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Scientific Communities in the Developing World Scientific Communities in the Developing World
Scientific Communities in the Developing World Scientific Communities in the Developing World Edited by jacques Caillard V.V. Krishna Roland Waast Sage Publications New Delhiflhousand Oaks/London Copyright @) Jacques Gaillard, V.V. Krishna and Roland Waast, 1997. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 1997 by Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd M-32, Greater Kailash Market I New Delhi 110 048 Sage Publications Inc Sage Publications Ltd 2455 Teller Road 6 Bonhill Street Thousand Oaks, California 91320 London EC2A 4PU Published by Tejeshwar Singh for Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, phototypeset by Pagewell Photosetters, Pondicherry and printed at Chaman Enterprises, Delhi. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scientific communities in the developing world I edited by Jacques Gaillard, V.V. Krishna, Roland Waast. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Science-Developing countries--History. 2. Science-Social aspect- Developing countries--History. I. Gaillard, Jacques, 1951- . 11. Krishna, V.V. 111. Waast, Roland, 1940- . Q127.2.S44 306.4'5'091724--dc20 1996 9617807 ISBN: 81-7036565-1 (India-hb) &8039-9330-7 (US-hb) Sage Production Editor: Sumitra Srinivasan Contents List of Tables List of Figures Preface 1. Introduction: Scientific Communities in the Developing World Jacques Gaillard, V.V. Krishna and Roland Waast Part 1: Scientific Communities in Africa 2. Sisyphus or the Scientific Communities of Algeria Ali El Kenz and Roland Waast 3. -
China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States
CHINA’S STRATEGIC MODERNIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES Mark A. Stokes September 1999 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications and Production Office by calling commercial (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Selected 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://carlisle-www.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-004-4 ii CONTENTS Foreword .......................................v 1. Introduction ...................................1 2. Foundations of Strategic Modernization ............5 3. China’s Quest for Information Dominance ......... 25 4. -
A Comparison of the Rocket and Satellite Sectors$ Andrew S
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights Author's personal copy Acta Astronautica 103 (2014) 142–167 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Astronautica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro China's space development history: A comparison of the rocket and satellite sectors$ Andrew S. Erickson a,b,n,1 a U.S. Naval War College, United States b John King Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University, United States article info abstract Article history: China is the most recent great power to emerge in aerospace. It has become the first Received 3 March 2014 developing nation to achieve some measure of aerospace production capability across Received in revised form the board. Outside the developed aerospace powers, only China has demonstrated 16 May 2014 competence concerning all aspects of a world-class aerospace industry: production of Accepted 16 June 2014 advanced rockets, satellites, and aircraft and of their supporting engineering, materials, Available online 26 June 2014 and systems. As an emerging great power during the Cold War, China was still limited in Keywords: resources, technology access, and capabilities. -
ZHENG Zhemin Honored with State Supreme S&T Award CAS
Vol.27 No.2 2013 InBrief ZHENG Zhemin Honored with State Supreme S&T Award For his pioneering and lasting contributions to explosive mechanics in China, Prof. ZHENG Zhemin from the Institute InBrief of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences received the State Supreme S&T Award, which is the highest honor for science workers in China, from President HU Jintao on January 18, 2013 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Prof. ZHENG has been engaged in the study of explosive mechanics for over six decades. Born in 1924 in Shandong Province as the son of a successful businessman, ZHENG suffered from the Second World War and was determined to do something for his nation as a boy. During his senior year at Tsinghua University, he was inspired by his teacher QIAN Weichang, China’s late “father of mechanics” and became very interested in mechanics. In 1952 he earned his PhD from the California Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. QIAN Xuesen, who later became ZHENG (R) receives the award from Chinese President HU Jintao (L). the founding father of China’s space and missile programs. ZHENG returned to China in 1955, joined the Chinese Mechanics and founding director of the State Key Laboratory Academy of Sciences and soon started his investigations into for Nonlinear Mechanics. He is a laureate of the Tan Kah Kee the mechanism of explosions. He proposed the basic theories Science Award in 1993. and technologies for explosive modeling, and his research “I didn’t expect such a supreme award. I’m very was applied to the manufacturing of key components of the delighted. -
D0cc00035c1.Pdf
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 Supporting Information: Intrinsically low thermal conductivity in p-type semiconductor SrOCuBiSe2 with a [SrO]-intercalated CuBiSe2 structure Mengjia Luo,ab∇ Kejun Bu,ab∇ Xian Zhang,*c Jian Huang,a Ruiqi Wang,d Fuqiang Huang*ad a. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China; b. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; c. Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, P. R. China. E-mail: [email protected] d. State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China List of contents: 1. Experimental section. 2. Supplementary equations. 3. Supplementary figures. 4. Supplementary tables. 1. Experimental section. Synthesis of SrOCuBiSe2 Single Crystals. Single crystals of SrOCuBiSe2 were synthesized by the salt-melt method. A mixture of 1 mmol SrSe powder, 1 mmol Bi powder, 1 mmol CuO powder, 1 mmol Se powder and 5 mmol CsI was ground and loaded into carbon-coated fused silica tubes under an Ar atmosphere in a glovebox, which was flame-sealed under vacuum (10-3 mbar). The tubes were heated to 1053 K in 12 h and kept at the temperature for 50 h, then cooled at a rate of 2 K·h-1 to 873K. Then the furnace was turned off to cool the tube to room temperature. Black block- shaped crystals were obtained by breaking the tubes. -
Institutional Responses of Key Chinese Comprehensive Universities
This is the pre-published version. Seeking Excellence in the Move to a Mass System: Institutional Responses of Key Chinese Comprehensive Universities Gong Fang (Nanjing University) Jun Li (Hong Kong Institute of Education) Abstract Since the late 1990s the Chinese government has implemented two key policies for the development of higher education. The first was launching Project 985, with the purpose of seeking excellence through creating internationally competitive universities. The second was a radical move to a mass system of higher education. In this context, China’s top universities have faced dual missions, each with their challenges: playing key roles in the revolutionary expansion process on the one hand and closing the gap between them and top universities around the world through the implementation of Project 985, on the other. It is thus important to know about how these institutions have transformed themselves for excellence through the implementation of these policies. With the three cases of Peking, Nanjing and Xiamen Universities, this paper aims to examine each institutional response and the broad changes that have come about in these top Chinese comprehensive universities. It looks especially at the divergent trajectories these institutions have followed in balancing their elite and mass education functions, their global, regional, national and local missions, the pursuit of excellence alongside of a commitment to equity, efforts at curricular comprehensivization while preserving unique historical strengths, and finally globalization and localization. From two higher education frameworks, one based on epistemological considerations and the other on political philosophy, that are equally important in light of China’s traditions, the paper concludes that Chinese universities will continuously but selectively respond to the national expansion policy with various institutional models of seeking excellence that enable them to contribute to Chinese society and the global community in the future. -
U.S.-China Scientific Exchange: a Case Study of State-Sponsored Scientific Internationalism During the Cold War and Beyond
ZUOYUE WANG* U.S.-China scientific exchange: A case study of state-sponsored scientific internationalism during the Cold War and beyond IN FEBRUARY 1972 President Richard Nixon of theUnited States embarked on his historic journey to Beijing. The dramatic tripnot only opened a new era in U.S.-China relations, but also began an exciting process ofmutual discovery be tween the two peoples. If it is true that, as the China scholar A, Doak Barnett wrote, "never in themodern period have twomajor societies been so isolated from each other for so long in peacetime," the end of the schism also brought forth unprecedented exchanges inmany walks of life, especially in academia.1 The geopolitical move by the two countries to counter Soviet aggression paved the way for interactions in science and other fields. The contacts flourished through the 1970s and expanded even furtherafter the establishment of diplomatic rela tions and the launching of China's economic reformsby the end of the 1970s. This intellectual open door proved to have profound social and political, as well as scientific, impact, especially in China, which had just begun to emerge from the devastating Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976. Despite itsconsiderable significance, scientificexchange has often been treated as a sideline inU.S.-China relations. Several excellent studies examine U.S.-China academic and educational exchanges, but theybarely touch on the scientific com *Department of History, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768. I thank Richard Suttmeier, Lawrence Badash, H. Lyman Miller, Gene Rochlin, Wolfgang Panofsky, Xiaojian Zhao, Fan Dainian, JimWilliams, Peter Westwick, Jessica Wang, and Benjamin Zulueta for reading drafts of the paper and for stimulating discussions and com ments. -
Biophysics, Rockets, and the State
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ASU Digital Repository Biophysics, Rockets, and the State: the Making of a Scientific Discipline in Twentieth-Century China by Yi Lai Christine Luk A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved March 2014 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Ann Hibner Koblitz, Chair Hoyt Tillman Jane Maienschein ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2014 ABSTRACT This study takes biophysics––a relatively new field with complex origins and contested definitions––as the research focus and investigates the history of disciplinary formation in twentieth-century China. The story of building a scientific discipline in modern China illustrates how a science specialty evolved from an ambiguous and amorphous field into a full-fledged academic discipline in specific socio-institutional contexts. It focuses on archival sources and historical writings concerning the constitution and definition of biophysics in order to examine the relationship between particular scientific styles, national priorities, and institutional opportunities in the People's Republic of China. It argues that Chinese biophysicists exhibited a different style of conceiving and organizing their discipline by adapting to the institutional structure and political economy that had been created since 1949. The eight chapters demonstrate that biophysics as a scientific discipline flourished in China only where priorities of science were congruent with political and institutional imperatives. Initially consisting of cell biologists, the Chinese biophysics community redirected their disciplinary priorities toward rocket science in the late 1950s to accommodate the national need of the time. Biophysicists who had worked on biological sounding rockets were drawn to the military sector and continued to contribute to human spaceflight in post-Mao China. -
Who's Behind China's High-Technology “Revolution”?
Who’s Behind China’s Evan A. Feigenbaum High-Technology “Revolution”? How Bomb Makers Remade Beijing’s Priorities, Policies, and Institutions For seven years after the Tiananmen Square tragedy of 1989, virtually all signiªcant issues in U.S.- China relations became subordinate to concern about human rights and China’s suppression of political dissent. Yet in the three years since China’s 1996 missile exercise in the Taiwan Strait, high-technology issues have come increasingly to replace human rights at the center of the contentious and often politicized discussion that characterizes current debate about U.S.-China policy. Recent allegations concerning satellite exports and nuclear espionage, in particular, demonstrate the centrality of high technology to the debate about China’s place in the world. This makes it especially important to explore links that may bind China’s national technology and industrial policies to its ap- proach to security and development. How has the Chinese understanding of this linkage changed as the past priority of militarized growth has given way to the rapid expansion of a commercial economy since the late 1970s?1 Who is responsible for making important technology decisions in China? How have Chinese technology leaders thought about the relationship between technology and national power during the past twenty years? Has political change affected this worldview? Finally, how has renewed contact with international technical circles since the 1970s affected the Chinese approach to national high-tech strategy and investment? Evan A. Feigenbaum is a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s John F. -
University of London Ihesis
19 1562106X UNIVERSITY OF LONDON IHESIS DegreeT^D^ Year2o o\ Name of Author5&<Z <2 (NQ-To N , T. COPYRIGHT This is a thesis accepted for a Higher Degree of the University of London. It is an unpublished typescript and the copyright is held by the author. All persons consulting the thesis must read and abide by the Copyright Declaration below. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION I recognise that the copyright of the above-described thesis rests with the author and that no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. LOAN Theses may not be lent to individuals, but the University Library may lend a copy to approved libraries within the United Kingdom, for consultation solely on the premises of those libraries. Application should be made to: The Theses Section, University of London Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. REPRODUCTON University of London theses may not be reproduced without explicit written permission from the University of London Library. Enquiries should be addressed to the Theses Section of the Library. Regulations concerning reproduction vary according to the date of acceptance of the thesis and are listed below as guidelines. A. Before 1962. Permission granted only upon the prior written consent of the author. (The University Library will provide addresses where possible). B. 1962 - 1974. In many cases the author has agreed to permit copying upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. C. 1975 - 1988. Most theses may be copied upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. D. 1989 onwards. Most theses may be copied. -
DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il Ruolo Femminile Nella Costruzione Della Leadership Scientifica Cinese
Corso di Laurea magistrale in LINGUE E CIVILTÀ DELL'ASIA E DELL'AFRICA MEDITERRANEA Tesi di Laurea DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il ruolo femminile nella costruzione della leadership scientifica cinese Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Laura De Giorgi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Guido Samarani Laureanda Elena Bonometti Matricola 851223 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 ABSTRACT Negli ultimi decenni ci sono stati progressi nell’impegno per eliminare il divario di genere nell'ambito dell'istruzione e delle carriere scientifiche. A livello mondiale, tuttavia, le donne rappresentano ancora una minoranza nella comunità scientifica. La Cina contemporanea, attualmente tra le nazioni che maggiormente investono nella scienza e tecnologia, punta a diventare una potenza scientifica a livello globale. Essendo le donne cinesi una parte di popolazione significativa, la nazione ha riconosciuto negli ultimi decenni l’importanza e la necessità di cambiare la visione che aveva sulle donne e ha cominciato a investire nella forza lavoro che esse rappresentano. La ricerca pone l’attenzione sul ruolo che le donne cinesi hanno nella società, analizzando in particolare la loro partecipazione nelle STEM. Il fine di questo lavoro è comprendere la tendenza nella Cina di oggi per quanto riguarda donne e scienza: qual è il loro ruolo, qual è la loro presenza, qual è il loro contributo e qual è il possibile trend futuro. L’obiettivo è comprendere se e come questo ambito, tendenzialmente considerato maschile in tutto il mondo, venga promosso alle donne cinesi per rispondere -
Research Report China's New Scientific Elite: Distinguished
Research Report China’s New Scientific Elite: Distinguished Young Scientists, the Research Environment and Hopes for Chinese Science* Cong Cao and Richard P. Suttmeier The health of the scientific research enterprise in any country is critically dependent upon young scientists. In most fields, the period of greatest creativity and productivity comes early in a career. Young scientists hold together the generational structure of a country’s scientific community by linking the established scientific elite with a rising generation of graduate students. They also play a critical role in maintaining the community’s normative structure. The generational structure of the scientific community in China is characterized by a major discontinuity. The years of the Cultural Revol- ution, from 1966 to 1976, seriously disrupted university education and postgraduate training. Thus, just as the new Deng Xiaoping-led regime began stressing the importance of scientific and technological develop- ment for China’s modernization, China entered the post-Mao era in the late 1970s with a missing cohort of rising young scientists. Recognizing the generational gap in the technical community, China’s leaders set about re-establishing and reforming the system of higher education, and began to send large numbers of students and scholars abroad for advanced training and graduate education. Although only about one-third of the 380,000 who went abroad over the past 20 years have gone back to China,1 those who have returned have come to play important roles in implementing the ambitious policies for scientific research and high technology development which have unfolded in the post-Mao period.