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Marxist Governments MARXIST GOVERNMENTS A World Survey Volume 3 Mozambique- Yugoslavia Also edited by Bogdan Szajkowski MARXIST GOVERNMENTS Volume l Albania-The Congo Volume 2 Cuba- Mongolia DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS -1977 DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS -1979 DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS -1980 MARXIST GOVERNMENTS A World Survey Volume 3 Mozambique- Yugoslavia Edited by BOGDAN SZAlKOWSKI Lecturer in Politics and Comparative Communism University College, Cardiff © Bogdan Szajkowski 1981 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 978-0-333-25705-0 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First edition 1981 Reprinted 1983 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Marxist governments Vol. 3: Mozambique- Yugoslavia 1. Communist state I. Szajkowski, Bogdan 321.9'2 JC474 ISBN 978-1-349-04334-7 ISBN 978-1-349-04332-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-04332-3 ISBN 978-0-333-28669-2 (3 volume set) FOR SOPHIE Contents List of Maps viii List of Figures viii List of Tables IX Preface XI List of Abbreviations xiv Notes on the Editor and Contributors xvii 19 People's Republic of Mozambique Thomas H. Henriksen 527 20 Polish People's Republic George Sanford 553 21 Socialist Republic of Romania Michael Shafir 589 22 Somali Democratic Republic loan Lewis 640 23 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ronald J. Hill 661 24 Socialist Republic of Vietnam David Elliott 713 25 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Tareq Y. lsmael 755 26 Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia Fred B. Singleton 784 Glossary 822 Index to Volume 3 XXI Cumulative Index for Volumes 1-3 li vii List of Maps Mozambique 528 Poland: provincial boundaries 554 Romania: provincial boundaries 590 Somalia: provincial boundaries 641 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 662 Vietnam: provincial boundaries 714 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen: boundaries of governorates 756 Yugoslavia: boundaries of republics and autonomous provinces 785 List of Figures 22.1 Central structure of the Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party 651 24.1 Governmental structure of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 728 25.1 Organisational structure of the National Front of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 774 26.1 The government of Yugoslavia, 1974 799 V111 List of Tables 19.1 Members of the Mozambican Permanent Political Committee and their governmental positions 534 19.2 Numbers of assemblies and deputies in Mozambique 536 19.3 Composition of the Mozambican People's National Assembly 536 20.1 Membership and social composition of the PUWP, 1948-75 565 20.2 PUWP Political Bureau elected by the Seventh Congress, December 1975 568 20.3 Membership of Poland's United Peasant and Democratic Parties 571 21.1 RCP (RWP) membership, 1944-78 597 21.2 Social composition of the RWP/RCP, 1955-78 601 21.3 Romanian foreign trade, 1960-76 604 21.4 Romanian election results, 1952-75 614 21.5 State or joint State-Party positions held by members of the Romanian Permanent Bureau, 1978 618 22.1 Composition of Somali governments by major lineage blocs, 1960-75 644 22.2 Political Bureau of the Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party 650 23.1 USSR: administrative divisions, 1 January 1977 697 24.1 Development of the Vietnamese Party: membership 1945-78 724 24.2 Results of the 1976 National Assembly elections in Vietnam 729 24.3 Posts held by members of the Political Bureau of the VCP, 1977 730 26.1 Membership of the LCY, 1941-78 809 26.2 Social composition of the LCY, 1976 810 26.3 Membership of the LCY by republic, 1976 810 26.4 Members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the LCY, 1978 811 ix X List of Tables 26.5 Membership of socio-political organisations in Yogoslavia, 1976 812 Preface The growth in the number, global significance and ideological and political impact of countries ruled by parties which subscribe to .the principles of Marxism-Leninism has presented students of politics with an increasing challenge. In meeting this challenge, Western commen­ tators have put forward a dazzling profusion of terms, models, programmes and varieties of interpretation. It is against the background of this profusion that the present comprehensive survey of the Marxist-Leninist regimes is offered. This collection, in three volumes, is envisaged as a textbook and to some extent reference book on the governments and politics of these states. Each of the monographs in these volumes was prepared by a specialist on the country concerned. Thus, twenty-five scholars from all over the world have contributed monographs which are based on first­ hand knowledge. The geographical diversity of the authors, combined with the fact that as a group they represent many disciplines of social science, gives their individual analyses, and the collection as a whole, an additional and unique dimension. Each volume contains short bio­ graphical notes on the relevant authors. The collection, which is organised alphabetically by country, is preceded by two theoretical chapters. The first, 'The Communist Movement: from Monolith to Polymorph', by outlining the history and development of the study of the Marxist-Leninist regimes, suggests that a radically new approach be taken to the study of the politics of communism. The second chapter, on the meaning of a Marxist regime, examines the theoretical parameters of the collection. Three regimes have had to be omitted. In the case of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of Madagascar, this was more for reasons of insufficient data than because their Marxist­ Leninist orthodoxy was in dispute. Also excluded from the analysis is the communist government of San Marino, which was voted into office when the preparation of this collection was in its final stages. It is hoped in subsequent editions to include chapters on the communist-led state governments in India, the communist parties' xi xii Preface experiences in post-war West European governments, and the communist-led local councils in Italy, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal. Each of the twenty-five scholars who contributed to this collection was asked to analyse such topics as the governmental structure, including the constitutional framework, the system of elections, the ruling party- variously called communist, labour, socialist or workers' - other mass organisations, party-state relations, the economy, domestic policies and foreign relations, as well as any features peculiar to the country and/or party under discussion. The exceptions to the pattern are the chapters on the USSR and China, where the wealth of material available could not be satisfactorily presented within the available space, and the article on Ethiopia, where the Marxist-Leninist experiment is still very new and does not yet permit extensive analysis. Every effort has been made by the contributors to compile and present data on party and mass-organisation membership, electoral returns and multiple office-holding, except in the few cases where no such data exist. In the preparation of this collection I have been given help by many people, some of whom should be singled out for special acknowledgement. I am most grateful for the help afforded me by the Hon. Dr Abdulai Conteh, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Sierra Leone; Dr Thomas G. Hart of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs; Dr Tom Keenoy of University College, Cardiff; Dr Gary Troeller of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees; and Mr Richard Hodder-Williams of the University of Bristol. I am grateful to all the contributors. Special thanks are due to Mr Michael Waller, Dr Ronald Hill, Ms Laura Summers, Professor Peter Schwab, Mr Fred Singleton and Dr Leslie Holmes. Very special thanks are also due to Mrs Val Dobie for her help with the manuscripts, to Mr Tom Dawkes for his help in compiling the indexes, and to Mr Michael Breaks, the Social Science Librarian at University College, Cardiff, for his advice. I would also like to thank Miss Valery Brooks and her colleagues at Macmillan for their help in seeing these books through the press. I am also very grateful to Mrs Jeanne Moorsom, whose house, The Coppice, proved to be the perfect place in which to write and was a most welcome refuge from the noise of my otherwise lovable children. All the maps in this collection have been superbly drawn by Mrs Margaret Millen of the Department of Geology of University College, Preface xiii Cardiff; her patience and endeavour were very much appreciated. Above all, my very special gratitude goes to my wife, Martha, whose encouragement and help have been invaluable throughout the many months of work on these volumes. 4 January 1979 BoooAN SzAJKOWSKI Dinas Powis List of Abbreviations Note: owing to their great familiarity, abbreviations such as km., vol., EEC, US and USSR are omitted from this list. AK [Home Army] (Poland) AL [People's Army] (Poland) ASEAN Association of South-East Asian States AVNOJ [Anti-Fascist Council for National Liberation] (Yugoslavia) BOAL Basic Organisation of Associated Labour (Yugoslavia) COAL Complex Organisation of Associated Labour (Yugoslavia) Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Comintern Communist International COSVN [Central Office for South Vietnam] CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPY Communist Party of Yugoslavia DP Democratic Party (Poland) DRY Democratic Republic of Vietnam FAES Federation of Arab Emirates of the South FLOSY Front
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