Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Armed Conflicts 1946–2001*
Europe
Azerbaijan Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia1 1992–94 War
Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor OPON forces 1995 Minor
Bosnia and Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War Herzegovina 1994–95 Intermediate3
Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War 1994 Intermediate
Terr (Bihac) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor
Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia 5 1992–93 Minor 1995 Minor6
(Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kiprion Agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor
Cyprus Terr (Northern Cyprus) Turkish Cypriots, Turkey7 1974 War
France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War
Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance 1991–92 Minor Zviadists 1993 Minor
Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor
*The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrastate conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or multinational organization listed among the opposition organizations. All other cases are internal conflicts. Minor armed conflict: at least 25 battle-related deaths in that year and fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths during the course of conflict. Intermediate armed conflict: at least 25, but fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths in that year and an accumulated total of at least 1,000 deaths. War: at least 1,000 battle-related deaths in that year. Names of the opposition organizations are given in the local language, if available, and in English.
This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest vesion of this document can always be found at the dataset webpage at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/ 1 Armenia active in 1992–93. 2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93. 3 Possibly war in 1994–95. 4 Croatia active in 1993. 5 Yugoslavia active in 1993. 6 Possibly intermediate in 1995. 7 It is unclear whether this conflict should be reclassified as an interstate conflict (Cyprus vs. Turkey), rather than as an intrastate conflict. 1 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor 1993 War
Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados) 1946–49 War
Hungary – Soviet Union Govt 1956 War
Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor
Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor
Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor
Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor
Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor 1995–96 War 1999–2001 War
Terr (Dagestan) Republic of Dagestan 1999 Minor
Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Intermediate
Terr (Latvia) LTSPA (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian National Youth of LTSPA), LNPA (Latvian National Guerilla Association) 1946–47 Intermediate
Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War 1948 Intermediate
Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War 1949–50 Intermediate
Terr (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijani Popular Front 1990 Minor
Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Government of Armenia and ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor
Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor 1987 Minor 1991–92 Minor
UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor 1978–93 Intermediate Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Intermediate UK – Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor
2 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War
Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor
Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 1999 War
Middle East
Egypt Govt al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association), al-Jihad al-Islamiy (Islamic Jihad, Holy War), Tala ‘i al-Fath (Vanguards of Conquest, New Jihad) 1992–98 Minor Egypt – UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor
Iran Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor
Terr (Kurdistan ) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Intermediate8 1979–80 War 1981 Intermediate 1982 War 1983–88 Intermediate 1990 Intermediate 1993 Intermediate
Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor
Govt Mujahideen e khalq 1979–80 Minor 1981–82 War 1986–88 Intermediate 1991–93 Intermediate 2000–01 Intermediate
Iraq Govt Military faction 1958 Minor Nationalists 1959 Minor9 Military faction 1963 Minor SAIRI (Supreme Assembly for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq)10 1982–84 Minor 1987 Minor 1991 War 1992–96 Intermediate11
8 Possibly war in 1966–68. 9 Possibly war in 1959. 10 Umbrella organization formed in 1982 by al-Dawa, Movement of the Iraqi Mujahideen, Islamic Movement in Iraq, Jund al-Iman, Islamic Action Organization and Islamic Scholars’ Organization. 11 Possibly war in 1992. 3 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Terr (Kurdistan)12 KDP (Al-hizb al-Dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)13 1961–63 War 1964 Intermediate 1965–66 War 1967–68 Intermediate 1969 War 1970 Intermediate 1973 Intermediate 1974–75 War 1976–87 Intermediate 1988 War 1989–90 Intermediate 1991 War 1992–93 Intermediate
Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)14 1974 Minor 1980–88 War
Iraq – Kuwait15 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor 1991 War
(Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun Zwai Leumi: National Military Organization) 1946 Minor
Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor 1955–64 Intermediate 16 PLO (Munazamat tahir falastin: Palestine Liberation Organization) groups, Non-PLO groups17 1965–2001 Intermediate Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War 1949 Intermediate Israel, UK, France – Egypt Terr (Suez) 1956 War
Israel – Egypt Terr (Suez/Sinai) 1967 War
12 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87. 13 PUK active from 1975. 14 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 15 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA. 16 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate. 17 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command) and Hizbollah. 4 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1969–70 Intermediate18 1973 War Israel – Jordan Terr (West Bank) 1967 War
Israel – Syria Terr (Golan Heights) 1967 War 1973 War
Lebanon Govt Independent Nasserite movement /Mourabitoun militia 1958 War Various organizations19, Syria, Israel 1975 Minor 1976 War 1977–79 Intermediate20 1980–82 War 1983–88 Intermediate 1989–90 War Muscat and Oman/Oman21Terr (Oman) State of Oman/Free Oman 1957 Minor
Govt PFLOAG (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf)22, South Yemen 1972–75 Minor
N. Yemen 23 Govt Opposition coalition 1948 War Royalists 1962–64 War 1965 Intermediate 1966–67 War 1968–70 Intermediate National Democratic Front 1980–82 Minor24 N. Yemen – S. Yemen Govt/Terr (Common border) 1972 Minor 1978–79 Minor
Saudi Arabia Govt Juhayman movement 1979 Minor
(S. Yemen) Terr (Aden/South Yemen) United Kingdom vs. NLF (National Liberation Front), FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of South Yemen) 1964–67 Minor
18 Possibly war in 1970. 19 Some of the main groups being Progressive Socialist Party/Lebanese National Movement, Phalangist militia (Lebanese Forces), Lebanese Front, PLO, Mourabitoun , Lebanese Army, Amal, Hizbollah, SLA (South Lebanese Army), LCP (Lebanese Communist Party), PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command), SSNP (Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party), Lebanese National Resistance Front, Popular Nasserite Organization, Lebanese Baath Party, Syria, Israel and Iran (Revolutionary Guard); all active during all or part of the conflict. Due to the chaotic situation from 1976 and the problems of identifying a governmental party, no governmental party representing Lebanon can be identified. 20 Possibly war in the years 1977–79 and 1983–84. 21 Supported by troops from United Kingdom in 1957. Supported by troops from Iran, Jordan and the United Kingdom in 1972–75. 22 Renamed PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman) in 1974. 23 Yemen Arab Republic. Supported by troops from Egypt in 1962–70. 24 Possibly intermediate or war in 1980–82. 5 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level S. Yemen25 Govt Faction of Yemenite Socialist Party 1986 War
Syria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor Muslim Brotherhood 1979–81 Minor 1982 War
Turkey Terr (Kurdistan) PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan: Kurdish Worker’s Party) 1984–86 Minor 1987–91 Intermediate 1992–97 War 1998–2001 Intermediate
Govt Devrimci sol (Revolutionary Left) 1991–92 Minor
Yemen Terr (South Yemen) Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 War
Asia
Afghanistan26 Govt Various organizations27, Multinational Coalition28 1978–2001 War
Bangladesh Terr (Chittagong Hill Tracts) JSS/SB (Parbattya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti: Chittagong Hill Tracts People’s Coordination Association)/ Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) 1974–86 Minor 1987–92 Intermediate
(Brunei) Terr (North Borneo) United Kingdom, British Sultanate of Brunei vs. North Kalimantan Liberation Army 1962 Minor
Burma/ Myanmar29 Govt CPB (Communist Party of Burma), leftist organizations30 1948–53 War 1954-67 Intermediate 1968–78 War 1979–88 Intermediate ABSDF (All-Burma Students Democratic Front) 1991–92 Minor
Terr (Arakan) Arakan insurgents31 1948–88 Minor
25 People’s Republic of South Yemen until 1970 when the name was changed to People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. 26 Supported by the Soviet Union in 1979–88. 27 PDPA (People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan), Mujahideen (Afghanistan-based), Mujahideen (Pakistan-based), Mujahideen (Iran-based), Military faction, Taleban, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami, Jami’at-i-Islami; the latter three developing into UIFSA (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan). 28 The Multinational Coalition, active in 2001, comprising troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, United Kingdom and USA. 29 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Burma since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Burma 1948–88 are estimations. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact. Note that Burma was heavily involved in fighting the Kuomintang in 1950–54. This is recorded as part of the China-Taiwan conflict. 30 Various factions of the Burmese Communist Party have developed over the years, such as the Red Flag and White Flag movements, Parliamentary Democracy Party, People’s Liberation Front, National Democratic United Front, Nationalities Liberation Alliance. There are also several organizations operating along ethnic divisions, such as the Palung National Front and Palung State Liberation Organization. 6 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Arakan insurgents 1991–92 Minor Arakan insurgents32 1994 Minor
Terr (Mon) Mon Insurgents33 1948–63 Minor NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1990 Minor
Terr (Shan) SSA (Shan State Army), SSIA (Shan State Independence Army) 1960–63 Minor 1964–70 War SSNPLO (Shan State Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization), SSRA Shan State Revolutionary Army, MTA (Mong Tai Army), PSLO (Palung State Liberation Organization) 1976–88 Intermediate MTA (Mong Tai Army) 1994 War 1995 Intermediate SSA (Shan State Army), SURA (Shan United Revolutionary Army), SSNA (Shan State National Army) 1997–99 Intermediate 2001 Intermediate
Terr (Kachin) PNDF (Pawngywng National Defense Force) 1949 Minor KIO (Kachin Independence Organization) 1961–75 War 1976–92 Intermediate
Terr (Kaya) KNPP (Karenni National Progressive Party) 1957 Minor 1992 Minor 1996 Minor
Terr (Karen) KNU (Karen National Union), KNDO (Karen National Defence Organization) 1948–49 War 1950–91 Intermediate34 1992 War 1993–95 Intermediate 1997–2001 Intermediate
(Cambodia) Terr (Cambodia) France vs. Khmer Issarak 1946–53 Minor35
Cambodia36 Govt Khmer Rouge 1967 War 1968–69 Intermediate FUNK (Front uni national du Kampuchéa: National United Front of Kampuchea)37, North Vietnam 1970–75 War KNUFNS (Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation), Vietnam 1978 War
31 APLP (Arakan People’s Liberation Party), ANLP (Arakan National Liberation Party), CPA (Communist Party of Arakan, AIO (Arakan Independence Organization), ALP/ALA (Arakan Liberation Army), MLO (Moslem Liberation Organization of Burma), NUFA (National United Liberation Front of Arakan). By 1994 there were at least six groups active with Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), being the largest. 32 This conflict is coded as being a minor conflict for more than 40 years in total. This is contrary to our coding criteria. To date we have not succeeded in establishing when the accumulated death toll exceeded 1000 battle-deaths. 33 Various organizations including MNDO (Mon National Defence Organisation), MPF (Mon People’s Front) and NMSP (New Mon State Party). 34 Possibly war in 1991. 35 Possibly intermediate or war 1946–53. 36 Supported by troops from South Vietnam and the USA 1970–73. Supported by troops from Vietnam in 1979–89. 37 Coalition of KCP (Khmer Communist Party)/Khmer Rouge and Sihanoukists. 7 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Khmer Rouge, FUNCINPEC (Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendent, neutre, pacifique et coopératif: United National Front for an Independent, Neutral Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia)38, KPNLF (Khmer People’s National Liberation Front) 1979–88 Intermediate39 1989 War 1990–98 Intermediate Cambodia – Thailand Terr (Common border) 1966 Minor 1977–78 Minor Cambodia – Vietnam Terr (Common border) 1975–77 Minor40
China Govt People’s Liberation Army 1946–49 War
Terr (Taiwan) Taiwanese insurgents41 1947 War
Terr (Tibet) Tibet 1950 Minor 1956 War 1959 War China – Taiwan42 Govt/Terr (Taiwan strait) 1949 War 1950 Intermediate 1952–54 War 1958 War
China – India Terr (Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh) 1962 War 1967 Intermediate China – Burma Terr (Common border) 1969 Minor
China – Soviet Union Terr (Ussuri river) 1969 Minor
China – Vietnam Terr (Various)43 1978 Minor 1979 War 1980–81 Intermediate 1983–84 Intermediate 1986–88 Intermediate
38 Formed 1981. 39 Possibly war 1979–88. 40 Possibly intermediate or war 1975–77. 41 Note that this separatist insurgency involves Taiwanese aborigines and is unrelated to later China-Taiwan conflicts. 42 Taiwanese troops, or rather the Kuomintang, was also fighting Burmese troops in Burma in 1950–54 as part of their struggle against China. Taiwan was supported by troops from the USA in fighting Chinese troops from 1954 and on. 43 Including their common land border, the Gulf of Tonkin, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. 8 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Hyderabad Govt CPI (Communist Party of India ) 1947–48 War
Hyderabad – India Terr (Hyderabad) 1948 War
India44 Govt CPI (Communist Party of India ) 1948–51 War Naxalites/ CPI-M (Communist Party of India – Marxist)45 1967–72 Minor Naxalites/ PWG (People’s War Group), MCC (Maoist Communist Centre) 1989–94 Minor 1996–2001 Minor
Terr (Punjab/Khalistan) Sikh insurgents46 1983–86 Minor 1987 Intermediate 1989-92 War 1993 Intermediate
Terr (Nagaland) NNC (Naga Underground Rebels) 1956–59 Minor 1961–68 Minor NSCN (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland) 1989–97 Minor
Terr (Manipur) PLA (People’s Liberation Army) 1982–89 Minor 1991–94 Minor UNLF (United National Liberation Front), KNF (Kuki National Front), PLA (People’s Liberation Army) 1997–2000 Minor
Terr (Tripura) TNV (Tripura National Liberation Front) 1978–88 Minor ATTF (All Tripura Tribal Force) 1993 Minor ATTF (All Tripura Tribal Force), NLFT (National Liberation Front of Tripura) 1995–2001 Minor
Terr (Mizoram) MNF (Mizo National Front) 1966–68 Minor
Terr (Kashmir) Kashmir insurgents47 1989 Minor 1990–93 War 1994–98 Intermediate 1999–2001 War
Terr (Assam) ABSU (All Bodo Students Union), BPAC (Bodo People’s Action Committee) 1989–90 Minor ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) 1991 War BDSF (Bodo Security Force), ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam), ULFA faction, BLTF (Bodo Liberation Tigers Force), NDFB (National Democratic Front for Bodoland) 1992–2001 Intermediate
44 Due to the complex situation that has existed in India since independence, it is hard to find reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on India 1948–88 are estimates. From 1989 onwards the data are more exact. 45 The CPI-M (Communist Party of India – Marxist) split in 1969 into CPI-ML (Communist Party of India – Marxist-Leninist) and MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). The CPI-ML has since then split into numerous factions, one of the most important being People’s War Group (PWG). 46 A large number of groups have been active, reportedly more than 24 organizations and splinter groups in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been the KLF (Khalistan Liberation Force) and the KCF (Khalistan Commando Force). 47 A large number of groups have been active. 60 groups were reported active in 1990, 140 in 1991 and 180 in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the Hizb-e-Mujahideen and, in recent years, also the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jesh-e-Mohammadi. 9 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Terr (Jharkhand) Jharkand mukti morcha 1993 Minor India – Pakistan Terr (Kashmir) 1947–48 War 1964 Intermediate 1965 War 1971 War 1984 Intermediate 1987 Intermediate 1989–90 Intermediate 1992 Intermediate 1996–98 Intermediate 1999 War 2000–01 Intermediate
(Indonesia) Terr (Indonesia) Netherlands vs. Indonesian People’s Army 1946–49 Minor
Indonesia Terr (South Moluccas) Republic of South Moluccas 1950 War
Terr (West Papua) OPM (Organisasi Papua merdeka: Organization for a Free Papua) 1965 Minor 1976–78 War
Terr (East Timor) Fretilin (Frente revolucionária de Timor leste independente: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) 1975–78 War 1979–89 Intermediate 1992 Intermediate 1997–98 Intermediate
Terr (Aceh) GAM (Gerakan Aceh merdeka: Free Aceh Movement) 1989 Minor 1990 War 1991 Intermediate 1999–2001 Intermediate
Govt Darul Islam Movement 1953 War Darul Islam Movement, PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic), Permesta movement 1958–61 Intermediate
Indonesia – Netherlands Terr (West New Guinea) 1962 Minor
(Laos) Terr (Laos) France vs. Lao Issara 1946–49 Minor 1950–53 Intermediate48
Laos49 Govt Pathet Lao50, Neutrals 1959–61 War Pathet Lao, North Vietnam 1963–73 War ULNLF (United Lao National Liberation Front) 1989–90 Intermediate
48 Possibly war in 1950–53. 49Supported by troops from Thailand in 1960–61 and 1969. Supported by troops from the USA, South Vietnam in 1963–73 50 Possibly supported by troops from North Vietnam. 10 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Laos – Thailand Terr (Common border) 1986–88 Minor
(Malaya) Terr (Malaya) United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand vs. Communist Party of Malaya 1948–57 War
Malaysia51 Govt CPM (Communist Party of Malaya) 1958–60 Minor 1974–75 Minor52 1981 Minor53
Terr (North Borneo) CCO (Clandestine Communist Organization) 1963–66 Minor
Malaysia54 – Indonesia Terr (North Borneo) 1963–66 Minor
Nepal Govt Nepali Congress 1960–62 Minor CPN-M (Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist)/UPF (United People’s Front) 1997–2000 Minor 2001 Intermediate55 N. Korea56 – S. Korea57 Terr (Korea) 1949 Minor58 1950–53 War
Pakistan Terr (East Pakistan) Mukti Bahini: Liberation Force 1971 War
Terr (Baluchistan) Baluchi separatists 1974 War 1975–77 Intermediate59
Govt MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement) 1995–96 Minor
Papua New Guinea Terr (Bougainville) BRA (Bougainville Revolutionary Army) 1989–90 Minor 1992–96 Minor
Philippines Govt HUK (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan: People's Liberation Army) 1946–54 War NPA (New People’s Army), RAM-SFP (Reform Movement of the Armed Forces – Soldiers of the Filipino People)60, Military faction 1972–80 Minor
51 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 1958–60. 52 Possibly intermediate in 1974–75. 53 Possibly intermediate in 1981. 54 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom. 55 Possibly war in 2001. 56 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Supported by troops from the Soviet Union and China. 57 Republic of Korea. Supported by UN Alliance comprising troops from: United States, Australia, Canada, France, Greece, New Zealand, Great Britain, the Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and Turkey from 1950, and the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia and Ethiopia from 1951. 58 Possibly war in 1949. 59 Possibly war in 1975–77. 60 In 1991 renamed RAM (Revolutionary Alliances of the Masses). 11 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1981 Intermediate 1982–86 War 1987–88 Intermediate 1989–92 War 1993–94 Intermediate 1999–2001 Intermediate
Terr (Mindanao) MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) 1970–71 Minor 1972–77 Intermediate 1978 War 1979–80 Intermediate 1981 War 1982–88 Intermediate MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front), Abu Sayyaf, MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) faction 1994–99 Intermediate 2000 War 2001 Intermediate
S. Korea61 Govt Leftist insurgents (e.g. Inmin-gun: People’s Army, Military faction) 1948–50 War
S. Vietnam62 Terr (South Vietnam) Communist forces (developing into FNL, Front national de libération: National Liberation Front) 1955–64 War
S. Vietnam – N. Vietnam Terr (South Vietnam)63 1965–75 War
Sri Lanka Terr (Eelam) LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), TELO (Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization), PLOTE (People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam) 1983–84 Minor 1985–88 Intermediate64 1989–93 War 1994 Intermediate 1995–2001 War
Govt JVP (Janata yimukhti peramuna: Sinhalese People’s Liberation Front) 1971 War 1989 War 1990 Intermediate
Tajikistan65 Govt UTO (United Tajik Opposition) 1992–93 War 1994–96 Intermediate Movement for Peace in Tajikistan 1998 Minor
Thailand Govt Military faction (Navy) 1951 Minor CPT (Communist Party of Thailand) 1974–82 Intermediate66
61 Supported by troops from the USA. 62 Supported by troops from the USA from 1962. 63 South Vietnam supported by troops from the USA, Australia, New Zeeland, Thailand, South Korea and the Philippines. North Vietnam was supported by North Korea. 64 Possibly war in 1985–88. 65 Supported by troops from Russia/CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in 1993–96 and troops from Uzbekistan in 1993–94. 12 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Thailand – France Terr (Northern Cambodia) 1946 Minor
Uzbekistan67 Govt IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) 2000 Minor
(Vietnam) Terr (Vietnam) France vs. Viet Nam doc lap dong minh hoi (Vietnam Independence League) or Viet Minh 1946–54 War
Africa
(Algeria) Terr (Algeria) France vs. FLN (Front de libération nationale: National Liberation Front), MNA (Mouvement nationale algérien: Algerian National Movement) 1954 Minor 1955–61 War 1962 Intermediate Algeria Govt FIS (Al-Jibhat al-Islamiyya li-l-Inqadh; Front islamique du salut: Islamic Salvation Front), Expiation and Sin, Exile and Redemption, The Faithful of the Sermon, The Brigades of God, GIA (Groupe islamique armé: Armed Islamic group), Al-Da’wa wa-l-Jihad (Appeal and Struggle) 1992 Minor 1993–2001 War Algeria – Morocco Terr (Common border) 1963 Minor
(Angola) Terr (Angola) Portugal vs. MPLA (Movimento popular de libertação de Angola: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)68, Cuba, South Africa, Zaire 1960–65 Minor 1966–74 Intermediate69
Angola70 Govt71 UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), South Africa, FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), MPLA faction72, Zaire 1975–94 War 1995 Intermediate73 1998–2001 War
Terr (Cabinda) FLEC (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda) 1992 Minor 1994 Minor 1996–97 Minor
66 Possibly war in 1977–79. 67 Supported by troops from Kyrgyzstan in 2000. 68 Active from 1966. 69 Possibly intermediate earlier than 1966, and some of the years 1966–74 should possibly be classified as war. 70 Supported by troops from Cuba until 1989. Supported by troops from Namibia in 2000–01. 71 From 1990, only activity involving the government of Angola and UNITA. 72 MPLA faction only active in 1977. 73 Possibly war in 1995. 13 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Burkina Faso74Govt Popular Front 1987 Minor
Burkina Faso – Mali Terr (Agacher strip) 1985 Minor
Burundi Govt Military faction 1965 Minor Ubumwé, Palipehutu (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People), CNDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy), Frolina (Front pour la libération nationale: National Liberation Front), CNDD-FDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy –Forces for the Defense of Democracy) 1990–92 Minor 1995–96 Minor75 1997 Intermediate76 1998 War 1999 Intermediate77 2000–01 War
(Cameroon) Terr (Cameroon) France vs. UPC (Union des Populations Camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1957–60 Minor
Cameroon Govt Military faction 1984 Minor
Cameroon – Nigeria Terr (Bakassi) 1996 Minor
Central African Republic78 Govt Military faction 2001 Minor
Chad Govt Various groups79 1965–88 War 1989 Intermediate 1990 War MDD (-FANT) (Mouvement pour la démocratie et le dévelopment: Movement for Democracy and Development – Forces armées nationales du Tchad: Chad National Armed Forces), CSNPD (Conseil de salut national pour la paix et la démocratie: Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy), CNR (Comité national de redressement: National Council for Recovery), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chad National Front), FARF (Forces armées pour la République fédérale: Armed Forces of the Federal Republic), MDJT (Movement pour la démocratie et la justice au
74 Changed name from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso in 1984. 75 Possibly intermediate in 1995–96. 76 Possibly war in 1997. 77 Possibly war in 1999. 78 Supported by troops from Libya. 79 Some of the main groups being FROLINAT (Front de libération national du Chad: National Liberation Front of Chad), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chadian National Front), FAT (Forces armées tchadiennes: Chadian Armed Forces), FAN (Forces armeés du Nord: Armed Forces of the North), FAP (Forces armées populaires: People's Armed Forces), CDR (Conseil démocratique révolutionnaire: Democratic Revolutionary Council), FANT (Forces armies nationales tchadiennes: Chadian National Armed Forces), GUNT (Gouvernement d'union nationale de transition: Transitional Government of National Unity), Libya, Islamic Legion, Military faction developing into Revolutionary Forces of 1 April, and MOSANAT (Mouvement pour la salvation nationale tchadienne: Movement for the National Salvation of Chad). Few groups are active during all years. 14 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Tchad: Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad) 1991–94 Minor 1997–2001 Minor80
Chad – Libya Terr (Aozou strip) 1987 War
Chad – Nigeria Terr (Lake Chad) 1983 Minor
Comoros Govt Presidential guard 1989 Minor
Terr (Anjouan) MPA (Anjouan People’s Movement) 1997 Minor
Congo Brazzaville81 Govt FDU (Forces démocratiques unies: United Democratic Forces), Angola 1997 War Opposition militias82 1998–99 War
Congo/Zaire83 Terr (Katanga) Katanga 1960–62 Minor
Terr (South Kasai) Independent Mining State of South Kasai 1960–62 Minor
Govt CNL (Conseil national de libération: National Liberation Council) 1964–65 War Opposition militias84 1967 Minor FLNC (Front de libération nationale congolais: Congolese National Liberation Front) 1977 Minor 1978 Intermediate85 AFDL (Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Kinshasa: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Kinshasa), Rwanda, Angola 1996 Minor 1997 War RCD (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie: Congolese Democratic Rally), RCD-ML (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie-Mouvement de libération: Congolese Democratic Rally-Liberation Movement), MLC (Mouvement de libération congolais: Congolese Liberation Movement), Rwanda, Uganda 1998–2000 War 2001 Intermediate86
Djibouti Govt FRUD (Front de restauration de l’unité et de la démocratie: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) 1991–94 Minor
Equatorial Guinea Govt Military faction 1979 Minor
80 Possibly intermediate in 2001. 81 Supported by troops from Angola in 1998–99. 82 The Ninja militia representing Bernard Kolélas of MCDDI (Mouvement congolais pour la démocratie et le développement intégral: Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development) and the Cocoye militia representing Pascal Lissouba of UPADS (Union panafricaine pour la démocratie sociale: Pan-African Union for Social Democracy). 83 Renamed Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1997. Government of DRC supported by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia and Chad in 1998–99, and by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia in 2000–01. 84 Including Katangese gendarmes and mercenaries. 85 Possibly war in both 1977 and 1978. 86 Possibly war in 2001. 15 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Eritrea – Ethiopia Terr (Badme) 1998–2000 War
Ethiopia Govt Military faction 1960 Minor EPRP (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party), TPLF (Tigrean People’s Liberation Front), EPDM (Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement)87, OLF (Oromo Liberation Front), Military faction 1976–91 War
Terr (Eritrea) ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front), ELF factions, EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) 1962–67 Minor 1968–73 Intermediate 1974–91 War
Terr (Ogaden)88 WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front)89 1975–76 Minor 1977–78 War 1979–83 Intermediate ONLF (Ogaden National Liberation Front) 1996 Minor 1998–2001 Minor90
Terr (Afar) ALF (Afar Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor ARDUF (Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front) 1996 Minor
Terr (Somali) al-Itahad al–Islami (Islamic Union) 1996–97 Minor 1999 Minor
Terr (Oromiya) OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) 1999–2001 Minor91
Ethiopia – Somalia Terr (Ogaden) 1960 Minor 1964 Minor 1973 Minor 1983 Minor 1987 Minor
Gabon92 Govt Military faction 1964 Minor
Gambia Govt SRLP (Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party) 1981 Minor
Ghana Govt Military faction (National Liberation Council) 1966 Minor Military faction (Provisional National Defence Council) 1981 Minor Military faction 1983 Minor
87 Forming EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front). 88 Ethiopia supported by troops from Cuba in 1975–83. 89 Backed by Somali “volunteers” that were likely to have been regular troops from the Somali National Army. 90 Possibly intermediate in 2001. 91 Possibly intermediate in 2001. 92 Supported by troops from France. 16 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Guinea Govt Military faction 1970 Minor RFDG (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques de Guinée: Rally of Democratic Forces of Guinea) 2000–01 Minor93
(Guinea Bissau) Terr (Guinea-Bissau) Portugal vs. PAIGC (Partido africano da independência da Guiné e do Cabo Verde: African Party for the Independence 1963–64 Minor of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde) 1965–73 Intermediate Guinea Bissau94 Govt Military faction 1998 War 1999 Intermediate
(Kenya) Terr (Kenya) United Kingdom vs. Mau Mau 1952 Minor 1953–56 War
Kenya Govt Military faction 1982 Minor
Lesotho Govt Military faction 1998 Minor
Liberia Govt Military faction (People’s Redemption Council) 1980 Minor NPFL (National Patriotic Forces of Liberia), INPFL (Independent NPFL), Burkina Faso95 1989 Minor 1990 War 1991 Intermediate 1992 War 1993–95 Intermediate96 Ulimo-J (United Liberation Movement [for Democracy in Liberia] – Johnson faction) 1996 Minor LURD (Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy) 2000–01 Minor97
(Madagascar) Terr (Malagasy) France vs. MDRM (Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache: Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renewal) 1947 War
Madagascar Govt Monima National Independence Movement 1971 Minor
Mali Terr (Air and Azawad) MPA (Mouvement populaire de l’Azaouad: Azawad People´s Movement) 1990 Minor FIAA (Front islamique arabe de l’Azaouad: Islamic Arab Front of Azawad) 1994 Minor Mauritania – Senegal Terr (Common border) 1989–90 Minor
(Morocco) Terr (Morocco) France vs. Istiqlal (Moroccan Nationalist Party) 1953–56 Minor
(Morocco/Mauritania) Terr (Morocco/Mauritania) France98 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957–58 Minor
93 Possibly intermediate in 2001. 94 Supported by troops from Senegal and Guinea. 95 Burkina Faso active in 1990–91. 96 Possibly war in 1993. 97 Possible intermediate in 2001. 98 Supported by Spain. 17 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level (Morocco/Spanish territories) Terr (Morocco/ Spanish territories) Spain99 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957 Minor
Morocco Govt Military faction 1971 Minor
Morocco, Terr Mauritania100 (Western Sahara) POLISARIO (Frente popular de liberación de Saguia el Hamra y Rio de Oro: Popular front for the Liberation of Saguia al Hamra and Rio de Oro) 1975–80 War 1981–89 Intermediate101
(Mozambique) Terr (Mozambique) Portugal vs. Frelimo (Frente de libertação de Moçambique: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) 1964–65 Minor 1966–71 Intermediate 1972–73 War 1974 Intermediate
Mozambique Govt Renamo (Resistência nacional moçambicana: Mozambican National Resistance, MNR) 1976–80 Minor 1981–92 War
Niger Terr (Air and Azawad) FLAA (Front de libération de l’Aïr et l’Azaouad:Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front) 1990–92 Minor CRA (Coordination of the Armed Resistance) 1994 Minor UFRA (Union des forces de la résistance armée: Union of Forces of the Armed Resistance) 1997 Minor
Terr (Toubou) FDR (Front démocratique pour le renouveau: Democratic Front for Renewal) 1996 Minor FARS (Forces révolutionnaires du Sahara: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara) 1997 Minor
Nigeria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor
Terr (Biafra) Republic of Biafra 1967–70 War
Rhodesia Govt ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union) 1972–75 Minor 1976–79 War
Rwanda Govt FPR (Front patriotique rwandais: Rwandan Patriotic Front) 1990 Minor 1991–92 War 1993–94 Intermediate Opposition alliance102 1998 War 1999–2000 Intermediate 2001 War
Senegal Terr (Casamance) MFDC (Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance: Movement of the Democratic Forces of the Casamance) 1990 Minor 1992–93 Minor
99 Supported by France. 100 Mauritania involved 1975–79. 101 Possibly war in some of the years, e.g. 1987. 102 Consisting of former government troops of Forces armées rwandaises (Rwandan Armed Forces) and the Interahamwé militia. 18 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1995 Minor 1997–2001 Intermediate Sierra Leone103 Govt RUF (Revolutionary United Front), AFRC (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council), ECOMOG (ECOWAS [Economic Organization of West African States], Monitoring Group), Kamajors104 1991–93 Minor 1994–97 Intermediate 1998-99 War 2000 Intermediate
Somalia105 Govt Military faction 1978 Minor SSDF (Somali Salvation Democratic Front), SNM (Somali National Movement), SPM (Somali Patriotic Movement), USC (United Somali Congress) [led by Madhi], USC (United Somali Congress) faction [led by Aideed] 1981–86 Minor 1987–88 Intermediate 1989–92 War 1993–96 Intermediate
South Africa Terr (Namibia) SWAPO (South West Africa People’s Organization) 1966–78 Minor 1979 Intermediate 1980–83 War 1984–85 Intermediate 1986–88 War
Govt ANC (African National Congress), PAC (Pan Africanist Congress), Azapo (Azanian People’s Organization) 1981–88 Minor 1989–93 War
Sudan Govt Sudanese Communist Party 1970 Minor Islamic Charter Front 1976 Minor
Terr (Southern Sudan)106 Anya Nya107 1963–72 War SPLM (Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement), Faction of SPLM, NDA (National Democratic Alliance)108 1983–92 War 1993–94 Intermediate109 1995–2001 War
Togo Govt MTD (Mouvement togolaise pour la démocratie: Togolese Movement for Democracy) 1986 Minor Military faction 1991 Minor
(Tunisia) Terr (Tunisia) France vs. National Liberation Army 1953–56 Minor
Tunisia Govt Résistance armée tunisienne (Tunisian Armed Resistance) 1980 Minor
103 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 2000. 104 ECOMOG active in 1997–98. AFRC and Kamajors active in 1997–99. 105 Somalia is not included as an armed conflict in 1997–2001 since no government can be identified. If the government criteria are disregarded, Somalia would be included for the years 1997–2001 as an intermediate armed conflict, since it meets the other criteria of armed conflict. 106 By 1997 the incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 107 Formed Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement in 1970 together with other southern Sudanese opposition organizations. 108 NDA includes SPLM as its largest member organization. 109 Possibly war in 1993–94. 19 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Tunisia – France Terr (Bizerte) 1961 War
Uganda110 Govt Military faction 1971 Minor UPA (Uganda People’s Army) 1972 Minor Military faction 1977 Minor Military faction, UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), Tanzania 1978 Minor 1979 War NRA (National Resistance Army)111, UFM (Uganda Freedom Movement), UPM (Ugandan Patriotic Movement), UNRF (Uganda National Rescue Front), UFDM (Ugandan Federal Democratic Movement), UPF (Uganda People’s Front), UPDA (Ugandan People’s Democratic Army), UPC (Uganda People’s Congress), UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), FOBA (Force Obote Back Again), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement) 1981–88 War Faction of UPDA (Uganda People’s Democratic Army), UPA (Uganda People’s Army), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement), UDCM (United Democratic Christian Movement), UPDCA (Uganda People’s Christian Democratic Army) 1989 War 1990 Intermediate 1991 War LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army), WNBF (West Nile Bank Front), ADF (Alliance of Democratic Forces) 1994–95 Minor 1996–2001 Intermediate
Americas
Argentina Govt Military faction 1955 Minor Military faction (Azules: Blue) 1963 Minor ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: Revolutionary Worker’s Party), Montoneros 1973–74 Minor 1975 War 1976–77 Intermediate112 Argentina – UK Terr (Malvinas/Falkland Islands) 1982 War
Bolivia Govt Popular Revolutionary Movement 1946 War MNR (Movimiento nacionalista revolucionario: National Revolutionary Movement) 1951 Minor ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1967 Minor
Chile Govt Military faction 1973 Minor
110 Supported by troops from Libya in 1978–79. 111 NRA took power in 1986 after which many of the other organizations continued the struggle against NRA. 112 Possibly war in 1976–77.
20 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Colombia Govt FARC (Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias colombianas: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army), EPL (Ejército popular de liberación: People’s liberation Army), M-19 (Movimiento 19 de Abril: 19 April Movement), Faction of FARC, Faction of ELN, MAO (Movimiento de autodefensa obrera: Workers’ Self-Defence Movement), Quintin lame113 1965–79 Minor114 1980–88 Intermediate115 1989–90 War 1991 Intermediate 1992–93 War 1994–97 Intermediate 1998–2001 War
Costa Rica Govt National Liberation Army 1948 War
Cuba Govt Military faction 1953 Minor Movimiento 26 de Julio: 26 July Movement 1957 Minor 1958 War National Revolutionary Council, USA 1961 Minor Dominican Republic Govt Military faction 1965 Minor116
Ecuador – Peru Terr (Cordillera del Condor) 1995 Minor
El Salvador Govt Military faction 1972 Minor ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces), PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers)117 1979–80 Minor 1981–90 War 1991 Intermediate El Salvador – Honduras Terr (Common border) 1969 War
Grenada – USA Govt 1983 Minor
Guatemala Govt Military faction 1949 Minor Forces of Carlos Castillo Armas 1954 Minor MR-13 (Movimiento revolucionario trece de noviembre: 13 November Revolutionary Movement), FAR (Fuerzas
113 Only FARC and ELN active in 1992–99. 114 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate. 115 Possibly war in several of the years. 116 Possibly war in 1965. 117 In 1980, FMLN (Frente farabundo Marti para la liberación nacional: Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation) was formed by ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces) and PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers). 21 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party), ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People) 118 1965–67 Minor 1968 Intermediate 1969–87 War 1988–91 Intermediate 1992 War 1993–95 Intermediate
Haiti Govt Tonton Macoute, Military faction 1991 Minor
Honduras – Nicaragua Terr (Common border) 1957 Minor
Mexico Govt EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de liberación nacional: Zapatista National Liberation Army) 1994 Minor
Nicaragua Govt FSLN (Frente Sandinista de liberación nacional: Sandinista National Liberation Front) 1978–79 War Contras119 1981–82 Minor 1983–88 War 1989 Intermediate
Panama Govt Military faction 1989 Minor
Panama – USA Govt 1989 Minor
Paraguay Govt Opposition coalition (Febreristas, Liberals and Communists) 1947 War Military faction 1954 Minor Military faction 1989 Minor
Peru Govt MIR (Movimiento de la izquierda revolucionaria: Movement of the Revolutionary Left), Túpac Amaru [Guillermo Lobatón], ELN (Ejército de la liberación nacional: the National Liberation Army) 1965–66 Minor SL (Sendero luminoso: Shining Path), Sendero rojo (Red Path), MRTA (Movimiento revolucionario Tupac Amaru Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) 1980 Minor 1981–85 War 1986–87 Intermediate 1988–92 War 1993–99 Intermediate
Surinam Govt SLA (Surinamese Liberation Army)/Jungle Commando 1986–88 Minor
Trinidad and Tobago Govt Jama’at al-Muslimeen (Society of Muslims) 1990 Minor
118 In 1980, URNG (Unidad revolucionaria nacional guatemalteca: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity) was formed by FAR (Fuerzas armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party) and ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People). 119 Various groups, mainly FDN (Fuerzas democráticas nicaraguenses: Nicaraguan Democratic Forces). 22 Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Uruguay Govt MLN (Movimiento de liberación nacional: Movement of National Liberation) or Tupamaros 1972 Minor
USA120 Govt al-Qa’ida (The Base) 2001 War
Terr (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1950 Minor
Venezuela Govt Military faction 1962 Minor Military faction (Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement for National Salvation) 1992 Minor
120 Supported by the Multinational Coalition, comprising troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey and United Kingdom. 23