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MARSHALS of the ALEXANDERREICH a Study of The MARSHALS OF THE ALEXANDERREICH A Study of the Careers of Hephaistion, Leonnatos, Krateros and Perdikkas by WALDEMAR HECKEL B.A. (Hon.) University of Victoria, 1972 M.A. McMaster University, 1973 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA January, 1978 © Waldemar Heckel, 1978 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Classics The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Feb. 28, 1978. ABSTRACT It scarcely needs saying that few men, if any, have so dominated the history of their own times as has Alexander the Great; his is a curious hybrid of history and biography. In 1925/26 Helmut Berve took the first step in "decentralising" the history of Alexander by publishing his all-embracing study, Das Alexanderreieh auf prosopographisoher Grundlage3 in two volumes, perhaps the most workable and thorough such study in the field of ancient Greek history. But we have not advanced far beyond that first step in the intervening fifty- one years; rather than a stimulus for further study, Berve's work - possibly on account of its thoroughness - has become a crutch for Alexander-scholars, a convenient catalogue of names and facts, too often a substitute for the testimony of the original sources. When we consider minor individuals, about whom little is known and less has been written, we shall not go far wrong by consulting Berve's reference work; though, it should be noted, even here his interpretations are often marred by poor judgment (see footnotes passim). But for the most important figures, the most powerful men in Alexander's empire, we must ask if their careers and characters can be adequately summarised in a mere three to five pages. Clearly they cannot be. ii In the cases of the four individuals with whom this study is concerned, Berve's vitae axe. particularly unsatisfactory. Only Hephaistion, who died in 324 B.C., is treated from beginning to end; Leonnatos, Krateros and Perdikkas, who outlived the King, leave much to be commented on. This is especially true of Per• dikkas, whose role in the events of 323-321 B.C. was far more brilliant and controversial than his career up to Alexander's death. There are of course the articles of G. Plaumann (RE VIII.1 [1912] 291-296, s.v. "Hephaistion [3]") and Fr. Geyer (RE XII.2 [1925] 2035-2038, s°.v. "Leonnatos [1]"; XIX.1 [1937] 604-614, s.v. "Perdikkas [4]"; and Supplbd IV [1924] 1038-1048, s.v. Krateros [la]"), but these are more compressed and, consequently, less inclined toward interpretation; they are also more prone to error than Berve's incomplete entries. Other modern scholars shed more light on the "marshals of the Alexonderrei-ch" - most notably E. Badian, F. Schachermeyr, A.B. Bosworth, R.M. Errington and G. Wirth -, but their works often rely heavily on the material adduced by Berve. Many others are content with mere generalisations:' Kence Hephaistion is at one time Alexander's foremost commander, at another his incompetent minion; Perdikkas is both middle-aged and in the bloom of youth; Krateros high in Alexander's esteem or a man neglected by Alexander, the generals, even the troops. Only a fresh study of the primary evidence will help to un• ravel the mysteries of these men who laboured in the shadow of Alexander and continue to do so in the pages of his historians. iii I focus attention on the marshals of Alexander's empire: Hephaistion, Leonnatos, Krateros and Perdikkas. The evidence, subjected to careful scrutiny, yields many new interpretations; often it is baffling. Not all new interpretations are signi• ficant, nor every re-interpretation original. But, if I have produced four biographical studies that are internally consistent and - what is more important - based on the evidence rather than on misleading preconceptions, then I have shed new light on Alexander himself. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract i Acknowledgement v Table of Abbreviations vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Hephaistion: omnium amicorum carissimus 41 CHAPTER 2: Leonnatos: e£s x55v eiaupcdv 87 CHAPTER 3: Krateros: (puAogaauAeus 118 CHAPTER 4: Perdikkas: Successor and Failure 160 Bibliography 214 APPENDIX 1: The Somatophylakes of:Alexander the Great 238 APPENDIX 2: Hephaistion's Chiliarchia 266 APPENDIX 3: The Relationship of Attalos and Perdikkas 282 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank Phillip E. Harding and Malcolm F. McGregor. vi TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Beloch, GG Griechische Geschichte (2nd ed.), 4 vols, Berlin and Leipzig, 1912- 1927. Bengtson, Die Strategic Die Strategic in der hellenistischen Zeit: Ein Beitrag zum antiken Staats- recht (Mfincnener Beitrdge zur Papyrus- forschung und antiken R'echtsgeschichte3 Heft 26), Munich, 1937. Berve 1-2 Das Alexanderreich auf prosopographisoher Grundlage, 2 vols, Munich, 1925-1926. Breloer, Kampf gegen Poros Alexanders Kampf gegen Poros, Stuttgart, 1933. Breloer, Bund mit Poros Alexanders Bund mit Poros: Indien von Dareios zu Sandrokottos (Sammlung orientalistischen Arbeiten 9), Leipzig, 1941. Briant, Antigone le Borgne Antigone le Borgne: Les Debuts de sa Carriere et les Problemes de I'Assemble'e Macedonienne (Centre de Recherches d' Eistoire Ancienne3 vol. 10), Paris, 1973. Carney, Macedonian Aristocracy Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Aristocracy, Diss. Duke University, 1975. Cloche, La Dislocation La Dislocation d'un Empire: Les premiers Succes- s^u^s-xdMllexdndr'e'ofb.e^Grandji9Pa-rcLs, 1969. • Dittenberger, Syll. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum (3rd ed.), vol. 1, Leipzig, 1915. Droysen, Hellenismus 1-2 Geschichte des Hellenismus,. (3rd ed.), vols 1-2, Basle, 1952. Ellis, Philip II Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism, London, 1976. Fontana, Le Lotte Le Lotte per la Successione di Alessandro Magno dal 323 al 3153 Palmero, 1960. vii Fox Alexander the Great, London, 1973. Fuller, Generalship The Generalship of Alexander the Great, London, 1958. Granier, Die makedonische Heeresversammlung Die makedonische Heeresversammlung: Ein Beitrag zum antiken Staatsrecht (Mttnchener Beitrdge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte, Heft 13), Munich, 1931. Green Alexander of Macedon, Harmondsworth, 1974. Alexander the Great: The Main Problems, Griffith, Main Problems Cambridge, 1966. Plutarch, Alexander: A Commentary, Hamilton, PA Oxford, 1969. Hamilton, Alexander the Alexander the Great, London, 1973. Great Die Makedonen: ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum, Hoffmann, Die Makedonen Gbttingen, 1906. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Jacoby, FGrHist Berlin and Leiden, 1923-(in progress). Geschichte des Eellenismus (3rd edition), Kaerst, Hellenismus 1-2 Berlin and Leipzig, vol. 1 (1927), vol. 2 (1926). Kornemann, Die Alexander- geschichte Die Alexandergeschichte des Kbnigs Ptolemaios I. von Aegypten, Leipzig, 1935. Eellenistic Queens: A Study of Woman-Power Macurdy, Hellenistic Queens in Macedonia, Seleucid Syria and Ptolemaic Egypt (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology, no'. 14), Baltimore, 1932. Alexander the Great, London, 1968. Milns Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, 5 vols, Mllller, PEG Paris, 1841-1870. viii Niese 1 Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten seit der Schlacht bei Chaeronea3 vol. 1, Gotha, 1893, repr. Darmstadt, 1963. Pearson, LEA The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great, New York, 1960. Schachermeyr, Ingenium und Macht Alexander der Grosse: Ingenium und Macht, Graz, 1949. Schachermeyr, Alexander in Baby Ion Alexander in Babylon und die Reichsordnung nach seinem Tode, Vienna, 1970. Schachermeyr, Alexander der Grosse Alexander der Grosse: Das Problem seiner Persbnlichkeit und seines Wirkens, Vienna, 1973. Schaefer, Demosthenes 3 Demosthenes und seine Zeit, vol. 3, Leipzig, 1887. Seibert, Bettr&ge zw dynas- tisehen Verbindungen Historische Beitr&ge zu den dynastischen Verbindungen in hellenistischer Zeit (Historia Einzelschrift 10), Wiesbaden, 1967. Seibert, Untersuohungen zur Geschichte Ptolemaios I. Untersuohungen zur Geschichte Ptolemaios I. (MiXnchener Beitrdge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichtes Heft 56), Munich, 1969. Smith, EHI The Early History of India (From 600 B. C. to the Muhammadan Conquest3 including the Invasion of Alexander the Great)3 4th ed., revised by S.M. Edwardes, Oxford, 1924. Strasburger, Ptolemaios und Alexander Ptolemaios und Alexander, Leipzig, 1934. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 6, Tarn, CAE 6 Cambridge, 1927, repr. 1964. Alexander the Great, 2 vols, Cambridge, 1948. Tarn 1-2 ix Vezin, Eumenes von Kardia Eumenes von Kardia, Diss. Tubingen, 1907. Welles, Alexander and the Hellenistic World Alexander and the Hellenistic World, Toronto, 1970. Wilcken Alexander the Great, G.C. Richards tr., with introduction and notes by E.N. Borza, New York, 1967; first German publication, 1931. INTRODUCTION In spring or summer 337 Philip II took a new wife, Kleopatra, the niece of Attalos.''" There had been other wives, before and af• ter Olympias, but this marriage was different.
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