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MARXIST

A World Survey

Volume 3 - Yugoslavia Also edited by Bogdan Szajkowski

MARXIST GOVERNMENTS Volume l Albania-The Congo Volume 2 - Mongolia

DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS -1977 DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS -1979 DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS -1980 MARXIST GOVERNMENTS A World Survey

Volume 3 Mozambique- Yugoslavia

Edited by BOGDAN SZAlKOWSKI Lecturer in Politics and Comparative University College, Cardiff © Bogdan Szajkowski 1981 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 978-0-333-25705-0 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission

First edition 1981 Reprinted 1983

Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Marxist governments Vol. 3: Mozambique- Yugoslavia 1. I. Szajkowski, Bogdan 321.9'2 JC474 ISBN 978-1-349-04334-7 ISBN 978-1-349-04332-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-04332-3 ISBN 978-0-333-28669-2 (3 volume set) FOR SOPHIE Contents

List of Maps viii List of Figures viii

List of Tables IX

Preface XI List of Abbreviations xiv Notes on the Editor and Contributors xvii

19 People's of Mozambique Thomas H. Henriksen 527 20 Polish People's Republic George Sanford 553 21 Socialist Republic of Romania Michael Shafir 589 22 Somali loan Lewis 640 23 Union of Soviet Socialist Ronald J. Hill 661 24 Socialist Republic of David Elliott 713 25 People's Democratic Republic of Tareq Y. lsmael 755 26 Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia Fred B. Singleton 784

Glossary 822

Index to Volume 3 XXI Cumulative Index for Volumes 1-3 li

vii List of Maps

Mozambique 528 : provincial boundaries 554 Romania: provincial boundaries 590 : provincial boundaries 641 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 662 Vietnam: provincial boundaries 714 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen: boundaries of governorates 756 Yugoslavia: boundaries of republics and autonomous provinces 785

List of Figures

22.1 Central structure of the Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party 651 24.1 Governmental structure of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 728 25.1 Organisational structure of the National Front of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 774 26.1 The of Yugoslavia, 1974 799

V111 List of Tables

19.1 Members of the Mozambican Permanent Political Committee and their governmental positions 534 19.2 Numbers of assemblies and deputies in Mozambique 536 19.3 Composition of the Mozambican People's National Assembly 536 20.1 Membership and social composition of the PUWP, 1948-75 565 20.2 PUWP Political Bureau elected by the Seventh Congress, December 1975 568 20.3 Membership of Poland's United Peasant and Democratic Parties 571 21.1 RCP (RWP) membership, 1944-78 597 21.2 Social composition of the RWP/RCP, 1955-78 601 21.3 Romanian foreign trade, 1960-76 604 21.4 Romanian election results, 1952-75 614 21.5 State or joint State-Party positions held by members of the Romanian Permanent Bureau, 1978 618 22.1 Composition of Somali governments by major lineage blocs, 1960-75 644 22.2 Political Bureau of the Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party 650 23.1 USSR: administrative divisions, 1 January 1977 697 24.1 Development of the Vietnamese Party: membership 1945-78 724 24.2 Results of the 1976 National Assembly elections in Vietnam 729 24.3 Posts held by members of the Political Bureau of the VCP, 1977 730 26.1 Membership of the LCY, 1941-78 809 26.2 Social composition of the LCY, 1976 810 26.3 Membership of the LCY by republic, 1976 810 26.4 Members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the LCY, 1978 811

ix X List of Tables 26.5 Membership of socio-political organisations in Yogoslavia, 1976 812 Preface

The growth in the number, global significance and ideological and political impact of countries ruled by parties which subscribe to .the principles of - has presented students of politics with an increasing challenge. In meeting this challenge, Western commen­ tators have put forward a dazzling profusion of terms, models, programmes and varieties of interpretation. It is against the background of this profusion that the present comprehensive survey of the Marxist-Leninist regimes is offered. This collection, in three volumes, is envisaged as a textbook and to some extent reference book on the governments and politics of these states. Each of the monographs in these volumes was prepared by a specialist on the country concerned. Thus, twenty-five scholars from all over the world have contributed monographs which are based on first­ hand knowledge. The geographical diversity of the authors, combined with the fact that as a group they represent many disciplines of social science, gives their individual analyses, and the collection as a whole, an additional and unique dimension. Each volume contains short bio­ graphical notes on the relevant authors. The collection, which is organised alphabetically by country, is preceded by two theoretical chapters. The first, 'The Communist Movement: from Monolith to Polymorph', by outlining the history and development of the study of the Marxist-Leninist regimes, suggests that a radically new approach be taken to the study of the politics of communism. The second chapter, on the meaning of a Marxist regime, examines the theoretical parameters of the collection. Three regimes have had to be omitted. In the case of the Democratic Republic of and the Democratic Republic of Madagascar, this was more for reasons of insufficient data than because their Marxist­ Leninist orthodoxy was in dispute. Also excluded from the analysis is the communist government of San Marino, which was voted into office when the preparation of this collection was in its final stages. It is hoped in subsequent editions to include chapters on the communist-led state governments in , the communist parties'

xi xii Preface experiences in post-war West European governments, and the communist-led local councils in Italy, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and . Each of the twenty-five scholars who contributed to this collection was asked to analyse such topics as the governmental structure, including the constitutional framework, the system of elections, the ruling party- variously called communist, labour, socialist or workers' - other mass organisations, party-state relations, the economy, domestic policies and foreign relations, as well as any features peculiar to the country and/or party under discussion. The exceptions to the pattern are the chapters on the USSR and , where the wealth of material available could not be satisfactorily presented within the available space, and the article on Ethiopia, where the Marxist-Leninist experiment is still very new and does not yet permit extensive analysis. Every effort has been made by the contributors to compile and present data on party and mass-organisation membership, electoral returns and multiple office-holding, except in the few cases where no such data exist. In the preparation of this collection I have been given help by many people, some of whom should be singled out for special acknowledgement. I am most grateful for the help afforded me by the Hon. Dr Abdulai Conteh, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Sierra Leone; Dr Thomas G. Hart of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs; Dr Tom Keenoy of University College, Cardiff; Dr Gary Troeller of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees; and Mr Richard Hodder-Williams of the University of Bristol. I am grateful to all the contributors. Special thanks are due to Mr Michael Waller, Dr Ronald Hill, Ms Laura Summers, Professor Peter Schwab, Mr Fred Singleton and Dr Leslie Holmes. Very special thanks are also due to Mrs Val Dobie for her help with the manuscripts, to Mr Tom Dawkes for his help in compiling the indexes, and to Mr Michael Breaks, the Social Science Librarian at University College, Cardiff, for his advice. I would also like to thank Miss Valery Brooks and her colleagues at Macmillan for their help in seeing these books through the press. I am also very grateful to Mrs Jeanne Moorsom, whose house, The Coppice, proved to be the perfect place in which to write and was a most welcome refuge from the noise of my otherwise lovable children. All the maps in this collection have been superbly drawn by Mrs Margaret Millen of the Department of Geology of University College, Preface xiii Cardiff; her patience and endeavour were very much appreciated. Above all, my very special gratitude goes to my wife, Martha, whose encouragement and help have been invaluable throughout the many months of work on these volumes.

4 January 1979 BoooAN SzAJKOWSKI Dinas Powis List of Abbreviations

Note: owing to their great familiarity, abbreviations such as km., vol., EEC, US and USSR are omitted from this list.

AK [Home Army] (Poland) AL [People's Army] (Poland) ASEAN Association of South-East Asian States AVNOJ [Anti-Fascist Council for National Liberation] (Yugoslavia) BOAL Basic Organisation of Associated Labour (Yugoslavia) Complex Organisation of Associated Labour (Yugoslavia) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Comintern COSVN [Central Office for ] CPSU of the CPY Communist Party of Yugoslavia DP Democratic Party (Poland) DRY Democratic Republic of Vietnam FAES Federation of Arab Emirates of the South FLOSY Front for the Liberation of FNU Front of National Unity (Poland) FPLM [People's Forces for the Liberation of Mozambique] Frelimo [Front for the Liberation of Mozambique] FRG Federal Republic of Germany GCSTU General Confederation of Somali Trade Unions GDR German Democratic Republic GFTU [General Confederation of Labour] (Vietnam) GL [People's Guards] (Poland) GNA Grand National Assembly (Romania) Gosplan [State Planning Commission] (USSR) GUKPiW [Main Department for the Control of the Press, Publications and Entertainments] (Poland) GYP [People's Vigilance Group] (Mozambique)

XIV List of Abbreviations XV ICP Indochinese Communist Party Komsomol [Young Communist League] (USSR) KOR [Workers' Defence Committee] (Poland) KPP [Polish Communist Party] KPRP [Polish Communist Workers' Party] KRN [National Council] (Poland) KSS [Committee for Social Self-Defence] (Poland) LCY League of Communists of Yugoslavia LOP Lao-Dong Party [Vietnam Workers' Party] LIFEMO [League of Mozambican Women] MPLA Movimento Popular de Liberta<;ao de Angola (Popular Movement for the Liberation of ) NFLOS National Front for the Liberation of the Occupied South (Yemen) NLF National Liberation Front (Yemen) OAU Organisation of African Unity OLOS Organisation for the Liberation of the Occupied South (Yemen) OMM [Organisation of Mozambican Women] PAX [State-encouraged Catholic organisation] (Poland) PCP Portuguese Communist Party PCR Partidul Comunist Roman [] PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen PFLO for the Liberation of PKWN [Polish Committee of National Liberation] PPR Polish Workers' Party PPS [Polish Socialist Party] PROSY People's Republic of South Yemen PRP People's Revolutionary Party (Vietnam) PSC People's Supreme Council (Yemen) PUWP Polish United Workers' Party PWP Polish Workers' Party RCP Romanian Communist Party RSFSR Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic RWP Romanian Workers' Party SAWPY Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia SDKPiL [Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania] SDR Special drawing right (International Monetary Fund) SDWO Somali Democratic Women's Organisation XVI List of Abbreviations SEATO South-East Asia Treaty Organisation SFRY Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia SRC Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia) SRV Socialist Republic of Vietnam SRYU Somali Revolutionary Youth Union SSR Soviet Socialist Republic SSRP Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party SUF Socialist Unity Front (Romania) UCY Union of Communist Youth (Romania) UPO-NF Unified Political Organisation -National Front (Yemen) UPP United Peasant Party (Poland) VCP Vietnam Communist Party VNQDD Viet-Nam Quoc-Dan Dang (Vietnam Nationalist Party) VWP Vietnam Workers' Party WSLF Western Somali Liberation Front WTO Warsaw Treaty Organisation ZBoWID [War Veterans' Organisation] (Poland) Notes on the Editor and Contributors

BoGDAN SzAJKOWSKI was educated in Eastern Europe and the Centre for Russian and East European Studies at Birmingham University. He conducted his postgraduate research at King's College, Cambridge, and St Antony's College, Oxford. Subsequently he was appointed to a lectureship in Comparative Communism at the Australian National University in Canberra. He has also taught at University College, Dublin, and is now Lecturer in Politics and Comparative Communism at University College, Cardiff. His writings on contemporary commun­ ist affairs have appeared in professional journals and the press, and he has extensive broadcasting experience. He is the editor of the annual volume Documents in Communist Affairs. DAVID ELLIOTI received his BA from Yale and his Ph.D from Cornell University. He spent a total of six years in Vietnam with the US Army, with the Rand Corporation, and as a private scholar. His research interests have been centred on the Vietnamese revolutionary movement in South Vietnam and the problems of political integration in . In addition to his Ph.D dissertation titled 'Revolutionary Reintegration: the Foundation of the Post-liberation State in China and Vietnam', he has written several articles on contemporary Vietnamese politics, including 'North Vietnam since Ho', in Problems of Communism, and 'Political Integration in North Vietnam: the Co­ operativization Period', in J. Zasloff and McAlister Brown (eds), Communism in Indochina: New Perspectives (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1975). THOMAS H. HENRIKSEN is Associate Professor of History at the State University of New York, Plattsburgh. He is the author of Mozambique: A History (London: Rex Collings, 1978) and is co-editing Chinese and Soviet to Africa (New York: Praeger, forthcoming). A graduate of Michigan State University, he has written numerous articles appearing in the Journal of Modern African Studies, African Affairs, African

xvii xviii Notes on the Editor and Contributors Studies Review and Phy/on. He served as Chairman of the New York African Studies Association in 1976-7. RoNALD J. HILL trained in Russian studies at Leeds University (1961-5) and in political science at University of Essex (MA, 1968; Ph.D, 1974). He was appointed in 1969 to his present post as Lecturer in Political Science at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was elected a Fellow in 1978. He specialises in Soviet politics and society, and has several times visited the USSR and Eastern Europe, including extended visits to Kishinev and . He is the author of Soviet Political Elites: The Case of Tiraspo/ (London: Martin Robertson, 1977), and has con­ tributed articles and reviews to a number of scholarly journals. He is at present completing a book on political science and political reform in the Soviet Union. T AREQ Y. lsMAEL is Professor of Political Science at the University of Calgary. He was educated at the Universities of Baghdad and Indiana and received his Ph.D at George Washington University in 1967. He is the author of several books on contemporary politics, including Governments and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1970); The Middle East in World Politics: A Study in Contemporary International Relations (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1974); The Arab Left: A Study in Contemporary Ideology (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1976). He has contributed to several collections and written numerous articles, some of which have been translated. loAN LEwis is Professor of Anthropology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He was educated at the Universities of Glasgow and Oxford, where in 1957 he received his D.Phil. Professor Lewis has conducted field research in the Somali Democratic Republic (former British and Italian Somalilands) and French Somaliland in 1955-7, 1962, 1965, 1974 and 1978. He has also made several visits to Ethiopia. His many publications include Peoples of the [The Somali, Afar ( Danakil), and Saho] (London: International African Institute, 1955; rev. ed., 1969); A Pastoral Democracy: Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali ofthe Horn ofAfrica (London: Oxford University Press, 1961; 4th ed., 1970); The Modern History of Somali/and: From Nation to State (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965; new ed., 1979); and Social Anthropology in Perspective (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976). GEORGE SANFORD was educated at the Universities of Bristol and Notes on the Editor and Contributors XIX London, where he received his Ph.D. He is at present Lecturer in Eastern European Studies in the Department of Politics at Bristol University. Dr Sanford is the author of numerous articles in Polish Review, Slavonic and Eastern European Review, Historical Journal, British Journal of Political Science and Przeglad historyczny. He is a regular visitor to Poland, where during the past twelve years he carried out research at various Polish academic institutions. MICHAEL SHAFIR is a Fellow of the Centre for the Study of the USSR and Eastern Europe, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He taught political science and Russian studies at the same university and is currently completing his Ph.D on contemporary Romanian affairs. He is the author of Bibliography on the Study of the Communist World and several articles on Romanian and communist affairs (in Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Sudost Europa, Sudost-Forschungen, Cahiers de /'Est, Index on Censorship and other periodicals). FRED B. SINGLETON was educated at the Universities of Leeds and Helsinki. His first visit to Yugoslavia was in 1945, whilst serving in the Royal Navy. In 1948 he took part in the building of the Zagreb-Belgrade highway as a member of a youth brigade. He has visited Yugoslavia since then, as a mountaineer, a director of WEA summer schools, organiser of a British student work brigade to assist in the reconstruc­ tion of Skopje after the 1963 earthquake, and as a lecturer and academic researcher. He is now Reader in Yugoslav Studies and Chairman of the Post-graduate School of Yugoslav Studies, Bradford University. He has written many books and articles on East European, and particularly Yugoslav, topics, including Background to Eastern Europe (Oxford: Pergamon, 1965) and Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (London: Macmillan, 1976). He is Chairman of the British National Association for Soviet and East European Studies.