VOL. 34, NO. 22 June 3-9, 1991

NATIONAL CHILD IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME "Let's see who is the strongest!" ^^^^^^^^H Photo by Ying Saigong HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK BeijingR-ir

VOL. 34, NO. 22 JUNE 3-9,1991

Special Economic Policies for Tibet CONTENTS NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 • The central government has implemented a series of special policies towards Tibet in such areas as taxation, Special Economic Policies for foreign-exchange retention and prices in order to facili• Tibet tate the region's economic development. Each year, the central government provides Tibet with 1 billion yuan EVENTS/TRENDS 5 7 in subsidies. As a result, Tibet has made remarkable Peaceful Liberation progress in its socialist construction during the 40 years Remembered in Tibet since its peaceful liberation in 1951 (p. 4). Science, Technology Pivotal to 90s Economy Enhancing Awareness of Youngster's Health Sino-Pakistan Ties: Turning Harnessing the Huaihe River Forty • The work to harness the Huaihe River, started 40 INTERNATIONAL years ago, has been a success, bringing about tremen• dous changes in the Huaihe River valley. It required Pakistan Reforms Its Economy 8 scientific planning, drainage of flood zones, protection Joint US-Soviet Efforts to Resolve Mideast Problem 10 against sea water infiltration, desalinization and the Lebanon Buries the Hatchet 11 construction of many irrigation projects (p. 12). CHINA

The Huaihe River Successfully Immunization for Children Harnessed 12 Free Medical Care in Tibet 18 • A survey of 284 counties shows that the inoculation Immunization Campaign Targets Children 20 rate for Chinese children has reached well over 85 Hu Manli: A Loving Mother to percent in the nation's 2,827 counties, freeing at least Orphans 25 300 miUion Chinese children from the threat of infec• tious diseases. By 1995, moreover, China plans to elimi• BUSINESS/TRADE 27-29 nate poliomyelitis (p. 20). BOOKS 30-31 CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-34 US and Soviet Leaders Visit the Middle East COVER: "Thirsty for Knowledge" —winner of the first prize at the • After the Gulf war, the Middle East problem com• 1990-91 "Black-Diamond" Cup Na• manded world attention. US Secretary of State James tional Photo Competition spon• Baker and Soviet Foreign Minister Alexander Bessmert- sored by Beijing Review and the nykh each visited several Middle East countries seeking Huaibei Yangzhuang Coal Mine of a solution to the confrontation between the Arab nations Anhui Province. and Israel. However, no substantial progress towards a Photo by Wang Guonian (Shang• reasonable solution has as yet been made. (p. 10). hai)

General Editorial Office Published every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW Subscription rates (1 year): Tel: 8314318 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 Australia.. A$33.60 TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN The Peoples Republic of China New Zealand.. ..NZ.$45.00 FAX: 8314318 Distributed by China International Book UK...... 18.00 English Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) USA.. US$33.80 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada. ..Can.$33.80 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Special Economic Policies for Tibet

by Our Guest Commentator Ling Bin

r I ihe Agreement of the Central People's Region can be set or readjusted by the people's I Government and the Local Government government of the autonomous region on a of Tibet on the Measures for the Peace• trial basis. If the setting or decontrolling of ful Liberation of Tibet, signed on May 23, prices involves areas outside the autonomous 1951, marked the most decisive turning point region, the people's government of the Tibet in Tibetan history. Over the past 40 years, the Autonomous Region is asked to consult with Tibet Autonomous Region has experienced neighbouring regions to co-ordinate their poli• epoch-making changes as a result of its social• cies. ist construction carried out under the leader• Additionally, over the past three years, in ship of the Central People's Government and order to improve the economic environment has scored remarkable achievements in various and rectify the economic order and curb infla• fields of endeavour. tion, the State Council Price Commission and Considering Tibet's harsh natural conditions the State Price Bureau, while exercising target• due to its special geographical location on the ed control on the country's general retail price "Roof of the World," the central government level, assign annual retail price rise limits (spe• has adopted a host of special policies for the cific controlled targets) to the people's govern• region. The feudal serfdom instituted in Tibet ments of all the provinces, autonomous regions before the democratic reform and the area's and municipalities except the Tibet Autonom• closure to the outside world resulted in a back• ous Region. As a matter of fact, the price ward economy and culture. In view of this departments of the Tibet Autonomous Re• situation, the central government implements gion, following the central government's pric• a more flexible policy towards Tibet in order ing guidelines and policies and taking Tibet's to speed up the region's economic develop• specific conditions into account, have formu• ment. For example, while the land, grassland lated realistic and suitable measures to control and forestry are publicly owned, the farmers local prices. have the right to use the land and the herds• Because around 90 percent of Tibet's daily men own all the livestock they raise. And the necessities and foodstuffs are brought in from policy will not change for a long time. the inland, price rises outside the region direct• In the past 40 years, the state has given much ly boost Tibet's price level. The capacity of the financial and material support to Tibet for its region's financial departments and enterprises modernization, with the annual amount reach• to bear price hikes is weak and their financial ing 1 billion yuan in recent years. Tibet is resources are insufficient to control prices. The allowed to retain all its foreign exchange earn• individual economy makes up a fairly large ings . The state has started 43 key projects in proportion of the region's economy and quite a Tibet in recent years, and the scale of invest• number of individual commercial and service ment in Tibet is larger than in any other au• households have entered the region from var• tonomous regions. Moreover, Tibet's agricul• ious parts of the country. All these factors ture and animal husbandry are all tax free. make it more difficult for Tibet to control In regard to price policy, the state an• prices than inland areas. Nevertheless, in re• nounced on May 20, 1988 that except for cent years, the Tibet Autonomous Region has unified state stipulations on trans-provincial, not only made timely readjustments of prices trans-regional air freight charges, basic postal for farm and animal by-products and for in• and telecommunication fees, oil pipeline fees, dustrial goods and vehicle transport fees, but customs charges as well as the ceiling price for has tangibly reduced the rate of retail price musk that must be enforced, the prices of rises by adopting various measures. The mar• various material and commodities and labour ket supply of non-staple foods has also greatly service charges within the Tibet Autonomous improved. „/.) •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 EVENTS/TRENDS

Peaceful Liberation Remembered in Tibet hasa, capital of Tibet, looked its festival best on May 22 as more than 4,000 Lpeople from all walks of life in the Tibet Autonomous Region gathered at Tibet Gymnasium to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the peaceful liberation of Tibet. Tens of thousands of Tibetans, clad in their holiday best, stood on both sides of the road leading to where a central delegation was staying, dancing and waving flow• ers to greet guests from Beijing ZHANG YAKHUI and other parts of the country. On May 22, members of the central delegation and leaders of the Tibet Autonomous Among the celebrants were Li Region, together with tens of thousands of local people, participate in a big rally in Tieying, member of the Political Lhasa, celebrating the 40th birthday of New Tibet. Bureau of the Central Commit• tee of the Communist Party of Party of China, there would not monasteries and temples, he said. China (CPC) and head of the have been a new socialist Tibet. The administration of the mon• central delegation which arrived Tremendous changes have tak• asteries should be improved to earlier to mark the occasion, and en place in Tibet in the interven• ensure all religious activities to Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, vice- ing years. Agriculture, animal be carried out within the scope of chairman of the Standing Com• husbandry and industry have de• the Constitution and state laws. mittee of the National People's veloped rapidly and the people's Li hoped that a united, pros• Congress (NPC). living standards saw marked im• perous and civilized new Tibet A joint message of congratu• provement. would emerge on the "Roof of lations from the CPC Central According to Li, the central the World" in the near future. Committee, the NPC Standing government allocated more than Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, who Committee, the State Council 17.77 billion yuan to Tibet be• was the chief delegate of the lo• and the Central Military Com• tween 1952 and 1990. Li pledged cal government of Tibet when mission was read at the celebra• that the central government will a 17-article agreement on the tion meeting. continue to provide Tibet with peaceful liberation of Tibet was Addressing the meeting, Li all necessary support so as to en• signed in Beijing 40 years ago, conveyed the greetings and best able the local people to speed up said that the event promoted the wishes of the Party and central economic construction and cul• unity of China's mainland and government to people of all na• tural development. that of all nationalities to a new tionalities and from all walks of The state will not change any historical level, and paved the life in Tibet, to the People's Lib• of the policies which have way for the Tibetans' own pro• eration Army troops and armed proved beneficial to the econo• gress. policemen stationed in the re• mic growth and improvement of He said that the socialist sys• gion, and to the people who came people's life in Tibet, he said. tem has become deep-rooted on to help in the contruction of Ti• To ensure smooth develop• the Tibetan plateau and the old bet. ment in the region, Li said, an Tibet, which was poor and back• He said that the peaceful liber• importance task is to improve ward, has been replaced by a new ation is a turning point in the the regional national autonomy socialist Tibet enjoying the ini• history of Tibet under new his• system and carry out in an all- tial taste of prosperity. torical conditions. round way the Party's policy on He said that the unity of the He said that the course of ev• religious affairs. motherland and of the various ents over the past four decades Further efforts should be nationahties is the basic guaran• since thg peaceful liberation made to improve the democratic tee of the development and pros• has testified to the indisputable administration of the various re• perity of Tibet. truth: without the Communist ligious establishments such as He emphasized that only by

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 34', »91 5 EVENTS/TRENDS

upholding the Party's leadership technological workers: percent in the 1970s. and embarking on the socialist — To renovate the tradition• Qian Xuesen, chairman of the road can Tibet have bright fu• al industries and build up an China Association for Science ture. energy-saving economy with the and Technology (CAST) urged Raidi, deputy secretary of the aid of advanced science and tech• China's scientists to follow Deng Party Committee of the Tibet nology, especially information Xiaoping's concept that science Autonomous Region, said that and automation techniques, with and technology is the primary over the past four decades, the electronics as its core; productive force and dq their Tibetan people have made great — To develop and industrial• share to promote modernization, achievements and laid a solid ize some priority high technolo• reform and opening to the out• foundation for future devel• gies; side world. opment. — To make considerable pro• In the past 40 years, Qian said, He said that looking ahead to gress in adjusting the relations the country has caught up with the future, the Tibetans are con• between men and nature, espe• international standards in some fident of the great cause of build• cially population control, envi• important scientific and technol• ing a united, prosperous new Ti• ronmental protection, reasonable ogical fields and become the bet with a high level of socialist utilization of natural resources pace-setter in some others. How• culture and ethics. • and energy; ever, he said, there is still a lot of — To make remarkable pro• chatching up for China to do in Science, Technology gress in fundamental research. this regard. Resources and investment Qian who is also a world- Pivotal to 90s Economy should be concentrated on key famous physicist, stressed that projects that have an important exchanges and co-operation with arty chief Jiang Zemin says bearing on the national econo• the outside world should be that the 1990s is a golden my and security and the peo• promoted. P period for scientists to ac• ple's lives, the Party leader sug• "A democratic and lively aca• complish great historical mis• gested, so as to make some world- demic environment is necessary sions. standard breakthroughs with for scientific development," the Jiang was talking to more than great practical value. CAST chairman said. • 1,500 outstanding scientists who He said his Party and the State gathered in Beijing on May 23-27 Council will take further mea• to discuss their historical mis• sures to deepen the reform of the Enhancing Awareness sions with Party and state lead• science management system in a Of Youngsters'Health ers. Other leaders attending the bid to encourage the initiative meeting were Li Peng, Qiao Shi, and creativity of scientific work• rrihe China Student Nutri- Song Ping and Li Ruihuan. ers. I tion Promotion Associa- The CPC general secretary In the past decade the state -•- tion (CSNPA) has worked called on the nation to update invested some 5 billion yuan out a ten-year strategy to the country's science and tech• (about USSl billion) in its 114 enhance public awareness of the nology. "Only thus," he said, key research projects, with tech• need to help the nation's children "can China stand on its own in a nology in biology, astronomy, grow up healthy and intelligent. world full of contradictions and information, laser, automation, The strategy calls for competitions." energy and new materials being enhanced attention to school He warned his Party and the the mainstay. children's nutrition and personal people that backward science The development of technolog• hygiene. Parents will also be in• and technology will only make ical markets has promoted the volved as they need to be in• the country vulnerable. application of science and tech• formed of the lastest dietary re• "Economic development nology in China's economy. The quirements and taught how to should rely on advanced science total business volume of technol• prevent and control the most and technology," Jiang said. ogical markets across the country common diseases related to mal• "China's scientific and tech• in 1990 amounted to 7.5 billion nutrition and intestinal parasites. nological community is facing yuan, according to the latest sta• To improve the children's heavy tasks in the 1990s to meet tistics. health standards, some schools in with the country's big economic Consequently, the application urban areas have been serving plan during the period." rate of industrial research re• food and milk between classes. Jiang listed four major tasks sults reached about 70 percent, Other measures will also be tak• for the 10 million scientific and as compared with less than 30 en to imfliSR^^he youngsters' liv-

6 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1991 EVENTS/TRENDS

ing conditions and educational Since the estabUshment of for• environments. Sino-Pakistan Ties: mal diplomatic relations, the two Statistics show that about 30 Turning Forty countries have co-operated in percent*of the children in China the political, defence, economic, suffer from malnutrition due not remier Li Peng called the commercial, cultural, scientific to insufficient food but to paren• Sino-Pakistan ties "a fine and technological fields. They tal ignorance of what constitutes P example of nation-to- support each other in inter• a healthy diet. nation relations on the basis of national affairs while frequently Obesity is also a rising prob• the Five Principles of Peaceful exchanging view on major re• lem: 1.7 percent of the children Coexistence." gional and international issues. in some northern cities are over• "We sincerely hope the friend• Both countries seek peace and weight. ly relations between China and justice in the world and are op• Local public health and educa• Pakistan will continue to grow posed to global and regional he- tion departments are being asked on a long-term and steady basis," gemonism. to implement the ten-year strate• Li said in a meeting in Beijing on The two countries have devel• gy with the CSNPA as an ad• May 21 with Gohar Ayub Khan, oped close economic and com• viser. speaker of the National Assem• mercial ties since the mid-1960s. Apart from government subsi• bly of Pakistan, who led a dele• In 1982, the two countries set up dies, the cost of the programme gation to celebrate the 40th an• a joint ministerial commission to will be borne by students' fami• niversary of the establishment promote co-operation in the eco• lies and donations from esta• of Sino-Pakistan diplomatic re• nomic, commercial, scientific blishments and enterprises both lations. and technical fields. This body at home and abroad. The two countries established meets annually to review pro• The CSNPA, a non• formal diplomatic relations soon gress and co-operation in these governmental organization com• after China was liberated. The areas and to seek new avenues posed of well-known people in signing in 1963 of a number of for mutually beneficial co• such fields as education, public important agreements marked operation. health, nutrition, the press and the beginning of a new stage in Bilateral trade has also contin• the food industry, was set up in bilateral relations. ued to grow. It quadrupled in the 1989 to draw public attention The exchange of visits between 1987-89 period. to students' health and help the top leaders of the two countries During the meeting, both lead• government work out regulations over the last 40 years has helped ers expressed their satisfaction and measures for the health of further deepen and broaden the over the achievements in bilater- the Chinese people. bilateral relationship. ial relations. They agreed that The association has set up The friendly relations of coop• there are broad prospects for branches in provinces and ci• eration between China and Pak• continued growth of co• ties including Hainan, Chongq• istan have withstood the test of operation between the two coun• ing and Chengdu. • time, Li said. tries. •

Visiting Pakistan Speaker Gohar Ayub Khan hosts a reception on May 22. Wan Li (right), chairman of Chinese NPC Standing Committee attends the reception. XUE CHAO

I

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3'9, 1991 7 INTERNATIONAL and more comprehensive pro• gramme of privatization. It is in• tended to follow a fast track Pakistan Reforms Its Economy procedure for these enterprises similar to the one adopted in the case of banks. The government by Guo Ji appointed on January 22, 1991 a Privatization Commission head• ed by Senator Saeed Cadir. This f g ihe Pakistani government is introducing a series of eco• patronage. includes representatives from the nomic reforms to boost Parliament, chartered accoun• Tthe econom y and realize self- Privatization tants from the private sector and reliance. The present government is im• secretaries of the Ministries of The reform measures include plementing a fast track pro• Production and Industries. The privatization of public sector en• gramme of privatization on a Commission is empowered to in• terprises, liberalization of the scale far beyond any conceived vite applications for the total economic environment, provi• in the past. The manifesto of or partial privatization of publ• sion of fiscal incentives for in• the ruling party provides for the ic sector industries and enterpris• dustrialization, and changes in denationalization of major publ• es, to evaluate bids and to for• the taxation and payments sys• ic sector industries and financial mulate recommendations for tems. institutions, as well as the priva• consideration by the govern• These reforms are far more tization and decentralization of ment. The commission has ini• comprehensive and quite distinct the distribution of gas and elec• tiated action on 115 enterprises, from the piece-meal efforts made tricity. It also proposes reform of including 42 units under the in the past. They are designed to the banking and the financial in• Ministry of Industries and 73 create a totally liberal environ• stitutions and the establishment under the Ministry of Produc• ment in all spheres of economic of private commercial banks. tion. activities by distributing govern• As for public sector manufac• To ensure success of privatiza• ment powers and authority form• turing enterprises, the govern• tion, it is important that the gov• erly used as a means of political ment is pursuing a much wider ernment's policy encourages pri• vate investment. The The National Oil Refinery in Karachi. Pakistani government has therefore given close attention to creating a liberal eco• nomic environment in which the private sector enjoys com• plete freedom of en• terprise. There are three principal ele• ments of this policy: (1) Deregulation of the industrial sector through extensive re• forms in the area of investment regu• lation, fiscal and fin• ancial systems and payment regimes; (2) Involvement of the private sector in in• frastructure develop• ment like power generation, telecom- , ^jLjnications and

8 BSUING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1991 INTERNATIONAL roads; (3) Extensive privatization. As a first step, an industrialization package was an• nounced by the gov• ernment on Decem• ber 13, 1990. Indus• trial investment has been completely dere• gulated and the whole country is now open. The policy instruc• tions that give en• couragement to pri• vate investment in in• dustries are: 1. Abolition of the requirement of any official sanction irres• pective of size and location and of clear• ance of sponsors; 2. Tax holiday for periods ranging from The Pak-Arab Fertilizer Factory in Multan. three years for the en• tire country to eight years for for a self-reliant growth has through foreign capital. Foreign specified areas; gained more prominence. Presi• debt accounts for 35.8 percent 3. Relief in incidence of cus• dent Ghulam Ishaq Khan told of the country's gross national toms duty, customs surcharge, the people that Pakistan cannot product and 15.7 percent of the and sales tax ranging from 50 enter the 21st century confident• country's foreign exchange earn• percent to 100 percent of the ap• ly riding on the shoulders of oth• ings is being used to service for• plicable tariff; ers, while Prime Minister Mo• eign debt. The growing foreign 4. Waiver of scrutiny of the hammad Nawaz Sharif promised debt and debt-servicing is threa• sources of finance for investment not to mortgage the future gener• tening the prospects of growth. in industries to be set up in rural ations. The new government has adv• areas up to June 30, 1992. The Pakistani government has anced a policy that opts for ef• The government has also given appointed a Self-Reliance Com• ficient industriahzation through a greenlight to the private sector mittee to suggest ways and export-oriented strategy rather to build infrastructure, which means for realizing self reliance than protecting industries behind was hitherto the preserve of the over a short period and with steep protection walls. Accord• public sector. To this end the minimum cost to the people ingly, a number of initiatives are government has inducted the pri• in the transition from aid- being taken to rationalize the tar• vate sector in road building. Also dependent growth towards self- iff structure and to liberalize the the establishment of another air• reliance. foreign exchange market. Recog• line in the private sector is being nizing the role of savings in eco• considered and the shipping in• Pakistan started relying heavi• nomic development effort, the dustry is now open to the private ly on foreign aid to finance its government has appointed a tax• sector. development efforts in the ear• ly 1960s. It was argued that de• ation committee to suggest mea• pendence on aid in the short run sures for mobilizing domestic re• Self-Reliance would ensure self-reliance in the sources. Self-reliance has always been long run. However, that did not Although the government is the cherished goal of Pakistan. happen. Instead, the need for committed to the self-reliance With the suspension of US aid foreign aid has continued to policy, it will implement it grad• and the installation of a new gov• grow and at present one quarter ually to avoid severe hardships ernment in Pakistan, the need of investment is being financed on its people. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-^ 1991 9 INTERNATIONAL li precondition that the Soviet Union first restore diplomatic re• lations with Israel before it could Joint US-Soviet Efforts to co-sponsor the proposed peace conference on the Middle East, Resolve iUlideast Problem Bessmertnykh said the resump• tion of state-to-state ties would by Wang Lianzhi be resolved naturally in a timely manner. After a meeting with the esolution of the Middle hammed Hosni Mubarak. Israeli leaders the Soviet foreign East problem has increas• In March and April this year. minister said that both sides will R ingly become a major con• Baker conducted three separate join efforts in calling for a cern of the international com• tours to the Middle East in an Mideast peace conference. munity since the Gulf war. In attempt to resolve long-standing Another potentially significant this context, and because no conflicts in the region. Howev• development was the agreement breakthroughs came out of US er, most analysts say his efforts by the six member countries of Secretary of State James Baker's made little substantial progress the Gulf Co-operation Council to three visits to the Middle East, towards that goal. send its secretary general as an foreign ministers from both the At the end of his third trip to observer to the Mideast peace Soviet Union and the United the Middle East, Baker made conference. This move shows States recently joined hands at a special visit to Kislovodsk in great support for Baker's peace shuttle diplomacy. They hoped to Caucasus area of the Soviet efforts. US President George find a solution to the 43-year-old Union and held talks with Bess• Bush also looks at it as a sign of confrontation between the Arab mertnykh asking for help in the some progress. world and Israel. peace process of the Middle East. A third important event is Several encouraging trends During the talks, the Soviet the constructive atmosphere in have emerged from the joint Union, which is seen as eager to which the United States and the Soviet-US efforts towards resolv• revive its role in the Middle East, Soviet Union are working togeth• ing problems in the Middle East: demonstrated a constructive atti• er towards resolving problems in closer ties between the Soviet tude towards the US peace plan the Middle East— a sharp break Union and Israel; participation for the region, and expressed from their past confrontation in of the Gulf Co-operation Council willingness to co-chair an inter• the region. in any negotiations; co-operation national conference for peace in The two ministers stated after rather than competition between the troubled area. It was at those talks in Cairo that both sides the Soviets and Americans in the talks that the two sides ham• share the same view on many region; and significantly, agree• mered out the strategy to jointly problems concerning the realiza• ment in principle for a peace con• travel to the Middle East. tion of Middle East peace. They ference. Co-sponsored by the United also expressed their determi• From May 8 to May 15, So• States and the Soviet Union, the nation to continue promoting the viet Foreign Minister Alexander proposed peace conference would peace process in the region. Bessmertnykh visited Syria, Jor• be attended by Israel, its neigh• Finally, on May 14, Baker said dan, Israel, Egypt and Saudi Ar• bouring Arab nations, Gulf states all concerned parties he had talks abia. Wrapping up his visit, he and Palestinians and would later with have agreed in principle to met with Yasser Arafat, chair• break into separate negotiaons participate in the peace confer• man of the Executive Committee between Israel and Arab nations ence to be co-chaired by the Un• of the Palestine Liberation Or• and between Israel and Palestini• ited States and the Soviet Union. ganization (PLO), in Geneva. ans. At the end of his Middle East At almost the same time, May Bessmertnykh's visit to Israel journey, Bessmertnykh conclud• 11-16, James Baker visited the was the first for a Soviet foreign ed that although there is an op• same countries as Bessmertnykh minister to the Jewish state since portunity emerging to settle the except for Saudi Arabia and did its founding in 1948. Comment• Mideast problem, the solution not see Arafat. ing on the visit, the Soviet for• will be more complicated than Bessmertnykh amd Baker held eign minister said that the re• expected. two rounds of discussions in Cai• lations between his country Analysts note that the Middle ro and exchanged views on the and Israel have entered a new East peace efforts by the two prospects for peace in the region and important stage. powers failed to make a signifi• with Egyptian President Mu- Although he rejected the Israe• cant breakthrough.

10 BElJINe REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1991 INTERNATIONAL

At present, the main obstacles their own group for the confer• groups by the end of April. On in the region are differences be• ence; Palestine as a part of an April 25, the Progressive Socialist tween Israel and Syria in defin• Arab delegation; or together with Party, headed by Walid Joum- ing the role of the United Na• Jordan as a joint delegation. blatt, and its Druze militia took tions in the peace process, the However, up to now Israel re• the lead to execute the govern• capacity of any international mains intransigent on the issue ment order. It sent the weapons of Palestinian participation, re• received from Syria back to the peace conference to solve seem• fusing to talk directly with the Syrian army stationed in Lebanon ingly intractable issues and how PLO. The key to the solution of and handed over the rest of wea• the Palestinians will be able to the problem remains how much pons to the government army. participate in any conference. pressure Washington would like On April 28, the Shiite Amal On that last point, there are to bring to bear on Tel Aviv to militia followed suit. On the same three possible ways the Palestini• bring it in line with the US Mid• day, Iranian President Hashemi ans may be involved; by forming dle East policy. • Rafsanjani, during his visit in Da• mascus, persuaded the Party of God militia to hand over its wea• pons to the Lebanese government and disband the organization. On April 29, one day before the Lebanon Buries the Hatchet time limit, the Christian Lebanon Forces, Lebanon's major militia organization, finally agreed to sur• by Zhang Xiaodong render its weapons according to the Taif Agreement. Also it ex• pressed support for the govern• r • ihe peace process in Lebanon form and exercise power within ment's efforts to administrate the I has accelerated since late the territory of Lebanon. It also state and restore Lebanon's inde• •M. April when various militia called for the disarmament of all pendence and sovereignty. factions handed over weapons to militia organizations and non• Thus far, all Lebanese militia the government. Beginning May 1, governmental armed forces, thus organizations except for the Party the Lebanese government's army ending division and realizing reu• of God began to lay down weapons began to move into northern, east• nification. and some proclaimed to be dis• ern and southeastern Beirut, capi• Last October, when Michell banded, paving the way for na• tal of the country, taking over dis• Aoun, the former Commander-in- tional reconciliation. tricts occupied by militia groups. Chief of Lebanese government However, a real reconciliation Thus Lebanon has entered a new army, was forced to exile, the Le• between various political parties stage on the road towards national banese government embarked on and religious communities needs reconciliation. implementation of the "Greater time to remove long-term rancor Lebanon, hampered by split and Beirut Plan." Within the next two and to unravel the labyrinthine turbulence since 1975, suffered months, all militia organizations contradictions within sundry reli• an estimated casualty figure of withdrew from Beirut. The chron• gious factions of different inter• 150,000 people during the civil ic snarl of fighting in Beirut grad• national backgrounds. Disarmed war, or 5 percent of its population. ually drew to an effective end. though they were, many factions Lebanon became a synonym for To further carry out the Taif still exist. turbulence. Agreement, the Lebanese cabinet In addition, the Lebanese gov• The war-stricken Lebanese peo• decided to dismantle all non• ernment finds it hard to exercise ple and the Arab nations hope to governmental armed forces. On power in the whole country be• see a peaceful and stable Lebanon. March 28, the cabinet ordered cause Israel has a so-called "secur• Moroccan King Hassan H, Saudi that all non-governmental armed ity strip" of 800 square kilometres King Fahd Ibn Abd Al-Aziz forces hand their weapons over to in southern Lebanon. Further• and Algerian President Bendjed- the government before April 30 more, the Syrian army controls id Chadli pooled efforts to bring and decided that the government the Beka Valley and parts of peace to Lebanon. With their help, began to deploy its army in the northern Lebanon. The Taif the Lebanese parhament adopted country May 1. Agreement gave no timetable for the Taif Agreement in the Saudi On April 13, when Prime Min• Syria's withdrawal from Lebanon. city of Taif in October 1989. The ister Omar Karami visited Syria, The road towards Lebanon's agreement asked for the formation an agreement was reached with peace will be tortuous. Neverthe• of a government of national unity Syrian President Hafez Assad on less, the people's longing for stabil• which would conduct political re- the question of dismantling militia ity and peace will prevail. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE J-9, nn 11 CHINA

The Huaihe River Successfully Harnessed by Wang Yuan Harnessing the Huaihe River, a gigantic project begun some 40 years ago, has involved scientific planning, drainage of flood zones, protection against infiltration by salty sea water, desalinization and the development of many irrigation works. Overall, the work has been a success and brought about tremendous changes in the Huaihe River valley.

enmin Ribao" (People's the submergence of large tracts from the Yangtze River valley Daily) reported on Fe• of farmland. by the Dabie Mountain and the R bruary 24, 1991 that the Suqian, an ancient town, was Wanshan Mountain ridges in the lower reaches of the Huaihe Riv• called Suyu Prefecture until the south; and has the south dyke er, near Suqian City in Jiangsu Tang Dynasty (618-907) and was of the Yellow River and the Province, have been turned into later renamed Suqian (overnight Yimeng Mountain as its com• a crop cultivation, fish breeding removing) because the merciless mon boundary with the Yellow and poultry raising base. In the flooding compelled local dwell• River valley in the north. The past few years alone, the local ers to remove frequently. There total area is 270,000 square km. people have developed and har• used to be endless floods in the One third of the Huaihe River nessed 2,000 hectares of unex- area. The worst recorded flood in valley is hilly in the west, the ploited water area and waste• August 1949 inundated over 63,- south and northeast, and the re• land, transformed and reclaimed 000 hectares of farmland, des• maining two thirds are vast 15,000 hectares of grain fields, troyed more than 30,000 houses plains. This land, less than one- dug 333 hectares of fish ponds, and killed or injured more than 35th of the country's total area, cultivated 1,000 hectares of fruit 800 local peasants. supports 140 million people, one trees and planted 300,000 trees Though Suqian is only a small tenth of the country's total popu• along dykes and embankments. part of the Huaihe River val• lation. The population density of Although such developments ley, the suffering sustained by the Huaihe River valley is the are very common in rural China the Suqian people in the past is highest of all the world's large today, people with some know• representative of the suffering river valleys. ledge about the history of Suqian experienced by people through• The Huaihe River used to flow will realize that such achieve• out the whole river valley. The independently into the sea. Its ments have not come easily. same change as in Suqian today riverbed was wide and deep and On the lower reaches of the has been seen throughout the its flow smooth and unimpeded. Huaihe River, China's most whole river valley. Before the 12th century, there treacherous river, an area of were many folk songs in praise of 50,000 square km used to be hit the river, such as the following, by mountain torrents and floods The Huaihe River "Of the thousands of places one rushing into the sea. The average The Huaihe River is China's travels, the best place one finds is annual flow of 5-10 billion cubic third largest river, lying between the two banks of the Huaihe Riv• metres in flood waters created the Yangtze and the Yellow riv• er." a "flood corridor" in this area, ers in the hinterland of China. Due to changes in the river's which was fraught with misfor• The Huaihe River valley starts course brought about by the en• tune because whenever waters from Tongbai Hill and Funiu croachment of the Yellow River reached a flood stage, there were Hill in the west; borders the Yel• and other factors, the present death, devastation of houses and low Sea in the east; is separated Huaihe River valley consists of

12 BEIJING KEVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 CHINA two water systems: the main Huaihe water system and the Yihe-Shuhe-Sihe water system. The Yellow River once cut the complete Huaihe River val• ley into two parts. Later, howev• er, efforts were made to dredge and transform the original Grand Canal and dig a new Hu- aishu River, once again linking the river up at the lower reaches of the Huaihe mainstream water system and the Yihe-Shuhe-Sihe water system. The Huaihe River valley has nearly 13 million hectares of cul• tivated land, or 0.1 hectares per capita, greater than the per- capita share of cultivated land in south China's agricultural areas; and north of Jiangsu. Rich oil and Shijiu are two international it has 85.9 billion cubic metres resources, the Zhenwu Oilfield transport centres. of water resources, or 630 cubic in particular, have been exploit• Situated in the transitional metres per person, and 425 cubic ed in the Lixiahe area and part belt of China's north and south metres per-hectare of land, high• of the Zhongyuan Oilfield and climate, there is a wide disparity er than that of the agricultural Dongpu Oilfield are located in in the area's amount of rainfalls areas in north China. The rich this area. in different seasons and different and balanced water and land re• places. Between June and Sep• sources, plus long sunny weath• tember,the precipitation general• er, sufficient light and heat and Communications ly accounts for over 80 percent mild climate make the Huaihe The area is easily accessible by of the total annual rainfall and River valley an important com• both land and water ways. Two the rain falls in torrential down• modity grain, cotton and edible north-south arteries of Chi• pours. oil production base. na's railways—the Beijing- Historically, when the Yellow The 90,000 square km of hilly Guangzhou Railway and the River intruded into the Huaihe terrain gives the Huaihe River Beijing-Shanghai Railway—run River course, it brought disasters valley a rich mountain resource. through the west and middle to the Huaihe River valley. A The agriculture, animal husban• parts of the valley, and the sandy river, the Yellow River de• dry, forestry and fruit trees plus Lanzhou-Lianyungang Railway posited large amounts of silt in abundant labour resources prov• which links up China's east coast the Huaihe River and salinized ide excellent conditions for the and western inland area runs large tracts of farmland in the development of a diversified through the north of the valley. valley. This was accompanied by economy. In addition, the Xinxiang-Heze a variety of disasters such as fre• In addition, the 1.33 million and Yanzhou—Shijiusuo rail• quent droughts, drifting sand, lo• hectares of water surface abound ways, as well as the crisscrossing cust and excessively high tides in fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, highway networks radiate in all and strong wind. lotus, reed and other aquatic an• directions to link up all parts of imals and plants. the Huaihe River valley. The mineral resources in the The water transport network Harnessing the River Huaihe River valley are also rich of the valley, with the Huaihe Although many far-sighted with verified coal reserves reach• mainstream and the Beijing- people had put forward various ing more than 50 billion tons. In Hangzhou Grand Canal as the proposals to harness the Huaihe addition to the important salt- trunk lines, and supplemented River for thousands of years and producing areas in the coasts by many newly opened and new• had even organized and led the north of Jiangsu, several large ly harnessed river tributaries, work, there was little progress salt mines have been discovered links up all rivers and lakes with• made in carrying out the pro• in recent years in areas south of in the valley and along the coast. jects. the Huaihe River, west of Henan The ocean ports of Lianyungang In 1950, soon after the found-

BEIJING REVIEW, JVm. Mi 19M 13 CHINA ing of the People's Republic of River were seriously silted up voirs, mainly for irrigation as China, the Government Admin• and the embankments and dykes well as for flood control and istration Council, in accordance damaged and insufficient for power generation purposes. The with the decision of the Cen• flood control. When the high- flood drainage capacity of the tral People's Government, held water season came, mountain river along the middle reaches a conference to discuss how to floods raged and the river water was also insufficient. Fortunate• control the Huaihe River. At the rose steeply, breaching the em• ly, the many lakes and large meeting, the Decision on Har• bankments and dykes and flood• tracts of low-lying land made nessing the Huaihe River was ing the surrounding lands. To ov• the task of flood control easier. formulated and a committee set ercome this adversity, the most Therefore, besides expanding the up. When the Central People's pressing task was to control the river course's flood-drainage ca• Government made this decision, mountain waters and find the pacity, the emphasis was laid on Chairman Mao Zedong took means for the Huaihe River to the use of lakes and depressions note of the peasant uprisings release floodwater along its mid• to control floods. Along the low• which took place on both banks dle and lower reaches. The er reaches, the emphasis was on of the Huaihe River and the fact Committee for Harnessing the opening up and expanding the that a leader of one uprising even Huaihe River, after carrying out channels leading to the sea in became an emperor. Mao not• a conscientious and intensive order to increase the river's ed that the peasants there had study, put forward an overall drainage capacity. staged uprisings because the area programme for harnessing and was poor and hit by frequent na• developing the river. tural disasters. The government's Along the upper reaches of the Developing Irrigation determination to harness the Huaihe River, the limited area is Although the Huaihe River is Huaihe River was a symbol of its hilly and crisscrossed with nu• subject to flooding, available sur• conviction to eliminate poverty merous tributaries. Yet there was face water resources amount to and backwardness. a shortage of adequate embank• only 62.1 billion cubic metres At the time, the mainstream ments. The only solution was to and a per-capita share and per- and tributaries of the Huaihe build a number of small reser• hectare share of water less than Farmers of Baoying County, Jiangsu Province, gatlier a bountiful harvest of lotus roots grown for export to Japan.

14 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1991 CHINA one fifth of the country's aver• age. Additionally, the distribu• tion of water in different seasons and different places is sporadic and unequal and the control measures insufficient, so that the volume of usable water is quite low. Statistics indicate that the river valley's annual volume of water used in industrial and agri• cultural production over the past few years was about 45 billion cubic metres, some 30 billion cu• bic metres of which is surface water, and that the utilization rate is less than 50 percent. The valley's underground water re• sources are 8-9 billion cubic metres and the utilization rate is less than 40 percent. The shor• Fishermen of Gaoyou County, Jiangsu Province, on the Gaobao Lake. tage is made up by water from middle reaches of these two ma• Jiangdu and Huaian pumping the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. jor rivers, the local people have stations, currently China's larg• In 1988, the grain output of used the reservoirs and the many est, can draw the Yangtze Riv• the four provinces in the Huaihe small and large irrigation works er water at a rate of 400 cubic River valley averaged 3,750 kg metres per second while the per hectare, the average per- along the two rivers to build the hectare grain output of Henan, country's largest irrigation net• northern Jiangsu general irriga• Shandong and Anhui provinces work—the Pishihang irrigation tion channel, the Erhe, the Hu- was 3,540 kg and the per-hectare district—with an area of 730,- aishuxin and Xinyi rivers can grain output of Jiangsu Province 000 hectares. After more than irrigate 670,000 hectares of farm• reached 4,995 kg. The main rea• 30 years of development, the ir• land in northern Jiangsu. Most son for the difference was that rigation district is now a multi• projects yield economic benefits the volume of water used in agri• functional, comprehensive flood even as they are under construc• culture was varied. The gradual control, irrigation, navigation, tion. For example, during the improvements in water conserva• power generation, tourism, ur• drought spell in 1966 and 1967, tion projects ensure that Jiangsu ban water supply and aquacul- when the flow of the Huaihe Riv• Province's irrigated farmland ac• tural area. In eastern Anhui er was interrupted and Hongze counts for 40 percent of the riv• Province, the Nushanhu Huaihe Lake dried up, the Jiangdu er valley's total farmland. In the River-Diversion Irrigation Pro• Pumping Station, though still in• past few years, the average an• ject complete with its medium- complete, ran for 414 days and nual volume of water used in sized and small reservoirs, em• drew 3.77 billion cubic metres of Jiangsu's agriculture made up bankments and dams and pump• water from the Yangtze River. more than 50 percent of the river ing stations, is in operation. In As a result, the grain output in valley's total water consumption the past, when Fengyang County all the irrigated area exceeded in agriculture (45 billion cubic was hit by drought, even crops past records. metres). In view of this situation, needing little water were affect• In places far from rivers the various provinces have made ed. Now, the county's 40,000 hec• and lakes and with insufficient full use of reservoirs, lakes, river tares of paddyfields ensure high ground water sources, under• courses, drainage and irrigation yields despite drought or exces• ground water has been used to stations, power-driven wells and sive rain. build up well-irrigation districts. other water conservation facili• The greater part of Jiangsu Over the past 40 years, 800,000 ties to tap water resources. Province is located along the motor-pumped wells were sunk The Jianghuai hilly area in lower reaches of the Huaihe Riv• and 2.06 million hectares of land Anhui Province is near the er and the area makes full use of irrigated by motor-driven wells. Huaihe River in the north and the Hongze Lake for water stor• Motor-pumped wells in Henan close to the Yangtze River in the age to develop agricultural irri• Province on the upper reaches of south. Since it is situated in the gation resources. The province's the river make up half of the

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 15 CHINA butaries built. The water chan• stalled capacity totalling 280,000 total in Henan Province. nels on the lower reaches were kw, now makes up 30 percent of expanded and new waterways the area's total power output; na• Overall Efficiency leading to seas opened up, in• vigable mileage has exceeded 20,- By the end of 1989, state in• creasing the flood-release capac• 000 km; annual production vestment in key projects to har• ity from less than 9,000 cubic of freshwater aquatic products ness the Huaihe River totalled metres per second before the reached 360,000 tons; and 45-50 9.232 billion yuan and this in• founding of the People's Republ• billion cubic metres of water can vestment, plus funds raised by ic of China to 24,000 cubic be supplied annually for indus• local governments and pooled by metres per second. Thus, a flood- trial and agricultural production the masses with the value of la• control project system composed and for urban and rural house• bour contributed, added up of reservoirs, flood-drainage dis• hold use. to 47.604 billion yuan. The tricts, flood detention and stor• In the past 40 years, the massive-scale project of harness• ing districts, river embankments Huaihe River project has under• ing the Huaihe River has played has initially taken shape. gone the following stages: flood an enormous role in developing The key water-drainage cours• control and disaster prevention local economies and improving es on the plains were initially in the 1950s, development of ir• living standards. controlled and dredged and a rigation in the 1960s, carrying By the end of 1989, soil erosion surface water-drainage system out farmland capital construc• in a total of 18,000 square km of was established. More than 5.33 tion in the 1970s and the all- land area on the upper reaches of million hectares of land was de• round construction of auxiliary the river was brought under con• salinized and free from flood projects and strengthened man• trol and 35 large reservoirs, 153 threat. In addition, 49,000 motor agement in the 1980s. These ef• medium-sized and more than drainage and irrigation stations forts have brought tremendous 5,100 small reservoirs with a were completed, over 10 million changes to the Huaihe River val• combined total capacity of 25 kw of power equipment and ley. biUion cubic metres were com• 540,000 auxiliary power-pumped Huaiyin City in northern pleted. In areas along the middle wells added, and nearly 500 irri• Jiangsu Province, located on the reaches of the river, low-lying gation districts on 600 hectares lower reaches of four rivers—the land and lakes were used to build of land built. The effective irri• Huaihe, Yihe, Shuhe and Sihe 21 flood-control districts and 12 gated area increased from 800,- —was known as a "flood corri• flood-detention and storage dis• 000 hectares shortly after the dor." In 1949, the city's 843,000 tricts with a combined capacity founding of the People's Republ• hectares of cultivated land only of 32 billion cubic metres. A to• ic to 7.53 million hectares, ac• produced 800 million kg of grain tal of 12,000 km of river cours• counting for 60 percent of the because, besides flood, 141,000 es were harnessed and embank• river valley's existing cultivated hectares of crops were attacked ments on the mainstream and tri• land. Hydropower, with an in• by locusts. After decades of ef• forts to construct water projects, The Hongshizui project, a key part of the programme to harness the Huaihe River China has established five large within Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, irrigates more than 180,000 hectares of water conservation systems and farmland in Henan and Anhui provinces. ensured that both drainage and irrigation requirements could be met. In 1983, despite an excep• tionally strong rainstorm, the ci• ty's grain output still hit 5.29 billion kg. Farmland capital con• struction has eliminated 90 per• cent of the locust breeding grounds. The construction of water conservancy projects has also boosted agricultural me• chanization. The tractor- ploughed area in Huaiyin City now exceeds 60 percent although it did not have a single hectare of tractor-ploughed land in the ear• ly 1950&.;In addij^ion, to facilitate

16 »EIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 CHINA

' its industrial and agricultural de• velopment, Huaiyin has widened the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to enable the section with• in city limits to handle 2,000-ton ships. The development of the water transport service of Huaiyin City is just one part of the develop• ment of the water transport ser• vice of the entire Huaihe River valley. The straightened and wi• dened Grand Canal, the trans• formation of the mainstream of the Huaihe River and the dredg• ing of key river courses have in• creased shipping mileage in the entire river valley to 20,000 km and freight volume to 60 million tons. The numerous lakes and reser• voirs on the lower reaches of the Huaihe River valley are rich in inorganic nutrient salt and or• ganic substance brought by the large amounts of freshwater. They provide a favourable envi• ronment for the development of aquatic products industry. A survey shows that in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River val• ley there are 106 kinds of fish, seven kinds of shrimps and crabs, 31 kinds of shellfish, 49 kinds of common aquatic plants, as well as many wild ducks, red crested cranes, swans and other rare fowls. The continued im• provement in water conservancy conditions over the past decades Phcloi hy ZHANG WEMLl has resulted in a rapid develop• The Siyang ship lock on the Jiangsu section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. ment of the fish breeding indus• try. A commodity production land is limited but output is locations as the Huaihe River and export trade base centred ar• quite high. It will be very diffi• valley where, on the one hand, a ound fish, shrimp, shellfish and cult to further increase output in lot of investment has been made, algae, has been set up along coas• the future unless great advances large numbers of projects have tal beaches. are made in science and tech• been built and a good foundation has been laid, and, on the other A State Council official once nology and management level is raised to a new level. (2) Areas hand, there is more cultivated made the following analysis: land but output is relatively low. with poor natural conditions, a There are roughly three kinds In this area, there is obvious de• of agricultural development in weak economic base and limit• velopment potential. Given this China: (1)'Highly developed ed investment in construction. situation, over the next ten to 20 area with small potential for It will also be difficult for these years, the Huaihe River valley agricultural growth. For exam• areas to make major achieve• has the greatest potential for de• ple, in the high-yielding grain- ments within a short period of velopment and will be able to producing area in southern time without putting in a large achieve great economic results Jiangsu Proviftce, cultivated amount of investment. (3) Such with little investment. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JtJNE 3-9,1991 17 CHINA ernment implemented a free- medical-care policy for the Tibe• tan and other minority national• Free Medical Care in Tibet ities. It was then very convenient for all the people in Tibet to see by Our Staff Reporter Li Rongxia a doctor in the hospital no matter what kind of illness. In the early period of liber• n our first trip to Lhasa, inland, on the other hand, only ation, the Tibetan people faced the shortage of oxygen at state workers and staff enjoy free such infectious diseases as small Othe high altitude caused medical service. It was clear that pox, cholera, plague, venereal di• one of my companions to feel ill a special policy was in effect for sease and other acute and chron• and so I went with him to a hos• the autonomous region of Tibet. ic diseases. Thanks to vast num• pital located in front of the Jok- bers of medical workers who ac• hang Monastery. tively launched a nationwide Unlike hospitals in Beijing, it Past and Present campaign of inoculation and was not crowded. Some people Old Tibetans and people with a prevention, the diseases were in Tibetan or Han clothes were good understanding of Tibetan basically brought under controll quietly sitting on long benches, history all know that under the within a couple of years. By the waiting for their turns as a doc• feudal serf system, the over• early 1960s, small pox was elimi• tor in his fifties diagnosed my whelming majority of Tibetans nated as was cholera. In recent companion. He first felt his pulse had little to wear or to eat and no years, as planned immunization and then asked him some ques• chance of seeing a doctor. Small campaign spread throughout the tions, in the same way a doctor pox, plague and other serious in• autonomous region, the overall of traditional Chinese medicine fectious diseases often struck rate of infectious diseases was would have done in Beijing. He the population, killing countless gradually reduced. For a while in then prescribed for him some Ti• numbers of people. The former 1988, there was an outbreak betan medicine which is said to government did nothing to save of typhoid fever, a disease for be very effective. the ill but instead sent soldiers to which the death rate is generally Chatting with Tibetans wait• keep those infected in the moun• 5 to 10 percent, in Lhasa. How• ing there, I learnt it was very tains where they died. They ever, there were no deaths what• convenient for them to see a doc• cruelly burnt or buried infected soever, despite the poor environ• tor there. Both the Tibetans and people alive. ment because of the timely and other minority nationalities all After Tibet was peacefully lib• effective control measures. enjoy free medical care. In the erated in 1951, the central gov• As health conditions constant• ly improved, the average life• span of Tibetan people increased Li Huizhen (first left), president of the Lhasa People's Hospital, examines a patient. from 35.5 of age in the days of MA JINGQIU early liberation to over 65 years old, and the population increased rapidly. In 1952 total population in Tibet was 1.15 million, while by 1990 it had soared to 2.2 mil• lion.

Medical Networks Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet, Lhasa had only a small Menzikang engaged in astron• omical calculation and Tibetan medicine and one clinic opened by a British. Beginning in 1952, however, the state invested and went all out to develop Tibet's public health. The Lhasa Peo• ple's Hospital, now the people's

18 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 CHINA hospital of the autonomous re• gion, was established in Septem• ber 1952. In the early 1950s, Ti• bet set up a two-level medical institutional system for the au• tonomous region and prefectures and cities. County-level hospitals were also founded after the de• mocratic reform in 1959. By the 1970s, medical care and public health institutions had been set up in township and village levels and, in the 1980s, a medical care and public health network was basically formed throughout Ti• bet with Lhasa as its centre. In the past 40 years, the state has allocated 700 million yuan to develop Tibet's medical care CELONG and public health undertakings. A doctor of the Tibet Autonomous Region Hospital feels a patient's pulse. There are now 900 public health The standard of medical in• ance to training Tibetan medical organizations in the region, 15 struments and equipment has personnel. Since 1980, the public times more than the number in also greatly improved. Tibet health department of the auton• 1959. The number of hospital now possesses 1,250 milliam- omous region has invested more beds is more than 5,000, nearly pere X-ray machines, automatic than 1 million yuan for almost 11 times over 1959 and the re• biochemical analysis instruments 200 training courses in which gion has 9,000 medical person• and other equipment of adv• some 6,890 medical personnel nel, 12 times more than 1959. anced international improved their professional lev• el. With the support of the Min• Medical workers in Lhasa treat the public during a level. The equipment istry of Public Health, 23 holiday. TANG ZHAOMING is as advanced as any physicians-in-charge under the in other hospitals of age of 40 have been sent to the the country. Chinese Medical Sciences Univ• Along with the im• ersity and nine other key medical provement the exist• institutes for further study. Af• ing medical organiza• ter three years of study, they tions, minor medical reach the level of associate chief problems and illness• physicians. At present, Tibetan es can be cured within medical and public health per• rural clinics and com• sonnel constitute 77 percent of mon diseases can be the region's total. treated at county- level hospitals. Diffi• cult and complicated Tibetan Medicine cases can be treated Tibetan medicine has a history within the region. of more than 2,000 years. With As a disease prev• its unique theoretical system, ention and health rich clinical experiences and vast care network has ini• accumulation of medical docu• tially taken shape, ments, it is an important com• the number of related ponent of China's treasure-house medical personnel has of medicine. reached more than Tibetan medical organizations 1,000. have increased from three clinics The state has at• and one small hospital in 1958 to tached great import• the present ten hospitals, three BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 19 CHINA pharmaceutical factories and one A Tibetan medicine institute at the a regional, prefectural and county I levels. Seventy-one county-level hospitals have set up Tibetan de• partments of medicine. The Immunization Campaign ; number of Tibetan medical workers number more than Targets Children 1,700. Tibetan medical scientific re• by Our Staff Reporter Cui Lili search personnel have gained re• markable achievements in clin• The inoculation rate for Chinese children has ical treatment and pharmaceuti• reached well over 85 percent in the nation's 2,829 cal research. The Tibetan med• icine used to cure atrophic gastri• counties and China's next step in its immunization tis won a medical scientific re• campaign is to eliminate poliomyelitis by 1995. search award from the Ministry of Public Health. The Tibetan patent medicine of the Pearl 70 Medicinal Herbs which cures di• seases of nervous system twice won a silver medal. The form of n March this year, Chen Min- of children in all the 2,829 coun• Tibetan" medicine has developed zhang, minister of Public ties reached well over 85 percent. from pills to powder medicines, I Health, visited an epidemic Such an achievement indicates injections and syrups. prevention station in Jinxiu Yao that at least 300 million Chinese Entrusted by the Ministry of Autonomous County, a place children, including those living Pubhc Health, the autonomous deep in Dayao Mountain in the in poverty-stricken areas, have region organized medical person• Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous been freed from the threat of in• nel to work out State Work Region. He was told that each fectious diseases. "It is an amaz• Rules of Tibetan Medicine, Typ• and every child in the county ing accomplishment," said James ical Cases of Tibetan Medicine had been inoculated against Grant, the executive president of and Nursing Rules of Tibetan six common infectious diseases the United Nations Children's Medicine, and to make both —tuberculosis, tetanus, poliom• Fund. He noted that the Chinese qualitative and quantitative ana• yelitis, measles, diphtheria and children constitute a significant lyses on more than 1,000 kinds of whooping cough. The county had part of the world's total and that medicinal herbs' names and fam• done such an excellent job of im• the immunization campaign was ilies, their pharmaceutical com• munization that no diphtheria among the best in the world. position, functions and their cases have been reported in 11 years, no poliomyelitis cases in methods of use. Tibetan medi• Achievements cines are now on a standard and nine years and no whooping scientific track. cough or tetanus cases in five Between 1938 and 1949, only The development of Tibetan years in the county. 7,500 Chinese people were inocu• medicine attracted international Between March and April this lated with BCG vaccine (Ba- attention and every year large year, 284 counties across the cille Calmette-Guerin) to prev• numbers of foreign experts and country, including such outlying ent tuberculosis. At that time, scholars come to Tibet to make and backward counties as Jinxiu the incidence of the four ma• researches on the Tibetan medi• County, were investigated by jor infectious diseases—diphth• cine. Britain, the United States, teams made up of 24,000 people, eria, measles, whooping cough France and other countries im• such as the government officials and poliomyelitis—topped 10 port many Tibetan medicines headed by Minister Chen, ep• million cases annually from and it is now common for stu• idemic prevention experts (in• among the 400 million Chinese dents from abroad to study Tibe• cluding 16 foreign experts from people. These diseases were the tan medicine in Tibet. Japan and eight countries) and other per• main causes of child deaths. Tibet will soon jointly research sonnel. They were satisfied with Since the 1950s, the govern• how to cure liver diseases by us• the immunization of children ment has put the prevention and ing both Tibetan and Western under 12 months of age and con• control of these acute infectious medicine. • cluded that the inoculation rate disuses highpn its work agenda.

20 BEIJlKGItEVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 CHINA After the successful develop• ment and mass production of BCG, measles vaccines, the mixed vaccine for diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus and a vaccine for poliomyelitis, the incidence of these diseases began to plummet. According to 1979 statistics, the incidence of mea• sles had dropped from 9.445 mil• lion in 1959 to 1.717 million cas• es; whooping cough from 1.583" million to 736,000 cases; diphth• eria from 148,000 to 17,000 cas• es; and poliomyelitis from 17,- 000 to 5,500 cases. The number of children infected with tuber• culosis and tubercle meningitis also dropped drastically. In 1982, the government pro• mulgated a series of regulations to effectively promote its im• munization work, such as regu• lations for the planned national Children of a border village. Chinese children account for 20 percent of the world's immunization, the goals for the total. UNICEF immunization campaign between World Health Organization. In four times with diphtheria- 1982 and 1990, basic immuniza• 1988, the inoculation rate per whooping cough-tetanus vaccine tion procedures and measures for province reached 85 percent. and two times with measles vac• assessing the planned immuniza• China's fulfilment of its target cine before the age of 12. tion. won the Chinese Ministry of The central government has Early in the 1980s, China par• Public Health in 1989 the Unit• made a herculean effort to ino• ticipated in activities designed to ed Nations Child Survival Silver culate the 350 million Chinese expand global immunization ef• Medal. children living in the 9.6 mil• forts which were initiated by the In accordance with the princi• lion square kilometres of terri• ples of the World Health Organ• tory while the local governments Children are more precious in the eyes of ization's planned immunization have played an important sup• one-child parents. UNICEF work, new standards for the cam• porting role. The immunization paign were formulated. The pro• technical consulting committee cedures require that inoculation of the Ministry of Public Health clinics be operated nationwide composed of a variety of experts and that children be inoculated has held regular meetings, dis• monthly, bimonthly or quarter• cussed work progress and put ly. In the past 30 years, however, forward its opinions and recom• except for such large cities as mendations on how to improve Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, and speed up the programme. most small and medium-sized ci• The Chinese Academy of Prev• ties and towns and the rural ention Sciences has set up a spe• areas have managed to imple• cial technical guidance centre, ment the inoculation programme monitoring epidemic diseases once a year. The new procedures and editing and issuing epidemic also stipulate the date, amount bulletins. The centre is also res• and testing standard for various ponsible for providing technical vaccines. For instance, each guidance to the national pro• child should be inoculated with gramme and offering a scientific BCG vaccine three times, four foundation for planned immuni• times with poliomyelitis vaccine, zation tactics by the Ministry of

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3/9,1991 21 CHINA

fAN XINGYUN Madan M. Arora, an official of the United Nations Children's Fund, takes a survey for the planned immunization of the rural children in Yichuan County, Henan Province. Public Health. In addition, un• through its 37 newspapers and tive inoculation of vaccines der the leadership of the Minis• magazines. It has also provided caused by improper preservation try of Public Health, the national pamphlets, pictorial posters and and, at the same time, enables co-ordinating group and six re• slides for women in remote areas various localities to provide re• gional planned immunization through its subordinate organi• gularly scheduled inoculations. committees provide unified re• zations. The All-China Women's In 1982, in co-operation with gional information and consulta• Federation has also run more the United Nations Children's tion services. than 300,000 parent schools in Fund, the Chinese government Hospitals or epidemic preven• various localities, and an impor• tried out a pilot cold-chain sys• tion stations and other medical tant part of the course is infor• tem in hot Guangxi Zhuang Au• organizations in urban and rural mation about proper inoculation. tonomous Region and Yunnan, areas have offered immunization Sichuan, Hubei and Fujian prov• services for children. To ensure inces with a population of 80 quality services, between 1985 million. Take Sichuan Province and 1989, they held tens of thou• Technical Guarantees for example. In addition to the sands of training classes at and Cold-chain construction was funds from the World Health Or• above the county level, providing one of the major achievements ganization, and the Chinese Min• nearly 1 million personnel with in immunization in the 1980s. istry of Public Health, the prov• immunization training. Cold-chain construction refers to incial and local governments at In addition, public involve• the series of refrigeration equip• various levels as well as the ment and the participation of ment including refrigerator cars, public generated some 100 mil• each household has been a major cases and medical kits required lion yuan for the construction goal of the campaign in recent from the time the vaccine is of cold-chain facilities through• years. To achieve this goal, ef• produced until it-is shipped and out the province. There are cur• forts were made by government delivered to villages via various rently cold-chain facilities prov• departments and mass organiza• provinces, prefectures, counties iding services to 97.09 percent of tions. The All-China Women's and townships. The refrigeration the area's population. Federation, for example, has of• system ensures the quality of By the end of 1989, the United ten publicized immunization vaccines, guards against ineffec• Nations Children's Fund offered

22 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 CHINA ffefrigeration and transport ^uipment valued at US$20 mil• lion for immunization work tar• geted towards Chinese children while the central government in• vested several hundred million yuan. At present, at least 2,600 counties in China's 30 provinces, autonomous regions and munici• palities have been equipped with cold-chain refrigeration equip• ment.

Vaccine inoculators The main task of Mao Yuan- mei, 42, who became a rural doc• tor at the age of 19, is to prevent diseases. Mao has established a comprehensive registration sys• tem of all the children in her home village, the Changzhugeng Village in Jiangsu Province. Be• fore any inoculation, she checks her records and afterwards, noti• fies children of the type of inocu• lation and the date given. Prior to an inoculation, she gives each child a check-up and then ar• workers available to immunize regular intervals. If the child for ranges a follow-up for a fixed children in a township or a town whom the money has been paid time in the future. Her long- with a population of 20,000. gets ill, he or she will be able to term, warm and satisfactory ser• Each month they must give draw on a lump-sum premium vice has provided villagers with children of different ages vaccin• ranging from 30 to 200 yuan in basic health and disease preven• ations or pills. order to pay for medical charges. tion knowledge. If an inoculation A considerable number of pre• This system has not only benefit• for a certain child is missed, she fectures and counties in Yunnan ed the rural doctors and further tries her best to ensure that the Province, southwest China, are strengthened their sense of res• missed inoculation is made up. located in mountainous areas. ponsibility, but also enhanced Mao Yuanmei is only one of Some villages are located on the parents' awareness of immuniza• the hundreds of thousands of top of hills and cannot be tion of their children. doctors specializing in inocula• reached by vehicles. At inocu• tions in China. These medical lation time, rural doctors must workers live in grass-roots units travel by foot for a day or more Poliomyelitis and have a meagre income. to the county town or townships In 1988, the 41st World Health They, however, have a strong and then return with the vaccin• Conference decided to eliminate sense of responsibility and, al• ations. poliomyelitis by 2000 and the though their work is both ordi• In order to compensate the western regions of the Pacific put nary and at times trivial, they hard-working medical workers, forward the target of eliminat• offer the most elementary guar• some 50 percent of the Chinese ing poliomyelitis by 1995. The antee that the nation's children counties have adopted an insur• Chinese Ministry of Public will remain healthy. ance compensation system which Health responded to the call by Zhejiang Province in East stipulates that after birth, each formulating and promulgating China has, since 1984, introd• family must pay 10-20 yuan per the "Plan for Eliminating Po• uced a method of offering vac• child to the local commune hos• liomyelitis Between 1988 and cine inoculations by the town• pital. The funds are used primar• 1995," a plan which demands ship hospitals. Sometimes, how• ily to compensate rural doctors that the incidence of poliomyeli• ever, there are only two medical who offer child care services at tis be kept below 0.01 per 100,-

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1991 23 CHINA

000 and the disease be basically minate poliomyelitis. If the ef• of inoculations. Another prob• eliminated throughout the coun• fective inoculation rate reaches lem is that a small number of try by 1992. No paralytic case of 85 percent of all children, the the children who had taken pills poliomyelitis arising from the vi• epidemic disease can be effec• were struck by the disease be• rus is expected to be found in tively controlled. If the rate cause they took ineffective vac• 1995. reaches well over 90 percent, po• cines or their hygienic situation Poliomyelitis is the second in• liomyelitis can be eliminated. was poor. The Shandong investi• fectious disease to be eliminated According to analysis of po• gation pointed out that in areas by man since the eradication of liomyelitis epidemics in 1989, with a high poliomyelitis rate smallpox worldwide in the 1970s. there were 4,633 cases of poliom• some pigpens or lavatories were Poliomyelitis is an infectious vi• yelitis in China. Although the fi• built near wells. This offers po• rus disease of the intestines. gure is lower than the incidence liomyelitis an easy way to spread Most sufferers of the disease will reported at the end of 1979, it is from excrement to the mouth. In be lame with some dependent on much higher than the 1,000 cases addition, those stricken by the a wheel-chair for the rest of their reported in 1987. In 1990, the disease drank unboiled water hfe. In countries where the im• epidemic situation was still not and did not wash their hands be• munization and treatment level under control as, by November fore eating and after going to the is comparatively low, the disease of that year, 3,942 cases were bathroom. also brings about a fairly high reported throughout the country. While the immunization cam• death rate. Children under the Children suffering from the di• paign is making progress in age of five can easily contract the sease numbered more than 100 large, small and medium-sized disease, commonly known as in• in 12 provinces and autonomous cities, there are still a variety of fantile paralysis. regions. All of the cases were in problems in rural areas where 80 Practice has proved that inocu• rural areas. percent of the population lives. lation is an effective way to eli- After the investigation of po• In addition to the problem creat• liomyelitis cases in ed by those born outside the state The UNICEF is collecting and analysing data on Shandong Province, Chinese children so as to improve the immunization family planning target and the plan. Zhang Rongzhen, as• low educational level of farm• UKJCEF sociate research fel• ers, there is a serious shortage of low of the Chinese funds. At least several hundred Academy of Preven• epidemic prevention stations at tive Medical Sciences, the county level are not equipped discovered that most with refrigerator vehicles for poliomyelitis patients shipping vaccines. Also, the cold- had not had vaccina• chain equipment put into place tions and that many some years ago needs mainte• of those who missed nance and renovation but there the inoculation were are no funds available for their children born outside fulfilment in the near future. of the family plan• The three documents on elimi• ning target. Since the nating poliomyelitis formulated parents had violated by the Ministry of Public Health local family planning in the first half of 1990 have stipulations, they of• been issued to grass-roots units. ten moved to other The documents include an over• places with their new• all plan for the implementation borns, thus missing of the task, the plan for training out on inoculations. professional contingents, the de• Another important mand for more scientific re• reason is that farmers search and the specific measures do not fully under• which need to be taken. Finally, stand the need for im• various localities are now trying munizations; some 88 to strengthen their management percent of the people over the floating population so as questioned did not to ensure that this group of peo• know about the value ple is immunized. •

BfirjIlSO SEVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1»1 CHINA

Although China's tens of thousands of orphans in the country's more than 5,000 child welfare homes enjoy a healthy, well-rounded environment, some orphans need a home of their own. This story tells of a female teacher who has not only adopted orphans but helps other orphans find new homes.—Ed.

Hu Manli: A Loving IMother to Orphans

by Wu Biwen

t the age of 35, she was a teacher at the Ganghua A Middle School in Wuhan City, capital of Hubei Province. She had a typical Chinese family—a devoted husband and a seven-year-old daughter—and lived a quiet, happy life. It was a pure accident one day in May 1989, therefore, that an event occurred which changed her life and transformed her into the "mother" of eight orphans. On that day, Chen, a widowed neighbour, died suddenly of a heart attack, leaving behind two teenagers. The children's plight broke Hu's heart, particularly XIAN TIECHENC when she found the 14-year-old On September 16, 1990, Hu Manli held a farewell dinner party for orphaned Binbin and the 12-year-old Yan- children. yan huddled in the corner of a room. They looked so frightened the care they needed despite the and out of place in the first days. and unsure of their future that financial help provided by their Though they called her "Teacher Hu immediately scooped the pair father's unit. Hu," she consoled them with the up and took them to her home. Thinking it over for many love of a mother. That first night, the children days, she finally decided to adopt Not only did she provide all of sobbed and called for their fath• the pair. their food and clothing but both er in their dreams. Hu also had a A mother without a blood she and her husband also often restless night. It was clear to her bond is in a difficult position. took them for walks in the even• that the children would not get Binbin and Yanyan felt lonely ing and on outings on holidays.

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE h9,1991 25 CHINA

Hu and her husband travelled to the remote village by bus. When she saw the four helpless sisters, she was again heart• broken. A 12-year old, Lin Hua, the oldest of the four, firmly held her hand and asked that Hu take her away: "Teacher Hu, we want to have a home...." With tears in her eyes, she turned to her husband, who had already told her not to adopt other orphans. At that moment, however, he lowered his head.

XMN TIL^liLSC They took the four sisters home. XMN TltLHtXG Screenwriter Xu Yinhua of the Shanghai Hu was not able to officially New mother (first right) of Lin Fu, se• Film Studio gives his ball pen to Lin adopt them, however, because cond of four sisters, changes her daugh• Qiang, the third child, as a reward for ter's clothes. his good test results. government regulations forbid it. When she placed a notice in the Long before June 1, Children's short the lessons for her daugh• local newspaper, searching a new Day, arrived, Hu had gathered ter, Tiantian, but she continued home for them, more than 60 many gifts for the children. In to pay for Yanyan's lessons. couples came to adopt them. Hu addition to a new set of clothes On New Year's Eve of 1990, investigated the families and for each, she bought Binbin a Binbin and Yanyan on their consulted with the neighbours of erhu (a two-stringed bowed mus• own agreed that they would call the potential parents. After an ical instrument in China) and a teacher Hu "mother" the next in-depth review of all the cou• watch for Yanyan. It was the morning. When Hu heard her ples, she found a home for each first time the pair smiled since new appellation, she was moved of the four sisters within a week's their father had passed away. to tears. time. The new parents included a When Yanyan developed stra• Her new family was publicized teacher, cadre, scientist and engi• bismus, Hu took her to the hosi- in the press and she was praised neer. All of them were financial• tal and, when Binbin became ill, by the people as "a loving mother ly secure and capable of giving she took care of him day and of orphans." She then began to their new child the love she night. be told about the plight of other needed. To cultivate the children's ar• orphans. Afterwards, Hu found new tistic talent, she and her husband By the end of August 1990, a bought a piano and, two nights letter from Wuchang County in parents for another two orphans. each week for months, she made Hubei Province informed her Throughout the whole process, sure that they had piano lessons. that four orphaned girls needed a Hu has had th^ support of her Financial problems made her cut new home. husband and daughter. "They understand me and care Lin Sheng (front), the lively fourth The oldest child, Lin Hua (centre), is a 5th grade for and love the or• child, is now a primary school pupil. pupil of the Wugang No. 1 Primary School. XIAN phans like myself," XIAN TIECHENC TIECHENG Hu says. Hu also said that new parents who adopted the four sis• ters and the social workers who took care of them deserve special recognition. In her eyes, they have all contributed to im• proving the condi• tions of orphans in China. •

BEIJINGREVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 BUSINESS/TRADE exchange regulation market. panded from the open coastal Foreign Exchange The regulatiofi of foreign ex• regions and a few provincial Market Opens Wider change between individuals in• capitals to every province, au• stead *was conducted through tonomous region, municipality According to the State Gener• the black market. The state's and city with independent plan• al Administration of Foreign permission to allow individual ning power. By the end of 1990, Exchange Control, the State foreign exchange activity not there were more than 40 foreign Council has, in principle, ap• only indicates the great change exchange adjustment markets in proved the individual foreign in China's policy towards for• i the country. The State General exchange to enter foreign ex• eign exchange administration, Administration of Foreign Ex• change regulation market. At but also is a stimulus to the for• change Control published the present, the administration is eign exchange regulation mar• exchange price in the main for• formulating detailed rules and ket. eign exchange regulation mar• regulations which will be pro• According to forecasts, cur• kets every week through the mulgated and put into effect rently individual foreign ex• media for the convenience of within the year. Ordinary citi• change volume in China totalled business dealers. Currently, the zens in China will then be able US$4 billion. Because there is a foreign exchange regulation to go to the foreign exchange price difference between official price in the country is 0.50 to regulation market to buy or sell exchange rate and the actual 0.53 yuan higher than official foreign exchange. business price in the foreign ex• exchange rate (using RMB to Starting on September 1, change regulation market, once purchase US dollars). In addi• 1989, the Shanghai Foreign Ex• individual foreign exchanges are tion, in order to balance prices change Regulation Centre took allowed to enter the regulation in all of the country's foreign the lead in trying the new sys• market, there will be more re• exchange regulation market, the tem out. As of now, it has sources for the foreign exchange State General Administration of dealt with 33,960 business buy• regulation market. Foreign Exchange Control al• ers worth US$19.4 million; At the same time, restrictions lows transregional regulations. 17,786 business sellers worth on other foreign exchange re• In 1990, such regulated volume US$460,000. But the experiment gulation will be further relaxed was more than US$2.8 billion, in Shanghai put certain restric• such as allowing enterprises to thus encouraging the foreign ex• tions on individual foreign ex• use bank loans (in RMB) to pur• change regulation market to change regulation. Only those chase foreign exchange, cancell• move from a diversified oper• participants with foreign ex• ing the price difference in the ation to a national integrated change resources and certifi• service charge for the use of for• market. cates for the use of foreign ex• eign exchange by setting quotas by Han Guojian change could take part in the and a spot exchange regulation. buying and selling of businesses. Experts believed that the mea• However, the new regulations, sures to relax the foreign ex• Guangdong to Attract which allow individual foreign change administration mean IVIore Investment exchange to enter the foreign ex• that China is paying more atten• change regulation market, only tion to the regulatory function Guangdong Province will in• stipulate the use of foreign ex• of the foreign exchange regula• troduce US$10 billion in foreign change bought and has no res• tion market on the one hand, investment for the construction triction on the foreign exchange and, on the other hand, is react• of infrastructure facilities and resources sold. It allows the pur• ing to the rapid development of industrial and agricultural prod• chase of foreign exchange for the foreign exchange regulation uction. Toefl examination, for member• market in recent years. Foreign capital will be chan• ship dues of international aca• Statistics indicate that in 1990 nelled into the following pro• demic community, purchasing the nation's business volume on jects: foreign scientific and technolog• the foreign exchange regulation The-establishment of a batch ical materials, travelling fees for market reached US$13,164 bil• of large power projects in coas• the Mecca pilgrimage and visit• lion, representing a 53.8 percent tal areas. It is expected that ing relatives abroad. increase over 1989, two times some 1.15 million kw of the ge• China has, for a long time, higher than 1988. nerating capacity will be added curbed individual foreign ex• The markets for foreign ex• each year during the Eighth change activity in. the-;.foreign change regulation have also ex• Five-Year Plan period;

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9; 1991 27 BUSINESS/TRADE The construction of an ex• Their export value reached percent on 1989. Of this figure, pressway in the Pearl Delta and US$3.6 billion or 35 percent of China's export volume was' a special highway and the build• the province's total export value. US$25 million and the import ing of the Guangzhou-Meixian- The majority of foreign* enter• volume US$28 million. China's Shantou Railway Line; prises in the province make exports included tea, textiles, The building of the Huangpu profits. Over the past decade, light industrial products, fi• Xinsha, the Yantian and the Guangdong has invested 10 bil• lature silk, machinery and elec• Aotou harbours and the expan• lion yuan in power construction, tronic products; While its im• sion of the Huangpu, Shantou with one-third of the sum con• ports included ammonium dihy- and Zhanjiang harbours; tributed by foreign business• drogen phosphate and chemical The installation of 1.35 mil• men. fertilizer. lion channel-programme con• by Zhang Zhiping Sino-Tunisia trade began in trolled telephone exchanges, the 1950s. In 1955, the bilateral some 30,000-channel long• trade volume was US$120,000. distance telephone and Shanghai Leases More In September 1958, the two gov• 50,000-channel long-distance te• Land ernments signed their first trade lephone exchange equipment to agreement and later the second form a telecommunication net• Public bids for the right to use and third agreements and an work linking other provinces another piece of land in Shang• agreement for barter trade, thus and cities as well as Hong Kong hai will be submitted July 8-10 promoting the development of and Macao; by the Hong Kong Shanghai In• bilateral trade. In 1986, the two The construction of large dustrial Co. Ltd. and the countries' trade volume amount• chemical works in Maoming, Shanghai Land Administrative ed to US$95.87 million. Huizhou and Guangzhou; the Bureau. The bid will be opened The economic and technologi• renovation of the Guangzhou in Shanghai July 14. The win• cal co-operation between China and Shaoguan- and Zhujiang. ner, after having paid lease and Tunisia has expanded grad• iron and steel companies and rents, shall have land-use rights ually since 1984 in addition to the establishment of a large iron for a term of 70 years. The piece trade exchanges. By the end of and steel complex with an an• of leased land, covering an area 1990, the number of construc• nual capacity of 3-5 million of 55,400 square meters, is locat• tion projects contracted signed tons; ed in the Gubei District. Project by China in Tunisia and con• The introduction of new tech• use is for the construction of tracts for technological co• nology and equipment for poul• two- or three-storey garden operation totalled 27 and were try raising and for agricultur• apartments and other auxiliary worth more than US$60 million. al processing, packaging, fresh facilities. The flood control and reservior preservation and storage. This is the sixth time Shang• projects built by China in Tuni• In addition, several tens of hai leased out land-use rights sia are regarded as models for thousands of processing enter• since 1988. The previous five water conservancy construction prises in the Pearl River Delta pieces of leased land are for by certain responsible Tunisian are now seeking co-operation commercial office buildings, ho• departments. with foreign firms for the im• tels, factories land and garden Since 1959, China has con• port of special technology and apartments. structed a 5,231-square metre patent technology and advanced Public bidding for the right to "family of youth" including a equipment in order to devel• use the piece of land began to be 500-seat theater, indoor swim• op) intensive processing and invited on May 10. ming pools and a football field; technology-intensive industries. a 120-km canal with an annual Guangdong Province was one water supply capacity of 470 of China's earliest provinces to Sino-Tunisia Trade million cubic metres and the ca• implement the open policy. By Develops Steadily pacity of irrigating 19,000 hec• the end of last year, the province tares of land annually, and four had signed contracts for more According to a spokesman of complete sets of assistance pro• than 100,000 projects involving the Ministry of Foreign Econo• jects including small reservoirs some US$12.4 billion in foreign mic Relations and Trade, the to• in mountainous areas and small capital. Of 7,000 foreign-funded tal trade volume between China acupuncture centres. enterprises now in operation, and Tunisia reached US$53 mil• Economic and trade experts 4,600 export their products. lion in 1990, an increase of 15 noted that ^ince both China and

28 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 BUSINESS/TRADE Tunisia are third world coun• Chinese Academy of Medical The programme includes: tries and face the same task of Sciences, said that Mitoxantrone • The Shanghai Volkswagen developing the national econo• is another important new wea• Corp. will merge the Shanghai my, the economic and trade re• pon in the fight against cancer. Automobile Factory in order to lationship between the two "The hydrochloric acid mitox• increase its annual production countries will be further devel• antrone manufactured by our capacity from 60,000 to 150,000 oped as long as they adhere to factory is almost the same as Santana cars. the principle of "equality, mu• that of the Lederle Pharmaceut• • The corporation plans to set tual benefit and mutual res• ical Factory of the United States up a large factory producing pect." in quality but is much cheaper engines for the German Volk- by Jiang Fan in price," said Ma Zishen, direc• swagenwerk Corp. and the joint tor of the Zhenan Pharmaceut• ventures in China it invested; China to Export ical Factory. Zhang Shichang, • The number of special professor of the Shanghai Re• Shanghai Volkswagen mainte• Anti-Cancer Drugs search Institute of Medicinal In• nance stations will be increased Ma Zishen, director of the dustry who was in charge of the from 53 to 100 in order to prov• Zhenan Pharmaceutical Facto• research and development of the ide service both for products ry of Zhejiang Province, an• medicine, said Mitoxantrone is made by the Shanghai Volkswa• nounced at a recent news con• quite stable and can be shipped gen Corp. and for all vehicles ference that the factory would over long distances. produced by the German Volk- like to export its product Mi- by Chen Gan swagenwerk Corp. toxantrone to other third world Welkener said that he is con• countries through the World Future Development for fident of the programme's im• Health Organization (WHO). plementation because his cor• After a state-class appraisal at Shangliai Volkswagen poration has a contingent of the end of 1989, the factory be• well-trained workers and mana• gan to produce batches of blue Dr. Burkhard Welkener, de• gerial personnel. Mitoxantrone injection, thus puty chief manager of the The Shanghai Volkswagen making China one of the few Shanghai Volkswagen Corp., Corp. is a Sino-German joint countries in the world able to said in a recent interview by our venture. Thanks to good man• produce such advanced anti• reporter that his corporation's agement and operations as well cancer drugs. short-term programme for de• as after-sales service, the corpor• Mitoxantrone, which began to velopment had been approved ation was listed again this year be used in the mid-1980s, is one by the 13th session of the Ger• as one of the ten best joint ven• of the few strong anti-cancer man Volkswagenwerk's board of tures in China. medicines. Clinical practice in• directors held recently. by Li Ming dicates that it has high effect on leukaemia, breast cancer, ma• lignant lymphosarcoma and sto• mach and intestine cancers. Currently, the chemotherapy for tumour all use integrated prescriptions consisting of sever• al different kinds of drugs. Clin• ical practice shows that Mi• toxantrone is important in inte• grated chemotherapy and is still effective when patients are re• sistant to other medicines. Mo• reover, Mitoxantrone causes less toxicity and has few side effects. In particular, it causes very lit• tle damage to the heart. Sun Yan, professor of the Tum• 11II I II MIIIIIIIHBI lllll I I mKm,j:mtmm«ASm(kmjuum our Hospital affi,li^j;e^^-.,to the A general assembly line. Bottom riglit is the first Santana produced on April 11, 1983. BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-!»,J»^l 29 BOOKS

Review of Tlie Core of Chinese Classical Fiction' The Core of Chinese Classical Fiction chuanqi genre of romances popular during the Published by the New World Press in Beijing Tang Dynasty (618-907). As with the earlier tales Distributed by the China International Book of marvel, these were written by and for members Trading Corp. of scholar-official class in classical language. The Page 489, first edition 1990 authors are now known by name and the public's Reviewed by Richard Kunst interest in the fantastic was still strong. There was an increase in stories of swordmanship and love, iction in China has a history of almost 2000 especially those describing the devotion of lowly years. In The Core of Chinese Classical Fic• but good-hearted courtesans to shameless and un• tion, Professor Chen Jianing has compiled deserving young scholars who betray their love Fan anthology of short stories and selections from for the sake of careers or out of fear of parental novels which represent well the outstanding wrath. Characters are more clearly drawn than "core" of this tradition. previously and there was more attention to plot The work is divided into five units, each of and detail. which highlights a stage in the development of the Unit Three includes three of the most famous craft of fiction, and, in turn, the particular genre story-tellers' scripts originating in the Song Dy• which enjoyed favour during that era. Professor nasty. (960-1279), The Jade Worker, Fifteen Chen prefaces each unit with an introduction to Strings of Cash, and The Foxes' Revenge, and one the historical and social milieu in which the sto• "imitation script" from the early 16th century. ries arose, and presents a skillful summary of the The Courtesan's Jewel Casket. Song Dynasty sto• characteristics of the fiction at that time. Her ries were based on scripts used by story-tellers, literary analyses often include enlightening com• and are the earliest examples of fiction in the parisons with traditional Western fiction. Each vernacular language which was to become the selection from a longer work in Units Four and dominant language of fiction throughout later Five also has its own introductory paragraph, times. They were polished and gathered into col• telling the reader something about the history and lections by men of letters who were story-telling major themes of the overall work. enthusiasts. They reflect their origins in their The English translations included by Professor concern with the lives of ordinary shopkeepers, Chen are for the most part those which have been craftsmen, peddlers, maids, monks, and nuns, previously published in China or abroad. The rather than the scholar-officials of previous sto• quality of the English prose is thus uniformly ries. Plots are more elaborate and reflect the excellent. Where necessary, the compiler has tastes of the new urban class. Characterization is converted the transliteration to consistent pinyin achieved through well-developed speech and acts. usage throughout the book and tried to standar• The narrative conventions of stories continues to dize the always difficult problem of unfamiliar reflect their oral origins. There are occasional Chinese names. questions and comments directed to the reader, a Scattered through the book are illustrations "warming-up" period at the beginning before the reproduced from old original woodblock editions. real story begins, while the audience gets settled, There is also an opening essay on the origins of and pauses at the most exciting moments in the fiction and a concluding essay, "Timeline of Im• plot, where the story-teller might originally have portant Historical and Literary Events," about passed the hat or enticed his audience to return works in China and in the West. again the following day. Unit One presents an ample selection of 15 In Unit Four, after a brief eight-page excerpt anonymous tales from the Six Dynasties period in from Chapter 45-46 of The Romance of the Three the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries. Antecedents Kingdoms, describing Zhuge Liang's famous stra• for these can be found in the anecdotes and fables tagems against Cao Cao in the Battle of the Red sprinkled throughout the great historical works of Cliff, Professor Chen has selected a generous 65 the Warring States and Han periods as well as in pages from Outlaws of the Marsh, telling of Wu the xiaosuo "trivial talk" popular in those days. Song's heroic battle with the tiger at Jingyang These tales, rarely longer than one or two pages, Ridge, the treachery of Golden Lotus and her establish some of the characteristics which stayed accomplices, and Wu Song's subsequent grue• with fiction throughout much of its early history. some, dramatic, avenging act for his elder broth• Unit Two continues with four stories in the er's death. The unit 99ppjudes with a 21-page

30 BEI4ING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1991 Liaoning's Phoenix Hotel

A three-star tourist hotel, the Phoenix Hotel of Liaoning Province is located in the beautiful Belling area of Shenyang, Liaoning Province. Equipped with advanced facilities, the hotel has 260 elegantly decorated guest rooms. The seven General Manager Gao Wenzhong dining halls serve Cantonese, Liaoning and Shan• dong delicacies as well as the Western-style food. Service facilities include a tourist company, taxi- cab team attached to the hotel, booking ticket agent, foreign currencies exchange, credit card services, IDD telephone, business centre, satellite TV, conference facilities, market, laundry, medi• cal massage, sauna, billiards and tennis court and karaoke bar. They provide convenience and com• Address: 109 Huanghe Nandajie, fort for tourists and businessmen. The well- Shenyang, Liaoning Province trained hotel personnel offer courteous, high- Postcode: 110031 quality services. Tel: 466500--466509 The phoenix is a symbol of luck and beauty, Telex: 80045 FHFD CN and, likewise, Liaoning's Phoenix Hotel is certain Fax: 665207 to please you.

excerpt from Journey to the West, in which Pig is ents, leading to a complete reversal of their res• subdued by Monkey and recruited for the pilgri• pective fortunes. mage. It shows the irreverent humour, narrative A Dream of Red Mansions, by Cao Xueqin, vitality, and imaginative brilliance which have deservedly considered the crowning masterpiece made the novel so popular. of Chinese fiction, is thought of as the greatest Unit Five opens with a 26-page excerpt from classical Chinese realistic novel, describing the Jin Ping Mei (also named The Golden Lotus), the crisis-ridden feudal society on the verge of col• first novel composed in its entirety by one writer lapse and the frustrations of the young who rebel and the first with family life as its central theme. against the Confucian social conventions of their It is seen as China's first "novel of manners" day. The 60-page selection focuses on the affec• which, despite some pornographic passages, ex• tion between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu by piecing together passages from as many as 15 or more poses the seamy decadence of late the Ming socie• different scenes throughout the novel. The book ty. The six "Strange Tales of the Tale-Telling concludes with an episode from The Travels of Studio," an interesting blend of fantasy and social Lao Can, Liu E's autobiographical novel con• satire, reflects the changed, often bourgeois, so• demning the injustice and social decay of the late cial value of a very different era. Qing society. Wu Jingzi' famous satirical novel The Scholar Professor Chen has done an excellent job of is well represented by the episode in Chapters 2-3 selecting and integrating the "core" of fiction into which actually begins the main narrative, a lam• this attractive anthology. The book should find a poon of the examination system and its winner- welcome audience not only among English read• take-all, rags-to-riches mentality. In the novel, ers interested in sampling this rich tradition, but Zhou Jin finally succeeds in the provincial exam also as a text book for Chinese literature in trans• and subsequently re6ogVii'z'es Fan Jin's similar tal• lation courses. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, I99I 31 CULTURE/SCIENCE wood furniture of the Ming and Beijing Cultural Relic Festival Qing dynasties on the Beijing Southeast Corner Tower. eijing, a city with a history statues of Buddhas from differ• Informational Tours and Park of thousands of years and ent historical periods by the Cul• Visits. The Beihai Park, Tem• the capital of five dynas• tural Relics Preservation and ple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Bties, will organize a cultural relic the Management Institute of the festival autumn this year. The White Dagoba Temple, an ex• Zhongshan Park, Grand View festival will reach a climax in hibition of fan cover drawings Garden built according to a late September and early Octo• from various historical periods classical novel Dream of Red ber. collected by traditional Chinese Mansions, Yuanmingyuan During the festival, all histori• painter Xu Beihong sponsored by (Ruins of the Park of Perfec• cal site protection and cultural the Xu Beihong Memorial Hall, tion and Brightness), Temple of relic preservation units, mu• an exhibition of ceramics prod• Earth and the residence of seums and the nine main parks uced by the Ming and Qing im• Prince Gong of the Qing Dynas• of the city which are famous for perial kilns by the Beijing Arts ty, well known for their histori• their important historical sites Museum, exhibitions on one- cal sites and cultural relics, will and cultural relics will sponsor a man collections of postage provide informational services variety of activities such as cul- stamps, match box drawings, cal• and other activities such as the tuiral relic exhibitions, special ligraphic works and paintings, ci• Kunming Lake Evening at the tours, cultural' exhibitions and garette cases and trade marks by Summer Palace and an offer• sales, simulated archaeologic dig• the Cultural Relic Preservation ing ceremony at the Temple of ging, cultural knowledge compe• and Management Institute of the Heaven. titions, informational tours and Zhihua Temple, a demonstration Cultural Relic and Handicraft identification of cultural relics. of renovation techniques for his• Sales. Liulichang, an arts and Exhibitions. Various kinds of ex• torical buildings on one of the I crafts street in Beijing, esta• hibitions will be held by more preserved gate towers, the Zhen- blished in the 18th century and than 20 museums during the fes• gyang Gate, an exhibition of Bei• well known for the sale of paint• tival, including an exhibition of jing's achievements in preserving ings, calligraphic works and sta• golden knife and enamel collec• cultural relics by the Ancient tionery, will hold an exhibition tions sponsored by the Palace Building Museum, an exhibition of its long history during the fes• Museum, an exhibition of rare of unearthed bronze ware of tival. The Rongbaozhai Shop, fa• paintings and calligraphic works Henan Province and an exhibi• mous for painting and calligra• from 30 provinces and munici• tion of fine cultural relics pres• phy business, and the Municipal palities at Chairman Mao Me• erved by the Famen Temple in Cultural Relics Shop will spon• morial Hall, a national cultural Shaanxi Province arranged by sor exhibitions of preserved fine relic photo exhibition by the Mu• the Ancient Bell Museum of the cultural articles. Other shops on seum of Chinese History, a tea Big Bell Temple, an exhibition of the street will also exhibit excel• culture exhibition by the Capital signboards of Beijing's old shops lent folk handicrafts. Museum, a Buddhist art exhibi• to be held on the Beijing Drum Special Tours. In addition to tion of several hundred copper Tower, and an exhibition of hard the well-known Forbidden City,

The west end of Liulichang (left), an arts and crafts street in Beijing. The east end of Liulichang (right).

32 BEIJfNG REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 CULTURE/SCIENCE Great Wall and Ming Tombs, replicas of cultural relics they 1191, when the Jin emperor abol• there are many unique histori• discover. ished its use. Qidan writing was cal and cultural sites in Beijing. Symposia and Other Activities. used for about 300 years. During the festival, four special Some symposia will be held dur• As the Qidan nationality no tours will be organized to former ing the festival such as the sym• longer exists and Qidan writing residences of historical person• posia on excavation work of Bei• has been lost for more than 600 ages, monasteries and temples, jing, on museum work for mu• years, this written language has the Great Wall (including sec• seum leaders, on ancient build• become extremely difficult to tions newly opened to the public) ings and on the Grand View translate. and to other cultural sites. Garden. Other activities will be In addition to a few drawings of Qidan writing in some books Simulated Archaeological Activi• organized by Beijing's districts of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) ties. Some 20 dig sites will be and counties to publicize the and Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), offered for inspection during the Law on Cultural Relics and inscriptions by a Jin prince on festival in Yanqing County in knowledge about cultural relics. the tablet of Wu Zhetian are the the northern suburbs of Beijing. Knowledge competitions and most valuable example of the Archaeological fans will be able summer camping will also be writing. Wu Zhetian (624-705) of to dig under the guidance of ar• held for young people. the Tang Dynasty, was the only chaeologists; they may keep any by Wei Liming empress in Chinese history. Ac• cording to her will, a large tablet, 6.3 meters high and 1.8 metres Lost Writing Style interpreted wide, was erected in front of her tomb with no words on it at all, idan writing has been re• characters. The big-type writ• meaning that her greatness garded as one of the ing, however, is actually typical was beyond any description by Q world's enigmas. Now, ideography, some being directly words. In the Song and Jin dy• nowever, part of the writing has borrowed from the Chinese char• nasties following the Tang Dy• been translated and a book on acters. Including more than nasty, people made inscriptions the achievement entitled Tenta• 1,600 characters, the big-type on this tablet. Experts have prov• tive Inquisition Into a Puzzle has writing was often used in tablet en that the inscriptions by the come off the press. inscriptions and epitaphs and in Jin prince in 1134 were small- The Qidan people were a no• writing the name of a tribe or a type Qidan writing translated madic nationality in north village, or in writing poems or from Chinese, thus are of great China. During the 10th century, translating books. After the Jin importance for thestudy of Qid• Yelu Abaoji, headman of the Dynasty exterminated the Liao, an writing. Being only five lines Qidan people, unified all the Qidan writing continued to be in length, the inscriptions have tribes and established the Liao used, playing a significant role taken more than 60 years for ex- Dynasty that dominated most of in forming Nuzhen writing until China at the height of its influ• ence. During the 12th century, Murals found in a Liao Dynasty nobleman's tomb. the Liao Dynasty was conquered by the Nuzhen people, another northern nationality, who es• tablished the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). Some of the Qidan people fled westward to central Asia where they established the Western Liao which thrived un• til 1218 when it was destroyed by Genghis Khan. Qidan writing is so unique that it is divided into two categories, small type and big type. The small-type writing, including more than 390 words, is actually alphabetic writing created in re• ference to strokes of the Chinese j

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9,1991 33 CULTURE / SCIENCE perts to only partially under• historical reasons as book ban• Day of Travel on September 27. stand. ning and warfare. The History of Qufu City will host the Third In the 1920s, books about the the Liao, which includes the his• Confucius Cultural Festival on life of the Liao emperors and tory of Qidan, is not as compre• September 28. empresses in the Qidan language hensive as other Chinese histor• by Han Guojian were unearthed for the first time ical books. Interpretations of at Ju Ud League in Inner Mon• Qidan writing will supplement News in Brief golia. In 1951, a tablet with in• information in the book and cor• scriptions about a Liao ge• rect errors in it, further enhanc• onstruction of the Shou- neral in the Qidan language ing the study of the history of hua Scientific Park, Chi• was unearthed at Jingxi Coun• north Chinese nationalities. C na's biggest computer re• ty in northeast China's Liaoning by Wei Liming search, development and produc• Province. These, together with a tion centre, was begun recently number of burial articles with in Huizhou, Guangdong Prov• some Qidan words found in the Arts Festival to Be ince. The start of construction tombs of the Qidan nobles, of• Held in Shandong shows that China's computer re• fered new information. search and production has en• In 1977, starting from Chinese r • ihe first China Travelling tered a new stage of design and characters in the Qidan writing, I and Calligraphic and manufacture of large-scale inte• Qingge Ertai, a renowned Mon• Painting Festival will be grated circuits. golian scholar, determined the held in Jinan City, capital of The park covers an area of pronunciation of 132 small-type Shandong Province, on Septem• 110,000 square metres and costs Qidan words. On this basis, an• ber 27. US$20 million. A technology- other Mongolian scholar named Calligraphy and traditional intensive economic entity for Batu, who is a research fellow of painting are two of the most bril• personnel training, technological the Liaoning Historical Research liant cultural heritages of China. development and production of Institute, put forward an idea Shandong is the hometown of computers, the park will develop different from previous methods. Confucius and one of the birth• the up-to-date technology and In Batu's opinion, in order to places of ancient Chinese cul• products demanded in the inter• solve the puzzle of the Qidan ture. Jinan is one of the most national market by taking ad• language, it was necessary to re• known cultural and historical ci• vantage of the mainland's strong scientific and technologi• trieve the language and find its ties in China. cal forces and Hong Kong's pos• remnants in the existing local di• The festival contains eight ma• ition of being well-informed alects of the northern nationali• jor activities including an inter• about scientific, technological ties. national forum on Chinese cal• and market trends. The park's Batu managed to collect Qidan ligraphy and painting, a cer• scientific research centre will im• words and phrases from Chinese emony in which famous Chinese port a series of advanced technol• historical documents and from calligraphers and painters will ogy and equipment including languages of the Mongolian and receive foreign students, an ex• design systems for computer ac• Manchu nationalities. Through hibition and sale of calligraphic cessories and invite domestic hi- comparative study in etymology, works and paintings, and a fair tech personnel to study and Batu made substantive progress of calligraphic and painting tools develop the state-of-the-art and promoted the study of the and materials. computer technology. Qidan language to a new level. This festival has received The Shouhua park was fi• By means of reciprocal meth• strong support from the Ministry nanced jointly by the Huizhou od, Batu has not only distin• of Culture and the China Na• Municipal Electronics Commun• guished more than 150 small- tional Tourism Administration ication Industries Corp, the Juko type words, but also interpreted and an enthusiastic response Industrial Co. Ltd. of Hong about 600 words in Qidan writ• from well-known Chinese artists. Kong and the Beijing-based Su- ing concerning ordinal numbers Other forms of cultural activi• man Group Corp. The first- and titles of relatives and offi• ties will also be held before or phase construction will be com• cials. Ten years of assiduous ef• after the festival, including an pleted in June this year. The forts have rewarded Batu with international traditional wushu park, when commissioned on an understanding of one-third of (martial arts) demonstration on schedule, will produce US$250 the total number of small-type September 20 with participants million in output value annually. words. from 15 countries and regions, According to Batu, due to such and a celebration of the World by Hong Lanxing

34 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 3-9, 1991 Gao Ying's Clay A Portrait of Myself Sculptures

Gao Ying, born in Beijing in 1984, is now a pupil of the Beijing No. 1 Exper• imental Primary School. As an adept drawer and clay sculptor, she creates a variety of simple works based on her experience. Her clay sculptures were awarded first prize at the Competition of Children's Clay Sculpture of Beijing.

UKJ PAQE

A Good Hand at Knitting.

My Father Was Born in the Year of the Ox. A Chubbv Girl Who Often Makes Sulky Faces. Some New Books About Tibet (English) From CIBTC |

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