ACDIS FFIRS:3 1996 OCCPAP ACDIS Library ACDIS Occasional Paper Collected papers of the Ford Foundation Interdisciplinary Research Seminar on Pathological States ISpring 1996 Research of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign December 1996 This publication is supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation and is produced by the Program m Arms Control Disarmament and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign The University of Illinois is an equal opportunity/ affirmative action institution ACDIS Publication Senes ACDIS Swords and Ploughshares is the quarterly bulletin of ACDIS and publishes scholarly articles for a general audience The ACDIS Occasional Paper series is the principle publication to circulate the research and analytical results of faculty and students associated with ACDIS Publications of ACDIS are available upon request Published 1996 by ACDIS//ACDIS FFIRS 3 1996 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 359 Armory Building 505 E Armory Ave Champaign IL 61820 Program ßfia Asma O esssrelg KJ aamisawE^ «««fl ^sôÊKïÂîMïnsS Secasnsy Pathological States The Origins, Detection, and Treatment of Dysfunctional Societies Collected Papers of the Ford Foundation Interdisciplinary Research Seminar Spring 1996 Directed by Stephen Philip Cohen and Kathleen Cloud Program m Arms Control Disarmament and International Security University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 359 Armory Building 505 East Armory Avenue Champaign IL 61820 ACDIS Occasional Paper Series 1996 Contents Foreword i v About the Contributors vu Part I 1 Historical Case Studies of Violence 1 The Irish Diaspora in Amencan and Irish Politics 3 Claire Sheahan 2 America and Auschwitz at Fifty The Questions Linger 13 Adam Ciralsky 3 Sizing the Problem How Many Victims of Soviet State Repression 1928 to 19539 23 Jason Sharman Part II 37 Contemporary Case Studies of Violence 4 Images of Rwandan Refuge Public Health and Security 39 Niranjan S Karmk 5 Policy Considerations on the Kurdish Question 49 Amy Eisenhuth 6 The Mobilization of Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina 67 Judith Pintar 1 Role of Modernization in Ethnic Conflict—The Case of Kashmir 79 Shonali Sardesai Part III 97 Professional and Violence Soldiers and Scientists 8 Women1 in Combat 99 Jennifer Bashaw 9 Military Affairs The Case of the United States and Nigeria 111 Solomon Woods 10 The Scientists Making the Atomic Bombs 121 Ji Qiang Part IV 135 Ethical and Technical Perspectives of Violence 11 Expansion and Limitation Counting and Human Distress 137 Matthew Doolittle ui tv Contents 12 Social Identity Theory and the Motivational Structure of Pathological Violence 151 Donald Moulds 13 Some Aspect of Cyberspace in Conflict Can the Home Page be the Home Front7 159 Jennifer Wheary 14 An Essay on Global Ethics 169 Robert Manaster Appendixes 189 Appendix One Course Syllabus for Pathological States 191 The Origins Detection and Treatment of Dysfunctional Societies Appendix Two The Apple Sliced 197 Robert Jennings Appendix Three Selected Poems 219 Robert Manaster FOREWORD Pathological States The Origins, Detection, and Treatment of Dysfunctional Societies The essays in this volume were written for the third in the senes of Ford Foundation supported interdisciplinary graduate seminars on global issues The purpose of these seminars has been to encourage and enhance multidisciplinary inquiry into issues of contemporary global importance In 1993-94 the seminar focused on new concepts of the international system especially the growing regionalization of the world it was co taught by Professors Kolodziej Kathleen 'cloud and Marvin Weinbaum In 1994-95 Professor Kolodziej was joined by Professor Salim Rashid of the Department of Economics the seminar examined the growing global market economy and its impact on power legitimacy and welfare In 1995-96 the seminar codirected by Professors Stephen Cohen political science and history and Kathleen Cloud agricultural and consumer ecnomics and director of the Program in Women in International Development moved in a different direction It studied how states and societies turn pathological directing their power either against their own people—which in its extreme form can lead to genocide—or against other states—war It also explored the ways in which we might better detect prevent or ameliorate the actions of such states For the purpose of this course pathological was defined as the presence of one or more of the following phenomenon acute famine genocide against a state s own people or in the course of a war with a neighbor large refugee populations and the attack during wartime on unarmed civilian populations—the latter obviously includes city busting attacks which culminated in the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki but also includes the sowing of mines that cripple or kill civilians for years afterwards Approximately two thirds of the course was organized around a series of intensive case studies These covered Western and non Western states industrialized and non industrialized societies They examined famine Bengal and Sahel total war Hiroshima genocide Cambodia and the Holocaust the generation of large refugee populations an African case study and chronic social conflict Northern Ireland Each case study examined the history and evolution of the event(s) and its (or their) cultural cinematic and literary representations using the case studies to test various explanatory theories drawn from anthropology political science sociology and psychology The role of technology and economics was also studied The research papers—written by students from a wide variety of disciplines ranging from nuclear engineering to philosophy and including two medical scholars Mathew Doolittle and Niranjan Karmk who were enrolled in a special joint MD/Ph D degree program—deal with a variety of state and social pathologies from a suitably wide set of perspectives There were also two outstanding undergraduates who asked and were permitted to join the seminar Jennifer Bashaw and Claire Sheahan their papers are also included The papers are organized into four parts The first is a group of three essays that deal with various aspects of known and familiar case studies Claire Sheahan examines the moral and political consequence of the Irish Diaspora Adam Ciralsky literally takes a fresh look at the issue of bombing the gas chambers at Auschwitz by an examination of photographic evidence available to policy makers and Jason Sharman attempts to recalculate more accurately the victims of Stalin s repression and internal nationalities policies V V/ Foreword The four chapters in part two provide fresh insights into contemporary or emerging situations of mass social violence two political scientists Sardesai and Eisenhuth look at the policy issues surrounding ethnic and regional conflict in India and Iraq two sociologists Karnik and Pintar look at the plight of refugees caught in episodes of ethnic cleansing in Rwanda and Bosnia The third section examines the role professionals soldiers and scientists play Jennifer Bashaw now a navy officer wrote on the role of women in the most violent of all professions the military Solomon Woods a commissioned officer in the U S Army compared military professionalism in the United States and Nigeria and the role of scientists in developing weapons of mass destruction atomic bombs is the subject of an essay by Ji Qiang a nuclear engineering student from the People s Republic of China The final section contains four papers three deal with the ethical dimensions of contemporary social and political violence Matthew Doolittle who wrote on measuring suffering and pain Donald Moulds who developed a theory of social violence and Robert Manaster who attempted to develop a new global ethic to guide policy makers and citizens alike when confronted with episodes of state violence The final paper by Jennifer Wheary from the Department of Educational Policy Studies examines the way in which the internet is used by extremist as well as human rights groups The course syllabus and additional student writings produced during the course of the seminar appear in the Appendixes One of the most welcome aspects of this seminar was the participation by a number of students who were ACDIS Interdisciplinary Fellows in 1995-96 Ji Qiang Niranjan Karnik Jennifer Wheary and Donald Moulds As the papers m this volume reveal their work and those of the other participants in this seminar is suffused with a sense of what is of supreme human and moral importance as well as rigorous in its approach and methodology It is no chore to teach such students they suggest the accuracy of the Latin phrase doce ut discas Teach that you may learn None of the papers presented in this volume would have been possible without the financial support of the Ford Foundation Their support has made an impact on this campus and contributed more generally to the development of interdisciplinary studies and their utility in solving global problems Thanks are also due to Merrily Shaw assistant director of ACDIS who coordinated the seminar and served as publisher for this collection Stephen Philip Cohen Professor Political Science and History Director Program m Arms Control Disarmament and International Security About the Contributors Jennifer L Bashaw Department of Political Science Undergraduate College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Adam J Ciralsky College of Law Graduate College Matthew N Doolittle Medical Scholar and Institute of Communications