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The Edicts of King Ashoka
THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKA An English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKA Table of Contents THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKA........................................................................................................................1 An English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika.................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................2 THE FOURTEEN ROCK EDICTS...............................................................................................................4 KALINGA ROCK EDICTS..........................................................................................................................8 MINOR ROCK EDICTS...............................................................................................................................9 THE SEVEN PILLAR EDICTS..................................................................................................................10 THE MINOR PILLAR EDICTS..................................................................................................................13 NOTES.........................................................................................................................................................13 -
Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature
YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Studia Orientalia 116 YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Helsinki 2015 Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Klaus Karttunen Studia Orientalia, vol. 116 Copyright © 2015 by the Finnish Oriental Society Editor Lotta Aunio Co-Editor Sari Nieminen Advisory Editorial Board Axel Fleisch (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Middle Eastern and Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Assyriology) Jaana Toivari-Viitala (Egyptology) Typesetting Lotta Aunio ISSN 0039-3282 ISBN 978-951-9380-88-9 Juvenes Print – Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy Tampere 2015 CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................... XV PART I: REFERENCES IN TEXTS A. EPIC AND CLASSICAL SANSKRIT ..................................................................... 3 1. Epics ....................................................................................................................3 Mahābhārata .........................................................................................................3 Rāmāyaṇa ............................................................................................................25 -
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation. -
History of India
HISTORY OF INDIA VOLUME - 2 History of India Edited by A. V. Williams Jackson, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University Volume 2 – From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great By: Vincent A. Smith, M.A., M.R.A.S., F.R.N.S. Late of the Indian Civil Service, Author of “Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India” 1906 Reproduced by Sani H. Panhwar (2018) Preface by the Editor This volume covers the interesting period from the century in which Buddha appeared down to the first centuries after the Mohammedans entered India, or, roughly speaking, from 600 B.C. to 1200 A.D. During this long era India, now Aryanized, was brought into closer contact with the outer world. The invasion of Alexander the Great gave her at least a touch of the West; the spread of Buddhism and the growth of trade created new relations with China and Central Asia; and, toward the close of the period, the great movements which had their origin in Arabia brought her under the influences which affected the East historically after the rise of Islam. In no previous work will the reader find so thorough and so comprehensive a description as Mr. Vincent Smith has given of Alexander’s inroad into India and of his exploits which stirred, even if they did not deeply move, the soul of India; nor has there existed hitherto so full an account of the great rulers, Chandragupta, Asoka, and Harsha, each of whom made famous the age in which he lived. -
The Successors: Alexander's Legacy
The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy November 20-22, 2015 Committee Background Guide The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy 1 Table of Contents Committee Director Welcome Letter ...........................................................................................2 Summons to the Babylon Council ................................................................................................3 The History of Macedon and Alexander ......................................................................................4 The Rise of Macedon and the Reign of Philip II ..........................................................................4 The Persian Empire ......................................................................................................................5 The Wars of Alexander ................................................................................................................5 Alexander’s Plans and Death .......................................................................................................7 Key Topics ......................................................................................................................................8 Succession of the Throne .............................................................................................................8 Partition of the Satrapies ............................................................................................................10 Continuity and Governance ........................................................................................................11 -
A Survey of Place-Names in Gāndhārī Inscriptions and a New Oil Lamp from Malakand Stefan Baums
P167-174 A survey of place-names in Gāndhārī inscriptions and a new oil lamp from Malakand Stefan Baums Introduction Gāndhārī inscriptions were produced over a vast geographic range, stretching from Bamiyan in the west to Luoyang in the east, and from Mathura in the south to Kucha in the north.1 Their chronological range is the third century BC until approximately the fourth century AD. A total of 1,163 published Gāndhārī inscriptions are documented in Baums & Glass 2002b.2 Some of these are pottery fragments (such as those from Termiz) that can be reassembled, and others are parts of larger sets produced on the same occasion (such as the Aśokan edicts at Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra), so the total number of Gāndhārī inscriptions in the narrower sense of ‘distinct object bearing one or more texts’ is closer to one thousand. For approximately three hundred of them, their findspots remain unknown as they were unearthed in illicit diggings and reached their current collections and the desks of scholars through the art market. Unfortunately, this is especially true for inscriptions from the heartland of Gandhāra in the Peshawar valley and more broadly Pakistan and Afghanistan, much to the detriment of art- historical research as well as any philological work (such as dialectology) requiring precise geographic information. The same problem afflicts the numerous Gāndhārī manuscripts that have come to light in recent years, and to an even greater extent. In theory, geographic information from inscriptions could be correlated with that from manuscript finds; in practice, the lack of documentation makes this impossible, and all one can do is group inscriptions and manuscripts among themselves and with each other using material evidence in the form of the writing support, palaeographic and orthographic observations, and especially the place-names that are mentioned in many donative inscriptions. -
Language and Legend in Early Kushan Coinage: Progression and Transformation Razieh Taasob Princeton University
2018, No. 5 © Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture, University of California, Irvine ISSN: 2470 - 4040 Language and Legend in Early Kushan Coinage: Progression and Transformation Razieh Taasob Princeton University 71 Introdu' ion: arly Kushan coinage displays its aff iliation and syncretism with former coin pra9 ices not only in the Erepresentation of royal and religious imagery, but also in the language, legends and the execution of inscriptions. The Kushans continued the traditional Greek pra9 ices that had already been adopted by the Greco-Ba9 rians, specifically the use of the Greek language on their coinage as seen frequently in Ba9 ria. In conformity with other former traditions, the Kushans also maintained the Indo-Greek prac- tices employed south of the Hindu Kush by using bilingual inscriptions on their coinage. The languages used south of the Hindu Kush were predominantly Greek for the obverse type and PrakritH (wriJ en in Brahmi and Kharoshthi script) for the reverse. The Indo-Greeks introduced the use of the Kharoshthi script for coinage, and it was subsequently applied by the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians in their respe9 ive regions. This script was used in the area of the Indus, Swat, and Kabul valleys and in a wide area of northern India and the surrounding regions. Evidence of this can be seen on the coinage of the H- “The language of Indic inscription”. The Prakrit or middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language was the only inscriptional language from the third to firQ century BC, which endured as a common language for coinage for more than two centuries. -
CONCEIVING the GODDESS an Old Woman Drawing a Picture of Durga-Mahishasuramardini on a Village Wall, Gujrat State, India
CONCEIVING THE GODDESS An old woman drawing a picture of Durga-Mahishasuramardini on a village wall, Gujrat State, India. Photo courtesy Jyoti Bhatt, Vadodara, India. CONCEIVING THE GODDESS TRANSFORMATION AND APPROPRIATION IN INDIC RELIGIONS Edited by Jayant Bhalchandra Bapat and Ian Mabbett Conceiving the Goddess: Transformation and Appropriation in Indic Religions © Copyright 2017 Copyright of this collection in its entirety belongs to the editors, Jayant Bhalchandra Bapat and Ian Mabbett. Copyright of the individual chapters belongs to the respective authors. All rights reserved. Apart from any uses permitted by Australia’s Copyright Act 1968, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the copyright owners. Inquiries should be directed to the publisher. Monash University Publishing Matheson Library and Information Services Building, 40 Exhibition Walk Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia www.publishing.monash.edu Monash University Publishing brings to the world publications which advance the best traditions of humane and enlightened thought. Monash University Publishing titles pass through a rigorous process of independent peer review. www.publishing.monash.edu/books/cg-9781925377309.html Design: Les Thomas. Cover image: The Goddess Sonjai at Wai, Maharashtra State, India. Photograph: Jayant Bhalchandra Bapat. ISBN: 9781925377309 (paperback) ISBN: 9781925377316 (PDF) ISBN: 9781925377606 (ePub) The Monash Asia Series Conceiving the Goddess: Transformation and Appropriation in Indic Religions is published as part of the Monash Asia Series. The Monash Asia Series comprises works that make a significant contribution to our understanding of one or more Asian nations or regions. The individual works that make up this multi-disciplinary series are selected on the basis of their contemporary relevance. -
The Nativity. Similarities in Religious Art. with Illustrations from Ancient
: THE NATIVITY. SIMILARITIES IN RELIGIOUS ART. BY THE EDITOR. BUDDHISM and Mazdaism^ are older by five centuries than Christianity. That Mazdaism exercised a powerful influence on Judaism and especially on the Apocrypha of the Jews has never been doubted ; and considering the fact that Buddhist missionaries were sent by Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist Constantine, to the Yavanas, i. e., the lonians or Greeks in Syria as well as in Egypt, there is no doubt that Buddhist doctrines, too, may have contrib- uted an important share to the development of Christianity. But, on the other hand, an early influence of Christianity on later Bud- dhist ritual is by no means excluded, and we propose here to pass in review a few art-representations from various sources which may serve as tests and will illustrate the complications involved. The following passage quoted from the well known work, The Cave Temples of India, by James Ferguson and James Burgess (p. 138), proves how fruitful a thorough investigation and comparison of Christian and Buddhist antiquities would be, and it is a pity that a few only of the Buddhist sculptures and paintings have become accessible ' ' One of the most interesting peculiarities of the Peshawar, or rather Gandhara sculptures, is that it would not be difficult to select from among them several that would form admirable illustrations for a pictorial Bible at the present day. One, for instance, is certainly .intended to represent the Nativity. The principal figure, a woman, is laying her child in a manger, and that it is intended to be such is proved by a mare with its foal, attended by a man, feeding out of a similar vessel. -
Central Asia Under and After Alexander
Book of abstracts of the International conference SEEN FROM OXYARTES´ ROCK: CENTRAL ASIA UNDER AND AFTER ALEXANDER Third Meeting of the Hellenistic Central Asia Research Network 14—16 November 2018 Faculty of Arts, Charles University Prague © the individual authors © Editors: Ladislav Stančo, Gunvor Lindström, Rachel Mairs, Jakub Havlík © Cover image: Tomáš Smělý – Abalon, s.r.o.; Coin image: Ladislav Stančo © Drawings: Polina Kazakova © Layout, cover and print: Abalon, s.r.o. © Published by: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, 2018 ISBN 978-80-7308-877-4 The conference is organized by the Institute of Classical Archaeology (ICAR), Faculty of Arts, Charles University. Organizing cometee Prague organizing team Editors of the volume Ladislav Stančo Anna Augustinová Ladislav Stančo Gunvor Lindström Petra Cejnarová Gunvor Lindström Rachel Mairs Jakub Havlík Rachel Mairs Helena Tůmová Jakub Havlík The work was created with the financial support of NEURON – Benevolent fund for Support of Science. The work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund-Project „Creativity and Adaptability as Conditions of the Success of Europe in an Interrelated World” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000734). 3 Introduction The events directly connected with the campaign of Alexander the Great in Central Asia are described vividly and in detail by ancient Greek authors and have been thoroughly evaluated by modern historians. Numismatic studies have reconstructed the history of the following centuries. However, our understanding of the (mutual?) acculturation following the campaign remains limited. The aim of the conference was to discuss what actually happened in Central Asia at that time. It takes as much as possible a local point of view and ask how local people experienced these turbulent developments, and how they coped with the strange newcomers. -
Afghan Studies
------~-- -~---·-~- ..----------~-~ AFGHAN STUDIES Volume 1 1978 __/-::-;:-~ ( '\ I . ') i i J \ ·/ .. .- ·-\_ / ' '.,/ -... _ . : Sodety for Afghan· Studies . clo British Academy, Burlington· House, Piccadilly, London Wl "'-O~S_ ' . + , .. • > AFGHAN STUDIES VOLUME I 1978 h'dited hy Norman I larnmond Contents The Orbit of Afghan Studies, by H. W. Bailey Excavations at Kandahar Preliminary Note, by P. M. Fraser 9 Excavations at Kandahar 1974: First Interim Report, by David Whitehouse 9 Excavations at Kandahar 1975: Second Interim Report, by Anthony McNicoll 41 Pre-Islamic coins in Kandahar Museum, by David W. Mac Dowall and M. Ibrahim 67 Nuristan: Mountain Communities in the Hindu Kush, by Schuyler Jones 79 Consolidated Report of the Secretary 1972-1977 93 List of Members at 30 June 1977 100 THE ORBIT OF AFGHAN STUDIES A Lecture given at the Society's Inaugural Meeting H. W.Bailey The intense interest in the Afghanistan of today, which has led to the foundation of the Society for Afghan Studies and to the establishment of a British Institute in Kabul with a Director and a view to extensive research, can be traced to at least four factors. There is first the adjacency to the Indian sub-continent with which Britain has had so long a rnnnexion, with Pa~tun or Pa than on either side of the Pakistan frontier, with all its complexities of modern diplomacy and the rapid development of communication in this second half of the twentieth century, that is, then, an interest of traveller or of student of politics in a newly accessible country. The second factor can be seen in the history of the land for the past 2500 years (and even earlier of the dark period before the Achaemenian Persians advanced to the Hindu~ land) which was earlier widely familiar to Classical scholars and with which even now in spite of the more restricted knowledge of the Classics many are acquainted. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 107 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 107 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 147 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2001 No. 139 House of Representatives The House met at 12:30 p.m. and was southern border with Mexico in our Na- the trucks that cross those borders, called to order by the Speaker pro tem- tion. These areas are dying economi- and we have to do it more thoroughly pore (Mr. KIRK). cally and need our assistance now. than we ever did before. But let us in- f In the wake of the events of Sep- crease the resources to do it and not tember 11, this country has embarked try to do it with fewer resources. DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO upon unprecedented procedures to in- For example, at the biggest border TEMPORE crease our domestic security, and those crossing in the world between 2 nations The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- procedures are proper. We must have a in my district of San Ysidro, Cali- fore the House the following commu- new sense of preparedness; we must fornia, where between 50,000 and 100,000 nication from the Speaker: have a new sense of being on guard in people cross per day, the wait at the border because of the new security WASHINGTON, DC, this dangerous time of the 21st cen- October 16, 2001. tury. checks has gone from a half-hour to 4 I hereby appoint the Honorable MARK STE- But as we increase our security ef- hours, to 5 hours, to 7 hours, 8 hours or VEN KIRK to act as Speaker pro tempore on forts, we have not taken the steps to more.