thc tlmous.lJumble Adminlstrator's (iariien (Ziruozherlg Yuan) iri Suzhou. Z lt rt t t { \ I t t tit ltt t i.q \8 Tibet Veste,rdmy ond Todoy A leoder of the 1959 coun- PUELISHED MONTHTY IN ENGTISH, FRENCH, - gv ter revolution- sPANISH, ARABTC AND BIMONTHLv tN Otni,lax ory rebellion IHE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE (sooNG cHtNG tells how he L!NG, CHAIRMANI come to see the'need lor o democrotic re- vol. xxvH No.9 SEPTEMBER 1979 lorm. Poge il CONTENTS Arnericon Physicist Our Postbag 2 Lectures in Chino Cartoons J Columbio University's Tibet- I Came over to the People Lhalu Tsewong-Dorie 4 Dr. Tsung Doo Lee, Lhasa's Zuglakang Temple Xiao Zhi B noted scholor ond re- porticle Dochhen Drolma's Wedding Zhang Huaiiing and Zhou seorcher in physics, fcir Baohua 12 lectured two months before o Prof. Tsung Dao Lee Lectures in Beijing He Zuoxiu + 14 highly selective oudi- Election for Team Leader Liu Baocheng tb ence ol Chinese scien- A Well-Managed Forest Area Peng Xianchu 17 tists. Poge 14 The Da Hinggan Ling Forest (Photos) 19 My Contacts wilh Chaplin Situ Huimin zt London Festival Ballet's Bei.iing Visit Tan Aiqing 24 i .* Empoet of ehaplin Children: lt Happened on a Train Gao Ai 27 Situ Huimin, Vice-Minister The Animal World of Painter Han Meilin Bao Wenqing of Culture ond long-time and Wang Jiashu 28 lilm worker, tells whot the Films in China (Part ll) Uwe Kriiuter and Patricia Wilson 34 greot Choplin hos meont Tang Three-Color Glazes Mei Chien-ying 40 to Chino since the 1920s. Poge 21 Memorles of Zhu De and Chen Yi (Part ll) Su Yu 46 The Beijing Prison You Yuwen and Huang Jun 49 The Gardens of Suzhou Zhong Guoiun 52 Sports. Badminton Championships Fu Xipeng 56 More Attention Paid to Food, Clothing, Shelter Lu Zhenhua 58 Do You Know? China's Well-Known Rivers and Mountains 60 Chinese eookery: Sizzling Rice with Shrimp and Tomato Tong Three- Sauce (Guoba Fanqie Xiaren) 0t eoisr Gleres Across the Land: Torch Festival of the Yi People 62 The 7th-century Chinese History - Xll ceromit "big leoP" . The Glory That Was,Tang: 1 -: National Economy thot creoted o Jiao Jian 66 world-fomous style. Archeological News: More Early Hemp Paper; Xinjiang Poge 40 Clan Commune Site; Zhou Dynasty Palace Sites 69 ln Our Societyr A Wife and Her Mother-in-Law Yu Guohou 70 Language Corner: Lesson 9: ln Guilin 71 The Eeijimg Fnison COVEF PICTURES: Front; Young Tibet Liu Chen While the prisons olso fell under the disruptive in- Back: Autumn in Jilin province Wu Jinsheng lluence of the gong of four, todoy o .reolistic progrom lor the rehobilitotion of criminols is being restored. Editoriol Office: Woi Wen Building, Beijing Poge il9 (37). Chino. Coble: "CHIRECON" Beijing. Generc! Distributor: GUOZI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino. one thing I like about your people is More fnteresting Titles their devotion to the job in hand it lasts a lifetime. - It would be better to use clear, attrac- G.T. tive journalistic titles. For example, Huddersfield, England the title of one of your articles is "For More and Better Steel." Objectively Present Condition speaking, this may be psrfectly correct, but it is too dull for western readers. Big. Bird on Beijing Streets Your magazine is very educational Peihaps the title "An Ingot a Minute" and articles set forth and within tend would sound better for articles like this. to point out some of the social and eco- Also, it seems to me you give less space nomic aspects of life, One of your to articles on sports than to arts, cul- articles in the April issue, "A SIow ture and stamps. There is a need for Pupil Catches Up" is portraying the life more reporting on recreation and of some young people in this world and pastimes, such as what to do in one's could be of much help to those who spare time and after-hours activities. are priviledged to be readers of China P.H. Reconstructs. Kbln, Federal Republic of GernlanA J,T,D. Yopta, Liberia Wants to Understand Fables
, ei., i sr"-r,t I appreciate very much the new format of China Reconstrucfs and the I was glad to read the column "Our increase in number of photos and color Postbag" in your January issue publish- pages. Your magazine contains interest- ing the opinions of readers. I notice ing topics such as love stories, Chinese that more and more requests are being As a Iife long admirer of China, history and geography and family life. raised by your readers. words cannot express the excitement I I have read your fables with interest. your Your articles reflect China's present had at finally visiting arrrazir,g conditions, which many your readers Evidently fables convey certain mean- country. As member cast of a of the of do not know. ing in your political life. But we read- the Bob Hope television special which ers in Europe may not understand them was taped in Beijing I had a chance to s.A.z. people Diaala, Iraq correctly, so we would like to know meet many there in my role of you Big Bird of Sesame Street. how Chinese interpret them. Would you please add an explanation at the Big Bird is a huge puppet almost Respects to Cancer Doctors 2tl meters tall which completely en- end of each fable. velops me when I perform. The warm Many thanks for the article "Progress H.R. smiles and joyous cries of the children in Treating Cancer of the Liver" Klagenfurt, Austria calling, "Hello, Big Bird!" in Chinese published in your April issue. tells have one the most rewarding It been _ of general hightights of m! career. about the check-up and treat- Asks About Unemployment I am amazed at the resourcefulness ment of cancer, as well as the good and hard work I see everywhere. I see results achieved in operations on Will the four modernizations to build the friendship of our two countries as cancer in their early st4ges. China into a fully modernized country one of the best events of this century. More than a year ago you published by the year 2000 mean that with your The new exposure of China to the an article about cancer research in very high population millions will be world must not allow the loss of the China, and I wrote to your magazine re- unemployed because of technological warmth, openness and wonderful hones- questing you publish more detailed advance? Please explain this as lots ty that now exists there. reports. of my friends would like the answer to My congratulations to the leaders and Please convey my thanks to your re- question. people this the tine of this land for their porter Ximen Lusha and also Dr. Yu G.B.S. forward thinking and accomplishments. Yeqin dnd woman cancer specialist Lin Willenholl, England As the cast of the Bob Hope Show Zhiying for telling your r.eporter all Gala at the Capital Theater in Beijing about the new treatment for cancer and sang your lovely song, '3This Is My how to detect the hidden disease, Where to Buy Stamps Native Land," I too, felt a sharing of P.L. You give detailed descriptions of Chi- the pride you must all feel. Thank Paris, France you very much for all this! nese stamps in your magazine but no c.s. word about where to buy them. Why? Woodstock, Conn., g.S,A. Love an Objective Reality G.H. Giitersloh, Federal Republic ol Gerrnana I have subscribed to China Recon- Zhou Enlai, a Great Man slructs tot five years. You have made I enjoy all your articles, especially some improvement in your recent those on scientific research. I am also In the April issue the article which issues, which contain less stereotyped interested in knowing where I can impressed me most was the one about, writing. I enjoyed reading your artidles obtain the stamps of the medicinal the life of Zhou Enlai. What a great on the attitude towards love in China. plants mentioned in your April issue. man he was for China and its people - People here in France often shy that Still more important is how to use Chi- tremendous. Shantou or Swatow, you Chinese people are Puritans and too nese herbal medicines. good another very story. Mr. Wu Tong shy. These love stories show that the L.F.S. describes his rememberances and facts Chinese people's attitude toward love Mdrico, Merico and keeps one very interested all is indeed different from that in capi- through - weII written and weII done. talist'countries, there is nothing wrong To bug Chinese stan'Lps, please urite I also like the article "Progress in with it. But love is an objective reality to the China Stamp Compang, 28 Dong- Ireating Cancer of the Liver." I ad- that cannot be denied. onmen Street, Beijing (Peking), China. mire people who put aII their work and M.D. Cable: "CHINASTAMP" Beijing. skill to the benefit of,the people. The Nancy, ?rance Eilitor. -
2 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS CAR N$
a
B Ye Jian Let's have a race to see who's fasler!
Can't you do it without me?
Vltake up! Time to take your sleeping DiUs. Shen Pei You can't do it wlthout me}
SEPTEMBER I9?9 I Came over to the People e9-b.,"*}r-} (LHALU TSEWGNG-DORJE) tioningly upheld the .ser{ system and in the Iocal governlnenl. was t' Iong one of those who stood for ,,"t] creating an "independent Tibet" by relying on imperiali.st forces. Tibet has been an insepalable part of China since ancient times. This fact the luling clique of the original Tibet upper social strata had to admit and because of it in 1951 the Tibet local gJovernment agreed to sign the 17-article ilgree- ment on the peaceful liberation of Tibet with the Central People's Government. I, like other people from upper social strata, was torced by the general trend and popular feeling to accept it.
rflO have or not to havc demo- I cratic reform became the focus of struggle. We tried every means to prevent it in order to de- Lhalu Tsewong-Dorje (left) talking with other par- ticipants in the 1959 rebellion after thelr release. Kang Song fend the interests of the three kinds of estate-holders (officials in the Tibet local government, high f T has been 20 years since the and were one of Tibet's four big I Iamas of the monasteries and democratic reform in Tibet. serfowners. We had 20 estates, a nobles) and maintain their rule in Since then we on the "roof of the dozen pastures and several thou- Tibet. The Communist Party and vrorld" giant have made a step sand slaves. We had 1,333 hec- the people's government on the across several centuries. got The re- tares of land, from which we other hand advocated the reforms form has brought social progress grain 280 an anqual income of for the emancipatlon of the mil- and prospeiity to Tibet and hap- 400 farm animals tons. We had lion serfs and the prosperity piness to its people. It has also and 3,000 sheep. Our family each and progress of the Tibetan given us feudal serfowners a new year consumed more than 100 iife, enabling us to move tci the sheep. In addition to their work nationality. government side of the people. But it was only for us in the fields every year the The Party and the through a long and tortuous serfs had to give us a lot of but- explained to us many times the process that I gained this under- ter, eggs, woolen fabric, cooking significance of having a democrat- standing. oil, and wool and bearskins. ic reform and the Party's policies I was a kaloon (a high admin- From childhood I had led a on it, patiently waiting for us to istrative official) in the old Tibet parasitic life. I never had to see the reason for it. In 1955 I local government and the gover- worry about food or clothing. At visited Beijing and some other nor of the Qamdo area in eastern 14 I became an official in the parts of our country. During this Tibet. Now I'm 66. Our LhaLu Tibet local government. In 1947 tour I met Chairman Mao twice family are descendants ' of the when I was 34 I was promoted to and Premier Zhott five times. eighth and twelfth Dalai Lamas kaloon. At that time I unques- Chairman Mao told me when he
+ CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS received me: There is no need for believe it. Leniency to those brought to a mass meeting to be you to be afraid of democratic re- who confessed would be only criticized. I was frightened bY the f orm. It won't mean physical for those who had committed angry crowd shouting slogans' II I elimination of you aristocrats. The minor crimes, I thought. A big were not sentenced to death, I to purpose is to help a1I Tibetans in- criminal like me would not be thought; I would be beaten securitY guards cluding you nobles to iive a good treated leniently. If I confessed death. But the protected me. It rvas then that tr Pointing Vice-Chairman my crimes it might make things life. to realized the Party wcs saving me. even worse. So I refused to con- Soong Ching Ling sitting beside With this new understanding I con- fess and waited for my death. us, Chairman Mao said that she fessed all my crimes. In Augr-rst One day the head of the deten- was also from an "aristocrat" 1965 I was released. I went home family. And she was one of our tion house called me to his room and was reunited with mY familY' state leaders! and entertained me with tea and He used a vivid metaphor to ex- cigarettes. In trial sessions he had [)ACK home I was determined tti plain the relationship between been very severe, but this time he LD live by my orvn iabor. i was Tibet and our motherland. He was very kind to me. He told me given 0.3 hectare of land' In spring what theY stretched out his five fingers and that Communists meant my neighbors helPed me v'zith then withdrew the thumb. With- said. I should trust the PartY's plowing, sowing and sPreading confess crimes. out it, he said, one could not give policy and my manure, as I had never done However, I still doubted him. For oxen, a f orceful blow. Only when he these before. I had no only a few closed the entire hand could he his kindness I confessed so the commune sent over one make a powerful blow.. Chairman minor things. to plow for me. I had thought surPrise he curse Mao said all these things in, order The next day to my the leaders and masses would me had made a good confes- had to educate me and others from the told I and sneer at me because I and encouraged me bY saying had not ex- upper social strata, to help us sion been a serfowner. I like this I would to mY aid overcome our fear of democratic that if I went on pected they wodd come But I was in difficulties- In the reform and get rid of our ideas receive lenient treatment. when I srnall never shown anY about an independent Tibet. continued to report onIY old society I had for my serfs. I had beaten Premier Zhou too showed great things. Even so, I found them concern of them often just because I concern for me and enlightened trooking more favorablY on me. some was experience with didn't like them. When I thought me in many ways. The Party and This my first policy of leniencY. But of my misdeeds, I was even rnore the government arranged for me the Party's had many lvorries, grateful to the PartY and the Peo- to go to Shanghai and visit Rong I still day in the 6th month on the ple. I made up mY mind to work Yiren (Jung Yi-jen), the famous One Tibetan calendar in 1959 I was hard and through phYsical labor to national capitalist. Under the Party's policy of buying out the national bourgeoisie, Rong receiv- At a Iamily holiday get-together in Norbu Lingka Park. Ma Jingqiu ed fixed interest and led a good life, He even held an important post in the government. The Party and government did everything they could to help me take the correct road. But out of my stubborn reactionary stand I returned evil for good and joined the armed counter-revolutionary rebellion in March 1959. I was commander of the rebel troops and by signing the so-called "Inde- pendence Manifesto of Tibet," I be- trayed our motherland and people. rnHE rebellion was soon put r down. I was captured and held in custody. I felt sure the Comcnunists would shoot me. Though I was told the Party's q$re# policy was leniency to those T,' u and severity to J who confessed ffin those wbo resisted, I did not &.'s
SEPTEMBER 1979 remold my ideology and become a that the former narrow winding today. Many communes and pro- new man. trails I had once known had be- duction brigades in Tibet have Gradually I learned to do farm come modern highways. Before built hydropower stations by them- work, In 1970 I wanted very much Iiberation, all through the 1,200,000 selves. There are altogether over to apply to be a member of the square kilometers of the Tibet pla- 500 with a total generating capacity cornmune, but with my class origin teau there was not a single kilome- of 16,900 kw. I felt I dared not do so. When the ter of road. Transporting was I had been to Qonggyai county local people's government learned done by yaks, horses, donkeys or before on horseback. I remember- of my wish, it approved. I was on people's backs. Today d road ed it was a poor valley full of overjoyed. As a commune member network radiating from Lhasa boulders and wild undergrowth. percent I worked hard at whatever I was reaches 98 of Tibet's coun- But this time I saw terraced fields given do digging irrigation ties and 75 percent of its districts. to bef ore me. The county's grain channels or ponds- or doing other This is something old Tibet's rulers output in 1977 was four times that kinds of jobs. was commended could not even dream of doing. I of 1959. The number of livestock by the masses. In 1970 I worked When we arrived at the Nyaimai had doubled. The county had 320 days. At the end of the year People's Commune in Lhunze planted 226 hectares of trees. And like other commune members I got county, the commune members was moved when my pay based on my work points were working on the threshing I deeply I learned that wild mountain had 500 yuan. ground. They showed us their this area grain. - In August 1977 after the fall of shellers and winnowers. In the become self-sufficient in the gang of four the people's gov- evening every home was brightly Bdfore liberation the Lhoka area ernment formally announced that lit up. The commune had built was cal1ed Tibet's granary. Being grain my designation "counter-revolu- two 50 kilowatt hydropower sta- a manager for the old Tibet tionary element" was removed. tions. Before liberation to please local government, I knew how big The Party and the people's govern- us aristocrats the Tibet l-ocal that "granary" was. The average per-hectare yield ment had changed me, a feudal government had asked a German was only a little over a As most of went to serfowner who had committed big engineer to build a small , hydro- ton. it crimes, into a new man who loved power station in Lhasa's northern serfowners, the people never had his country and work. I feel I have suburbs. The construction took a enough to eat. Today the Lhoka a bright future. long time. The electricity it gen- area has become a place worthy of erated was not even enough for the name granary. Its present out- f N ttre fall of 197? I went to the the aristocrats' homes. That gov- put is 3.4 times that at the time of r Lhoka area south of Lhasa for ernment could not do even the the democratic reform. Each year a visit. Once out of Lhasa I found things a people's commune can do besides putting aside enough for food, seed and reserves, the area sells about 20,000 tons to the state. Tibet today: Beneath the ancient Potala The land and the people are the Palace in Lhasa a new city is growing up. Li Jun same, but the output is so dif- ferent ! This shows the democratic reform has brought forth the initiative and creativity of the people which as serfs they could not express. Lhasa especially has taken on a new Iook. Beggars have disap- peared from the streets. Along Yanhe Road are factories, govern- ment offices, schools, shops, restau- rants, a post office, an auditorium and a sports ground. Before the democratic reform this place was full of filthy water and garbage. Half of Lhasa's several thousand EB beggars congregated there. It was called "the street of beggars." When the poor people died of hunger or disease, their bodies were left to lie and dogs and wolves fed on them. All this of course has gone forever. Today
CHINA NECONSTRUCTS Studenis from the Lhasa Micldle School surveying the heights. Xinhua
Beggars in the streets of old Tibet. Xinhua
people walking on the street look munist Party and the people's happy and healthy. government and as a part of our unified socialist motherland. As THE thing that impressed me our country's four modernizations r most is the change in relations proceed, Tibet will become even between men brought about since more prosperous. the democratic reform. I have come to realize a little about how J N August 1977 I was assigned to it was to be a serf. Serfs had no I work at the Tibet Committee of personal freedom. They were the Chinese People's Political Con- cruelly exploited and oppressed by sultative Conference as a vice-head the three estate-holders. They had of its publicity and translation sec- to step aside and bow when they tion. Soon afterwards I was elected saw aristocrats. Today they have a member of the Third Committee become the masters of Tibet, doing all kirids of work for socialist con- of the Political Consultative Con- ference struction. Ordinary people and of the Tibet Autonomous high officials are equal. They ad- Region. I felt so excited about my new work could dress each other as "comrades." that I hardly fall Before the democratic reform we asleep that night. serfowners could beat and bully at I have a daughter and five sons. joying my and life, will. But the people's government They are now all working except happy secure I think of my former colleagues, re- and cadres protect the interests of the youngest son who is handi- Iatives and other Tibetans who the people and serve them whole- capped. My daughter is in a carpet- have gone abroad. We Tibetans heartedly., weaving cooperative. Her wage is have a saying, birds get old I lived for a while with a pro- 70 yuan per month. My eldest son "When they fly back to the forest, when duction brigade outside Lhasa. at the Lhasa Automobile Repair people get on in years they miss There matters Plant has been an outstanding all important con- their home place." I don't think my production, worker for many years. My second cerning finances and friends like living under someone distribution of income are decided son is a tractor driver in Namling county. My third and fourth sons else's thumb or on someone's through discussions by the masses. charity. The Party's position has work for the highway engineering The brigade leaders cannot make always been: patriots are of division the Tibet Communica- "AlI arbitrary decisions. The people and of one family, whether they rally to the lower government officials give tions Bureau. My wife is in the cause early or late" and that their criticism and suggestions to region's archives bureau. I, too, bygones should be bygones. The those above when they think it is help with sorting out historical Dalai Lama and other Tibetans necessary. Such a thing could data on Tibet and doing research Iiving abroad have the freedom to never have happened in old Tibet. on it. iome or go. I hope that they value No former ruling classes could My family has a very good life. the interests of our motherland have made Tibet so thriving as it My pay is 120 yuan per month and and nationality enough to come is today. This is possible only my wife's 60. Last spring we moved back as early as possible to join in, under the leadership of the Com- into a new apartment, Often, en- socialist construction for them.
SEFTEMRER 1979 Lhasa's Zuglakang Temple
XIAO ZHI
rnHE goiden-roofed ?th-century I is a monument to the relations be- liberated in 1951 the Zuglakang Zuglakang (Jokhang) Temple tween the Han and Tibetan peoples Temple with its many historlcal the the part of in heart of old frorn very early on" and religious relics came under Lhasa, one of the major temples The Tibetan word "Zuglakang" state protection. of Tibet, has been completely means Temple of Sakyamuni (Gau- renovated. tama Buddha). It contains a statue Songtsan Gambo (617-650), Priceless Arts of Sakyamuni believed to be unifier and first king of a unified A tree in front of the temple, Tibet, wanting to cemeht friendly brofght by Princess Wen Cheng now withered, is known as the ties, asked for the hand of a Han from Changan (now Xi'an) along dynasty willow" princess in marriage and in 641 with Buddhist scriptures. The "Tang or "the Tang dynasty Emperor Tai Zong spread of Buddhism in Tibet dates Princess's willow," supposedly sent Princess Wen Cheng. Song- from this time. planted by her. Nearby a stone tsan Gambo ordered this temple The temple served as a center tabLet with inscriptions in the Han built as a memorial to the prin- for the lamas from Lhasa's three and Tibetan languages, records the cess's arrival. She is said to have famous monasteries Zhaibung alliance concluded between the chosen the site and taken part in (Drepung), Sera and Gandan- to Tang Emperor Mu Zong and a designing it, and artisans who chant the sutras, discuss -and Tibetan king in 821 (the first year came with her helped build it. It preach Buddhism. After Tibet was of Emperor Mu Zong's reign). It reads: "Uncle and nephew have governments Tibetan visitors and worshippers on lhe roof of the Zuglakang Temple. agreed that their are like one, forming an alliance of grand peace. We will respect forever the good relations be- tween uncle and nephew." This form of the Tibetan king referring to the Tang emperor as "uncle" and himself as' "nephew" was to emphasize the closeness of the relation. The temple contains over 300 Buddhist statues, of which the bronze one brought by Princess Wen Cheng is the central and most i$i;; valuable one. Rich decoration was added in the 15th century by Tsongkhapa, founder of the Yellow Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, and later in the 17th century under the fifth Dalai Lama and many succes-
- XIAO ZHI is :i writer who visited ,Tibet early this year.
CEINA BECONSTBUCTS The statue of Sakyami:ni said iil h:"ve eiifile wifh Frincess W*n Chsng. ! iu {lpt, h6u:al picturing build- ing ol';he temple. Ltir ( ltert
S{)ngtsan Gambo (cen- ter'), Princess Wen Cheng (right) and the Nepalese princess who was also his wife. Ort 5ltotrl;Ltttil
%
s"
*
t ), sors. Today the statue, its face The four-floor temple with 20 are aiso. evident. Pillars, rafters painted in gold and wearing a robe prayer halls has a total floor space and murals utilize even more and crown of pure gold studded of 20,000 square meters. The brilliant color than temples in with pearls and pieces of agate, golden roofs glint in the sun. The other parts of China. turquoi.se, jade and other precious .platform rows of litt]e brass bells tinkle in stones, rests on a stone the wind. In general structure it Extensive Renovation inside a gilded frame behind an is Tibetan, but in the beam and With age the temple had sunk elaborate altar. bracket construction under the The draperies and acquired cracks in many on both sides, eaves and over doors and woven of gold, the places. Between 1972 and 1975 the silver and silk windows shows the influence of thread, have been changed for people's government allotted brand-new ones. Under the glim- the architectural style used else- 700,000 yuan for major repairs to merintg of the ever-lit butter lamps, where in China. Some Nepalese the temple by experienced artisans. golden dragons twisting around and Indian architectural features It has continued this work on a the pillars and statues of Buddhist disciples nearby add solemnity and Veranala pillars on the second floor of lhe Sakyamuni Ball. splendor to the shrine. In the ' center of the hall stands a 26.2- ' meter-high Buddhist statue cast in bronze and gold in the 18th cen- tury. On the second floor are statues of Songtsan Gambo, prin- 'Wen cess Cheng, Tibetan emis- saries to the Tang court and other personages of the time, all made in the 7th century. On the inner .and outer walls surrounding the main hall are 600 meters of colored murals 3 meters high. In delicate lines they picture Buddhist legends, the life of the Tibetan people in ancient times and the unique Tibetan scenery. On the murals are many Buddha figures in different poses, expres- sions arid clothing, and rows of neatly arranged small Buddha statues seated cross-legged. A mural on the northern wall of the main haII tells Sakyamuni,s life . story - his birth, growth, found- ,ing of the Buddhist religion and attainment of nirvana. On both sides of the ehtrance to the Prayef Hall is another mural showiirg Princess Wen Cheng's. journey ,f$ across the snowy mountains into Tibet in a horse carriage, the building.of the Zuglakang Temple and the grand celebration at its completion. Other murals picture singing and dancing, banqueting, hunting, traveling, wrestling and other activities of the time. On'the third floor wrapped in golden-yellow silk and kept in purple-red wooden boxes are 108 sets of Buddhist sutras in Han lan- guage said to have been brought to Tibet in the Ming dynasty (1368- 1644).
SEFTEMBER T979 Dotllltm Drolmo'r
teddino
ZHANG HUAIJING and ZHOV BAOHUA
IOCHHEN DROLMA was get- lJ fivlg married. Almost every- one from the hundred-spme fami- lies in the Kesum commune in southeastern Tibet had gather- ed in the commune meeting room to celebrate the event. The bride, Dochhen Drolma, was 25 and worked in the commune's sewing group. The groom, Chile, 26, was a cart driver. They had rnet five years before in the course of their work. Dochhen Drolma, smiling shyly and dressed in a flowered pink Artists repairing a mural. Photos bg Gu Shoukang shirt under a black wool jumper and rainbow-hued apron, was smaller scale every year seated up front on a bolster beside since. whitewash. Drainage pipes have the groom, who wore a black wool One-third of the buildings have been installed to lead away rain robe with gold-colored edging and been repaired and renovated, l2l water from the roofs, and cracks the Tibetan four-flap fur and Iarge bronze, silver and clay have been filled in. Sunken pillars brocade hat. In front of them on statues, including those of Song- have been raised to their original tsan Gambo Princess a low table was a gaily-decorated and Wen position and the rotten ones wooden Cheng, have been box such as is used to restored. The replaced. measure grain. mural depicting Princess This "good luck Wen measure" is part of the Tibetan Cheng's entry into Tibet and other Freedom of murals, Worship wedding festivity. In it were totaling 2,600 square winter wheat meters, have recaptured Article 46 of the Chinese con- on one side and their zanba (roasted highland barley ancient splendor. 'stitution provides: "Citizens enjoy flour) on the other, into which Some of the original freedom to believe in religion and murals had were stuck bars of qi.ngke (high- become obscured. The one on freedom not to believe in religion land barley) painted many colors. Sakyamuni's religious and to propagate atheism." Since life w€tri Red and green entwined pa- restored to its original appearance its reopening at the beginning of percuts with long streamers hung by eight veteran artists after con- the year the Zuglakang Temple is sulting old photographs open three days a week to visitors from the edges of the table. and other On each good historical materials. For large pan- and worshippers. Most of the latter side of the luck measure pottery oramic views they used the tradi- are older people turning their were flagons tied with white hadas, one qingke tional Tibetan methods of compo- prayer wheels. Some bring butter for sition. to add to the lamps or present the spirits and the oth'br for butter tea. Sbme murals on the surrounding hadas. Others touch or kiss the There were also several plates of pastries. walls had faded or peeled. All clothes or feet of the Buddha half-moon shaped All these were repAired and covered a image, scatter grains qingke, symbolize the wishes for a with of "life protective coating. The paintings candy, coins or jeWelry before the happy and good harvests for the new gouple. on the eaves, gables, cofridors and Buddha. Their chants can be lintels exposed to the sun and rain heard constantly in the temple. Commune chairman Ngawang, a man are now painted anew and protect- The Zuglakang Temple has nine in his sixties, acts as master ed with canvas awnings. lamas in charge of religious The walls of the prayer halls ZHANG IIUAIJING anil ZHOU BAO- affairs. They are paid a fixed HUA are Xinhua News Agency re- have been given a fresh coat of monthly salary by the state. porters h Tibet. t2 CIIINA REOONSTBUCTS of ceremonibs and declares the well-wishing for the bride and wall. The small adjacent storeroom festivities open. The room ex- groom.'It's part of being our own was full of grain, wool, and dried plodes into applause. masters." yak meat and mutton. Ngawang First Ngawang presents white Indicating ,an older woman in told us that in 1f7S Dochhen silk hada scarves to the bride and the danciag crowd, Ngawang ob Drolma and her mother together groom and proposes toasts to their serVed, "That's Dochhen Drolma's earned 560 kilograms of grain and mutual love and hapPiness. The mother, Drolma Tsering." She, her 528 yuan in cash. This year with young couPle down three cuPs of mother and her grandmother had Chile's earnings added the familY qingke spirits in succession for the all been house slaves who could income will be even more. "triple happiness" of the bride, not have lawful husbands. Her The family offered ts qi.ngke bridegroom and guests. mother gave birth to five children, spirits, apples from the commune's With the hodos draPed over their of whom two are alive today, orchard and rich butter tea in shoulders the bouple offers drinks Drolma Tsering who was born in wooden bowls carved with char- to their parents to thank them for a yak shed and her stepbrother acteristic Tibetan designs. bringing them up. This is followed Gezhu who was born in a grove. "You'r'e really lucky," Ngawang by a toast to the guests for coming Drolma Tsering's fate was the told the young people. "A new to their wedding. Then it is the same as her mother's. She had to apartment with electricity right guests' turn and theY drink toasts keep on serving her master right after you get married. When I was to the couple's haPPiness, up until her labor pains started. your age I had to set up my family With everybody feeling mellow, Then she went to a yak shed to secretly in a yak shed, and I was the guests join hands in a circle bear her child. only able to do that with the help to sing a song love. A of. some friends. Our sole posses- -about rnHE wedding festivities went on sion was a broken pottery jar. But woman'standing in the center of' I fers drinks to everyone in the late into the night. The next even that did not last long. When ' circle. They begin a traditional day with Ngawang we were in- rny master found otrt he had me circle vited to the new couple's home. beaten and locked up." .dance. They have two rooms on the first "Ybs, life was exactly like that," ilIBETANS have time-honored floor of a new commune apartrnent agreed DrolmA Tsering. "For the I customs for weddings, ob building, which they will share three geneiations I know about my seives Ngawang, who is standing rvith the mother Drolmb Tsering. family always Iived in a shed with off to one side, "but former slaves Qui.lts and woolen blankets were the yak. At that time we house .like us could 'not observe them piled high. Two flower-decorated slave women did not like being until 20 years ago. Before that thermos flasks and four cups of asked Wtro was the father of our what is now our commune was an fine china stood on'a low table. children. Now my Dochhen Drolma estate of Surkhang, one of the Some new clothing hung on the can pror,rdly answer that question," biggest serfowners in Tibet. 'The lords and theip estate stewards. eould do whatever they liked to the women serfs. When theY themselves married they held celebrations from seven to ten days, but 'they wouldn't allow their house slaves to marrY. Field serfs could marry but the land- lords considered the house slaves their pefsonal proPertY with absolutely no rights. We had children anyway. We had to meet each other secretly, but these women could not have recognized husbands and had to raise their children alone. Some children did4't know who their father was. I got co.untless whippings and was locked up four times for trying to have a family of my own. The dernocratic reforms in 1959 ended this type of oppression. These commune wedding celebrations the commune holds one wfenever- someone marries have a much The briile and groom, greater significance- than the usual
SEPTEMBEE T9?9 l3 Prof . Tsung Dao Lee Lectures tn eijing
HE ZVOZTA
ftof. Tsung Dao Lee leeturing iD the hall of scientific seminars. Left to the right in frontl Yan Jici, Vice-Presideul of the Chinese Academy of Sciences anil Director of the Graduate School of the Chinese University of Science anil Technology; Qian Zhillao, Deputy- Director of the Graduate School; Liu Da, President qf QinghUa University; and Hu Ning, theoretieal physioist from Beijing University,
confirmed through tests and this won them the Nobel prize. A few years ago he developed the quan- tum theory of solitons and raised the hypothesis of anomalous nu- clear states. Recently he has made a valuable analysis of the problem of quark confinement. He has long been a pioneer in the field of particle theory. This made his Beijing lectures particularly f AST APRIL and May Prof. professors, researchers, graduate meaningful. I-r 15ung Dao Prof. Lee's course on statistical Lee, " 6hi.r".u- Students, and theoretical and laL American scholar, professor of oratory workers from different physics also fascinated his audi- phase physics at Columbia Univeqsity, scientific units in the country; The ence. His work on the tran- gas Iectured in Beijing on particle hall was so crowded that some had sition of non-ideal and diagram physics and field theory, and on to sit on the floor near the plat- technique of quantum statistics are statistical physics. Invited by the form. The lectures were a great fundamental contributions to this especially good at Chinese Academy of Sciences, he event in China's scientific circles. field. He is applying the technique statist- was hosted by the Graduate It was an honor for me to have of School of the Chinese University ical physics to tlle study of particle the opportunity of listening to And physics. of Science and Technology. learning from Prof. Lee. Mondays through Fridays he FulI of stories of the develop- As a world-known theoretical these sciences, Prof. Iectured enthusiastically from 2:00 ment of two physicist, in 1956 Prof. Lee to- Lee's lectures were his- to 5:30 p.m. to an audience of 600 actually a gether with Prof. Chen Ning Yang torical account. Illustrating with put forth the hypothesis the IIE ZUOXIU is deputy director of the of many examples from his own ex- Institute of Themetical Physics under parity non-conservation of the perience, he analysed the successes the Chinese Acaalemy of Sciences. weak interaction. Later it was and failures of theoretical and t4 CEINA REOONSIBUCIS Iaboratory work. He emphasized gestions and answering their ques- trained, you.can create everything. the intimate relation that muit tions. Even on May Day he worked You are working hard to modern- exist between theory and experi- as usual. If a visitor caused even ize China as soon as yciu can. ments, and pointed out that a a ten-minute interruption of a class This is of great interest for Chi- theorist must view experimenta- he would make up the lost time. nese overseas. Modernization, I tion carefully and critically. The In class he repeatedly asked the think, mainly means learning and strictness of logic is often not the students whether they understood mastering the scientific achieve- most important thing in theoretical what he said and made allowance ments of the past hundred years studies. for the difficulties some students rather than buyirtg new equipment. Time and again he gave ex- had in looking at the blackboard When you master these achieve. amples to show that "there is only from different angles. Seeing him ments you will be able to make one science of physics and the sim- getting thinner and his voice .evgrything that other countries plest thing is often the most impor- hoaise, many suggested his work do." tant." He advised young theorists was too hard. "It's worth it for In my two-month contact with to spend tlo or three hours every such a large audience," he replied Prof. Lee, I was impressed by his day doing theoretical calculations with a smile. Many students com- spirit. When he decides to do as an artist practices his skill. mented that from Prof. Lee's lec- sof,rething, he sees it through with- Even more important, he said, is tures they had acquired a great out slightest neglect of detail. I to get at the essence behind the deal of scientific knowledge and think this is probably one-of the results of calculations so that one Iearned the serious and con- main reasons why Prof. Lee has can obtain the order of magnitude scientious attitude a teacher should achieved such success in-his many of the physical quantities, bypass- have. years of scientifis work.. ing complicated calculations. He Prof. Tsung Dao Lee has a deep At the conclusion of his lectures gave many illustrations of how a feeling for his motherland where Prof. Lee declared, "My lectures theorist estimates this order. His he was born. Speaking one day are just a beginning." Yan Jici, brilliant remarks greatly inspired of China's backwardness in scien- Vice-President of the Chinese the young and old scientists. tific instruments, he encouraged Acaderny of Sciences, replied that His teaching method was also us. "Compared with things,"man Prof. Lee's course was Iike spring highly instructive. He began both is more important," he said. "It sowing, .and he hoped that courses with basic principles. Try- is man who makes the instruments, Prof, Lee would come back to do ing to end his lectqres by bringing As long as you study hard, Iay a the "summer cultivation" and the the students to the latest achieve- good foundation and become well- "autumn harvest," ments, he chose shortcuts, elimi- nating minor details and going straight to the concepts. He took Chattiug with students in the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Science antl Technology. Photos bg Liu Ren every step slowly because he ex- plained each question clearly and tirelessly. Yet his course progress- ed f"St with each step higher than the last, so that he took his audi- ence to the conclusion in the shortest possible time. Theie are two wrong tendencies in teaching: either the teacher ignores the level of the students and talks about concepts too sophisticated for them or he skips difficult problems and gives Iec- tures easy to .understand but ac- tually worthless. Prof. Tsung Dao Lee's lectures did not commit either error. They were fiist-class both in content pnd form. S.uch unity gave his student hearers both sound knowledge and satisfactiqn: His attitude toward teaching was admirable. He got up at three or four every morning to work on his lectures. Twice a we6k he lunched with the students, asking their sug-
SEPTEMBER T979 15 vote and be elected," he said. "We should exercise this .-right and make sure we elect the best team Ieaders." A young man stood up and spoke loudly. "We've got good soil and enough manpower and 'animals. Welve worked hard all these years-but why has our produc- tion st6od still? I think our team needs better leadership." An old man said, "Any team leader who pays so much, attention to eating and drinking can't give us good Ieadership. A team without a good leader is like a horse without a head." The meeting became hot and lively. Finally Zhao Baoxing stood up and said, "I nominate Liu Fwhun for leader. He's fair and unselfish." He gave an example. Electetl team leader Liu Fushun sollcits peasants' opinions. Fu Wenzhong In 1973 the team had decided to . allot some money to two families having financial troubles aqd the members agreed that 80- yuan ection for Iean lreailer ;*T:f;r*Ll[:"',tt:lt"'# tried to reverse the amounts. At a team meeting Liu Fushun gave LIU his,opinion. So finally the team BAOCHENG reaoer agreeo.. "In the election that followed, Liu Fushun became the deputy leader. IECEMBER in China's northeast What made rJ is very cold. In a small village good team lead in Jilin province's Yushu county a farmer Zhao Ba large stove heats a brightly lighted Of course Old room. It is crowded with laugh- pletely right. Th ing, talking .people. A peasant the change was election meeting is about to begin. restoration of th This is Team No. 8 of the Yongfu tural policies and brigade in the Chengfa People's sorne new ones Commune. The election is for initiative of the team leaders, an important event, bers. Neverthele so nearly everyone has comd leader is importa straight from their evening meal. ., his reason for str A few years ago, Team No. 8 it was he who ha was the poorest one in the com- the present team mune, perhaps even in the whole ago. county. gui in lgzg its produs. fields. The villager was right, the tion jumped to first place in the A CCORDING commune and second in the fL people's co county. Its per-hectare yields of production teams grain and soyabeans were nearly by the team me three times what they were in the gang of four 1974. Every family has ample food was ignored, as and raises pigs or other animals. ocratic procedur In the past, 54 of the 56 familles 1976, however, t had debts. In 1978, 54 families had cadre to help savings in the bank. "Every member has the right to (Continueil on p. 33)
16 CHINA f,,ECONSIBUCTS A Wel l-Managed Forest Area
PENG XIANCHU
D)ROTECTION for the more than Its tale can be told in the figures: The burgau has 12 forest farms, I a hundred large forest areas is 7.5-2: 9.29. all of them reached by good roads. a problem in China. The experience This is not a mathematical for- In each, yoqng forests flourish on 'that has been accumulated since mu1a, it is a picture of the Daxing- the mountainsides, overhead cables 1949 was summarized by the Na- gou Forest Bureau's work since it carry great lgads of timber, logs yards tional People's Congress last Feb- was established in 1960. From a are piled high in lumber ac- variety and specifica- ruary in the new Forest Law, forest area of 143,?00 hectares it cording to has 2 million cubic meters.of tions, and long trains carrY them which the Ministry of Forestry is cut tfur.rber, yet its timber reserves out to other parts of the countrY. for implementing. responsible 7.5 inillion cubic mdters 19 years- "But everything was different good man- How is a forest area. ago have expanded to 9.29 mil- when the buieau was set uP," Pan aged in China? The Da:iinggou lion -cubic meters today. Sheng, manager of the Yingbi Forest Bureau. in northeasterly The policy that made this pos. farm, recalls. "Yingbi was virgin Jilin province is an example. sible, says Han Mingshun, director forest 70 years ago when the im- of the bureau, is a simple one: perialists began stripping it. What's PENG XIANCEU ls a staff reporter for plant new trees while cutting the more, for five years after we came China Reconstructs. mature ones. here in 1960, because of inexPe-
Lumbermen.
SEPTEMBEB 1979 17 Ralsing tree seedlings. rienced leadership, we ohly felled poplar seedlings every year, .this transplanting season and increaies trees. Thus even the timber left method was limited by the natural the survival rate. For example, it by the old exploiters was being conditions in northeast China and takes two years to grow a larch depleted." the inadequate sup:ply of seedlings. seedling in the open, but only one "Such felling must be stopped," In the autumn of 1976, as a year w-ith the container method. the Ministry of Forestry warned. member of a Chinese forestry dele. The cold weather of northeast Chairman Mao and Prerriier Zhou gation, Han Mingshun visited China usually permits only 20 days had called policy tDenmark, for a of rational Norway, Sweden and in April-May for transplanting felling'and reforestation. great Finland A to study advanced fore.stry seedlings raised in the open. But change began to take place the in methods. Back in China, he and because greenhouse seedlings in Daxinggou forests. other forestry workers at Daxing- containers transplanted to- gou started container seedling ex- are gether with fertile soil they are Valuing Each Tree periments in corr: the lreenhouses, grown placed structed with plastic sheets. The in they can be all While felling continues at a container is a plastic tube open at the way from May to October. The steady pace, it is done carefully and survival rate is over 90 percent, 20 selectively. Only mature or poor- both__ ends, filled with fertile soil. thb Yingbi forest farm there percent higher than with the old quality trees are cut, the young and At plastic greenhouses method. promising are left to grow; Second- are three big permanent steel The greenhouses are equipped growth forests, which occflpy a supported by with sprinklers and central heat. greater part of the area, receive frames- Houses No. 1 and No. 2 Spraying and transportation are great care. Below-grade trees and are 1,000 square meters each, rais- done machines. The workers those that impede the growth of ing 300,000 container seedlings. by Yuanzhe, are mechanizing forming others are removed, and much Han Mingshun and Jin container planting is done. lumbermeh a technician of China's Korean and the filling, sowing and plant- Jhe nationality, are charge of the ing processes. With better methods, are very careful to fell trees so that in they do not injure young trees experiments mechanization and the enthusiasm is nearby. Thus seconcl-growth for- The container method shortens of its workers, forestry in China period, prolongs ests also produce a great deal of the raising the moving ahead with noodernization. timber 31 percent of the total' annual- output of 120,000 cuhic Lumbermen at a family gathering. PenO Xianchu meters on the Yingbi forest farm.
Tree Nurseries The Daxinggou bureau has put great effort into reforesting bare mountains and land already stripped. Over 22,000 hectares have been reforested 'since 1960, an average of 8 hectares per head a large area to plant without proper- machinery. This demands many tree .seed: lings. At first the bureau operated .three open-air nurseriqs on 33 hec= tares. But even though it rhised millions of larch, Korean pine and
18 The EDa img am LEm Fores'*
The Da Hin-e-uan Linu (Greatcl Khin-ean Mourtains) ertcnd thlough thrce not'thcast China plorinces fl6ilsng-irang. Jriin and Liaoning. []00 kilomcLer-s. These are one ol Chrna's rnost inrportant forest areas
Morning over the forest district. Workers in the Cuigang Forest Fai'm.
'Iractors clear Iogs
Flauling in the Dawuiu Foresl Farm. Photos hv Xic .htn With the famous B"eijing Opera actor Ma Lian- liang in costume on stage in Shang- hai in 1936.
WW
SITU HUIMIN
Di.c- At the same time the film A FTER 30 years of the peoPle's and countryside. The Great me. / r republic, Charlie Chaplin's tator, The Gold Ruslt', The Circus, made me see some of the grimmer films are appearing for the first A Woman of Paris, Monsieu.r realities of the "land of the gold the time on Chinese screens. Moilern Verdour, The TramP, .The Kiil, dollar" where the rich treated poor indifference, and Ti,mes, Limelight and Citg Lights The King in New York and Charlie with cheap poor in this case an have delighted audiences in cities Chaplin's Short Comedies will fol- where the unemployed tramp- often were motion low. Chinese Picture Peo- pick - ple now have an oPPortunitY to the only ones to uP abandoned and take care of them. SITU HUIMIN studied fine arts in study the art of this master children Tokyo, began working in films in the At that time ChaPlin's films early 1930s doing art designing, editing, comedian. were being shown in the big recording aud tlirecting, inil has workeit introduced China in on feature films such as Fight for Chaplin, to cities. I never missed anY of them. Freedom and White Cloud over Our the early 1920s, has been a much I also saw several of his earlier Homeland. In the 40s during a sojourn Ioved figure ever since. The first in the United States he matle many one-reelers. The little man with his contacts witb American friends in film Chaplin film I saw was The Kid in baggy suit, oversized shoes, derbY circles. He returned to China after 1923 in a moviehouse in Guang- hat and cane endeared himself to liberation in 1949 antl has since been middle a leailing figure in the Chinese film zhou (Canton). I was a Chinese audiences and PeoPIe industry. Today he is a member of school boy of 13 and the flickering laughed with sympathY at his the Natlonal Committee of the Chinese figures on the screen evoked famous helpless and innocent People's Political Consultatite Con- ference, a vice-minlster of Culture. childish fancies of the future in smile.
SEPTEMBER T97S 2t and body to express feelings. Then, laughing heartily, he did a takeoff of some Beijing Opera characters on the spot. c In 1936 Chaplin visited Shang- hai. I was working for a film company there but unfortunately was in Hongkong helping the Globe Film Company install a re- cording device. When I came back I was told that Chaplin, after watching Ma Lianliang's Four Scholors, had gone backstage to shake hands with this leading male Beijing Opera performer. The great Chinese writer Lu Xun took a special interest in Chaplin and his films. His diary records that on the evening of JulY 20,1929 he and his wife Xu Guang- ping and his friend Rou Shi saw Chaplin's Carmen. On January 4, 1932, he and his brother Zhou Jianren and their wives went to the Shanghai Grand Theater to see Ci.ty Lights. Tickets were sold out so they went again on JanuarY 1Oth. Lu Xun applauded these fiIms. My acquaintance with ChaPlin was limited to a few short en- counters, In the 40s I went to live in the States and a musician ,$ friend of mine introduced me to him in 1947 in Hollywood. It was a time when McCarthYite anti- Wiih Premier Zhou Enlai in Geneva iu 1954. communism was sweePing the country. Many Communists and progressives were being Purged It was inevitable that Chaplin's when it came making up a to movie in- technique should influence the in- theme. from the Hollywood Chaplin himself was fant Chinese film industry, Some Chaplin had an early interest in dustry and reaetionary Chinese stage works and films China. When the famous Beijing under fire from his were pure imitations. The first Opera actor Mei Lanfang was tour- politicians and newsmen for and friends. film by the Shanghai Star Film ing the United States in 1930 and "red" sympathies we met in New Company, founded in the 1920s, met Chaplin in Hollywood, they Half a year later in- was The Great Comedtan r,n China, hit it off very well. Mei admired York. He told me about an had produced after the Chaplin model" Chaplin's artistic achievements and cident. A newspaper rePorter In another of its feature films an Chaplin was impressed by the fact sought him out at a New York actor played Chaplin himself. that Mei had become world-famous hotel and asked him what he Another Chaplinesque film was at such a young age. meant by making friends with a Capital Scerues made in 1935. Be- After World War II, I met Communist who had fled America fore it was filmed the scriptwriter Chaplin in the United States. He to Europe. "I've only had contacts and director Yuan Muzhi told me talked with enthusiasm about Bei- with this man's brother and we that he was much impressed by jing Opera, especially about the are good friends," Chaplin an- Chaplin's skill as a comedian. He miming techniques of its mute swered. "What's more, I'm proud summed up the essence of this skill acrobatic plays. He liked the of it." In those days it took as looking out for amusing episodes "Crossroads" episode very much courage to talk like that. in daily life, noting them down and praised the Beijing Opera In our conversation he men- and carefully sorting them out actors' skillful use of eyes, hands tioned his interest in the Pilgrim-
22 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS age to the West, for he had read vigorous, handsome face I was translations of his scenarios of ?he some Chinese classical works. It astonished to see how calm and Golil Rush, The Great Dictator, was beyond his ability to make it youthful he looked. . . . At dinner Monsieur Verdour, Limelight and would into a film, he said. But he we drank Chinese champagne (not The King in Neut York. Chinese Holly- recommend the idea to his bad). . I toasted the future of film periodicals also carried articles there and wood friends. Sitting China and said that although I was about his creative work and life. this brave man who talking with not a Communist I wholeheartedly Recently, in conjunction with the comedies expose had used his to joined in their hope and desire for public showing of his films, the darkness and evil of capitalist the a better life for the Chinese peo- China Film Publishing House society, had upheld truth and re- ple, and for all people." brought out a selection of Chaplin's fused go along with the anti- to Chaplin loved Chinese art. He scenarios. The Chinese press, tide, my admiration fsr communist took a special fancy to a stage film radio and TV also did a lot of higher. him rose Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai publicity and background work. came back to China after lib- I (The Butterfly Lovers), a Shaoxing The great comedian died on eration in 1949. My work enabled opera. He told me he hoped China Christmas day 1977. I mourned me to continue studying Chaplin's would bring out the full grandeur this loss as both a colleague and a film-making techniques. When I of her traditional culture. He was friend. He was nearly 90 but the heard that Chaplin was refused confident that by doing so China image he has left with me remains re-entiance into the United States would impress the entire world as young and vital the and had settled down in Vevey, as with her achievements. Switzerland, I hoped one day I characters in his films. Chinese audiences film Chaplin's art would have a chance to go to Eu- and will last. As surely workers always valued as contemporaries rope and see him. In 1956 I went have his will never Chaplin's virtuosity. Although for generations there with a Chinese film delega- forget him, later will films tion led by director Cai Chusheng. one reason or another his appreciate his films and learn from We had talked about visiting were not shown to the Chinese them about the era Chaplin lived public yeari Chaplin but for various reasons for many after libera- in. His more than 80 films are couldn't manage the trip. In Lon- tion, the China Film Publishing treasures of the movie industry don a friend of mine brought me House translated and published from which we Chinese movie a message from Chaplin thanking two biographies and commentaries people will draw endless inspira- us for: obtaining his films to show on him in the 1950s along with tion. in China. In his message he told me that Premier Zhou Enlai had mentioned this in Geneva in 1954. He was happy to know that his films would be seen by Chinese audiences. A projected meeting between Premier Zhqu and Chaplin was a favorite subject of conversation among us film workers. In JuIy 1954 Premier Zhou went to the Geneva Conference as head of the Chinese government delegation. The Premier asked the Chaplins for dinner and greeted them on the front steps of his residence. Du- ring the dinner he talked with Chaplin about the Chinese revolu- tion and Chairman Mao. After dinner they had a photo taken be- side beautiful Lake Geneva. A few years ago a friend abroad mailed me a copy of this photo a record of Chaplin's friendship- for the Chinese people. After this meeting with Premier Zhou Chaplin wrote in his auto- biography, "As I looked at his
SEPTEMBER T979 23 Lsndon Festival Ballet's Beijing Visit
TAN
THE FIRST European ballet r company to come to China in more than a decade, the London Festival Ballet created quite a stir on its two-week tour of Beijing and Shanghai last May. The 145- member troupe with a number of talented and world-famous dancert perf ormed Giselle, which was televised nationally, and three 20th-century pieces, Etudes with choreography by Harald Lander and music based on the famous Czerny piano exercises, Glen Tetley's Greening and Ronald Hynd's The Sanguine Fan. There was much curiosity in China as. to what the latter three would be like and how they treated modern themes. For many in the Chinese audience it was the first contact with modern western'bal- let. But Giselle, widely remem- Wang Xinmin bered for performances of it before the cultural revolution, was still clearly the favorite. A telecast and eight perform- ances in Beijing were hardly enough. People standing in line all night at the box-office, throngs outside the theater even after per- formances had begun hoping some unused tickets would come through, the phrase heard in streets Qnd offices, "Are you watching the ballet on TV to- night?" These indicate what Bei- jing thought of London Festival Ballet. Now what did Festival Ballet think of Beijing? On the eve of the company's departure its artistic director Beryl Grey and severbl other members gave me their impressions.
TAN AIQING is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.
24 CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS I can say our company has never the doncer who won the heorts of Bei. enjoyed a tour so much. iing lot the groce ond dreotn-like beouty with which she donced Giselle, EYo Evdokimovo turned out to be o quiet, thoughtlul ond modest person.
The audience doesn't seem used to seeing much ballet, but is very attentive and eager to learn. The dancers are so thirsty for informa- tion from outside they came every day to watch us and took notes all the time. This is different from BERYT GREY: Dromotic in o rose.red other countries. It is amazing what China's PEIER SCHAUFUSS: He wos Albrecht Central Opera and Ballet Company on the lirrt night ol Giselle ond on loter has . achieved, particularly since doys gove o splendid disploy of sooring they hadn't been working con- on her delight ot meeting old friends Ieops ond dozzlihqdozzlihg ond well.controlledwell.cc ond colleogues. turns in Etudes. ln o block dressinqdressing tinuously for ten years and have gown ond still i4 stoge moke-upp in his been working seriously again on bockstoge dressing room he told me: Ballet has developed here classical ballet only in the last two years. despite the problems and interrup- I always tions of the last years. read reports about The dancer who performed the I think the China in the newspaper, both good standard bf the dancers has im- lead in their Matchgi.rl at the and bad propaganda, but you have proved. Last week we saw some Beijing Dance Academy has to see China for yourself. My im- some lovely dancers at the Beijing Dance beautiful qualities. To be able to pression now is very positive. How Academy. Our company were sustain a dramatic age very polite and helpful everyone role at her astonished that they were so very (she well is. You feel that the only reason is unusual is 17). The trained. The women specially have is because they want to be helpful story is very clearly presented. I made great progress. They are was surprised how well it got much You don't feel there is any ulterior better than before and are motive. across the atmosphere of that more confident. great They have At the Beijing Darice Academy, Anderson fairy tale and its ability project, to and the most I took a class of about twenty male Christmas snow scene. sensitive arm movements. Such dancers for general classical natural ballet artistry ! This morning at steps. Their standard is very high the Central Opera and balet and they have a lot of potential Company, we saw the dance but it needs to be organized Future, a pas de deux, 'and parts properly. of Suan Lake, both marvellously Iid like to come back to China danced. We also watched thb and teach these young dancers Chinese students do national again and help them develop ballet dances. The Tibetan and Mongo- here, even though that would mean lian dancers were 'Tibetan fascinating. The I'd lose time performing in other dancers were so young and countries. This would be doing.my just incredible. You have so many part to help develop ballet. People national dance forms to draw should work for others and not from. just get TREVOR WOOD, 2{-yeor-old mote for themselves to a better soloist in Etudes. For him the kip wos I gave two classes at the Beijing reo! Iife. o owokening-me ol interest in Chjno.-the Dance Academy and one at the He kept osking questions otl Central Opera and Ballet Company time. this time- The people there are My first impression when very quick to learn and very good I arrived was that I couldn't find the at remembering. Peter Schaufuss, center of the Beijing seems Ken Wells and one town. of our ballet so vast and spread out. One week masters showed them some steps is too short absorb from to Beijing. Etudes and Les Sylphides. Tt China is so different from was a very happy exchange. After anywhere else in the world. Now the recital this morning our I'd like to read about China for dancers and your dancers mixed a couple of years and then come and talked. It was very exciting. back. I liked walking around the As to the cooperation with your EVA EVDOKIMOVA: One ol the back streets near the Forbidden stage staff, it has been marvellous. world's greot clossicol bollerinos, ond City.
SEFIEMBEB 1979 2i :r--r'+._..',
GRAHAM BOND, conductor ol the ROSALIND SMITH: As the stoge mon- LILIAN HOCHHAUSER: She come with London Festivol Orchestro. oger, she wos olwoys busy. First she the troupe representing her husbond, soid thot she would not be oble to tolk Victor Hochhouser, the impresorio who London to me until two o'clock in the morning orronged the visit. She wos flying home I've been with the the next morning in order to prepore Festival Ballet for nine years and os there were so mony stoge properties ond costumes to be pocked for depor- for the Shonghoi Beijing Opero Troupe's they've never taken an orchestra ture the next morning, But two hours tour ol Britoin. anywhere. They've always used loter, though exhousted, she met me ot local orchestras. When the tour her hotel. She soid with reliel: The Chinese tried to do organizers suggested using tapes in everything they could to make the China, we refused. It would have Tgnight packing went very tour work well. Everything has been a fake atmosphere. We smoothly. We had to learn a gone very smoothly. We'd like brought two-thirds of the or- different system of packing and more Chinese troupes to come to chestra, about fifty people, a cross- so did the Chinese. Europe. China has become the section of our members. I sense the feeling of security most popular country. The members of the orchestra that everyone has. You don't feel I saw the drama Teahouse performed have been delighted with the tour. this in the West. I think'people by the Beijing People's Art Theater. was quite a reve- At rehearsals or at intervals, up to here feel safe because their jobs It lation. I had not previously seen four rows of people would come to are safe, their Iives are safe. They aren't fighting for jobs. In the a Chinese drama as we understand watch us. Now I want to know have West, you know, your job is never it in the West. It couldn't more about China. The first thing been better the production, get secure, or your money, or your life. I'11 do when I back is to buy acting and the- content. The play the West you can lose every- a decent book on China. It's like In an outstanding work, classic your is a no other country that I've been to. thing, even sanity. of world theater. It is close to our The technical conditions are very own dramatic art and it would good and so are the acoustics.. I really bring a sympathetic feeling wasn't too sure about the concrete f or China. The British public floor as normally we are used to would be fascinated by it. wooden floors, and the wa1ls are concrete too. However with the audiences in the hall, the sound was good.
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26 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Gao Ai, a 73-year-old" bog, is a I explained that my father was enough." Then he took thirty yuan student of tsiolin at the mid.d,Le away from home building a rail- from his wallet and handed it to school of the Shanghai Musie Con- road near Yanan in Shaanxi prov- me. I stood up and tried to stop seruatory. Below he tells about ince and my mother didn't want him. "I can't take your money," something that happened to him. to take time off from her job in a I said. "My mother will send me hotel in my hometown. "I'm 12 more when I arrive in Beijing." nNE DAY in May 19?8 when I and the oldest of the three children He wouldn't listen and pushed the \-/ was in my first year of in our family. What is there to be money into my coat pocket. We junior middle in Yingshan continued to argue until a man "chool afraid of?" My words made him county, Sichuan province I read in who was traveling with him said, and the other passengers laugh. the newspaper that the Central "Don't refuse any more. If you The old man didn't say any more Music Conservatory middle school pass the exam that will please and seat. in Beijing was going to enrol new went back to his Uncle Zhi more than anything students. I loved to sing when I else." So I learned his surname was a small child and I had begun A FTER a while he came back was Zhi. to study the violin in primary A with a letter in his hand. school. I practiced every day after friend," he said, have a "Little "I S the train pulled into the school under the guidance of a sister working You can A in Beijing. fL slalion at Chongqing I saw teacher, so after several years of go and find her and give her this work I felt my playing was not Uncle Zhi and his companion get- bad. My teachers and schoolmates ting ready to get off. I suddenly ul-ged me to iake the entrance realized that I didn't know his examination, so I decided to try. address. I ran up to him, but when There rvasn't any place in Sichuan 5;-:- r-----=r I asked, instead of ariswering me province where one could take the - he said, "I just want you to re- exam but I iinally persuacieHubei Prov- violin and started to play and ince Automobile Plant No. 2. He ma-ny passengers gathered around had come to Sichuan for a meeting. to listen. As the train began to move again, An old man with spectacles was I stuck my head out of the window sitting in a few seats front of me letter. She will take care of Your and tried to say good-bYe, but the reading a book. When I stopped food, living querters a-nd anything words wouldn't come. There was playing he put down hls book and you've else you may need. When a big lump in my throat, and tears came over and asked my name. I exam she will finished with the in my eyes. told him who I was and where I you Then see off et the station." After I took the exam I was not was going. Then he asked, "Who he drew map on the back of the I admitted to the music school of the is accompanying you?" envelope so that I could find his but to another "I'm alone." The old man pushed sister's home. He told me agaln central conservatory the Shanghai Music Conser- his glasses up onto his forehead and agaln that if I had any trouble under wrote Uncle Zhi about it and looked me up and down. finding her I should ask a vatory. I "Have you ever been in Beijing?" policeman, and soon received a letter from I hadn't. On his waf back to his seat he him. He said, "Congratulations "Do you have any relatives stopped halfway and turned Gao Ai. I am looking forward to there?" I hadn't. around. "How much rnoney did seeing you performing on TV in He looked a little surprised. "It's you brlng wlth you?" praise of our motherland and to a long journey. 'Why isn't your "Sixty yuan." He thought for a encourage our people to work hard mother or father with you?" whlle and tnuttered, "That's not for China's modernization."
SEPTEMBEB T9?O 27 XHIBITIONS of works by individual Chinese artists of different schools have been held this year in a number of Beijing's galleries and parks. Particular at- tention was aroused by that of Han Meilin in the National Art Gallery. It consisted of some 200 works in ink and color, all on animal The Animal lTorld themes. The appeal of his paintings lies not only in the vivid PortraYal of 0f Painter Han Meilin the animals' likeable features but in the forceful exPression of the painter's and the viewers' feelings about them. He personifies his animals. In Chinese classical novels such animals as monkeYs and foxes were used to exPress feelings and BAO WENQING and WANG JIASHU human aspirations, ideals. A pair of mandarin ducks, f or example, symbolized love between a,young man and woman. Han Meilin, however, Paints manY more animals rabbits, tigers, leopards, camels,- zebras, even tropical fish. All of them have the naive air of little children. Every picture is saturated with the feelings and ideals of humans as well. as the sPiritual world of the painter. This evokes an unusual emotional response in the viewers. Exhibition-goers enjoyed his works so much that theY often forgot to leave. ManY Paintings made them Iaugh as if suddenlY coming across the unexPected in fairyland. The children were obviously delighted and tinY ones were heard dsking their mothers for the animals. Adults often exclaimed that they wanted to hold the adorable creatures. Han Meilin is now 43. His love of 'painting goes back to his earlY childhood. After finishing primary school he became an ordinarY Iaborer on a cohstruction site because his family could not afford to send him to middle school. He spent his spare time learning to draw. In 1954 at the age of 17 he wrote a book on elementary painting and the following year a reference book for primary school art teachers. Both were published. &e\ */n"- ' . ''.,*^ | Han Meilin at work. Zhu Yunleng BAO WENQING is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs. WANG JIASHU is a teacher of the Central Acailemy of Arts and Crafts.
28 CEINA REOONSTf,UCTS ANIMALS DRAWN BY HAN MEITIN
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, i\* fY i- Y*. ti He studied arts and crafts in their little legs on the railings perseverance in overcoming dif- Beijing's Central Academy of Fine move together with the ficulties. These also occur in his Arts. After graduation he stayed panda's. ." technique. Most of his animals on as a teacher and began his As a gifted animal painter, Han have long, soft fur, a result he career as a painter. In 1963 he Meilin knows the features, Iife obtains by painting on ti/et paper. went to work in Anhui province. habits, movements and tempera- This must be done before the paper He became an expert in decora- ments of many animals. His becomes too dry to produce the tive art. Assimilating much from sketches and notes often contain effect. He also goes to great pains traditional Chinese folk art, he wistful or humorous observations. to find suitable paper. He goes to worked out unique. designs with The titles of his paintings are great elforts to create good effects plant and flower motifs. A tragic invariably interesting. For exam- with ink and sometimes while episode in his life caused him to ple, "Private Talk," a pair of experimenting Produces many turn to painting animals. monkeys chattering together. He rejects. Content and spirit in his When he was a teacher in once said, "A11 these animals are paintings do not come easy either. paces lies on Beijlng he became acquainted with my children." His deep love for He often his room or eyes wide dpen, a few foreign students. For this, them and his penetrating observa- his bed with his followers of the gang of four tion of their ways are obvious. like the-camel in one of his paint- to his ings who is on seeing a during the cultural revolution ac- His success is due . "Unafraid persistent grasp the mountain ahead." cused him of having "illicit rela- attempts to essence his subjects. He works hard even when he is tlons with foreign countries.''' He or spirit of He never satisfied merely with As the proverb goes, "No was seized in Anhui province and is tired. reality of form. Often he uses a pains, no gains.' An artist's severely beaten in the street. While seal on his paintings which reads, happiness' lies in his creative these hooligans were taunting him not seek superficial likeness." rrorks, the fruit of painful efforts. dog rushed up to "Do a friehdly little A goo{ painting, he points out, is Han's paintings are widely and licking him with him, barking one that is Iike and yet unlike. He appreciated. They have stirred a men-broke sympathy. One of the stresses imagination and exaggera- deep love of natural life. Once he its back with a club and it crawled tion which are based on real life. learned that the ibis, a rare bird away. Then Han lopt consciousness One of his seals says, "Natdre is on the island of Hokkaido in and was taken to prison. The next my teacher." Japan, was on the verge of extinc- morning the first thing that came Another of his seals which tion and that only nine of them to his mind was the dog. He began reads "The tenacity of the- 6v" were left. He painted one to feel that animals were better gives us an insight into his- inscribed, "The Tenth Ibis." friends than some of the human beings. From that moment he turned his art to the portrayal of animals and their fine qualities. Han Meilin was held in prison (Continued p. 16) 1,722 ytarr in cash after they had for years and seven months, Jrom four paid for food and fuel for their all time trying to figure out watch this Liu also always keeps a family of four. Many of the how depict the movements and problems members, to out for the families in the tearn have reached habits of different animals. have. For example, the house of thislevel.... Without paper or brush, he "drew" one of the villagers was in bad on his thigh with a chopstick. He condition but he didn't have the NTOW the new election was about even wore holes in his trousers money to repair it and didn't want I\ to start. Liu Fushun said to with this "practice." to ap'ply for a subsidy. Liu quieUy an old peasant, "Grandpa, I've He was exonerated in 1972. As Ioaned him some money from his been a leader now for two years. soon as he was released he went own savings and then convinced I have a lot of shortcomings in mY to look for the dog. It had died of the other team leaders that theY work. I think it's about time-we its injuries and Han was heart- should lend the man some of its hadachange...." broken. His feeling for animals public timber for the house. Team members began to shout, became even deeper. 'Sketches of Being team leader has not kePt "Nothing doing!" them filled his notebooks. To Liu out of farm work. In fact he "Liu's a good team leader. We caiture the inovements and has worked in the fields every can't change him." characteristics of a panda, for day since his election. He helps "Fushun, we trust you you example, he would spend a whole his wife with the housework and shouldn't refuse." - day in the Beijing Zoo, also she in turn has more time to work "\ile're behind Liu Fushun. I carefully observing the visitors' in the fields - a good example for nominate him for team leader reactions. "It's really fun to see other men and women in the team. agaih !" how happy the children are In 1978 the two of them worked a "I agree!" watching the pandas," he says. total of 621 days. Their income "Me, too!" "Their mouths open wide and was-2,126 yuan, which left them The vote was unanimous.
SEPTEMBEB T979 33 ( Part ll ) UWE KBEUTDR and PATRICIA WILSON
scriptwriting or acting. There are also part-time classes for amateurs. For example, the association, together with the Beijing trade unions, has organized a training course for amateur scriptwriters at the Cultural Palace of the Working People. They first applied through their trade unions, and we held an exam and selected 50. But as many Chinese Film more wanted to monitor the class, we agreed they could attend. They come from different factories in Workers' Association and around Beijing. The class is twice a week. Both the teachers, Yu Ming and Lin Shan, are ex- perienced scriptuiriters, and they rnHE Chinese Film Workers' Yuan explained the work of his invite other teachers from the Film I Association is a national association, "We have four depart- Academy organization for film workers, ments. One is for artistic research, to help. The students Iearn the basics scriptwriting rather like the Writers' and one is technical. The other two of and analyze films we show Artists' Union. Its president is 68- are connected with social activities the year-old Yuan Wenshu, a man of and foreign liaison them." work. In the second department," great integrity and highly re- first we provide study materials "In the Yuan said, con6entrate on the spected film worker and former for film workers and publish mag- "we technical side of the film industry, dramatist, who held the same po- azines and books. I'm responsible sition before the cultural revolu- for publication emphasizing lighting or pho- the of our four tography, for example. As in the tion. When he was just seventeen magazines. publish Popular We artistic research one, we organize he was sentenced to death in a Cinerna, Cinematographic Art and Kuomintang jail because of his Cinematographic T echnique. P op- membership of a progressive stu- ular Cinemo has a circulation of Yuan Wenshu, head of the Chi- dent organization. Later he was 1.2 million copies, but even then nese Film Workers' Ar"o"irtiofiin,. released but was imprisoned. again we can't meet people's demands. Zhi before reaching Yanan, where he They are always queuing to get taught at the Lu Xun Academy of copies when it comes out." Yuan Arts until liberation in 1949. grinned. was rumored that During "It the cultural revolution he angry fans in Shanghai, unable to became a target of the gang of four get copies, broke the windows of and spent sevcral years in the the post office where was countryside it being doing hard physical sold." The fourth magazine labor while poor in health. The Foreign Translations in Film Work association was suppressed from is distributed internally for 1966 and only rc-established in reference." June 1978. Yuan continued, "This depart- ment also organizes discussions on UWE KRAUTER, from West Germany films and and PAI'RICIA WILSON from Scoiland creative writing, as well work in the lroreign Languages press, as organizing short-term study Beijing. classes for young film-workers on
34 CEINA BECONSTRUCTS sional help with their work," Yuan said. "If they have a problem, then they can discuss it with us. Administratively they belong to the propaganda departments of their provinces." What are the future plans of the association? Yuan said, "We want to develop more in dePth and carry out our work in a Ino,:e thorough way before broadening our scope." Will the association publish a foreign language maga- zine about Chinese films? "Ttrere will be a magazine China's Screen in English and that will be Pub- Iished by the China Film Distrib'r- tion Company." When asked about the "100 Flowers" policy, Yuan str,:ssed that "the rules and regulations in film studios must be changed first' The implementation is a Polltical people still Chinese film magazines. Huo Jianying problem because are afraid. Leaders are afraid to Iet art workers fully develop their tal- discussions and study classes. The imports and exports, film equip- ents in writing or acting. Writers third department is concqrned with ment, etc. It is under the Ministry still obey the will oI the leaders. the welfare of our members, ar- of Culture, while we are under the There will be manY changes. At ranging for them to see films, per- Party Central Committee's Prop- present a director, Iike other film formances and exhibitions. They aganda Department. We take a workers, is paid whether ol' n'..r'r visit oil fields, factories and com- film when it is released and or- he makes a film. I1 he makes ,rnt'. munes, or famous people such as ganize discussions on it. We freely he should be rewarded, if not then writers or artists. The fourth de- discuss its artistic merits. We try perhaps his wage should be re- partment arranges for the to raise the artistic standards of duced. Those who work hard exchange
SEFIEMBDR T97O 35 Sun Daolin, one of China's best loved actors for his sensitive per- formances in such popular films as Crotus anil Sparrows, Reconnais- sance Across the Ritser, Constant Beam, City Without Night, Familg, Retsolutionary Familg, Earlg Spring in February made his debut in films in Shanghai in 1948 in the screen adaptation of Huang Zong- jiang's The Great Reunion. Very modest and reserved, Sun, who studied philosophy before libera- tion, joked, "The more I studied, the more muddled I became!" He added, "The year before last I read the script and thought it was quite good. That was just after the fall of the gang, and I felt it Ling Zifeng (left) discussing the shooting of Li Siguang with Huo Jianging had got rid of their influence. But Yu Zhenyu, cameraman (center), and Sun Daotin liigtt;, this year, from the point of view of the four modernizations, the script isn't so good and we're An astonishingly energetic and daughter and her family. "I even making changes in it as we go enthusiastic man, Ling explained read about 80 percent of his scien- along. I visited Li's relations i..rd that the film will cover about 50 tific works, as did Sun Daolin. The read materials by his wif e, years.of Li Siguang's life, from the scieptific advisor for our film is daughter and colleagues. My re- time he graduated from the Uni- one sf Li's former students. 'There spect for him, which was already versity of Birmingham in England are several schools in geology. We considerable, grew. I'm an intel- in 1920 aged 31, whereupon he belong to Li's school!" he joked. lectual too and I also lived in returned to China, until he was in "I wondered who could play the China before liberation. With this his 80s. Ling said, "Li Siguang part, Then I decided only Sun film, we're hoping to depict his wanted to change China from a Daolin was capable. You see, he's hard-working spirit in every situa- backward country to a modern made many films in the past and tion and under all circumstances. one. He wanted to serve his he's marvelous at portraying in- We want to encourage this same motherland with his scientific tellectuals and heroes. I thought a spirit in our young people and knowledge. His fate and that of iot about it and then offered him inspire our audiences to work hard his country were linked. In our the iole. We hadn't worked to modernize China like Li film we praise his spirit of together before." Siguang." progress." Li had to face many hardships and difficulties during the anti-Japanese war, for exam- Danciug for joy, a scetre from Li Si- ple. After liberation in 1949, he guang with Yu Ping and Sun Deolin. Huo Jianying became Minister of Geology, and it was largely-his theories which led to the discovery of oil at Daqing. He also worked on seismological research.
IRECTOR Ling, who has been making films since 1937, in- cluding the notable successes Daughters of Clfina, Mother and Chroni.cle of the Red FIog said that he had read two scripts, after which he wanted very much to make a film about Li Siguang. When this was agreed upon by Wang Yang of the Beijing Film Studio, Ling read al.L Li's diaries and family papers and met Li's
36 Camer.aman Yu Zhenyu, al- ways like a traditional Chinese countries was not necessarily true though still a young ma.,i, has scholar, He liked to write poetry for China. He had his own been working in the film industry in classical Chinese. Yet he was theories. Other famous geologists since liberrtion How was he also rather like an EngliSh gentle- tried to oppose him and wanted chosen to work on the film? He ex- rnan, reserved, not open, with deep him to follow the. ways of others." plained, "Before working on Li feelings and a sense of humor. He Siguang, Ling and I had been was very mild and modest, and I EfOW does this part compare to working together on another film try to be even milder. Because he rr ones Sun has played beforel about the battle of Jinan. When paid great attention to his health, He answered, "As an actor, all the this was shelved because of the he never looked very old. I've been parts I played in the past became poor script, Ling found the script acting Li now every day'without a a part of my lif.e. Earlg Spring tn of Li Srguang, and because we'd break. After shooting I rest and February, which was released in got on well together, he invited me go to bed. I'm still in the part. 1964, was immediately criticized, to work with him on this film. Be- Sometimes when I want to read though audiences liked it then and we fore shooting started carefully something else I can't. I'm always today it is praised. At first I had discussed all the characters, scenes thinking how to portray him, my worries playing the part. Later and shots. This preparation took whether or not I shot the scene I thought it was alright, so I us more than half a year." well that day and how I will man- stopped worrying. During the Ling added, "We are trying to age tomorrow." Sun smiled, "The shooting, people said it was a good show Li's spirit through his d;ity film. After the shooting was over, We're shooting it only time I don't think about him life and actions. I was worried again because some an orthodox way. No special is when I eat!" in said it was a 'poisonous weed.' Of effects. Chinese audiences ap- Ling stressed, "Sun is as serious course don't just :ccept what preciate this more. The Great in his work as in his daily life. I After we'd invited him to play the others say. I do try to think for Flotoing Rioer cost 1.9 million yuan myself. to make but ours will be less, about role, within a short time, he had During the cultural rev- one million. It will last two hours. entered the part. That isn't easy olution, I was criticized and sent There are 20 in the cast and with for actors. Another might take to the countryside to do physical the crew and others, we total about longer to adjust. This shows that Iabor. I never thought I would act 90 people. I always like to do my Sun is a great talent, a master of again. Now I want to do some- own editing and cutting. My main his art, I've so much confidence thing new. I've wasted so much regret about this film is that in him, that sometimes I even feel time in those ten years. Now time ' origin-.lly the shooting was he is Li Siguang because he plays is even more precious. At first scheduled until the end of the year, the part so well.l' when I got this part I was very but now this has been brought excitedland a little scared. Then I forward unfil October. That TVIHAT is the most difficult was worried. Whenever I get a part means we have to shoot everything VY aspect of this role? Sun re- I'm excited. As all the problems in a great rush. Yu, Sun and I plied, "It's how to portray Li so arise, I begin to feel inadequate for always talk over thq script." that the audiences like him. How the role. Then I have more wor- Yu explained that Ling is very to show his outstandlng charac- ries than happiness." He added, democratic and asks for sugges- teristics and encourage people to "I feel sometimes I'm too tions on every problem that copy his spirit." subjective. I do want to hear arises. He is also a very good film is about real people objective comments from the audi- painter "Our and so he has an eye for and real themes," Ling said. "But ences, so let them be the judges." angles and shots. Sun agreed, there are some differences. There Ling emphasized, "I must say we always have discussions, "Yes, is a scene, for example, when Li that now the crit.cism of what is which angles to take. how to shoot, is told that oil has been found at right or wrong in films is much As my face is rather longer than Daqing. His friends congratulate clearer than before. I was also Li's was, we often shoot from a low and dancing, criticized in the cultural revolution angle. Li left very little visual ma- him eveiyone starts including wife, is terial. His spirit is in his writings. Li with his who and sent to the countryside. Now So I learn more about him from played by the actress Yu Ping. But both actors and directors are his family and friends. They tell Li's daughter, who is advising us, feeling free of their old restraints. me about his ways and gestures. told us her father never danced. We aren't worried like we were After making-up, I asked his I said I wanted him to dance, so he before. If a film turns out to be daughter, granddaughter and old did. As time goes on, she begins a 'poisonous weed,' then it can maid to give theiq comments. They to feel that perhaps her mother or still be seen and people can learn all said my eyes are like his, that father could have done this or that. some lessons from it. So now our they have a similar expression." When Li was opposed, he was sad minds are more at ease, and we and isolated, but in science he was can be bolder." IJOW does Sun portray Li's sure and self-confident." With that they put aside their rr character? "Li was a returned Sun added, "Li thought that cups of cold water and began work student from abroad, and in some what was true for foreign again in the afternoon heat.
SEFIEMBER T979 nl however, in 1966. Jiang Qing said the Film Academy, which she had never visited, was in a mess. It was therefore closed. As one of the The Film Academy leaders of the academy put it, "The film industry was the worst hit in cultural circles by the gang and our academy was the worst hit in f)N the outskirts of Beijing and photography, having grown the film industry." Basically the v among green meadows is out of the Performing Arts Insti- leadership is the same as before situated the Film Academy. Some tute set up in 1950 by the FiIm the cultural revolution. The of the staff and all the students live Bureau to train actors and ac- leading body was criticized for there. In the gardens a film was tresses, and the Film School set up three years from 1966-1969. Then being shot, a story abou$ friendship in 1951, of which the original in- in 1969 they were sent to do heavy between Japan and China called stitute became a department. In labor in the countryside for three Chemg Blossoms. 1961 there was established a de- and a half years. AII came'back in The academy waq originally partment of Film Engineering, September 1973. Some taught established. in 1956 with three developing, recording and film while others stayed at home. departments of directing, acting techncilogy. All this came to a halt, It was only in 1978 that the Film Academy was restored and began to enrol students again, for acting, The camera team of Cherry Blossoms. Huo Jianging directing, photography, and art design. AII departments have a four-year course. There are also two advanced training-courses for drama teachers and scriptwriters, in which the students study for eight months. Altogether there are 220 students in the academy. The 170 teachers all have studio experience. There are nearly 100 administrators, including kitchen and maintenance staff . One hundred and twenty persons are auxiliary teaching personnel working in the library, workshops and other units. The leading body consists of nine people, five are in charge of teaching and four are in charge of politics, administration, etc. Zhang Ke, a former film director from Shanghai, who is head of the directing department, said, "The applicants had to provide a piece of their work such as a script, describe their performing ex- perience and then we had an in- terview, We sifted the applicants. Then an exam was held and we selected the best of these. We re- quired them to tell us about their lives and their knowledge and understanding of literature. There are 28 students. They learn drama, scriptwriting, film analysis, history of fine art, music appreciation and physical training. We also often invite famous directors and actors to give lectures. There is a lot of homework and study. All students
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS they make longer Pieces until in the fourth year theY make a film with the others. There is also a Visual Arts one. Before the cultural revolution there was onlY one section, art designing. Now there are three: art designing, stage ProPs and sets, and cartoons. "Last year more than 1;200 young PeoPle aPPIied," said Lu Zhichang, the dePartment leader. "First there was an inter- view and they had to show some of their paintings. Then 300 were Lu Meng (far right), a leader of 'the Beijing Film Huo Jianying selected to sit the exam and out Academy with some of the deparimenl heads and slaff. of these 43 were chosen. TheY have some courses in common with the others, such as Painting, sketching, must have had experience of and third years. In the fourth year oils, gouache. The cartoon students acting before coming. First the they act in a film. often go to the zoo to sketch ani- students start off directing short mals. Well-known artists also scenes. In their fourth year they T N the advanced Scriptwriting come and te-ach, and the students have to shoot and direct a complete I Training Course, 44 students go to the studios to watch the work film." had been accepted by the academy, there. We PaY great attention to The students study and analyze recommended respectively by their studio basics and techniques. In good the Chinese films made be- units, studios and art troupes. the fourth Year theY helP to make fore the cultural revolution and They are taught the basics of either a feature film or a cartoon'" foreign films such as early Russian scriptwriting. Teaching is mainly Zhou Zhuanzhi who .sPeaks ones, Hollywood products and carried out by famous film re- English, some French and German, other c.ontemporary ones, presentatives such as Yuan Wen- provides materials on foreign films "Looks aren't important but shu and Huang Zongjiang giving for the different dePartments. He temperament is," explairled Ma lectures. Apart from that they also studies how foreign film Per- Jingwu, still young and himself a also learn about film-making, sonnel are trained. "The academY film actor, when he talked about seeing and analyzing Chinese and gets many foreign magazines such the students enrolled in the drama foreign films, f or example Fel: as Sight and Sound, Film Conw department. We selected 32 from lini's "8 112." The students rnent, Anxerican Fil,m and others. 700 applicants from all over heve to write their own scripts We want to introduce all film China." and concentrate on themes with theory schools to the students and In the past they taught which they are most familiar. the studios," Zhou declared. If the Stanislavsky. "But recently we felt Some of these have written scripts Directing DePartment Prepares to this wasn't enough," he said. which have been selected by differ- show a film then he is asked to "Now we're introducing more ent studios for filming. Those who translate alt the available material famous acting theories so as to belong to studios return to them at on the film first. know more and digest what is the end of the course. The others Lu Meng, the leader of the useful. We've been studying go where they are needed and to academy, who had been detained Erecht an+ foreign stars like television. under house arrest bY the gang of Laurence Olivier, Charles Laugh- Twenty-six students study four, Ieft no doubt ao-out the actual ton, Vivien Leigh, and Chinese photography. To pass the enroll- problems after more than ten Years ones such as Zhao Dan and Zhang ment exam they had to submit of no education, studies, and re- Ruifang." both their paintings and pho- search, when he said, "We are After some practical training the tographs. In the first years they trying to restore the Film AcademY students get chances to play small learn about films and projection, to what it was before the cultural parts in films. They follow several the composition of a painting, the revolution but there are many courses in language and vocal history of fine art and art theories. difficulties. Some dePartments training, dancing, artistic gymnas- The academy provides all equip- aren't yet .up to their former tics, physical movement, fencing, ment. They also discuss camera levels." wrestling, fighting, as well as di- techniques, lighting,.angles, etc. A But most important is that a versified sports such as swimming cameraman must know maths arrd beginning is being made to educate and skating. The first two years physics and so these are also new young Chinese film workers, lay a solid foundation. The studied. He must paint and sketch, who are full of enthusiasm for students learn short pieces and as this is important for planning their work and who will continue then ahalyze them in the second the shooting of a film. Gradually the fine tradition in Chinese films.
SEPTEMBER 1979 39 "The Silk Roa,d", contemporary work using Tang-type figures in three-color glaze, shows trade caravan on its way to persia.
MEI CHIEN-YING
THE use of the three-color glaze, amount of copper oxide is added. Tang craftsmen purposely applied r which appeared in the Tang If iron oxide is added a brown what are termed massed glazes, dynasty (618-90?), was a new crea- glaze will result. The higher the that is glaze thickly spread in tion in ceramics. Glazes were first iron content in tire oxide the spots. At firing the massed glaze use4, sb far as we know, in the deeper the bro.,vn will be, or it will follows through the grooves and Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220). become ocher-brown, often mis- fuses with the other colors, Most Han glazed pottery articles taken for purple. Recent l*bora- creating an effect that combines were treated with a lead glaze tory tests show that the brown natural patterns with superb which produced a yellow or green color is caused by antimony or craftsmanship. On other pieces monotone. It was not until the manganese impurities in the iron massed glazes are applied in Tang dynasty that craftsmen oxide. streaks which flow and merge at began apply yellow to both and The blue glaze is achieved with firing. green glazes to the same object. cobalt oxide. This was seldom The Tang three-color glaze (Tang Many Kinds of Figurines available in ancient times so so,n cai) became famous. craftsmanship Tang pieces of blue pottery afe consid- The of Yellow, green and white or very three-color glaze is a great aehieve- ered rare and valuable objects. occasionally blue are used, but ment in ceramics. Superb art does some pieces with only one color or Another really rare pottery piece not depend on material'! alone. It with five colors also fall within the is a black horse of the can be achieved only by combining bounds of Tang san cai. The name famille-noire type with a saddle in fine materials and high skill in Tang is always used with the three- three colors, including bro'uvn-red using the glaze with beautiful form color designation to distinguish unearthed in Anyang, Henan prov- and design. As grand funerals Tang three-color glazes from other ince, after liberation. became more and more fashionable three-color glazed ware produced The Tang lead glaze does not re- in the Tang dynasty, three-color in the later Liao and Song dy- quire a very high temperature. glazed ware came into wide use for nasties. Tang glazed ware is re- The biscuit is fired at a tempera- burial objects. Tang officials and garded as the best for color, form ture of about 1,000" C. Then other members of its feudal ruling and decoratioh. The pottery- it is glazeci with c6lors and class made sure that in the next making achievements of the Tang fired a second time at a tempera- world they would have everylhing dynasty are acknowledged to be of ture of 800'-900" C. When it comes they needed foi a luxurious .:tter- epoch-making significance. out of the kiln the second time the life, hence figurines representing The basic glaze used in Tang san glaze will be found to have infused, officials, officers, dancers, musi- coi is made by mixing lead with washing downward and resulting cians, horses and camels, and quattz, a transparent substance in a shading from deep to light vases, jars, plates and other uten- which turns green if the right with the colors deliberately over- sils all in three-color glaze. lapping to create a splendid The figurines of court ladies and MEI CHIEN-YING, a well-known aesthetic effect. maid servants, warriors and people authority on pottery and porcelain, is a professor at the Central Instltutb of On vessels on which geometric from outlying regions are particu- Arts end Crafts in Beijing. decorations had been impressed, larly spirited. The women are
40 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Camei carrying a band of musicians in rhrce-color gtaze unrariireri in Xi'an. Sh,r,,irrr Irr,,\ 1t), c : Lie
Phoenix-headed ewer, Luoyang, Henan province. Bowl from Qianxian county shows effect of t"used glazes.
ModeI of a garden with pool and rockeries, Xi'an.
Neighing horse and another, also of three-color glaze type, Qianrian county! Shaanxi province. elegantly dressed, their hair in of various kinds. Among them are cluded stirrup-head ewers and elaborate coils. One can almost some that show influences from ewers in the shape of a cock's head, hear the rustle of their skirts. They abroad, including phoenix-headed vases shaped like a phoenix head appear gentle, graceful, softly ewers, double-dragon amphoras and jars like a chicken's leg. Since rounded, as was the ideal of those and mallow-petal ewers with beau- liberation quite a number of Liao opulent times. The officials wear tiful decoration. kilns and tombs have been ex- hats and flowing robes befitting Tang stability was badly dis-- cavated in northeast China and persons of high position. The facial rupted by a revolt and attempt to Inner Mongolia. features of the various types of seize power led by An Lushan, a In the Song dynasty (960-12?9) people from outJ.ying regions are Tang general and Shi Siming, last- the three-color glazed ware made portrayed in careful detail. Some ing from 755 to 763. Elaborate regained its elegance, and the wear pointed hats and tunics with burials became fewer and there carved and incised designs to collars (not the style in China then) was less demand for three-color which the glaze was applied were and some, evidently as musicians, glazed ware. It began to be re- of great beauty. Large quantities carry instruments. The pottery placed by white porcelain from of pottery headrests with three- warriors, clad in armor, swords Xingzhou in north China and color floral and bird designs have drawn, are depicted with exag- celadon ware from Yuezhou in been unearthed from Song tombs' gerated arm and torso muscles to south China. Gradually its artistry But in fact not much attention was create an impression of vigor and went downhill. paid to three-color glaze because power. Pottery lokapalas stand porcelains had been develoPed and ready to kill, often with a devil Liao and Song Ceramics in many new types. underfoot. A frequent grave fig- In the Ming and Qing dYnasties After the Tang dynasty was urine is a fierce-looking monster (1368-1911) Iead glazes of yellowish overthrown in 907 by a warlord meant and greenish tints were used onIY with two flame-like wings, Huanghe River valley, from the in making glazed tiles for build- to drive off evil. area of the Great WaII the north and as colors for designs on The majority of the pottery came under the rule of the ing, Qidan time, figurines are musicians, dancing (Khitan) people, who set up the white porcelains. From this girls equestriennes or clowns, Liao dynasty. The Liao potters however, there is a simPle three- color glaze with yellow, green and all vividly characterized. Among .employed the methods for Tang the pottery animals, horses are three-color glaze but the glaze was purple (using manganese oxide as the most outstanding, and also used on a coarse body in a rather color agent) which is rare and camels. Craftsmen of those times simple way without merging or famous. Today three-color glazed had a deep understanding of ani- flowing at firing. Liao three-color ware is produced as a sPecial craft mals and portrayed them in ware and white porcelain from the branch of China's PotterY and correct proportion and anatom- Ding Kilns in Hebei province in- porcelain production. ical details with high technical skill and artistic condensation. Making a reproaluction of a Tang horse in three-color Tang figurines, despite their glaze at the Luoyang Artistic Ceramics Workshop. Photos by Xittltuo size, are the equal of the famous works in stone in the Longmen caves near Luoyang in Henan provrnce. In the Tang dynasty China was again unified. Production and trade flourished and communica- tions were greatly improved, The capital Changan (present-day Xi'an) at the eastern end of the famous Silk Road became a center of both national and international exchange. Merchants and others who canie from abroad were a part ol everyday life in Tang times and are naturally represented arnong the sculptures. !'oreign artistic influences brought to China in'this way are also evident in both the three-color glaze figures and the Longmen sculptures. Tang three-color glaze was also used for basins, bowls, jars, ewers, vases, caskets and incense burners
SEPTEMBER T979 45 Mernories of Zhu De and Chen Yi ( Part II ) SU YU
T pp by Zhu De and Chen Yi, our troops began to persuaded him. Only then did we discover that I ' explore a new path of revolution. In early Chen Yi had studied in France and spoke the Ianguage November 192? we left Dayu county and arrived at fluently. a hilly area west of Chongyi county on the border The suppression of the Guangzhou Uprising between Hunan, Guangdong. and Jiangxi provinces. increased our hatred for Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomin- Here, deep in the mountains and with close contacts tang Party and pushed us to develop our revolu- with the local people it was easy to conceal ourselves tionary struggle in the countryside. Not long from the enemy. afterward, Zhu De and Chen Yi led us to Liputou, a The warlords were still embroiled in warfare market town about 30 km. northwest of Shaoguan. engulfing all the big and small warlords of these three In the daytime we rested and sometimes drilled. At provinces. Zhu De and Chen Yi used this opportunity night we broke up into companies and platoons and to organize .guerrilla warfare in the mountains. talked to the local peasants about injustice and First we drove out the local bandits who revolution. We also began to attack the local tyranti. terrorized the people with their burning and killing. The spirits and working-class feeling of our men Then we suppressed the armed forces of the landlords were very high. and gained control of the area. At the same time we Reflecting later on this stage of the struggle, reorganized the local branch of the tax office and Zhu De said, "Before, aII we knew about making levied some taxes, thus solving the problem of revolution was staging uprisings in the cities. Only provisions for our troops; We instituted military drill after the faiLure of the Guangzhou Uprising did we and political classes for our men but also divided them realize that we could also go into the mountains and into companies and platoons to help the' peasants in wage a guerrilla war. At that time our Party Central the fields. We told the people about our goals and Committee's poticy opposed guerrilla warf are and explained that the Communist Party was working for instead advocated urban uprisings. We didn't know the interests of the poor people. We were fighting anything about fighting in the mountains but after for a wbrld in which the oppressed would become we had done it for a few months we thought it had the masters. We said that since there were so many possibilities." Zhu De and Chen Yi continually ex- of us poor, the revolution would certainly triumph' plored new revolutionary paths, testing their ideas in In this way, we linked up armed struggle with the the field. They led us in making the important peasant movement, strategic switch from the cities to the countryside and In early December we shifted to Renhua ln from regular warfare to guerrilla warfare. Guangdong where we learned abc.rut the imminent (Canton) Uprising planned by the Party. The flag holsted over Zixing county town during Guangzhou an uprising ln southern Hunan province. Receiving a letter from the Central Committee order- Milxtaru I\Iuseunt ol the Chinese People's Reuolution ing us to Guangzhou by December 15 to take part in the uprising, we marched southward on the double. But when we arrived on the outskirts of Shaoguan north of the city of Guangzhou we learned that the uprising had already failed. The atmosphere in Shaoguan was very tense' The reactionary Merchants' Corps in the town had seven or eight hundred rifles. and blocked our entrance. We marched to Xiheba southwest of Shaoguan, plannin to billet ln a Catholic church there. The French priest refused to let us stay, arguing wlth us in an unintelligible tongue. We didn't understand any foreign language and were helpless to reason with him so Chen Yi took over. He spoke to the priest for a few mlnutes and finally
SU YU le a leador ln the Mllltary Commission of the Chlnese Communlst Party Centrol Commlttee.
46 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Joining Forces at the Jinggang Mountains (oil) Lin Gatto
Around the 20th of January 1928 Zhu De and Kai-shek 'panicked. He hastiiy dispatched five Chen Yi led us from Liputou to the border of regiments, led by Xu Kexiang, which rushed from Yizhang county in southern Hunan where we made Shaoguan all the way to Yizhang. contact with the Special Provincial Party Committee What tactics could we use to fight a superior and the Yizhang County Party Committee. They enemy? Zhu De and Chen Yi believed we could not made an all-round analysis of the forces in southern deploy our ranks in battle array and take them on Hunan and decided to launch an uprjsing there. They head-on but should fight a mobile, guerrilla war. also laid plans for a strategic occupation of the They ordered the division and the Yizhang Peasant Yizhang county seat. Army to withdraw from Yizhang and conceal and mass themselves in the hills southwest of the town. Southern Hunan Uprising Xu Kexiang's Kuomintang troops occupied Yizhang and then pursued us outside the town in an At noon on the 22nd, the last day of the lunar attempt to wipe us out. A day later we encountered year and the accounts, disguised time for settling we an advance enemy party while we were moving our ourselves Kuomintang troops smoothly as and forces. We numbered less than 1,000 men but were entered the county town. Taking the enemy complete- soldiers remaining from the ly by surprise, we soon controlled the entire town. the cream of the fierce fighters, so According to plan we swiftly arrested the county Nanchang Uprising. We were all officials and hostile gentry. Our troops disarmed the that with one assault we scattered the enemy troops, reactionary corps stationed at the county office, We annihilating part of them. The rest fled in disarray opened up the jails, freeing the Communists and while our men chased after them in hot pursuit - all other revolutionaries. We broke open the granaries the way to the headquarters of Xu Kexiang. There, and warehouses of the landlords and despotic gentry, we wiped out the entire five enemy regiments. It dividing the spoils among the poor. Our troops began was the first important victory since our switch in to fly the red banner of the "First Division of the methods of warfare following our defeat at Chaozhou Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army" and and Shantou (see Part I) and it set a brilliant military each soldier and officer tied a red ribbon around his example of a small force conquering a larger one. neck. Our division commander was Zhu De, our After the victory at Ylzhang we immediately Party representative Chen Yi, and our chief of staff began to organize a revolutionary government. In 'late was Wang Erzhuo. The peasants with us who had January a worker-peasant-soldler congress was taken part in the uprising were reorganized into the convened at Yizhang, formally establishing a revolu- Yizhang Peasant Army. tionary regime. This was followed by worker- The victory of the Lunar New Year Uprising at peasant-soldier governments in every district and Yizhang undermined the reactionary grip over township. The Yizhang Peasant Army was formally southern Hunan and northern Guangdong, Chiang reorganized into the Third Division of the Workers'
SEPTEMBER I9?9 47 and Peasants' Revolutionary Army. One by one, That month the favorable situation created by trade unions, peasant associations, women's federa- the Southern Hunan Uprising was destroyed by the tions, student unions and children's corps were "Left" putschist line of Qu Qiubai, seriously damp- formed. Under the leadership of the Party and these ening the revolutionary activism of the masses and governments, we began to struggle against the local creating widespread dissatisfaction. tyrants. Land deeds were burned and in some places In March, the battling warlords of Guangdong, the Iand was even spontaneously divided up. Recruits Guangxi and Hunan reached a temporary truce. They poured into the army. The revolution in Yizhang immediately combined forces and dispatched seven county was at its ,height. divisions against us, attacking us from the south, The victory df the Yizhang Uprising was the north and west. To preserve our military strength prelude to the one in southern Hunan. A successful under these adverse conditions,Zhu and Chen avoided battle fought at Pengshi shook the whole area. Led frontal battles. They led us out of southern Hunan by the Party, workers and peasants in other parts of in the early part of April and headed for the Jinggang southern Hunan also revolted after the Lunar New Mountains. When the enemy detected our shift Year. The torch of rebellion burned brighter. eastward, they immediately sent two divisions to To support these uprisings, Zhu De and Chen Yi trail us. Fortunately, two regiments of the Workers' led the First Division of the Workers' and Peasants' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army led by Mao Revolutionary Army north where they defeated two Zedong arrived by different routes. They attacked enemy battalions at Huangni'ao and took Chenzhou. the enemy pursuing us and covered our arrival at This victory helped push the struggle for political Longshi (present Ninggang). After they had com- power forward. With the strength of only one pleted this assignment, they also arrived at Longshi. platoon, supportdd by peasant militia and coordinated It was a tortuous path, but the troops remaining by the local Party, we were able to Iiberate a county from the Nanchang Uprising led by Zhu and Chen seat. In less than half a month we won Yongxing, finally combined forces with the troops from the Leiyang and Zixing where we established worker- Autumn Harvest Uprising led by Mao in the Jinggang peasant-soldier governments, Red Guards, self- Mountains in late April 1928. defense militia and revolutionary mass organizations. In the center of Longshi, a town ringed by On this basis we set up the Seventh and Fourth mountains,, stands an imposing ancient structure, the Divisions of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Dragon River School, site of the historic meeting Army and a few independent regiments. Influenced between Mao Zedong, Zbu De and Chen Yi. The by the victories at these five counties, the fires of two forces were combined into the Fourth Chinese revolt spread swiftly to more than ten other counties Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and a military in southern Hunan. commission was selected with Mao as its secretary. In early May a meeting was held to celebrate the Reunion in the Jinggang Mountains union of the two armies. The establishment of the Fourth Red Army was formally proclaimed. Zhu De While Zhu and Chen were leading the remaining was named commander, Mao forces the Nanchang Uprising in scattered, hard- Zedong Party represen- of political fought battles, Mao Zedong was leading the troops tative, Chen Yi head of the department and which had fought in the Autumn Harvest Uprising on Wang Erzhuo chief of staff. There was an unprece- the Hunan-Jiangxi border toward the Jinggang dented celebration. Planks were placed across wooden Mountains. On October 27, t927, they arrived at buckets to form a makeshift stage where many Ciping where they planted the red flag of revolution, numbers were performed. The square was crowded and created the first workers' and peasants' army and with soldiers and civilians in high spirits. rural revolutionary base area. The reunion in the Jinggang Mountains and the When we got to Xinfeng in late October 1927, establishment of the Fourth Red Army was of enor- we heard for the first tirne that the troops of the mous historical significance. As an important event .A,utumn Harvest Uprising had made it to the in armed struggle and the Chinese revolution, it has Jinggang Mountains. The news was brought by an become a chapter of history. The newly-formed Red envoy of the special Pa.rty committee of southern Army's continuous struggle in the Jinggang Moun- Jiangxi. Zhu De and Chen Yi were elated and the tairu had a deep influence on the later establishment news greatly heartened our troops, isolated as we and expansion of the revolutionary base areas, It were in the midst of bitter fighting. also gave credence to the policy of sticking to the In November when we were in the Chongyi area, path of surrounding the cities from the countryside, Zhu and Chen sent Mao Zetan to the Jinggang thereby expanding the revolutionary cause throughout Mountains to report on the events of the Nanchang the country. Uprising to Mao Zedong. Soon after.ryard, a battalion More than half a century has passed. Comrades arrived from there and from them we learned a bit Zhu De and Chen Yi who led us through the years about the concrete situation prior to their ascent into of bitter fighting and made indelible contributions the Jinggang Mountains. In early February 1928 have passed away. Their entire lives were spent in when we attacked Chenzhou, Mao again sent a com- serving the people and their deeds will remain with pany to make iontact with us. us forever.
48 CHINA RDCONSTRUCTS The Beiiing Prison
YOU YUWEN and HUANG JUN
D EIJING Prison has stood on have been acquitted-or exonerated sonally owned and some issued by I-D YLD(ir Road in the south of the and released. The prison authori- the prison, are put in a row on the city since 1911. Inside the gate is ties also appealed to the court for bed at the end of the wall. Above a neat courtyard where the ad- a reduction of sentences they each person's place is a box for ministrative offices are. Through thought too severe. his small things. Under the win- a guarded door across the court- dows are books on shelves made yard is the cell area: living quar- Cells' by the inmates. The prison pro- ters, shops, kitchens, store, bath- vides every room with the People's house, hospital and library, crowd- There are three male cellblocks Dailg, Red Flag magazine and ed in a compact but regular and one for women. Each male other study materials. A printed pattern. There are basketball block sprawls like a hand with the ll-point set of rules is pasted in courts and an open-air theater. five fingers spread: five corridors each room. Prison population is 1,900, of radiating off a central foyer.. Sun- Each corridor has a washroom, whom 120 are women. light comes in through skylightS in toilet, cupboard room and a recrea- Up to 1966 the prison functioned the corridor roof. About 220 in- tion room. The prisoners' clothing on a fairly effective system and mates live in the 22 rooms along and other belongings are kept in a was publicly commended as a good each of these five corridors. storeroom also off the corridor. institution. During the time of A cell room measures 20 square The prisoners have furnished the the gang of four, however, regula- meters with glass windows facing recreation room mainly with tions were neglected or abandoned. the door. There is room for twelve musical instruments and stage Guards took to cursing, beating people to sleep on board beds along costumes and properties they make their charges, incited them to both side walls. At present every themselves. Across a triangular abuse each other and used corporal room has from 7 to 10 inmates. courtyard where the prisoners punishment. There was also an Neatly folded quilts, some per- spend their free time is the factory, influx of people wrongly put in prison due to the fact that Chinese Work-break exercises twice a day. law was ln shambles. iiry Regulations have been gradually ;i. ,. restored since the gang of four fell in October 1976. Efforts have been made to improve prison administration. The prison authori- ties and other concerned govern- ment departments have jointly re- viewed the prisoners' files and reinstated .certain legal processes that were violated in previous years. This has uncovered 80 per- Sons in the prison either innocent or who, though they might have done something wrong, should not have been brought to court. Most of them were, in one way or another, jailed for being against Lin Biao or the gang of four. They
YOU YUWEN and HUANG JUN are staff reporters for China Reconstr.ucts. gEPTEMBER T979 which like a circular belt links all Work is the prisoners' main ac- time of their release. They are also five corridor outlets. tivity. The prison produces cotton planning to let prisoners with pro- and nylon socks and plastic san- fessional knowledge continue their Life and Work dals. A machinery repair shoP study and scientific research work. does the rnaintenance work. Doctors among them will treat Pri- The time table in the prison: Almost all the buildings in the soners and those who know foreign 6:00 am. get up prison are oid but the shoPs were languages may translate for other organizations. Recently the prison 7:00 breakfast built after 1949 when the PeoPle's has started to give money subsidies :30 work republic was founded. Though the 7:30-11 to inmates according to their machines are outdated, the 80 Pro- 11:30 Iunch fessionai level. varieties of socks and 20 kinds of 12:00-14:00 pm. noon break The sole purpose of the is produced readY Prison 14:00-18:00 work sandals find a to reform criminals into good rnarket. Annual production value 18;30 supper citizens. Thus all of its work is is more than the Prison budget. 19:00 free activities centered on this PurPose. SimPlY Aside from strict work disciPline from the 19:30-21 :30 study confining criminals away the prison gives incentives. Every outside world in strictly patterned 21:30 bed time month prisoner-workers have a circumstances cannot achieve this. discussion of their own work and Thursday is rest day. On this Hard-core cases, for examPle, every three mqnths some awards frustrated by the visit (one visit would feel so day families can are given in material and money they would per month permitted). Prisoners - rigid digcipline that 5 to 10 yuan each. In the first look for fights as a vent for their usually take care of their personal quarter of this Year 75 Percent of anger. Dealing with this kind of affairs such as washing clothes, in- getting haircut and writing them got bonuses. prisoners is the important and a is an imPortant measure tricate work of the letters. They also rest on recogniz- Work Prison. prisoners. The Regulations for the guards are ed holidays, as outside. in rehabilitating the the strict: no beating and cursing, no Prisoners see films once a week prisoners gradually acquire habit of respecting work and corporal punishment of any kind and on holidays. They write and pretext. The worst put performances. detesting idleness. Work also helps under ahy on their own In punishment is solitary confinement some evenings they watch TV in prisoners Iearn a productive skill' for those of extremely bad be- the central foyer. In. their free When they are released some of Each corridor has one time play basketball, table them have learned the skills re- havior. they solitary confinement celI (with bed, tennis or Chinese chess. Their meal quired of workers of the third or and chair). Constant trouble- standard is 13 yuan a month. A fourth grade (the highest grade in table makers are sometimes hand-cuffed. small kitchen cooks special food China is the eighth). But these punishments are carried for Muslims and anyone else who out only after being approved bY needs it. On the kitchen wall is a and Educating Administrating the prison director himself. list of prisoners getting special Ideological education is the main foods, including those who have to During the two-hour studY They are re- have no peppery foods, onions or session in the evenings, the Pri- work of the staff. quired concern themselves with other things. soners generally read Political to prisoners' life and help them make They are given a monthly allow- articles from newspapers, maga- may crit- ance, 2 yuan for men, three yuan zines and Chairman Mao's works, ideological reform. They prisoners bad for women, to buy toilet goods and discuss their progreSs, how theY icize severelY for other small things at the prison have done their work and listen to behavior but they encourage them made. store. reports or radio broadcasts on cur- whenever progress is The prison has a well-equipped rent affairs. Now there is a lot of Through this patient work the pri- 50-bed hospital staffed by ex- study and discussion of law. Wall soners gradually realize the se- perienced doctors. Cases they are newspapers or blackboards carrY riousness of their crimes and build not equipped to treat are trans- their reports of ideological Pro- warmer human feelings. At this ferred to the hospital run by the gress. The prisoners' PaPer, Lobor stage they regret their past and see public security department. AII Reform Briefs carries articles the brightness ahead if they can the prisoners are given a thoroggh written by the prisoners on their change. physical examination on entering ideological reform and technical Prisoners arrive with all sorts the prison. Cases of infectious problems in their work. The of feelings. Some think they are diseases are cared for in an isola- Iibrary has more than 10,000 books. at their rope's end, don't care any tion ward. Every prisoner gets a Young people make up large more and either constantly make full medical checkup annually, and percentage of the prisoners. The trouble or abandon themselves to the staff makes rounds of the fac- authorities have decided to run fate. Some brace themselves ex- tory and shops to treat light ill- classes to help them get a better pecting to meet inhuman treat- nesses and issue preventive education, intending to raise them ment. Some are prepared to fight medicines. to the middle school level bY the the law.
50 CEINA BEOONSTBUCTS Newcomers are given one month of concentrated study. The staff helps them analyze their crimes and the damage they have done to society, lets them know that the prison will reform them into new persons, shows them an exhibit of photos of ex-prisoners who now lead normal lives,.and explains the prison rules. Then the prisoners are assigned to regular cells and join others in working in the shops. These are only initial steps. The prisoners will waver for a iong time, some two or three years. The ideological work continues.
Prisoners On a wall newspaper in one oI rhe corridors recently was a pri- soner's poem celebrating Labor Day (May 1). He wrote, "My five- year term has been cut to three, The prison factorS'. Photos bg Hottgtutt and my heart already feels free. Wanq I've long dreamed of becoming a new man. It's time that my new about yourself, don't you think of three kinds of drilling machines. lif pri- e outside began." This your family? Your brother:s ill- He has analyzed the causes of his soner's new hope and confidence ness is already enough of a proL downfall and is now confident he in his future is the result of the lem lor your family and yet you will be released earlier. prison personnel's work. make them worry about you too. Another example is S. M. Bai, The of story of F. C. Li, son Your parents long to see yoit out mother of a two-year-old girl. In a Beijing railroad worker, an is sooner but you are letting them 1970 she attempted to kill her hus- example successful rehabilita- of down by just drifting along." band so she could marry another had been worker a tion. Li a in with whom she had been having an prefabricated concrete building This reminded Li that he was young and shouldn't waste his affair. She struck her husband materials plant. Influenced by the still with an iron but she was so scared idea of getting something without youth in prison. The staff mem- she didn't kill him. In custody she working, and by the atmosphere of ber's words made a dent in Li's hard shell. confessed the motive for her crime. anarchism that prevailed in sorne She was sentenced to life imprison- p).aces early in the cultural revolu- His antagonism toward police desperate, remorse- tion, he got mixed up with gang had been established in an insult- ment She was a Despair tor- of young people engaged in theft. ing experience in a factory. Once ful and miserable. Who would Finally he became the leader of he had been detained in a small tured her all day. the such a gang which soon had a long room in the factory for a theft: He listen to her appeal? But sen- record of house-breakings. He was was treated with cold glares, prison staff considered her careful caught and sentenced to 15 years. curses, ridicule and even beaten. tence too severe. After For the first two or three years He did not believe criminals could investigation' and discussion they pleaded suc- he refused to admit that what he be treated kindly. But in the three her case in court and had done was wrong and he didn't years he had been in prison he had ceeded in getting her sentence re- work well. With presents of pipes experienced another kind of treat- duced to 10 years. She was re- and cigarettes he tried to build up ment. The prison personnel talked leased one year ahead of time for a little "brotherhood" of his fellow with him in a friendly way and he good behavior. She had learned inmates. He often got into fights was taken care of when he was ill. knitting machinery skills in prison in the prison factory and many He began to realize that he was not and was assigned a job in a sock times broke the prison discipline. an outcast. factory. Now she lives with her A staff member had patient Now Li made a conscious effort mother. "The prison gave me my talks with him, some lasting to do his best. Today he finishes second life," she says. several hours. But Li didn't listen. everyday's quota on tifne and puts A prison head said, "Since 1977 The staff member learned that Li out work of consistently good our figure for 'repeaters' has beeri was worried about his younger quality. After finishing his own 7.8 percent. We are trying to re- brother who was ill at home. He tasks he helps others. In his spare duce this figure and turn mor€ said to Li, "Even if you-don't care time he has learned to operate prisoners into useful citizens."
SEPTEMBEN, 1979 51 latticed or tile-patterned openings offer their white walls as back- ground to green trees and rocky hills, each view more beautiful than the last. Many buildings -i:ii i-r.: poetic ,i:t!: carry names thgt intensify their charm, such as a hall named "Fragrance from Afar", a bridge called "Little Flying Rainbow" and a pavilion in the center of a pool named "Lotus-Surrounded Pavilion." A Ming Garden By World War II many of Su- zhou's gardens had fallen into neglect and ruin. The famous ii.!:i:rii.:.$ Nanmu HaII in Linger-Here Gar- den (Liu Yuan) was used as a rnHE gardens of Suzhou are Summer Palace in Beijing, where stable by the Japanese and later I world-famous for the way the buildings and gardens are of the Kuomintang troops. After 1949 the people's government began to they bring together the bbauties of extravagant taste and style on a nature, architecture and painting large tract of land. Instead, they restore eleven of the gardens. a feature Chinese gardens. Most typical of Suzhou style were - of are small and delicate with arti- Eight million people, including pools, the Humble Administrator's Gar- ficial hills and exquisite den (Zhuozheng Yuan), Yuan thousands from abroad; visited the pavilions, Liu terraces and towers, all and Wangshi Yuan. Suzhou gardens last year. made into a harmonic whole with one The Humble Administrator's It was of the finest of these flowers, shrubs and trees. They gardens that the Metropolitan Mu- Garden covers 4 hectares and is the are, in fact, miniature landscapes seum of Art in New York recently largest. It was built around 1513 with seemingly endless changing decided to reconstruct with Chi- by Wang Xianchen, a far from nese help an exact copy of the views, humble court examiner of the Water plays an important role in lovely Ming- Dynasty Garden so Ming dynasty who was demoted, characteristic of the artistic style the Suzhou gardens. It is obtained resigned and came to Suzhou. His of the time. easily the water table is only a garden was built with money he few feet- underground' Thus there had extorted as a court official. Poetry and Art are many pools, which help greatly Ponds take up three-fifths of the garden area. The center is the Suzhou, perhaps the of in compacting scenery within small "Venice" focal point garden. Two the east, lies about one hundred areas. The earth removed becomes of the small, connected islands rise from kilometers west of Shanghai. Be- one or more hills, planted with the water, Iush with bamboos and cause of its natural beauty and trees and decorated in a natural trees a truly rustic scene. A economic prosperity became a way with bizarre rocks taken from it - open called Fra- fashionable place officials, around Xishan Island in Lake Tai four-sided hall for grance from Afar overlooks the landowners wealthy mer- Hu. These Tai Hu rocks are pieces and water to the south and is fianked chants of the Ming and dy- of limestone which have been Qing by pavilions, verandas, towers and nasties (1368-1911) who bought quarried nearby moun- from the bridges. The simple and serene Iand there and homes. The built tains and sunk in the lake for artistic style of the Ming dynasty gardens were deliberately conceal- generations until they are eroded is basically preserved in the Hum- ed from the outside by high wails into strange shapes with cavities ble,{dministrator's Garden. and here their owners lived in and grooves. "quietness amidst noise," enjoying Pavilions, terraces, towers, Everchanging Views the pleasure natural scenes and of buildings and verandas add poetry Linger-Here Garden is true to its indulgent living. Many writers gardens. are at title, for its quiet beauty makes and artists took part designing to the Halls built in visitors reluctant to leave. was gardens, the water's edge to command de- It the fusing their poetic and built by Xu Shitai, a retired offi- pictorial ideas into the landscaping, lightful views. Pavilions and ter- cial of the Ming dynasty, and twice gardens races are usually set on the edge The of Suzhou are rebuilt by subsequent bwners in very different from the imperial of a pool or on hilltops. Doorways the Qing dynasty. It was restored moon-shaped, polygonic are or in in 1953 by the people's government ZHONG GUOJUN is a member of the a vase form. Each leads to an en-, im- National Society for City Alforestation and became one of the four aad Gartlens, anal chairman of the trancing scene. Undulating walls portant garden units in China pro- Suzhou Garden Society. and covered walks pierced' with tected by the state. (The other
52 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Wangshi firlier:. l:ielcw, the (]rricjcr ,r{ (irt i,*d ol S.*rirg !!:uC3: (Di:rnchun \ i)
,. !.;n The Humble Adrninistrator's Garden (Zhuozheng Yuan). capped Peak (Guanyun Feng), it is 6.5 meters high and weighs 5 tons. It was transported here 400 years ago. t*u" ? Though Linger-Here Garden has been rebuilt several times, the 'original rocks and trees have been 'left as they were. Leaving the two halls, the visitor comes to three yards with a winding corridor. Here rocks in fascinating shapes thrwt up among fragrant flowers and bamboos. This is the most quiet and tasteful yard of aII of Suzhou's gardens. From here he turns into the walk and before he realizes it, is back at the place from which he 'started, unaware that he has spent two hours in the Linger- Here Garden.
Framed Scenes At the end of a lane in the southern part of Suzhou is a typical residence of a high official built in the Southern Song dynastY (11.27-1279). In early Qing, pro- ' fe-ssing. to be above politics, the owner styled himself Wangshi (a fishing man) and the garden was ttrw named. Entering the Wangshi Garden, the visitor faces the The Garden of Feeling at Ease (Yi Yuan), Zhang Shuicheng owner's home two floors of chambers, halls- and three court- yards, reflected a three are the Humble Administra- from different dynasties are set in Beside it, in pooL, pavilions, corridor tor's Garden, the Summer Palace the wall along the walk. are a eaveS, towers and in Beijing and the Imperial Moun- Passing through .a vase-shaped with flying verandas. The smallest of all the tain Resort'at Chengde in Hebei doorway, the visitor comes to .a Suzhou gaidens, it is only half a province:) flower nursery. Going" through a yet compactness and Using walls, corridors and rocky mocin-door inscribed ViI- heitare, its "Another proportion an hills, the designers divided the lage," he walks along winding give the visitor a picture whatever three hectares of Linger-Here Gar- path under grape trellises enhanced artistic from he den gracefully into several court- hundreds of. potted flowers angle looks. by the west of the pool is the yards different in size and style.. A and trees, them 300 years To some of Garden the 700-meter winding covered walll small 500-square-meter of old. At the end is a hill. 'End of Spring Study (Dianchun traverses the courts, giving visitors Ascending tree-shaded steps he its Yi), so named because peonies that constgntly changing sce.nes. This feels as though he were in a na- used to bloom here "said goodbYe Iayout typical the mystery is of tural mountain forest. to spring." The bamboo house of the Chinese art of building Back to the flower nursery and was the owner's study decorated gardens. turning east, he arrives at thd. with palace lanter4s and scrolls of Along the covered. walk, open- Eastern Yard where there are two , calligraphy and painting. In a ings in the wall offer views of garden -and halls and three small small yard only two meters across' ever-shifting light shade out- courtyards. Considered a fine ex- between the study and the back side. One suddenly emerges into ample of hall construction in Chi- wall, bamboo, banana and winter- the open, surprised by a pool of nese {raditional gardens, the halls sweet grow among artificial rocks water with pavilions of fantastic contain ancient furniture, palaee and small hilIs, Looking at them shapes on the one side and rocky lanterns and historical relics. The from the three windows of the hills and old trees on the other. A windqws and screen panelS are ex- study, one seerns to see three walk up the hill leads to a pano- quisitely carved. Behind these framed Chinese landscape paint- rarnic view of the garden. Stone halls stands the largest Tai Hu ings on the wall. This is tYPical of tablets with ancient calllgraphy rock in Suzhou. Called Cloud- the originality o! Suzhou's gardens.
SEPIEMBEE T97O 55 qHUTTLECOCK FANS got their t.J fill in June in the famous souttr China scenii city of Hangzhou when two world badminton'cham- pionships were run off the First World Cup Championships- and the Second World Badminton Cham- pionships. Sponsored by the World Badminton Federation,, formed in Hongkong in 1978, the ten-day games took in 125 players from 18 countries and regions in Asia and Africa. Though several all-China bad- minton championships had been held in Hangzhou, the people of this tourist city had hever seen the game on such a grand scale. They packed the 5,400-seat Hangzhou Thai players Paiama and Suleeporn (facing ihe camera) in the women's doubles. Gymnasium to capacity every day. TVenty-two teams competed in SPORTS the cup' championships. Chi-na brought in a first in both the men's and women's team events, with Badminton Ghampionships Thailand following. The most ex- citing game, howevey, was between FU XIPDIYG Hongkong veterans and Singapore newcomers. Tough smashes Burmese and Hongkong players and congratulating edch other after the match. tight defense gave Chan Tin Cheung (HK) 2:0 civer Wong Shoon -Keat (SG) in the first match. In the second, Lee Hai Tong (SG) met his opponent with deep back-court shots and deft netting, eVening the score 1:1. Experienced Hongkong partners Chan Tin Cheung and Ng Chun' Shing- tamed their Singa- pore opposites in the third match 2:0. In the crucial fourth match Singapore's Lee Hai Tong and Chee :19' Mun Hung failed to upset Hong- kong's lang Mei Liang.and Wong Man Hing who kept cool under strong attacks and'finally won the match. Defeated Singapore dld not.lose heait. In the last match K. Musa attacked vigorously and won back a point for his team. Thq. four-hour competition ended with I{ongkong winning 3:2. Both teams' t€nacity impressed the spectators. The five singlbs everrts of the Second World Badminton cham- pionships gave sp'ectators different playing styles. Thongkam, 39 and the oldest woman player, had been the Thai team's ace for yeais. In
FU XIPENG is an editor of New Sports.
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS April last year she and a partner doubles champions at the African and Chan Lim Chee captured the won the women's doubles in the Badminton Championships, astonl mixed doubles, Third Asian Badminton Invi- ished spectators with their relent- In their leisure hours during the tational Tournament in Beijing. Iess attacks on their strong Thai competitions the players went Though no longer as strong as opponents, Preecha and Bandid. boating on beautiful West Lake young players, with solid basic Though weak in defense and foot- and visited a tea plantation and skills and flexible tactics she work, s. Egbeyemi, men,s singles tasted Longjing, the famo':s green trounced her opponents. Her serves champion of Nigeria, gave his-op- tea produced there' Over 90 kinds .were superb. She loops the shuttle ponent a hard time viittr his fas1, of souvenirs and traditional han- ' had created by with such force that it soars high and heavy drives. dicraft works been as gifts for the and sornersaults aecurately to her Host china took three titles the city's craftsmen opponent's base line. She trains men's singles, women's silsrey - to?iljlil younger ,his is an unforgettable and works as hard as men's doubles. In a surprise upset3nf -; '-;, -, --;.-:; players. Thongkam plans to play ;- 1 T -year- or d H an Aipin[: : a few more years and then become ilii ff;,T:?] Jii;L * est in her team, wonahe women's",fi a coach. pines said." They are"?i"irt"'iri,]1 brothers and China The African players, especially singles title. Though snatch- sister whose. fatirer was a badririn- the Nigerians and Tanzanians, ed three titles, specialists com- ton player born in Fujian province. showed marked progress. Starting mented that its men players seemed A11 iris-life he had wanted to come the sport in the early 70s, they to lack younger successors and back and have a look at his adopted style of the Asian players their play was not as good as motherland. r'He taught us bad- and made rapid headway. They expeeted. minton when we werb young, so are now tiying to increase the-ir Thailan{'s Patama and Sulee- that we could have this oppor- speed. R. Chiplunkar and M.M. porn won the women's doubles, tunity," Errol Chan said, "Now we Nathwani, the Tanzanian-- men's and Hongkong's Ng Chun Shing have fulfilled his wish.r'
IIan Aiping, winner of the women's singles title at the 2nd Workl Badminton Championships. Pholos by Xinhua
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SEPTEMBEB 1979 57 Stall near Qianmeu selling Moslem food.
ffiore,fittffition Poid t0 [ood, flotlting, $lteltu
A photo in**heir new dresses. IU[ANY Beijing pqople don't cook tural revolution have reopened and -LYI 6rsahlast at home but buy others have expanded. The Duyi- something ready to eat on the way chu (Unique in the Capital) Restau- to work. A few years ago when the rant is one that has reopened. It is gang of four was around,- people famous for its shaomai (a filling of had to stand in line for half an meat, prawns, sea cucumbers or hour at places selling breakfast to eggs or any mixture thereof in a get something. The gang seemed ihin dough skin closed with a frill to think that improving life for the on top). This restaurant is 240 people wquld give rise to revision: yeafs old. It is said that the sign ism. As a result little was done of the shop was written by Qing about it and of couise nobody paid dynasty Emperor Qianlong (1736- any attention to a small matter 1795). The Fangshan (Imperial like breakfast. After the fall of the Style) Restaurant in Beihai Park is gang, the city government began again serving dishes once prepared Nd Yi to grapple with such problems. for the last Chinese emperors and Zhang Wehzao (second from left), famous chef al the Beijidg Duck Empress Dowager Cixi. Restaurant. Breakfast to Duck Dinner For the convenience of working couples, the Chongwenmen and The Chongwenmenwai district is Xidan vegetable markets have a densely-populated section. Every added counters serving uncooked day 200,000 people pass through dishes for the evening meal. On its main street. Last year local their way home people can choose authorities tackled the break- from 20 kinds of dishes and soups fast problem. Cadres and staff with ingredients all cut up ready members in the food services were to cook. mobilized to come up with ideas ' The Beijing Duck Restaurant for bettering their work. At the which opened last April west of same time the district government present Qianmen, is at the biggest Wu Chuping increased staffs in restaurants to duck restaurant in Beijing, It has In a Beijing duck restaurant. make rhore food and prolong busi- 41 large or smaller dining rooms ness hours. Food stalls were set - and can serve 2,600 customers up and pushcarts were sent out to at a time. The fourth floor, sell food on the streets. suitable for family banquets and Now every morning at six wedding celebrations has already o'clock six restaurants and many become a popular place for the food stalls begin their daily b,usi- Iatter. Zhang Wenzao, 74, one of ness. In addition, 14 pushcarts the city's best cooks now works sell youbing (crullers), shaobing there. (griddle-baked sesame bistrrits), mahuar (hard twisted fried New Housing Cakes), baked buns and baozi The Beijing city administration (steamed buns with a meat filling). faces an enormous task in housing There is a place sel.ling breakfast its citizens. Most of the housing at specialties about every 50 meters the time of liberation in 1949 con- Wu Chuping so customers no longer have to The ready.to-cook counter sisted of old one-story buildings. iu Xidan vegetable market. stand in long lines. Those with After liberation more than 50 new more can go New apartment build- timd into the shops for residenti.al districts and 100 proj- ings outside Hepingmen. Xinhua things Ytke zhagao (fried cakes of ects with brick apartment build- glutinous rice flour with a sweet ings of three to five stories were fitling) or bowls of soybean or built. Floorspace of housing added ground almond "milk." since liberation is 2.7 times the Last year in the city as a whole total area of housing before 1949, 104 restaurants, 420 snack bars and ,but this stil1 cannot meet the need. 233 food stalls were set up on the ,The situation was made worse by main streets and 50 minibus shops the fact that the earthquake which put into service. These facilities hit Tangshan in 1976 destroyed can serve breakfast to a million over 700,000 square meters of people, 3.5 times the number in housing in Beijing. 1976. The city government began to Sohe well-known restaurants build new housing on a.Iarge scale which w6re closed during the cul- (Continued on P- 72)
SEPTEMBEB 1979 59 ln HINA has a- great number of itive man began to aPPear in its means. farmland or farming in the \,1 rivers, more than 5,000 of basin certainly as earlY as 600,000 Uygur language.) It flows 2,179 them having a drainage basin of years ago, and the capital of the kilometers eastward along the inore than 100 square kilometers. Shang dynasty (16th century B.C.), northern edge of the Tarim Basin- The Changjiang River (Yangtze) the earlist historically-verified In its middle and lower reaches is the longest. It was called "Jiang" dynasty, was built on its banks in the volume of flow dwindles from (river) .in ancient times and after- Henan province, evaporation and seePage. The ward (big river), "Da Jiang" The Tarirri River is the longest river has had many branches and Jiang" (long river) and "Chang 'in the often shifted its course due to Yangtze (from section near China without an outlet to the liberation Yangzhou). The source is the sea. It is a confluence of the sedimentation. After Tuotuo River southwest of snow- Aksu originating irr the Tianshan the people built dams and chan- capped Geiadaindong Mountain in Mguntains, and the Yarkant and neled the water into Lake Taite- the Tangla Range in Qinghai prov- Hotan rivers from the Karakorum ma in the southeast of the ince. I! travels eastward 6,300 Mountains in Xinjiang. (Tarim reglon. kilometers to the Pacific through an autonomous region (Tibet) and, eight provinces, emptying into the On the middle reaches of the lluanghe River at Huayuankou. East China Sea at Shanghai. The Changjiang drains an area of 1.8 million square kilometers. Every year it takes one trillion cubic meters of water to the sea half as much as all the rest of -China's rivers. Its upper reaches, from the headwaters to the city of Yichang in Hubei province, roll through 204 kilometers of gorges (the Qutang, Wuxia and Xiling), one of the longest stretches of gorges in the world. The Huanghe River (Yellow) is the qecond largest. Riiing in the northern foothills of the Bayanhar Mountains iri Qinghai province, it flows 4,800 kilometers through seven provinces and two autono- mous regions to the Bohai Sea. The. Yellow River is the cradle of early Chinese history and culture. Prim-
60 PryN4 FEcONsrBUcrs It is said that in the ?th century CHINESE COOKERY a Tib€tan king set aside the Qomo. langma area as a place for raising birds. The lamas regarded birds $izzling lice with $hrimp and as gods, so Tibetan Buddhist Tomato Sauce writirlgs called the peak "the_ Goddess,'i in or "Qomolangma'l (Guoba Tibetan. Fanqie Xiaren) Flarning Mountain is a slope be- tween Bogda Mountain and Ku- Sauce: ruktag Mountain in eastern Xin- jiang. % lb. medium-sized shrimps In the sunlight its slope of 6 tablespoons peas red sandstone looks as if it were 1 medium-sized carrot on fire, hence the name. It is said 4 black mushrooms soaked that in the Tang dynasty the Mon- 2 tablespoons tomato.paste The lllmalayas. key King and Xuan Zang I tablespoon minced ginger (Ilsuan Tsang), the famous monk, 1 tablespoon cornstarch passed here when they went west 1% teaspoons salt on a pilgrimage for Buddhist 3 tablespoons sugar scripttrres. Below the mountain is 1 teaspoon rice wine (or sherry) Thb Yarlungzangbo River flows the Turfan BaSin, the lowest point % teaspoon taste powder (monoso- at the highest sea leVel about in China. dium glutamate) 4,000 meters. Origilating- on the 'The Taishan Mountains in % cup cooking oil southern slopes of the Gangdise Shandong province, the Hengshans I cup water Mountains, it runs for 1,787 kilo- in Hunan province, the Huashans Crispy Rice*: meters through southern Tibet. in Shaanxi province, the Heng- 2 cups cooked rice China's longest man-made shans in Shanxi province and the 2 lb. oil for deep frying "river" is the Grand Canal, which Songshans in Henan province are Wash, shell and devein shrimps. extends south L,794 kilometers called (the Five Sacred Moun- Rinse shrimps in salt water (to make from Beijing to .Hangzhou in tafurs." It is said that gods and them crisp after frying). Wash again Zhejiang. province. It passes . goddesses lived here, and emperors in clear water and coat through four prbvinces and links of many dyhasties came to wor- with cornstarch. Dice carrot and the Changjianpi, Huanghe and ship and pay homage. Mount Tai- mushrooms the size of shrimps. three other big rivers. Its first shan, 1,524 meters above sea level, Prepare crispy rice: Add water section was dug in 486 B.C. and is the most famous. It has many to cooked rice until it sticks was expanded on a gigantic scale beauty spots and historical sites. together. Spread rice on a pan by dredging natural riverbeds'in Du Fu, the Tang dynasty poet, half an inch thick. Bake until 605,and 1289 A.D. Said, "One day I must climb to the crisp and cut into l-inch cubes. China's mountain ranges criss- summit and watch the neighboring Heat % cup oil in a pot until bubbling. Stir-fry shrimps briefly cross the country in a complicated mountains grow smaller." The until they turn white. Remove pattern. They may be divided into highest of the Five Sacred Moun- from groups: tains is Huashah, 2,600 meters oil. Add minced ginger, three tho$e running east- carrot, peas, above sea level. From a distance mushrooms, stir a few west, rrcrtheast-southwest; and' seconds. Add tomato paste, north-south its five pegks look like a ,flower sugar, i salt, taste powder, (lrua is flower in Chinese). sherry and The Hirnalayas stand on the water. Bring to a boil. Return south€rn Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Emei Mountains in.Sichuan shrimps to sauce . over low province, Jiuhua in Anhui, Putuo flame. "Himalaya" means "abode of Heat 2 lb. oil in a deep pot until snow" in the Tibetan language. in Zhejiang and Wutai in Shanxi 'the bubbllng.. Add crispy rice cub{s. The main part of range lies are famous for their connections Deep-fry until golden and puffy. . with Buddhism. There many along China's southerri border. are Remove rice to a heated dish. The average heigiht l. of the terriples on their slopes. The Wu- Serve immediately in front of mountains is 6,000 met6rs tai Mountains, 3,100 meters above over - guests by pouring the hot tomato highest range in the world. It is sea level, are the highest of these. sauce and shrimps over the crispy 2,450 kilometers lorlg from west to They are named for five peaks rice to produce an explosive east and about 300 kilometers wide Whose topi seem like five terraces sizzling sound. Serves four. from north to south. West of the (tou means five, tai is terrace). town of Yadong stand eileven.peaks Putuo,. a . the lowest, stands on Crispy rice can also easily be made over 8,000" meters high afnong small island of the Zhoushan Is- by cooking rice ten minutes loneer them the world's highest,- 8848.13- lands the East China Sea and than usual. Save crust.formed on Ihe in bottom metet on the China- Was called times of the pot. Heat in oven until Qomolangma in ancient "The yery dry. Break into pieces and fry in Nepal border. Kingdom of Buddhists in the Sea," the same manner aS. above;
AEPTEI}IBER 1979 61
t / ts\t'
Spectators at a -forch Festival performance.
3
T i-a rff P fhe festival also mea,ns brisk buying.
Festival scenc with lion danee at night.
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SEPTEMBER I9?9 65 Chinese History-Xll
The Glory That lTas Tang
I - Nationa! Economy JIAO JIAN
UNIFIED COUNTRY, a strong central govern- cheng in Anhui, and from Guilin in Guangxi python ment, efficient land and water communications gall-bladders and green jade. Other goods came to and wi.de economic and cultural contacts made the Changan by various overland routes. The city had Tang dynasty (618-907) one of the most brilliant hotels with warehouses where merchants could epochs in Chinese history. This was true in literature deposit their goods and transact their sales. and the arts, foreign relations and many other fields. The The city measured 9 kilometers from east to west Tang capital, Changan (today's Xi'an), and 7.5 kilometers from north to south. On the north located at the eastern end of the Old Silk Road and lay the magnificent Palace City, where the emperors connected by land and water routes with other parts lived and held court, and the Imperial City, site of the of Asia, became the center of economic and cultural government. Outside the Irnperial City stood a large exchange and an international metropolis. In its state academy for the children of nobles, and streets one could meet citizens of Korea, Japan, officials Persia and Arabia in their national costumes, and Iandlords. A north-south thoroughfare divided the southern part of the city into two parts, each with a the many peoples falling within Tang dynasty scope rfforkshops Tibetans, Turks, Uygurs (Uighurs), Qidans (Khi- busy market. and business firms were tans)- and others. concentrated according to trade. The East Market To the newly-built harbor near Changan came had thousands of shops belonging to 220 trades. boats from dozens of prefectures along the Chang: From the top of 60-meter-high Dayan (Big WiId jiang (Yangtze) and Huaihe rivers. They brought Goose) Pagoda, which still stands today, one could bronze mirrors and seafood from Yangzhou in Jiang- have a bird's-eye vi.ew of the city's splendid palaces; su, silk damask and crimson gauze from Shaoxing in busy streets, forests of masts along the river, heavy Zhejiang, pearls, ivory and fragrant eaglewood from traffic and streams of people an indicati,on of the Guangzhou, paper and writing brushes from Xuan- thriving economy of the times.- Various reforms carried out in the Tang period, especially the land policy, greatly mitigated the contradictions in the society, enabling economic progress which brought the dynasty to its zenith in the reign of Emperor Tai Zong and the early part of that of Emperor Xuan Zong (685-762).
Tang craftsmanship: silver plate with gold deer design from a Tang tomb in Inner Mongolia. A piece of Tang silk with printed whit€ floral tlesign on a brown back- ground unearthed at Turfan, Xinjiang.
66 CHINA RECONSTBUCTb The Sui dynasty preceded Tang which had the CITY PLAN OF TANG DYNASTY CHANGAN had brought the country under one rule, but after a brief time went into decline. In 617, taking advan- l{(rh lcv tage of this and the peasant uprisings, Li Yuan, a -a City lYoll Lrdc Ho \ high-ranking officer, led an army revolt in Taiyuan -- Cityciry GreGte l- DominSming Poke (in today's Shanxi province) and then captured : JrrBESiIBE Xo*ronilai-ll '1 I Piffir-dq Xi'qn r-----:-j----tii Changan. In 618 following the assasination of the Sui "__lknyuon lloll Wesr lmprlol &den emperor in Yangzhou Li Yuan proclaimed himself the new Tang dynasty emperor (known in history as Gao Zu). It took him nearly another decade, with the help of his son Li Shimin (599-649) to suppress the peasant armies and wipe out the remaining Sui forces, but by then he had consolidated the unified country and established a strong central government. Li Yuan was succeeded in 626 by Li Shimin (known as Emperor Tai Zong), who was an able administrator.
Class Relations
The situation in which the early Tang rulers found themselves was quite different fror4 that in the Sui period. In the course of the wars the peasant rebels had seized part of the land from the officials and landlords and many had become free of feudal dues and corv6e labor. Also, in the early Tang period, in addition to individual farmers, there were tenants who, while they still had to perform some unpaid labor, paid for the use of the land with half their produce. With permission of the landlord they could Ieave to become tenants of other landowners. In this sense they had more freedom . than Sui tenants. petuity amounts.of land according to their rank. A The fact peasant uprisings that had contributed prince could own 10,000 mu (666 ha.) and the top to the downfall of the Sui dynasty was not lost on the rankrfficial 6,000 (400 ha.). early Tang rulers. When Wei Zlneng, an advisor to Emperor Tai Zong, suggested that he draw a lesson from history and economize on manpower and money Agriculture Flourishes to strengthen his rule the emperor agreed, quoting A curved-shaft plow with a device to adjust the an ancient saying: "The ruler is like a boat and the angle of the share for deep or shallow plowing came people like the water. While the water floats the into use at this time, a great improvement over the boat, it may also overwheim it." He believed that previous straight-shaft model. Another invention a ruler upholding the long-term interests of the land- Iord class should not go to extremes in exploiting and oppressing the people so as not to provoke resistance The waterwheel useil for irrigation in the Tang tlynasty. and disrupt production. Illustration from a l3th-eentury book on agriculture. The chief compromises made to the peasants by the early Tang rulers were the "land equalization" (distribution) and the zu Aong drioo system. Under the former, each landless male adult over 18 received 100 mu (6.6 hectares) oI land from the government. Twenty mu of this could be held in perpetuity while the remaining 80 were to be returned at his death. Under lhe zu gong diao system, every male small- holder had to pay as rent to the government 2 dan (about 2 hectoliters) of grain a yeaf, 20 chi, (about ? meters) of silk fabric or 25 chi of cotton cloth and 20 days of labor service. There was a certain flexibility in that if the man wanted to avoid labor service he could pay a stipulated amount of silk or cotton cloth for every day missed. This system, however, did not apply to the Iandlords. Nobles and officials could own in per-
SEPTEMBER 1979 61 .t: was a waterwheel which provided more effective seale: silk'and brocade wedving shops, d1i;{ff,tir565U. irrigation than the water lift then in use. It was pro- and those making paper, iron and cast iron vessels. pelled by the current so that the bamboo tubes High1y-skilled workmen produced silks with attached to the wheel brought water to the top and novel and beautiful designs. Yizhou (today's Chengdu discharged it automatically into a channel leading to in Sichuan province) and Yangzhou were most famous the fields. for their silks. In the Thousand Buddha Caves at Many more irrigation canals rvere built. The Dunhuang in Gansu a Tang silk was found that was reign of Emperor Gao Zu saw the following dug: at thin yet opaque enough to have designs painted on Tongzhou (today's DaIi in Shaanxi province) to bring both sides, Samples of Tang silks have existed down water from the Huanghe River to irrigate 40,000 till today: some 40 pieces were unearthed at'Turfan hectares of land; at Yangzhou irrigating 5,000 ha., at along the OId Silk Road in Xinjiang. The Tang Taiyuan irrigating tens of thousands of hectares. At craftsmen were also famed for their skill at weaving Putian in Fujian province a reservoir was built to skirts from feathers of various kinds of birds. The irrigate 8,000 ha. colors of these were changeable when viewed in During the fir.st century of the Tang dynasty a great different lights and from different angles. amount of wasteland was reclaimed on both moun- Great progress was also made in porcelain- tain and plain. Production of grain and silk increased making. Xingzhou (today's Xingtai in Hebei) and markedly. A, census was taken every few years and Yuezhou (today's Shaoxing in Zhejiang) were famed by 754 there were 9,069,000 households, twice as many centers. The porcelain of Xingzhou was known for as in the early Tang period. The government became its snow-white purity, and the celadon of Yuezhou prosperous and stocks piled up. One imperial granary was likened to ice and jade. The Tang potters de- near Luoyang consisted of some 400 round pits, the veloped the three-color (usually green, yellow and biggest holding 10,000 don of grain. white) glazed ware for which this era has become famous. In papermaking, which centered in Yizhou, new Holdings Get Bigger Again methods increased production. An academy of classic Iearning in Luoyang used hemp paper produced there As the economy developed the landlords stepped for 25,000 volumes it wrote. AIso noted for papermak- up seizure of the peasants' holdings by one method or ing were Hangzhou, Xuanzhou (today's Xuancheng. another and the power of nobles, officials and big Anhui) and Yuezhou. landlords grew. Purchase and sale of land was frequent by the mid-Tang period. There were many Communications big estates owned by nobles and officials in the vicinity of Changan. and Luoyang. For the peasants Changan was a great communications center. From various kinds of extra taxes and labor service had it postal roads radiated. to Henan in the east, Gansu been added. Unable to pay them, peasants fled to in the west, Sichuan to the southwest, Hubei to the other parts of the country, and then the government south and Shanxi and Hebei to the north. Along shifted their burden onto those who remained. Thus these were a total of 1,600 post stations, one every 15 more peasants lost their land and became tenants of kilometers, to supply horses or boats Ior officials' use the big landlords. or for relay of government documents. Along the Landlord landgrabbing became so prevalent that routes were inns which provided food and drink and by the later Tang period fields under direct control rented donkeys to travelers. of the government had shrunk. The "land equaliza- The network of water transportation linked tion" and taxation system based on it broke down. numerous cities through the Changjiang and Huaihe In 780 the government changed the taxation rivers, the Grand Canal and many other rivers, lakes system from one on individuals to one by household and canals. according to land and property owned and including Yangzhou at the junction of the Grand Canal landlord households. State revenue increased, but as and the Changjiang River was the port of entry for Iandlords shifted their tax burden to the poor goods from both north and south. Guangzhou (Can- peasants, the number of bankrupt peasants continued ton) was already one of south China's big cities where to rise. the government had a special office in charge of foreign trade, There merchants, Buddhist monks and others from Arabia, Persia, India and the South Sea Silk, Porcelain and Islands came to live and mingle with the people of China. Handicraft industry reached nbw heights. The International overland routes from government led outward operated large manufactories in the main Changan: one ran to India and Arabia in the west via branches, but the products of these were not intended the Tarim Basin and the Pamir Mountains; another for the market - only for use in the imperial and to Korea in the east. From Yangzhou or Penglai in nobles' households and in gbvernment offices. A fine Shandong junks sailed to Korea and Japan. Other division of labor developed. For weav.ing and dyeing sea routes starting from Guangzhou passed around alone there were 25 kinds of workshops. The market the Malay PeninsuLa and India to reach the Persian was supplied by private workshops much smaller in Gulf and east Africa.
6B CIIINA BECONSTBUCTS ARCHtrOLOGICAL NEWS decorate a piece of ).acquerware. The largest measures 6.8 X 7.2 cen- timeters, thicknesses More Early Hemp Paper and the are 0.022-0.024 millimeters. Made from A NOTHER sample of very early hemp, they have yellowed, but fa paper has been found showing have not become brittle and stilL that papermaking was quite wide- retain some luster, and were un- spread by the year A.D. 105, the damaged by worms or decay. date traditionaily assigned for its This is the fourth discovery of invention by the Eastern Han hemp paper from Western Han dynasty court official Cai Lun. dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D.24). Other Three pieces of paper were ex- samples were found at Baqiao near cavated last December from the Xi'an, also in Shaanxi province in site of a western Han dynasty 1957, at Juyan in Gansu province building in the Taibai commune in in 1974 and Lop Nor in Xinjiang in Fufeng county in Shaanxi province. 1933. The earliest is that from They are thought to date from 91- Baqiao which dates from the time 49 B.C. of Emperor Wu Di (140-87 B.C.). The three pieces were preserved The latest Fufeng county finds in three bronze bulbs intended to though more recent in date are coarser than the Baqiao samples. The newest tliscovery of hemp paper, They consist of loosely-knit hemp found in Shaanxi province. The three pieces were preserved in the bronze fibers with pulp spread unevenly Excavating pot(ery pipes ot the sewer- bulbs (middle) which were covered with over them. age system of the Western Zhou dynas- three coins (boltom). ty palace at Fengchu village, Shaanxi. Pltotos bE Luo Xizhang Xinhua Xinjiang GIan Gommune Site THE first clan community site to stone. A fairly high levei of skill r be discovered in the Xinjiang is shown in the polished stone ob- Uygur Autonomous Region has jects such as hoes, bolas, spinning been unearthed in the Sidaogou whorls, saddle querns and pestles. section of the Dongcheng commune The bone objects were decorated southwest of the administrative with designs resembling arrow- Center of the Mori Kazak Autono- heads, some of them triangular in + mous County. shape and some of the double- Preliminary excavation was be- edged inverted-barb shape. gun in 1977 by a field team from The si+e is on a piece of flat land the Xinjiang CulturaJ. Relics Ad- surrounded by mountains, and ministrative Committee. More than near to water, which faeilitated 100 objects were unearthed from agriculture. Archeologists estimate six ancient tombs. The excavation that animal husbandry r,vas as de- team also uncovered ash pits, stove veloped as farming, and that these pits and holes for pillar bases. The people cast their own bronze ves- site dates from 2,400 to 3,000 years sels. In addition to farrn tools and ago accorCing to carbon tests. This remains of grain, bones of horses, parallels the Western Zhou to cattle, sheep and dogs were found. Warring States periods in Chinese The number of burial objects history (11th Century-221 B.C.) but differed in the six tombs, indieat- ing some persons \r,ere the culture in this village had de- that there richer and some poorer. shape veloped only to the stage of transi- In and form and the process by which imple- tion from stone to bronze they were made. the objects indi- ments. cate that the primitive culture of The artifacts at the site reflect Xinjiang has a close relation with two periods, early and later clan that elsewhere in China. cultural development. There are stone tools in plenty, the main pro- Zhou llynasly Palace duction tools, and also articles of $ites bone and vessels of both pottery qITES of two paiaces from the and bronze. Seventy-eight percent r--/ early and middle Western Zhou of the tools rvere of polished stone dynasty (11th century-??1 B.C.) and the rest of chipped or flaked have been discovered in Shaanxi
SEPTEMBER I9?9 69 One day, he said to his wife, "[f mother.- She did n to.leave I die, you'I1 have a heavy burden. her home, but ook- his Besides the two children you have daughter Xiao Fang to Beijing. to take care of my old mother." Ruiyun treated her like her own ..i ,.;i.rifii{}ij With tears in her eyes, Ruiyun daughter and the little girl quickly tried to comfort her husband. Not took to her "brothers." T N courtyard in Suzhou Lane long afterward he passed away. Since they were married Ruiyun I in" east Beijing lives a family Whenever Ruiyun thought of her has mailed money to Li's mother of six members Li Xtcheng and husband's words and her mother- every month and sends her delica- Zhang Ruiytin,- a middle-aged in-law's kindness, she was filled cies at festival times. She treats couple, three children and an old with sympathy and a sense of her mother-in-law Ruolan even woman. They seem like an or- responsibility. Bravely she carried better. She buys her favorite dinary Chinese family, warm and on. But sometimes she felt lone- fruits and vegetables. When she harmonious, and the neighbors some. Her mother-in-Iaw was old finds a tasty ready-to-eat dish in praise them for this. In fact, how- and sick and the children were the canteen of her school, she in- ever, the wife's mother-in-Iaw is small. Ruiyun's friends persuaded variably brings one home for her. not her husband's mother, two of her to get'married again. "What Li too treats the old woman as he the children are not related to the kind of a person should I choose?" would his own mother and Rui- third, and the husband's mother is she thought to herself. "My yun's two children as his own. in another province. mother-in-Iaw is approaching Mother-in-Iaw Ruolan also tries How did this mixed-up family seventy and it is my duty to take to do housework. She often cooks come to live together? good care of her until the end. in the Shandong style for her new The old woman in the family is Whoever I marry should get along "son". When the couple have any Wang Ruolan, a peasant who came with her so that we can live to- trouble she encourages them to from the Tangshan area in Hebei gether happily." face it bravely. province. When she was young, The family, with its members she married a man named Zhang f ATER on. Ruiyun fell in love coming from various backgrounds and gave birth to a so-n, Zhang l with Li Xicheng, who worked and living happily together, is Junying. Her husband died when at the Beijing School of Finance praised by the neighbors for its her son was less than three years and Trade. His wife had died. mutual respect and harmony, and old. She worked in the fields and They had had two children. One regarded as a model family in the lived frugally so that her son was married but a daughter, Xiao new Chinese society. could go to school. Junying, on Fang, only seven, was being cared his part, understodd hii mother's for by his mother, near eighty. One Zhang Buiyun's family bitter life and studied hard. night Ruiyun told her mother-in- out for a Sunday walk. After finishing middle school he law about Li and asked her Zhang Jingde entered Northeast Teachers Col- opinion. lege and became a student in'the The mother-in-law thought it physics department. There he fell over during the night and early in love with Zhang Ruiyun, a girl the next morning told her, "You're in a lower class. After graduation like a lonely bird these years and both carne to teach in Beijing I understand your difficulties. I d schools. They were married in think you should marry him. If 1956 and lived happily together his mother comes to Beijing, we with Junying's mother. They had can be good friends too." two children. Thus Zhang Ruiyun and Li Xi- Unfortunately Ruiyun's hus- cheng got married in May 1972. band, less than thirty years old, The following year they went to contracted a fatal liver disease. Shandong province to visit Li's province. One is at Fengchu vil- foundations, wooden pillars and or curved tiles. Several dozen dif- Iage in Qishan county and the walls of sun-dried bricks. The ferent kinds of designs'appear on other at Zhaochen village in Fu- whole had a rationally-arranged the end tiles. The pillars were laid feng county. sewerage system. The roof ridges out in a checkerboard pattern. The Fengchu palace is in the were topped with tiles. These are They had to be quite thick to sup- form of a 1,469-square-meter enclo- the oldest tiles found in China to port the heavy tile roof . The sure (45.2 by 32.6 m.) with several date. thickest of thq bases were 1.9 me- independent buildings linked by The palace unearthed at Zhao- ters in diameter. covered walks. The buildings are chen village consisted of eight This is the first Western Zhou in the style of ancestral temple buildings spread out over an area palace of such style to be discover- architecture of the early Western covering nearly 6,000 square me- ed. Excavation has been going on Zhou dynasty. They had stone ters. They were roofed with flat for three years.
70 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Lesson 9 In Guilin il"€x itr + i:*ww H r,,il 4'lrt tL tr,4'l 6 6 aw+g_{<, (JinnAdir. flng HuA tlydutuin y6u GulngzhSu dirodA C6ng d6ng dio xt y6u sEn si hu6li cMng, (Canada visit China tourist group from Guangzhou arrive From east to west have three four /i long, lLt+. Efit] + + + ifr;t * *- t ,J. ftto Guilin. T6anyirinmen ch6ng chE qir LtjiEng yito z6u yl ge xiloshl. Guilin. Members ride car to Lijiang need (to) walk an hour. ttle. ) t\*,1, ,E-g lk 13fr "42 Findiin.) MIIi: Dirngli bEn hlokirn ma? Hotel.) Marie: Cave in very goodJooking? az Jk"'fl] 4f tL ifi)r tfr-fu o A fll-g Az ,n -E. 6 * *f fi', trx- rt1l Wdng: W6men zhirziri LijHng FindEn. Cdng nirli WAng: Ddngli y6u gC zh6ng xingzhuirng de Wang: We stay at Lijiang Hotel. From there (we) Wang: Cave in have vaiious shaped Ty)( fr41 tt/,t- fr1 afi" P+f *Lz fr fi r* *hrt kEyi kirndio Guilin de qudnjing. zhdngrishi. " Y6u de xihng jlngqilo can see Guilin's panorama. stalactites and stalagmites. Some look like exquisite ttrS'tr, ,Bi, fklE L #t *- al vL? rt*r + 6, E fr1 4t- *rh rtl Shimisi: Lijiang Firnrliin shi xin iiin de Va? de ting t6i, ydu de xidng hirohirn de Smith: Lijiang Hotel is newly built? pavilions, some look like (a) vast az k rtl , k h {.J* #.lri* #fi *t+t, 4 4 n1 43- +n+ fr4J W6ng: Shi de, shi wBi yingjiE liiy6uzh6 xin sEnlin, h6i y6u de xidrng bEnt6ng de Wang: Yes, (it) is for receiving tourists newly forest, also some look like dashing r7*- nl *il_ {. *.1 E )&--fr )ta }. *r L ffJ fi;|,, xi[jiirn ile." PdngbiEn Mi jiirnle yl zud ptbn. " Jie shing clisC de dEngguEng, built. Beside also built a waterfalls. Added (are) colored lights, l,P" Eirn,4 Rnft,L4 rF* Itfr tLl " jtyudn, m6i tiiin wlnshang d6u y6nch[ hEn htrokin jfle. theater, every day evening dll perform very goodJooking extremely. fkl iz fin" *'ts+.t' ,t & tt i *"tt frs ft'e + hlo de w6nyi ii6nn. Shimisi: Zhlxi6 difang w6men ddu xiwing qir good literature and art program. Smith: These places we all hope to .ta iltqn, ,56 ai ILfr *E n * t " E.E-" B6Eng: Ydntfi de fEngilng shlziri tai mEi le. kirnkan. Brown: on the way (the) scenery really very beautiful. look. + k "h A *"" Az *f. ZhF;n shi "sbEn qlng shui'F xii." WAng: H6o. Really is "mountain green, river Charming." Wang: Fine. *.$#.f , 'tiL &f+ #r Jr fk , 4l Translation Shimisi: Tingshu6 Guilin de shin hEn dud ddu Smith: (I) hear Guilin's mountains many all (The Canada China-tour group arrives in Guilin from Guang- zhou. Members of the group go to the Lijiang Hotel by car.) F E;H" Wang: We'll stay at the Lijiang Hotel. From there we can y6u y4ndirng. have a panoramic view of Guilin. have caves. Smith: Is the Lijiang Hotel newly built? Wang: Yes, it was built for receiving tourists. Nearby there fr41 ki ,tL J_r k ,d A,+ E;A 4 is also a new theatre with excellent cultural program WAng: Sbl de, y6u o.ingzi de ydnddng jiir y6u every evenlng. Wang: Yes, have name caves have Brown: The scenery on the way is really beautiful, like the ex- =t ? A, &{fr?f- -YEE" pression "green mountains and charming rivers." sEnshi dud chir, zui di de shi Qixingdn. Smith: I heard that many of Guilin's mountains have caves. thirty more places, largest is SevenStarCave. Wang: Yes, there are more than thirty caves with names. The
SEPTEMBEB I9Z9 77 largest is Seven Star Cave. It is three or four Ii long ddu" Hi. le" T from east to west and takes an hour to walk through. +ifirflEiH61trLli*+.+.,f"ff.* Marie: Is it nice in the cave? (The several wornen in our tourist group have all Wang: In the cave are stalactites and stalagmites in all sorts come today); Jintiin y[n de drshi ji ge w6nyi of shapes. Some of them look like exquisite pavilions, ii6mi ddu'h6n h6o h1J:-,r /L4.-{. A *f tL some like a vast forest, and others like dashing water_ +(,F Zfr falls. On top of that there are colored lights, so it's if (The twenty-some numbers performed today extremely beautiful. were all very good). Smith: All looking of us are forward to visiting these places. (3) Two consecutive Wang: Fine. numbers used together. Ni ge ydnddng y6u sdn si hu6li chdng fl$+EiTd Notes aw+gK (That cave is three or four il iong); Approximate l. numbers. There are several Wd de p6ngyou xiiyui shi w[ liir hio l6i Guilin ways to indicate an approximate number. +,"h1r nn LT n -f Lr;1 (My friend wiil come (l) Using dud e9 after a number for ..more than" *tt/'t- to Guilin on the l5th or l6th of next month); or "over." We learned this in Lesson 7. Nili ydu Ti jintidn diile sdn si shi kuii qidn ,E,AX-fft z sdnshi dud chir ydnddng flls y6 _-f rt E )Ft , w )*.1*" (He has yuan (There are more than 30 caves); Tii zii Zhdnggaf I brought thirty or fbrty zhile lilng ni6n du6 fvL+tr4al fr+, (He with him today). stayed in China over two years). Note that this 2. The use of jile tLl (extremely). As does not mean "two more (that is, two additional) a complement after an adjective it shows the utmost years." degree. Ydntri de f6ngjing mdi jile ,B66trLf + (2) Using ji rL (several or a few) for an indefinite tL T (The scenery is extremely beautiful on the number. Wdmen lily6utudn de ji wii nIshi jintiin way).
(Continued trom, p. 59) The family of Liu Jiubao has just lvar peliod is encouraged in China, in 1977. Construction crews of moved into two new apartments in but this doesn't mean that as pro- more than 30,000 were at work day Building No. 11 of the city-owned duction improves there shouldn't and night buiiding 10 projects. In Unity Lake project. They are very be irnprovement in life. However, them 34 buildings of 10 to 15 sto- satisfied with the area"and their the gang of four used to equate ries now stand completed on either new quarters. There are five in w'earing nice clothes with "seeking side of Qianmen. Another new the family, Liu and his wife. a the bourgeois way of life." Things daughter and sons. works project of 40 5-12 story build- two Liu got so thaL women felt they didn'l for the department parks and ings is under construction in the of even dare wear flow'ered clothing. the children are all working. They Jinsong section in the southeastern Now colors clothes used to live in four rooms in a one- brighter and part of the city. This is the first with more style are back, i.ncluding time sueh a large number of apart- story house built 50 years ago. They needed repairs every year. blouses trimmed with embroidery ment buildings of this height have pleated The Lius shared toilet the and one-pleat or all-round been built in Beijing. Wlren these a in courtyard and a water tap with skirts. buildings are finished this region several other families. Now they In the past two years the Beijing rvill become one of the biggest re- have four rooms with a total floor Women's Clothing Store outside sidential districts. In the Tuanjie Qianmen offered a total of a (Unity) space of 50 square meters. They $ Lake section on the east were allocated slightly more than thousand varieties of clothing. In g side, 35 new buildings :: are being the Beijing average because this store over 200 kinds of dresses occupied. A lot the of new housing has eldest son and his wife are going in new styles are on display. This + been built in the western univer- to stay with the family after year 1,200 new items of clothing X sity their suburbs and in the industrial coming marriage. Each of the two become available in Beijing. g areas around the Capital Iron and Liu family apartments includes a The textile industry is trying to : Steel Plant and Lugouqiao (Marco kitchen, toilet and beilcony, and do its part with improved weaves Polo T Bridge). has steam heating and a gas stove. and deiigns in cotton, wool, silk I Construction finished in the past Rent is about 5.3 percent of the and telylene and cotton-dacron l trvo years was greater than that in entire family income. mixtures. Adoption of 80 advanced : any year since 1959, 1.3 rnillion past year Better Clothing tcchniques in the and + square meters of floor space in change of much old equipment has i; 7977 and 1.6 million in 19?8, The tradition of hard work and resulted in a rise in productivity of f, enough for 290,000 people. plain living of the reVolutionary 1.5 times that in 1973. H
72 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ,& it!t &, € ,t rl
Boats Have Passed fhrough Ten Thousand Mountains (traditional-style painting)