DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il Ruolo Femminile Nella Costruzione Della Leadership Scientifica Cinese

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DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il Ruolo Femminile Nella Costruzione Della Leadership Scientifica Cinese Corso di Laurea magistrale in LINGUE E CIVILTÀ DELL'ASIA E DELL'AFRICA MEDITERRANEA Tesi di Laurea DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il ruolo femminile nella costruzione della leadership scientifica cinese Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Laura De Giorgi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Guido Samarani Laureanda Elena Bonometti Matricola 851223 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 ABSTRACT Negli ultimi decenni ci sono stati progressi nell’impegno per eliminare il divario di genere nell'ambito dell'istruzione e delle carriere scientifiche. A livello mondiale, tuttavia, le donne rappresentano ancora una minoranza nella comunità scientifica. La Cina contemporanea, attualmente tra le nazioni che maggiormente investono nella scienza e tecnologia, punta a diventare una potenza scientifica a livello globale. Essendo le donne cinesi una parte di popolazione significativa, la nazione ha riconosciuto negli ultimi decenni l’importanza e la necessità di cambiare la visione che aveva sulle donne e ha cominciato a investire nella forza lavoro che esse rappresentano. La ricerca pone l’attenzione sul ruolo che le donne cinesi hanno nella società, analizzando in particolare la loro partecipazione nelle STEM. Il fine di questo lavoro è comprendere la tendenza nella Cina di oggi per quanto riguarda donne e scienza: qual è il loro ruolo, qual è la loro presenza, qual è il loro contributo e qual è il possibile trend futuro. L’obiettivo è comprendere se e come questo ambito, tendenzialmente considerato maschile in tutto il mondo, venga promosso alle donne cinesi per rispondere ad una domanda: il futuro e il progresso della Cina sono in mani femminili? 2 2 222 2—E —22 2“ “2; 22 E E” 22 22 s2 2 2 E2 22 2 2、2 2—2 ; 01 2 2—E 22—E 2 3 — 22 ; 29 ; T22 E “2 2 — s2 2 E ; 2 ;22 —2— E E22 ; 2 2“2 ; 2 4 2 2 。E “ 2 s 2 2—2 2 22 ) 2 2E2 2 —E —2 22 222 —2 2; ;2 5 DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il ruolo femminile nella costruzione della leadership scientifica cinese ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUZIONE ........................................................................................................... 9 CAPITOLO 1 LA RELAZIONE TRA DONNE E DISCIPLINE SCIENTIFICHE...... 12 1.1 Definizioni: discipline scientifiche, STEM, e discipline umanistiche ............................. 13 1.2 Donne e scelte: i fattori che condizionano la predilezione di una carriera scientifica .. 14 Motivazione e teoria dei bisogni motivazionali................................................................................. 15 Self-efficacy, self-confidence, competence-beliefs ........................................................................... 17 Expectancy value theory .................................................................................................................. 20 Stereotipi di genere .......................................................................................................................... 21 Fattori socioculturali: famiglia, scuola, modelli di riferimento .......................................................... 22 Aspettative ed obiettivi per il futuro ................................................................................................. 25 1.3 Dati dal mondo: donne e STEM ..................................................................................... 27 Nell’ambito accademico .................................................................................................................. 27 Nell’ambito lavorativo ..................................................................................................................... 33 1.4 La questione di genere nel mondo scolastico e nelle carriere scientifiche ..................... 37 Gender gap fin dagli anni dell’istruzione .......................................................................................... 37 Discriminazione di genere nell’ambito lavorativo ............................................................................. 38 1.5 Uguaglianza di genere nelle discipline scientifiche: obiettivi e programmi .................. 41 1.6 Conclusioni...................................................................................................................... 44 CAPITOLO 2 CASO CINA: IL RUOLO DELLA DONNA NELLA SOCIETÀ dalla fondazione della Repubblica di Cina agli anni Novanta ............................................... 45 2.1 La condizione femminile in Cina prima della fondazione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese .................................................................................................................................... 46 L’educazione tradizionale femminile ............................................................................................... 46 La nuova donna del XX secolo ........................................................................................................ 47 Donne lavoratrici nell’epoca Repubblicana ...................................................................................... 49 2.2 La donna in epoca Maoista (1949–1976) ........................................................................ 51 Diritti delle donne e uguaglianza di genere ....................................................................................... 51 Donne lavoratrici, modelli di riferimento nella società ...................................................................... 54 Donne nella comunità scientifica ..................................................................................................... 56 2.3 Donne nell’era delle riforme post Mao........................................................................... 59 Divisione di genere .......................................................................................................................... 59 Donne nelle STEM .......................................................................................................................... 60 2.4 La condizione femminile negli anni Novanta ................................................................. 62 Il ruolo femminile nell’economia cinese........................................................................................... 62 Posizione del governo cinese nei confronti delle donne .................................................................... 62 2.5 Conclusioni...................................................................................................................... 65 6 CAPITOLO 3 DONNE E STEM NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA ....................... 66 3.1 Il potere dell’istruzione ................................................................................................... 68 Il sistema d’istruzione cinese ........................................................................................................... 68 Uguaglianza di genere nel sistema d’istruzione ................................................................................ 71 Istruzione terziaria: scelta dei percorsi scientifici .............................................................................. 74 3.2 Ventunesimo secolo: donne nelle STEM ........................................................................ 77 Nei percorsi scolastici ...................................................................................................................... 77 Nell’ambito professionale ................................................................................................................ 79 3.3 La percezione femminile delle STEM ............................................................................ 84 Il ruolo dei modelli di riferimento .................................................................................................... 84 Pressione sociale e “left-over women”.............................................................................................. 86 Discriminazione di genere e molestie ............................................................................................... 89 3.4 Il governo cinese investe sulle donne nelle STEM.......................................................... 91 Xi Jinping e l’iniziativa “Made in China 2025” ( zhongguo zhizao 2025) .......................... 92 3.5 Conclusioni...................................................................................................................... 95 CAPITOLO 4 DONNE CINESI NELLA COMUNITÀ SCIENTIFICA ....................... 97 4.1 Pioniere della scienza nel Ventesimo secolo ................................................................... 98 Lu Guizhen (1904-1991) ..................................................................................................... 98 Hu Xiuying (1910-2012) ..................................................................................................... 99 Yu Caifan (1911-2007)........................................................................................................ 99 Wu Jianxiong (1912-1997) .................................................................................................. 99 He Zehui (1914- 2011) ...................................................................................................... 100 Xie Xide (1921-2000) ....................................................................................................... 101 Yin Wenying
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