 273 See also, 155, 212, 229, 242, 260–261 center-periphery extended family, 79, 161–62 glossary, See, linguistic exhibitionism: extinct language, 260, See also, Chaghatai periphrastic glossary glossings, See, shallow multilingualism Farah, Naruddin, 99 The God of Small Things, 65 Fiction, sales, 45 Grammy Awards, 2015, 15, 268 film, literature tie-ins, 5, 49, 68, 89, Granta, 56, 58, 169–170 170, 269–270 Greek, 25, 29, 246, 262 financial meltdown, 2008, 6, 10, 274 Grimus, 69 flat-world, 8, 16, 20–21, 100, 163, Guatemala, 208 183, 203 Florence, 241, 243, 245, 254 habitus, 16, 21, 67, 230, 264–265, Forbes, 6, 58 270–271 foreignisms, 96, 122, See, shallow HarperCollins, 50, 65–66, multilingualism Harry Potter, 12, 24, 43, 153 fossilized errors, 196 Harvard University, 74, 77, See, Higher fractal recursivity, 7, 19, 27, 32, 34, Education 46, 54, 70, 72, 74, 269 Hebrew, 18, 31 framework, 2, 89, 92–96, 100–104, hegemony, linguistic, 1, 3, 29, 31, 140 112–115 See also, linguistic Heinemann, 55 exhibitionism heteroglossic, 17–18, 168, 262, 272 France, 33, 36, 117 Higher Education, 25, 70–72, 75–76 France, book prizes, 36 Cambridge University, 70 Francophone, 88 Columbia University, 70 Frankfurt Book Fair, 31, 52, 69 Grinnell College, 73 French, 3, 23, 29, 30–36, 85, 107, 110, Oxford University, 70–71 117, 201, 205, 207, 226–227, Peking University, 73 243–244, 257 Tsinghua University, 73 French, publishing houses, 52–53 University of Oklahoma, 70 Fresh Air, 56 Higher Education, India, 74–75 Hindi, 23–24, 29, 91, 122, 130, German, 18, 23, 29, 31, 35 138, 140–144, 151, 157–160, German Book Prize, 35 162, 173 German prestige economy, 35 Holocaust Literature, 18, 35, 144

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 296 Index homogenization, See, linguistic keywordings, 16–17, 26–27, taylorization 61, 72, 74, 273, 275 homoglossic, 18–19, 30, 38, 101–102, See also, Englishing 272–273 The Kite Runner, 112 Honduras, 208, 234 knowledge economy, See also, culture hub, See also, center; global-local industry; cultural capital The Hunger Games, 270 Kourouma, Ahmadou, 110 hybridity, 20, 78, 84, 91–92, 96, 98, 102, Kureishi, Hanif, 154 114, 268, 275 hypercorrection, 224 Lady Diana, 81 Lahiri, Jhumpa, 1, 8, 37, 45, 49, 58 In the Kitchen, 176 language ambassadors, 11–12 inauthenticity, 79, 128–130, See also, language crossing, 113, 135, 142, authenticity 195, 244, See also, cosmetic indexical value, 19, 27, 30, 34, multilingualism; momentary 67, 74, 114, 272, See also, multilingualism; multilingualism-lite language valuation language debates, 3, 89, 98, 106 India, 13, 32, 37, 42, 46, 49, 58, 64–65, language fronting, See also, Englishing; 68, 76, 118, 125 See, English in India, linguistic exhibitionism See, book market language hierarchies, See also, linguistic Indian authors, 26–27, 37, 63–64, 66, asymmetry; linguistic hierarchies 70, 79, 91, 111, 131 See, literary language loss, 2, 175–177, 202, 206–207, outsourcing 213, 216, 226, 237 Indian languages, 23–24, 26, 33, 36, 68, language maintenance, 175, 217 118, 140, 154, 249 language valuation, 3–4, 9, 27, 30, Indian readers, 79, 101, 128, 151, 156 32–36, 87–88, 100, 124, 128, interdisciplinarianism, 2, 7, 85–87, 94, 131–132, 135, 138, 140, 142, 115–116, 266–267, 271 147–148, 154, 162–163, 167, intertextuality, 93, 139, 151, 172, 185 173–174, 177, 186–187, 194, invisible multilingualism, 111, 113–114, 200, 203, 209, 215, 218, 221, 132, 141–143, 156, 166–169, 181, 223, 231–233, 236, 242–243, 184, 188–190, 192, 210–211, 218, 245, 251, 274 See also, EU; linguistic 221, 235–236, 250, 253, 273 See asymmetry; linguistic attitudes; also, cosmetic multilingualism; linguistic capital multilingualism-lite languages in literature, 2–3 Islamophobia, 146, 150, 172, 177, languaging, 12, 14, 22, 177 247, 252 Latin, 34, 205, 227, 241, 246 Italian, 1, 18, 22, 29, 33, 91, 107, 205, Lavrov, Sergey, 13–14, See also, Russian 209, 211, 214, 228 learning English, 40, 135, 168, 184, 219, Italianisms, 215 See also, Englishing italicization, 88, 95, 113, 148, 157, lexical loanwordings, See, shallow 175, 179, 185, 216, 254 See also, multilingualism Englishing; shallow multilingualism; lingua franca, 28–29, 235, 274 linguistic exhibitionism linguiscism, 8, 146, 242, 248, 253 linguistic asymmetry, 6–8, 21, 25, 40, Jackson, Michael, 57 61, 126, 129, 162, 165, 194, 269 Japanese, 31, 35, 89, 107–108, 242, 270 See also, linguistic capital; linguistic hierarchies Kannada, 93, 154 linguistic attitudes, 18, 29, 32, 36 Kelman, Stephen, 172 See, EU; linguiscism; linguistic capital

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 Index 297 linguistic capital, 1, 9, 25, 29–30, 32, 41, semantic equivalencing, 12, 111, 167, 84, 87, 129, 136–139, 147, 153, 162, 179, 193, 229, 271 165, 184, 190, 195, 200–202, 205, semantic re-looping, 7, 230 209, 225, 236–237, 264, 270 See also See also, shallow multilingualism linguistic asymmetry translation-non-translation, 91–92, linguistic disenfranchisement, 40, 84, 104, 107, 158, 188, 210–214, 242, 132, 142, 175–176, 183, 195 245, 255–256, 258 See also, Englishing transliteration, 8, 39, 132, 142, linguistic diversity, global, 18, 31, 194, 198, 218, 244, 253, 260 See, 46, 124, 249, 274 Englishing; shallow multilingualism linguistic erasure, 35, 124, 126, 137, verbal mis-en-scène, 89, 207, 209, 165, 174–176, 218, 265 216, 234, 245–246, 251, 261 linguistic exhibitionism, 2, 10, 20, linguistic exhibitionism, 21st century 53, 83–85, 101, 118, 124, 155, 158, paradigm shifts, 98, 100, 102, 272 166–167, 178, 180, 187, 189, 192–193, linguistic exhibitionism, definition, 196, 243, 255–256, 265, 271–275 83–85 See also, cosmetic multilingualism; linguistic exhibitionism, taxonomy of invisible multilingualism; momentary strategies, 97 multilingualism; mulitilingualism- linguistic exhibitionism, types-figure, 92 lite; language valuation; shallow linguistic hierarchies, 7, 19, 27, 30, 36, multilingualism, and 104–105, 107, 242 See also, linguistic Linguistic Exhibitionism: Types (see, below): asymmetry analogizing, 105, 120 linguistic insecurity, 135, 192, 243, anglicization, 121, 255, 259 245–246, 263 asymmetrical translation, 8 linguistic landscape, 85, 87, 172, 195 borrowings, 8, 259, 272 linguistic muting, 8, 169, 274 complementary translation, 174, 178, linguistic policing, 183–185, See also, 180, 192, 259 Englishing conspicuous conflationary contrasts, linguistic portability, 22, 34, 67, 78, 7–8, 88, 130, 135, 143–145, 152, 165, 165, 265 177, 187, 189, 191, 196, 199–200, linguistic repertoire, 98, 111, 113, 201, 204, 213, 220–221, 223, 228, 230, 241, 243, 250–252 233, 242, 246, 251, 259, 272 linguistic shaming, See, Englishing cultural similies, 119–120 linguistic taylorization, 8, 16, 22, 31, culturalisms, 118–120, 155–156, 180 101, 123, 179, 271–272, 275 See dysfluency, 190, 200 also, hegemony, linguistic exemplification, 121, 210, 214 See literary agents, 37, 52, 58–59, 62, also, shallow multilingualism 64–66, 78, 81 fabrication, 8 literary canon, See, canon; canonicity; forefronting, 257 postcolonial foreignisms, 62, See also, foreignisms literary commerce, See, creative commerce (main entry) literary hierarchy, 53–55, 74, imagery, 122 literary outsourcing, 7, 34, 63–66, See italicization, 7, 21, 180–181, 199, also, nurseries, writers 216, 227, 241, 257, See also, The Lives of Others, 1, 33, 38–40, 49, 60, italicization (main entry) 79, 122, 275. See also, marketable language fronting, 7, 273 multilingualism; global-local; loan-wording, 96 audiences metaphorizations, 200, 237, 249 London, 171–173, 197–198, 209, paratextual glossary, 79, 122–123 230, 267

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London Literary Festival, 153 monolingual readers, 76, 102, 110, Londonstani, 69 114, 121, 168–169, 181, 189, 196, Lopez, Jennifer, 268 210, 212, 214, 231, 262 See also, The Lowland, 49 audiences; global-local monolingualism, 85, 100, 102, 165, macro-context, 3, 6, 12, 16, 19, 44, 168–169, 173, 182, 189, 191–194, 60, 84, 96, 100, 124, 169–170, 204, 217–218, 262–263, 272 264, 270 See also, linguistic taylorization macro-micro, 3, 24, 38, 60, 62, 84–85, monolingualization, 19–21, 160, 92, 98, 116, 169–170, 180–182, 266 Morrison, Toni, 57 Mahfouz, Naguib, 28 mother-tongue, 21, 189, 202–204, 212, Man Booker, See, Booker 215, 236, 238, 252 Mandarin, 11–12, 29, 133, 269 Mukherjee, Neel, 1, 36, 38, 68, 70–71 Marathi, 33, 37 multiculturalism, 12, 41, 80–81, 106, marked, 107, 112, 156, 179, 181–182, 172–173 187, 206, 210, 215, 272 multilingualism, 21, 102, 111, 115, See also, unmarked 171, 173, 191, 193–194, 204, marketable multilingualism, 61, 78, 81, 248–249, 254, 262–263, 273 See, 106–107, 112, 118, 130, 170, 275 invisible multilingualism, See also, marketable multilingualism, cosmetic multilingualism, momentary Brick Lane, 118–122 multilingualism, multilingualism-lite; marketable multilingualism, Lives of truncated multilingualism Others, 122–123 multilingualism in literature, 88, 90–93, materiality of multilingualism, 3, 7, 100–103, 173–175, 187, 209, 241 14–15, 28, 79, 118, 166, 200, 268, multilingualism, 20th century, 98, 123 Mayan, 241 multilingualism, India, 126, 131, mega languages, See, big languages 140–141, 163 metropole markets, 22–23, See also, multilingualism, theorized framework: center; center-periphery, global See, framework cultural flows multilingualism, tropes, 187 Mexico, 79 multilingualism-lite, 7, 123–124, 273 microlinguistic strategies, 24, 27, muslims, 132, 143, 146, 150, 253, See 33, 38, 40, 53, 61, 73, 107, also, Islamophobia 109, 112, 115, 168–169, 172, 196, 270–271 Nagra, Daljit, 101, 111 Middle East, 208 Nair, Anita, 66 middle-class, See, class nano-sociolinguistics, 2, 115, 266 migration, 76 National Book Critics Circle Award, mimesis, 135, 175, 180, 195, 78, 170 198, 243, 260 national languages, 31, 35 mis-en-scène, verbal. See, linguistic National Public Radio, 56, 270 exhibitionism nationalism, 17, 30, 41 modality, 271 Native American languages, 248 momentary multilingualism, 7, 14, 20, nativization, 90, 123–124, 127 115, 271, 275 neem, 121–122, 155, 157–158 monoglossic, 168, 269 neoliberalism, 18, 39, 51, 63, 71, monoglot, 249–250 164–165 monolingual, 123, 159, 206, 223, New Orleans, 85 230, 274 The New York Times, 5, 55–58, 130, 240 monolingual mindset, 168 The New Yorker, 56, 109, 117

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Nigeria, 65, 77, 93 Picador, 66 Nigerian prize-winners, 65 Pidgin English, 93, 99, 195 Nobel Prize, 28–29, 31, 48, 51, pivot to Asia, 13, 28, 43 57, 70, 116 pluralingualism, 94, 98, 100, 112, nonce-words, See, shallow 271, 273 multilingualism poaching, book industry, 60–62, non-translation, 92, 102, 107, See also, 64–66 linguistic exhibitionism Polish, 18, 32 Nuestadt International prize, 70 polyglot, 171, 217, 249–251, 263 nurseries, writers, 7, 58–60, 63 post-9–11, 146, 274 See also, literary outsourcing postcolonial, 57, 74, 87 canon, 57, 62, 66, 74, 77, 150, 159 Obama, Barack, 14–15, 42–43 context, 90, 125, 274 Okara, Gabriel, 94, 99, 106, 109–110 studies, 87, 115, 266–267 Okinawan, 107 writers, 93, 96, 99, 106, 116, 197 Olympics, languages, 29 post-global, 10, 16, 36, 46, 49, 54, 72, opacity, 97, 99, 102, 106–108, 111, 76, 100, 102, 105, 137, 151, 198, 114, 259, 271, 275 See also, deep 242, 264, 267, 269, 273–275 multilingualism; anti-translation; post-global turn, 2, 21, 85, 87, 101, transparency 126, 140 open circuit languages, See, big post-globalism, 13, 16–17, 19, 26, 39, languages 43, 46–48, 54, 57–58, 66, 68–71, Oriya, 25 116, 118, 124 See also, flat-world outsourcing, 148, 163–164 post-monolingual, 15, 20, 98 overt prestige, 135, 224 post-racial, 15 Oxford University Press, 55, 73 Praemium Imperiale prize, Japan, 67 pride and profit, tropes, 12, 20, 25, 34, paan, 127, 160, 164, See also, 38, 55 semantic-re-looping under pride, national, 12–13, 18, 38, 55, linguistic exhibitionism; shallow See also, national languages multilingualism Prix Goncourt, 46 paratextual glossary, See linguistic prize-concentration, 57 exhibitionism prizes, function of, 9, 13, 31, 46, parochialism, 27, 91, 186, 201, 242, 254, 49, 56, 79 See also, economy See also, cosmopolitanism; vehicular; of prestige; cultural commerce; vernacular cultural capital participatory bilingualism, 7, 103, 158, proximal, 40, 168, 179, 181, 182, 274 200, 218, 226, 229–230, Peace Prize, Germany, 35 273, See also, distal Penguin, 66, 77 Pulitzer prize, 1, 5, 6, 51, 53, 56, 70, 78 Penguin, India, 27, 64 peripherization, See, invisible Raj, 128, 164 multilingualism Rajmohan’s Wife, 63 periphery, 25–26, 62–63, 68, 73, 81, 101 Random House, 53 See also, center-periphery; global-local; re-English, 7, 123–124, 274 audiences See also, de-English perlocutionary, 172, 179, 198, 223, 265, reterritorialization, 17, 20, 22, 270, 274, See also, speech acts 34, 48, 82, 85, 171 See also, Persian, 3, 91, 107, 134, 156 center-periphery; global-local; Pew Research Study, 61 global cultural flows

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Rowling, J.K., 42–43, 54 metaphorizations, 252 Roy, Arundahti, 63–65 paratextual glossing, 122 Rupa and Co, 65 reduplication, 151 Rushdie, Salman, 1, 15, 38, 57, 66, 70, semantic equivalencing, 155 74, 77, 117, 240–241, 244, 264 semantic re-looping, 114, 121, Russian, 14, 23, 29, 36 149–150, 158–163, 274 tagging, 111–112, 140–142, 148, Sami, 108 167–168, 174–175, 181, 185–186, Sanskrit, See, Harry Potter 193, 210–211, 221, 235, 250 The Satanic Verses, 66, 269 tokenisms, 111, 118, 121–122, scalar, see, framework; language 156–163, 167, 179, 212, 223, valuation 231, 241, 246, 260–262 self-loathing, 138, 175, 217, 219, toponyms, 228, 241 226, 246 transcreation, 159–161 self-translation, 8, 84, 100, 180, 104, transliteration, 110, 145, 255, 113, 116–117, 142, 166, 168, 179, See also, Englishing; shallow 260–261, See also, translation multilingualism semantic re-looping, See, linguistic Shanghai Expo, 2010, 10, 16 exhibitionism, See, shallow small languages, 4, 19, 34, 107, 274, multilingualism See also, big languages Semitic, 247 smart power, 14, 17 See also, soft-power The Sense of an Ending, 49 Smith, Zadie, 61, 74 Seth, Vikram, 24, 64, 66 social-class, See, class Shakespeare, 25, 34, 77, 186, 188 sociolinguistics of globalization, shallow multilingualism, 7, 45, See, globalization 62, 81, 83, 95–96, 100, 103–104, soft-power, 5, 14, 17, 32, 42, 54–55, 109–115, 117, 121–123, 156–158, 74, 129, 200, 264, 270 169, 171, 242, 255, 272 Spanish, 18, 23, 28, 79, 96, 109, 241 shallow multilingualism, types, global reach, 3 see below: See also, linguistic special relationship, 17, exhibitionism, Types: See also, Anglosphere anglicization, 119, 157, 213, 220, 232 speech act theory, 270 appositives, 113, 179–180, 261 See also, perlocutionary borrowings, 244 speech acts, 84, 172, 175, 184, 186, contexting, 107, 110, 113, 157, 188–189, 191, 202, 213, 273 179–180, 229, 262 See also, perlocutionary cultural similies, 119–120, 155 statecraft, 21st century, 14, 17 culturalisms, 120–121, 150–151, stereotypes, 62, 119–120, 132, 207, 155, 157, 214, 231 218, 247, 263 exemplification, 214–215, 218, 221, subaltern, 22, 154–155 228–229, 261 superdiversity, 85, 195 glossings, 111, 203, 274 supranational reach, italicization, 154, 156–157, 177–176, See, deterritorialization 180–181, 212 Swedish, 108 loanwordings, 157, 158, 171 symbolic capital, 45–46, 48, metalanguaging, 40, 105, 112, 141, 54–55, 57, See also, cultural 144, 173, 183, 225, 250, 273 capital; soft-power metalinguistic commentary, 8, 105, 111, 131, 143, 162, 174, 193, 210, tagging, See, shallow multilingualism 217, 222, 224, 228, 256, 273 Tagore, Rabindranath, 116, 119, 178

Copyrighted material – 978–1–137–34035–1 Copyrighted material – 978–1–137– 34035–1 Index 301 taxonomy truncated multilingualism, 21, cline and category-based, 7, 44–50, 92 62, 85, 101–102, 111, 116, See also, linguistic exhibitionism 118, 156–157, 213, 232, see multilingual use, See cline also, cosmetic multilingualism; scalar, 92, 97 momentary multilingualism; shallow taxonomy, multilingualism, multilingualism; multilingualism-lite See, framework; linguistic exhibitionism Tulu, 154 taylorization, See, linguistic Turkish, 29, 35, 241, 244, taylorization 251–252, 262 terms of address, See, address, Turkish writers, in Germany, 35 terms of two-way cultural flows, See, global territorialization, 22, 81, 173, See cultural flows also, deterritorialization; linguistic typification strategies, 4, 62, 84, taylorization; reterritorialization 271–272 Thai, 235 Thailand, 52, 235, 270 UK, 23, 70, 74, See also, Britain Thiong’o, Ngugi, 99 UK, book industry, 23, 42, 44, To Kill a Mockingbird, 55 65, 117 top-down, 3, 86, 98, See also, UK, culture industry, 46, 267 macro-micro Ukraine, 36, 144, 162 toponyms, 229, 241, See also, shallow UN, 17, 30 multilingualism Unaccustomed Earth, 1, 8, 274 Tower of Babel, 23, 250 UNESCO, 46 transcreation, See, shallow unilingualism, 41, 112, 140, multilingualism See also, hegemony; linguistic translation, See also, self-translation taylorization centers, 46–47 universities, See, Higher Education industry, 7, 22–23, 29, 52, 116–117 unmarked, 92, 97, 107, 112, 166, languages, 23–24, 52, 117, 124 206, 210–211, 215, 244, 259, market benefits, 37, 116–119 See also, marked prize-winning fiction, 6, 170, 203 Untold Story, 81 strategies, See also, anti-translation; Urdu, 132, 146, 173, 241, 245–246, linguistic exhibitionism; shallow 254, 256, 260–261 multilingualism strategies, periphrastic, 123 Valmiki, 25 studies, 2, 85–87, 102, 115 valorization, 1, 4, 8, 93, 203, 205, 272, transliteration, See also, Englishing; See also, language valuation linguistic exhibitionism and shallow vehicular, 8, 91, 97, 107, 173–174, multilingualism 205, 210, 215, 237, 242–243, transnational, 17, 124, See also, center- 256, 274, See also, periphery; global cultural flows linguistic capital transnational publishing, 2, 7, 27, ventriloquism, 25, 40, 75, 85, 113, 132, 33–35, 52–53, 62–64, 68–69, 109, See also, class 118, 124, 170, 275 verbal mis-en-scène, See, linguistic transparency, 102, 106, 109, 114 exhibitionism transparent-turn, 7, 62, 99, 110, vernacular, 8, 27, 36, 173–174, 195, 123, 126, See also, cosmetic 205, 210, 212, 240, 272, multilingualism; momentary See also, linguistic capital multilingualism; truncated Vives, Carlos, 268 multilingualism Vodafone prize, 1, 38, 68, 117

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Waldorf Astoria, 67 Windows 2000, 36 The White Tiger, 1, 7, 49–50, 61, World Englishes, 83, 87, 129, 267 66, 68, 275 See also, English whiteness, tropes, 126–127, 139, 141, 164, 185, 200 Xhosa, 88 Whorfianisms, 120, 179, See also culturalisms under linguistic Yan, Mo, 29 exhibitionism; shallow Yiddish, 18 multilingualism Williams, Pharrell, 15, 269 Zulu, 104