Index

Absolute age, 10, 11 71° N to 75° N, 130-131 Basins, marginal/re-entrant, 444-446 Absolute age time scale, 405 Azores to Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, Bathymetry, 53 Abyssal gaps, major channels, 446-447 129-130 airborne electromagnetic, 23, 26 Abyssal plains, 441-446 crustal magnetization, 230-256 contour charts, 19-22 sediment properties, 500 equatorial, 127-128 direct-contact, 29-31 Accretionary complexes, 346-347 geoid anomalies, 217-226 Bathypelagic zone, 470 Accretion axis, 12 history of research, 3-10 Bathyscaphes, 29 Accretion zones, 88 Iceland to 71° N, 130 Bathyspheres, 28-29 models, 90-93 kinematics, 379-404 Bay of Biscay, 365 Acoustics, 3, 38 paleobiogeography, 565-588 Beerenberg stratovolcano, 80 Aegir Ridge, 79 paleogeography, 589-602 Benioff zone, 342-343 AEM, See Bathymetry, airborne electro- plate motions, 408-424 Benthic life, 3 magnetic western, 69-86, 99-116, 205-214, 257- Benthos, 558 Aerosol, 473 269, 271-296, 298-303, 331-350, Bermuda, 2 Africa, 366-367 427-564, 603-650, 661-676 Bermuda Rise, 259, 333, 337 rifting, 291-292 opening rates, 414-415 geoid anomalies, 220 African Plate, 191, 194-195, 366-373, western, seismic structure, 314-328 gravity anomalies, 206-207, 209 389-390 Atlantis Fracture Zone, 207 residual depth anomalies, 262-267 kinematics, stage poles, 357-358 Atlantis II line, 360 sediment properties, 498-499 Age, 257-269 Atlantis seamount chain, 143 seismicity, 300-303 Alkali basalt, 127-128, 278-279 Atterberg limits, 499-501 Bermuda Seamount, 81-82 Altair Seamount, 334 Authigenic particles, 474-475 Biofacies, 527-546, 547-564 Altimetry, radar, spaceborne, 215-228 Aves Ridge, 341 Biogenic particles, 469-478 Alvin, 29, 150 Axial zone, 117-136 Biostratigraphy, 45-50, 507-526, 532-535 Alvin Mid-Atlantic Ridge, See AMAR Azores, 110, 129, 138, 141-144, 146-148, Black shale, 620-622 AMAR, 12, 52, 55-60, 129, 150-151 260,280-281 Black smokers, 173 Amazon deep-sea fan, 431 Azores-Biscay Rise, 366, 389 Blake-Bahama abyssal plain, 444 Amerasia Basin, 401 Azores-Gibraltar Fracture Zone, 381-382 Blake-Bahama Formation, 624 American Scout Seamount, 36 seismicity, 102 Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge, 258, 261, 498 Amorphous particles, 472-473 Azores gravity anomalies, 209 Anegada Passage, 346 crust, 118-123 residual depth anomalies, 267 Anguilla, 346 hydrothermal activity, 175 sediments, 337 Angus, 26, 29 tectonics and morphology, 76-78 Blake Outer Ridge, 460-461 Antarctic Bottom Water, 451,454 Azores hotspot, 122 mass wasting, 481-482 Antarctic Bottom Water current, 431 Azores plateau, basement structure, 332-333 Blake Plateau, 454, 497 Antigua, 346 Azores platform, 77 Blake Plateau basin, 335 Aplite, 129 Azores plume, 201 Blake slide complex, 434 Aqua-Lung, 28 Azores triple junction, 123-124 Blake Spur, biostratigraphy, 513 Archimede, 29,150 Blake Spur magnetic anomaly, 237-240, 364, Arctic Basin, 401-402 Baffin Bay, seismicity, 304 371 Arctic region, plate boundary, 108-111 Bahamas Boothia Arch, 401 Argo, 26, 28, 29 gravity anomalies, 209 Brownstone alteration, 284 Artifacts mass wasting, 487 instrumental, 36 Baltimore Canyon, 438 Calc-alkalic composition, 291, 346 interpretation, 36 mass wasting, 484-485 Calcareous composition, 533-542, 548-553 Ascension Fracture Zone, 195 Baltimore Canyon Trough, 335 Caldera collapse, 77 Asthenosphere, 143 Banks, evolution, 591-593 Cape Hatteras, 496 Atlantic, north, 157-172 Barbados Ridge uplift zone, 347 Cape Verde Plateau, 260 Atlantic Coastal Plain, 2 Barbuda, 345 Carbonate compensation depth, 476-477, Atlantic Margin Coring Project, 494-497 Bärdarbunga central volcano, 103 530, 534-541, 560, 596-597, 613, Atlantic Ocean, 189-204 Barracuda Ridge, 347 619-627 central Basalt, 91-93,164, 176-178, 232, 272-295 Carbon isotopes, 558-559 geoid anomalies, 217-226 composition, 117-136 Caribbean Plate, subduction, 341-350 plate kinematics, 351-378 E-type, 129 Caribbean Sea, subduction, 341-350 closure and initial opening, 369-372 hydrothermal alteration, 185 Carolina Trough, 335 north, 1-18,137-156, 173-188 N-type, 129 Cat Gap, 446 15° N, 128 titanian ferrobasalt, 131 Cayman Trough, 341 16° N to 34° N, 128-129 See also Alkali basalt Cenozoic, 373, 565-588 34° N E-type basalts, 129 See also MORB Cenozoic sea-floor spreading anomaly se- 34° N to the Azores, 129 See also Tholeiite quence, 361 3° N to 14° N, 128 Basement, structure, 331-340 Chain fracture zone, 127

689

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 690 Index and Glossary of Acronyms

Challenger, 3,22, 138 Cyana, 29, 150 Faeroe Bank Channel, 452 Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, 102-103, 110, FAMOUS, 12, 33, 51, 55-60, 87, 91-93, 124, 125, 129-130, 207, 245, 381- D/H ratios, 176 128-129, 140,149-151 382, 453 Davis Strait basalt, 125,126,278, 282 kinematics, 360 basement, 336 earthquakes, 102 sediments, 337 seismicity, 304 magnetic anomalies, 244, 248 Charlie-Gibbs Transform, 161 Deccan Traps, 14 plate motion, 410 Cherskiy Ridge, 410 Deep Sea Drilling Project, 13 Faults, 58-59, 71-72, 77 Chloride ion, 180-181 See DSDP ductile, 433 Chronology, Jurassic to Recent, 45-50 DEEPTOW, 34 normal, 88 Clay minerals, 498-501 Deformation, 297-312 principal transform displacement zone, Clinopyroxene, phenocrysts, 145-146 Demerara Abyssal Plain, 472 161-163, 167 Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 655-656 Depth reverse, 306 Cobbles, transport, 474 basement corrected, 258-260 seismicity, 103-106 Coccoliths, 471-472 relationship to age, 257-269 strike-slip, 34, 157-160 Columbus Basin, 444-445 Depth anomalies, residual, 262-266 transform, 62-63,111, 358 Consolidation, 494-504 Diatom frustules, 472 transform fault zones, 161-163, 167-168 Continental margin, 514-515 Diatoms, 557 transform tectonized zone, 162, 167-168 basement structure, 335-337 Dinoflagellates, 507, 517, 557 FeO/MgO ratio, 150-151 sediments, 338 DNAG time scale, 236, 415 Ferrobasalt, 276 seismic structure, 326-327 Doldrums fracture zone, 127 Ferrogabbro, titanian, 129 Continental rise, 498 Doppler measurements, 651-652 15°20' N Fracture Zone, 110 Continental shelf, 679-685 Drilling, 6 Flemish Basin, 333 Continental slope, sediment properties, 492- DSDP, 6, 29, 91-93, 231-256, 532-541, Flemish Cap, 336, 383 498 547-564, 603-616 Florida-Hatteras slope, 496 Contourite, 458 DSDP Site 105, 259 Florida, mass wasting, 487 Corner Seamounts, 81, 259 DSDP Site 282,249 Flow lines, plate kinematics, 357-358 basement, 333-334 DSDP Site 384, 513 FNRS II, 29 residual depth anomalies, 263,266 DSDP Site 385, 249 FNRS, III, 29 Cosmogenic causes, 14 DSDP Site 390, 512 Foraminifera, 444, 507-517, 532-542, 548- Costa Rica Rift, 274 DSDP Site 392, 512 553 COST wells, 532, 606-616 DSDP Site 412, 281 benthic and planktic, 566-588 Cretaceous, 346, 364, 396, 508-524, 594- DSDP Site 413, 281 planktic, 469-471 597, 617-630,663-665 DSDP Site 504B, 274 Foraminiferal sand, 462 Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 10,14 DSDP Site 534, 511 Forearc basins, 347 Cretaceous Dust, eolian, origin and transport, 473-474 4° N Fracture Zone, 127 Aptian/Albian, 47 14° N Fracture Zone, 127 Barremian/Aptian, 47 Earthquakes Fracture zones, 12, 75, 77-78, 80, 101-103, Early, 47-48 b-value, 111-112 157-165 Late, 45-48 Charleston, 487 basement corrected depth, 259-260 Middle, 46 epicenters, alignment, 100-102 geoid anomalies, 220 Cretaceous magnetic quiet zone, 233-236, frequency-magnitude distribution, 111-112 igneous rocks, 278-279 244, 248, 250-251 hypocenter depth, 112 magnetic anomalies, 248-250 Crust intraplate, 298 plate kinematics, 357-358, 362-364, 381- accretion, 88-95 near-plate boundary, 298 383 basement, models, 94-96 sequences in time and space, 104-114 seismic structure, 324-326 Assuring, 58 East Azores fracture zone, 77 spacing, 191-201 generation processes, 51-68, 89-97 East Coast magnetic anomaly, 364, 370-371 topography and structural fabric, 158-163 growth, 73-74 Eastern U.S., seismicity, 307 turbidite, 447-448 magnetization structure, 90 Echo-character mapping, 427-436 Franz-Josephs Fjord, 80 oceanic, 1,13, 77-78 Echo sounding, 32, 37 Free-air gravity anomalies, maps, 207-211 heterogeneity, 64 Eggvin shoal, 79 French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study magnetization, 229-256 Eighteenth century studies, 3-5 See FAMOUS regional structure, 164-168 Eirik Drift, 453 Furrows, 462 seismic structure, 313 330 Eirik Ridge, 337 structure and geology, 343-346 Enigmatic events, 14 Gabbro, 129,163-164,274 subaerial, 26 Eocene, 346, 397, 536-539, 634-637 Galicia Bank, 399 thinning, 62 Erosion, 76, 78 Gas hydrate trap», 667-669 temperature, 88-89 Euphotic zone, 470 Geochemical anomalies, 142-144 thickness, 324-327 Eurasia, 366-367 Geochemistry, 137-156 upper, models, 89-90 Eurasia Basin, 400 Geodetic measurements, 406 velocity structure, 75-76 Eurasian Plate, 191, 194-195, 199, 201, Geogenic causes, 14 Crustal ribbons, geoid undulations, 224-225 366-373 Geoid, 20 Crystal fractionation, 132 Evaporation, Milankovitch-type, 2 Geoid anomalies, 257-258 Currents, deep systems, 453-455 Extraterrestrial particles, 476 Geoid undulations, 215-228

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 691 Index and Glossary of Acronyms

Geopotential Research Mission, 658 Holocene, 599, 646 Irminger Sea, 453 GeoRef, 6 Hopedale Basin, 336 Isotopes, 137-156, 176-178 Georges Bank, mass wasting, 486 Hotspots, 10, 12-13, 36, 80, 82, 118-123, ratios, 117-136 GEOS-3, 653 141-148, 201, 217-218, 249 stable, 558-559 GEOSAT, 39 Hot spots, See Hotspots Geotechnical properties, seabed, 491-506 Hot springs, 177-180 J-Anomaly Ridge, 80, 201, 247, 260, 334, Geothermal energy, 179, 672 Hudson's Bay, geoid, 217 512-513 Geothermal fields, 90 Hudson Canyon, 431, 438 sediments, 338 Geothermal gradient, 95-96, 177-179 mass wasting, 483-484 Jan Mayen, 110,141-148, 200, 399 Geysers, 179-180 Hydrothermal activity, 89, 173-188 geology, 79-80 Glass Hydrothermal alteration, 93, 164 tectonics and morphology, 79-80 basaltic, 117-130, 132-134, 138, 283 Hydrothermal circulation, 139,260-261 Jan Mayen fracture zone, 80, 108-109, 117, Glomar Challenger, 15 Hydrothermal fluids, chemistry, 180-185 125 GLORIA, 15, 24, 51, 55, 58, 63 Hyere hotspot, 143 Jan Mayen hotspot, 122 Gloria Drift, 337 Jan Mayen Ridge, 2 GLORIA II, 33 Iberia, 365-367, 373, 389-390 Jan Mayen thermal plume, 134 Gorda Ridge rift valley, 418 Iberian Plate, 366-373 Jason, 28 Grand Banks, 80, 333, 514 Ice-rafted sediment, 475-476 Jeanne d'Arc Basin, 372 mass wasting, 486 Icebergs, 475 J magnetic anomaly, 246-247 seismicity, 303 Iceland, 2,138, 141-148, 260 JOIDES boreholes, 532-541 Grand Banks slide, 434 Iceland-Faeroe Ridge, 452 Joides Resolution, 6,15 Gravel, 441 Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water, 453 Jurassic, 346, 368, 508-524, 593-594, 603- Gravimetry, marine, 22 Iceland 616, 663-665 Gravity anomalies, 205-214 axial rift zones, 70-75 Late, 47-48 residual, relationship to depth, 263-264 block, history, 69-70 Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian, 47 See also Geoid anomalies central, 107 pre-Kimmeridgian, 48-49 Greater Antilles, 341 crust, 118-123 Jurassic magnetic quiet zone, 48, 236-240 gravity anomalies, 209-210 crustal formation, models, 87-97 Greater Antilles Outer Ridge, 454, 500 east, 90-94 K/Ar dating, 139 Great Meteor hotspot, 143 geodesy, 406 Kane Fracture Zone, 101-102,129,143-144, Greenland, 399 hydrothermal activity, 175-185 200, 207, 325, 332-333 Greenland-Iceland Ridge, 80 lava pile, 70-72 kinematics, 360-363 Greenland-Scotland Ridge, 402,452 north, 112 spreading rates, 417 Greenland magnetic anomalies, 241 tholeiitic basalt, 279 continental margin, mass wasting, 486-487 plate boundary, seismicity, 103-108 Kane Transform, 158-159,161 east, 80 shelf, 198 Katla volcano, 104, 107 Greenland Plate, 366-373, 381-402 south, 105-107 Keathley anomalies, See also M series Greenstone, 139, 231 tectonics and morphology, 69-75 Keathley sequence of anomalies, 236-240 Gregg Seamount, 223 See also Krafla volcano Kelvin Seamounts, See New England Grenada Trough, 345 See also Mid-Atlantic Ridge Seamounts Groundwater, 173-179 See also Reykjanes Peninsula Kinematics Guadeloupe, 346 Iceland hotspot, 122 plates, 351-378, 379-404,405-426 Gulf of Mexico, seismicity, 303 Iceland Research Drilling Program, 6 King's Trough, 366, 382, 389, 399 Gulf Stream, 216, 338, 454-455, 460^61 Iceland thermal plume, 134 Knauss Knoll, 334 Gulf Stream Outer Ridge, 498-499 Iceland Plateau, 332-333 Knipovich Ridge, 109, 143, 410 Gully Canyon, 438 Igneous rocks, 346 magnetic anomalies, 241,246 Imaging spreading rates, 417 Halimeda, 445 acoustic, 31-35 Kolbeinsey Ridge, 75, 108, 130, 142-143, Harzburgite, 163 display, 36-38 197 Hatteras-Albemarle Canyon, 438 electromagnetic, 23-26 magnetic anomalies, 243-245 Hatteras abyssal plain, 431, 443-444, 454, infrared, 23 Krafla caldera, 406 456, 500 optical, 26-28 Krafla volcanic system, 178-181 Hatteras Canyon, mass wasting, 481-482 radar, 23 Krafla volcano, 104, 107,113 Hatteras Fan, 439 See also Ocean floors Kurchatov fracture zone, 24,62-63,102-103, Hatteras Formation, 619-621, 663 Imarssuak Mid-Ocean Channel, 447 144, 195 Hatton Drift, 456 Incompatible elements, 150-151,291-292 Kurchatov transform, 161 Hayes fracture zone, 101-102, 128-129 Inner magnetic quiet zone, 237-240 Heat flow, relationship to age, 257-269 International Phase of Ocean Drilling, See La/Sm ratio, 141, 287 Heavy rare earths, 272, 279 IPOD La/Th ratio, 287 Heimaey eruption, 107 IPOD-USGS line, 360 La/Ti ratio, 141 High Energy Benthic Boundary Layer Experi- IPOD Leg 49, 276 Labrador Basin, abyssal plains, 442 ment, 486 IPOD Leg 82,276 Labrador Sea, 207, 365, 383, 391,453, 514 Hispaniola, 341 IRDP, See Iceland Research Drilling Program basement, 337 Hispaniola-Caicos Basin, 445 Irminger Basin, 333 seismicity, 304 HMS Erebus, 29 abyssal plains, 442 Labrador Sea Water, 453

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 692 Index and Glossary of Acronyms

La Desirade, 345-346 Mantle Nansen Ridge rift valley, magnetic anomalies, LANDSAT, 26, 34, 38, 653-657 convection, 217-218 243 Laurentian Canyon, 438 heterogeneity, 141, 290 Nares abyssal plain, 258, 261,444, 500 Laurentian Fan, 433, 441 plumes, 10 mass wasting, 487 Laurentian Slope, seismicity, 303 upper Nares Strait, 400-401 Lava, 57, 137-156 earthquakes, 305 National Science Foundation, 14-15 deposition partial fusion models, 132-133 Natural remanent magnetization, 236-256 models, 92 velocity structure, 75-76 Nautile, 29 rates, 88 Mantle sources, 139 NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, 653, structure, 318 Maps, 36-38 657 See also Pillow lava Margarita, 346 Nb/La ratio, 146 Lava flows, 415 Marine geology, 651-660 Nd-143/Nd-144, 143-145, 287 Lava piles Maritime Observation Satellite, 658 Nekton, 558 age, 70 Mass accumulation rates, 620-625 Neogene, 547-564 rocks and environment, 70-71 Mass wasting processes, 433,479-490 Neovolcanic zone, 56-57, 87,406 structure, 71-72 Mediterranean Water, 453 Nepheloid layer, 456-457, 470 thickness, 72 Mesozoic, 258-261,372-373, 565-588 New England Seamounts, 81, 224, 249, 260 Law of the sea, 15, 677-687 biostratigraphy, 507-526 basement, 333-334 Layer 2, 313-315 Metamorphic rocks, 163-164 gravity anomalies, 209 basalts, 275-276, 279-280, 282-283 Metamorphism, relation to ophiolite, 282-285 sediments, 337 Layer 2A, 143 Meteor, 22,138 Newfoundland Gap, 446 Layer 3, 315-319 Methane, 494 Newfoundland Ridge, sediments, 337 Lesser Antilles Microfossils, 507-526, 527-546, 547-564 Newfoundland Seamounts, 81, 334 basement, 334 Microplates, 367-369 Nineteenth century studies, 5,30 gravity anomalies, 209-210 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 1,2,22,34,69-97,158- Nodules, 15 Lesser Antilles island arc, 341, 345-347 162, 173-204, 206-208, 217-219, ferromanganese, 669-671 Lherzolite, 163 229, 242-250,260 Norfolk-Washington Canyon, 438 Libec, 29, 51 area and volume reconstruction, 413-415 Norfolk Canyon, 431 Light rare earths, 272, 279 axial zone, volcanic rocks, 117-136 mass wasting, 484 Lithofacies, 617-630, 631-650 axis, 137-156 North America, 2 Lithopile elements, 140, 141, 143 basement structure, 332-335 continental, seismicity, 304-305 Lithosphere crest, 51-68 eastern, continental margin, 210-211 basement morphology, 347 mass wasting, 487 rifting, 291-292 models, 89-91 petrology and geochemistry, 271-296 North American Basin, 453-454 oceanic, 157 plate kinematics, 382-383 North American continental rise, 438-439 pre-1 Ma, petrology, and geochemistry, residual depth anomalies, 262-267 North American Plate, 191, 193-196, 202, 271-296 sea-floor spreading kinematics, 363-364 305-306 subduction, 341-350 sedimentation, 447 eastern margin, 99-116 Lomonosov Ridge, 388 seismicity, 99-116 kinematics, 381-402 seismic structure, 319-324 stage poles, 357-358 M-anomaly patterns, 361-362 tectonics, 51-68 North American Plate/Africa Plate motion, Magma chambers, 112-113, 123-124, 134 Mid-ocean channels No. 2, 447 413-420 accreting margin, cocktail-onion model, Mid-ocean channels, 446-447 North American Plate/Eurasian Plate motion, 117 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt, See MORB 406-410 models, funnel, 61-62 Mid-ocean ridges, submarine, models, 87-97 North Atlantic, See Atlantic Ocean, north models, infinite onion, 60-61 Military use of the ocean, 686 North Atlantic Deep Water, 451-452 Magma mixing, 134 Milne Seamounts, 334 Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel, Magmas Miocene, 346 446-447 flank zones, mechanism, 82 Mohns-Knipovich bend, 198 Norway Basin, 400 picritic, 132 Mohns Ridge, 109, 130, 134, 142 Norwegian-Greenland Sea, 385 Magnetic anomalies, 5, 15, 22, 258-259, spreading rates, 417 Norwegian Sea, 452 229-256 MORB, 117-136, 139, 141, 146, 148, 272- Nova Scotian continental rise, 454 anomalies 21 to 24, 387-389 273,275-279,281,293-296 mass wasting, 486 anomalies 24 to 7 time, 399-400 See also Basalt Nuclear physics, 486 anomalies 25 to 34, 391-399 See also Tholeiite NUVEL models, 410-420 anomalies 34-25 reconstruction, 399 Morocco, 608-614 near field and far field, 250-251 Mt. Pluto, 151 Ocean-bottom seismographs, 100 plate kinematics, anomalies 5 to 13, 381- Mt. Venus, 151 Ocean basins 383, 386-387 Mud waves, 461-462 evolution, 591-599, 603-616 spreading rates, 359-366 legislation, 677-687 Magnetization, crustal, 229-256 sediment properties, 504 Magnetostratigraphy, 45-50 Namafjall geothermal field, 179 Ocean Drilling Program, 6 MAGSAT, 656-657 Nannofossils, 507, 510-511, 516-517, 533- Ocean dynamics, 21 Makarov Basin, 402 542, 553-557, 579-581 Ocean floors Manganese oxide crusts, 173 Nansen Ridge, 109,195, 246, 410 echo type characterization, 427-429

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 693 Index and Glossary of Acronyms

imaging, 19-44 motions, measurement methods, 406-413 Salt domes, 666-667 imaging, electromagnetic, 23-26 reconstruction, 391-400 Sampling sedimentary topography, 458-463 reconstruction and motions, 366-373 bottom, 5, 6 structure, 5 Plate tectonics, 10 Sand, 439-441,497-498 topographic images, 38 Cooling plate model, 257 Sand layers, 445 topography, 15 growing boundary layer model, 257 SAR, See Synthetic Aperture Radar topography, geoid undulations, 220-226 kinematics, 351-378 Sargasso Sea, sediments, 337 utilization, 491-506 mid-plate stress, 297-312 SASS, 51 Oceanographer fracture zone, 101-102, 195, models, 257 Satellite-borne sensors, 653-657 207, 325 Platforms, 80-81 Scanning Microwave Multichannel Radi- alkali basalt, 279 Pliocene, 641-646 ometer, 656 Oceanographer transform, 158-159 Poles of rotation SCUBA, 28 Oceanographic studies plate kinematics, 381-383 Sea-floor spreading, 10, 138, 291-292 future, 10, 12, 15-16 plates, 356-358, 366 apparent oblique, 63-64 ODP, See Ocean Drilling Program reconstruction poles, 356-358 earthquakes, 303 Oligocene, 397, 539-541, 637-643 stage poles, 356-358 kinematics, 382-402 Ophiolite, 2,165-166, 274-275 Porcupine Plate, 389-392 magnetic anomaly provinces, 229,233-248 Oraefajokull-Snaefell stratovolcanoes, 75 Propagating rifts, 10 models, 87-88 Organic carbon, 618-627 Protistans, 548-553 rates, 119-124 Orphan Knoll, 336 Pteropods, 471 spreading rates, 358-359, 364-366, 415- Ostracods, 507, 510-512 Puerto Rico, 346 420 OTTER, 26 Puerto Rico Trench, 206, 334, 341 See also Spreading centers Outgassing, water, 148 residual gravity anomalies, 263-264 Sea-level anomalies, stationary, 20 Oxygen isotopes, 179-180, 558-559 Puerto Rico Trench abyssal plain, 445 Seabeam, 12,15, 33 Pyrenees, 366 Sea Cliff, 29 Paleo-oceanography, 507-526,565-586,603- Seafloor utilization, 491-506 650 R/V Atlantis, 139,229 SEAGRID, 39 Paleobathymetry, 589-602 R/V Charcot, 33 Sea ice, 475 Paleobiogeography, 565-588 R/V Trident, 140 Sea MARC, 15,25, 34-35,39 Paleocene, 535-536 Radiolarians, 471, 507, 510-511, 516-517, Seamounts, 12-13, 81-82 Paleocirculation, 565-588, 603-616 533-542, 553 evolution, 591-593 Paleoecology, 509-510 Rare earths, 140, 272-275, 279 geoid undulations, 222-226 Paleoenvironment, 14 Rayleigh effect, 176 igneous rocks, 278-279 Paleofertility, 623-624 Rb/Sr ratios, 139 magnetic anomalies, 248-250 Paleogene, biofacies, 527-546 Refractory particles, 473 SEASAT, 16, 22, 26, 39, 215-217, 220, Paleogeography, 565-602 Researcher Ridges, 128 222-223, 226, 653-658 Palynomorphs, 507, 517-518 Return Beam Vidicon, 655 Sedimentary processes, surficial, 427-436 Partial melting, 132-134 Reykjanes Peninsula, 104-105, 111-113, Sedimentary rocks, 164 Particles, dissolution, 476-477 176-177 Sedimentation, 13 Pebbles, transport, 474 Reykjanes Ridge, 103, 109, 122, 125, 130, cyclic, 625-626 Peridotite, serpentinized, 274 134, 138, 140, 142-144, 198, 279- deep-current controlled, 451-468 Permeability, 494-504 280, 332-333, 453 echo characterization, maps, 430 Petroleum, 661-666 magnetic anomalies, 243-245 pelagic, 469-478 Phosphorite, 671 seismic structure, 320-324 turbidite, 437-450 Phytoplankton, 553-557 Rifting, 290-292 Sediment cover, 314 Pillow basalt, 147-149 Rift valleys, 53-56, 109,160-161 Sediment flux, pelagic, 457 Pillow lava, 346 models Sediments, 91-92 Plantagenet Bank, 249 steady-state necking, 56 deep-sea, 469-478 Plantagenet Formation, 619 viscous head loss, 54, 56 distribution, 331-340 Plateaus, evolution, 591-593 profiles, 53-57 thickness, 347 Plate boundaries, 99-116, 347 tectonics, 56-60 thickness and distribution, 258-260, 337- accreting, 413 volcanism, 56-58 338 accreting, kinematics, 199-200 Rift zones Sediment waves, 432 magnetic, 190-192 axial, geology, 72-75 Seismic data, 164-165 morphologic, 193 axial, structure, 71-72 Seismic horizons, 541-542 present configuration, 189-204 Ripples, longitudinal, 463 Seismicity, 99-116, 297-312 ridge-transform-ridge, 157-162,165-170 Rises, evolution, 591-593 mid-plate, 2 ridge-transform intersection, 157, 168 Rockall-Hutton Bank, 383 subduction zones, 341-350 seismicity, 100-104 Rockall Plateau, 2 Seismic profiles, 331-340 stress, 297 Rockall Trough, 365 Serpentinite, 167, 274 transform circulation, 453 Shear stress, 62-63 aseismic extensions, 157-172 origin, 398-400 Sierra Leone hotspot, 122,127 Plates Romanche Fracture Zone, 22,127 Sierra Leone Rise, 128 kinematics, 379-404 Siliceous composition, 533-542, 553 kinematics in the last 20 m.y., 405-426 Saglek Basin, 336 Silicoflagellates, 472

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 694 Index and Glossary of Acronyms

Silver abyssal plain, 444 Sulfide ore bodies, 173 Vema Gap, 446 SIVGP, See Smithsonian Volcanic Glass Suspended particles, 470 Vema Transform, 158-161,164 Project Sydney Basin, 336 Venezuelan Basin, 345 Slide complexes, 483 Synthetic Aperture Radar, 22,654-655 Verde hotspot, 128 Slopes, degradation and aggradation, 479 Synthetic Bathymétrie Profiling System, 37 Very long base-line interferometers, 651 Slumping, 433 Systems approach, 10,12 Virgin Islands, 346 Slump scarps, 482 Viscous remanent magnetization, 232 Smithsonian Volcanic Glass Project, major Terrane boundaries, 367-369 Volatiles, 147-149 and minor element data, 117-136 Tertiary, 597-599, 631-650 Volcaniclastics, 77 Snaefellsnes volcanic zone, 74-75 Thermal cooling, 257 Volcanic rocks Sohm Abyssal Plain, 258, 442-443, 500 Thermal plumes, 118-123 abyssal, composition, 117-136 sediments, 337 See also Hotspots composition, zero-age variations, 117-136 Sohm Basin, 334 See also Plumes Volcanism, 78, 290-291, 346 Sohm Gap, 446 Thermal remanent magnetization, 231-232, island arc, 417 Sonar, side-scan, 33-35 244 relation to the seismicity, 103 Sor Jan range, 80 Tholeiite, 82 subaerial, 69-86 South American Plate, 191, 193-196, 366- Tiburon Rise, 347 Volcanogenic particles, 474-475 373 Time scales, 45-50 South American Plate/African Plate motions, Tjornes Fracture Zone, 75, 103-104, 107, Wegeiner's concepts, 405-406 413-420 198 West African coast magnetic anomaly, 370- Southeast Newfoundland Ridge, 80 Tobago Trough, 346, 347 371 South Iceland Basin, 453 Tomography, 5 Western Boundary Undercurrent, 427, 453- South Iceland seismic zone, 105-107, 110- Topex, 39, 659 454,498 113, 417 Trace elements, 139,146-147 Wetspots, 148-149 Space systems, 651-660 Trans-Polar Trend, 413-414 Wilmington Canyon, 431,438 Spanish Trough, 389 Transform faults Wilmington Fan, 439-441 Spreading centers, 62-64, 117-136 small-offset, 12 Wire-sounding, 3-4,15,29,38 Sr-87/Sr-86,143-145, 147,150, 287 zero-offset, 12 World-wide seismography station network, St. Anthony, 336 Triassic, 593,606 15 St. Martin, 346 Triple junctions, 193-201, 373 World War II, 32 St. Paul's Fracture Zone, 127 Tropical-Subtropical Province, 581-582 WWSSN, See World-wide seismography St. Paul's Rocks, 118-123,127,128 Turbidite, 346,437-450, 560 station network Stratigraphy, 13 Turbidity currents, 437-450 Wyville-Thomson Ridge, 452 Stress Turtle, 28 mid-plate, 297-312 Twentieth century studies, 5 xenoliths, 127-128 shear, 347 Stress fields U.S. Office of Naval Research, 14-15 Yermak H-zone, 246 models, driving drag model, 308-309 U.S.S. Colorado, 36 See also Nansen Ridge models, ridge push model, 308-309 Unconformities, 561 Subduction zones, seismicity and dynamics, regional, 541-542 Zeolite-greenschist facies, 90 341-347 University of Rhode Island Data Set, major Zonation, 541-542 Submarine canyons, 13,427-450,455 and minor element data, 117-136 biostratigraphic, 516-517 mass wasting, 487 Zooplankton, 548-553 sediment properties, 493 Vema Fracture Zone, 110,127 spreading rates, 417

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 695 Index and Glossary of Acronyms

Glossary of Acronyms

AABW or ABW, Antarctic Bottom Water ESP, Expanding spread profile (seismic Experiment (project) AEM, Airborne Electromagnetic Bathymét- method) LAGEOS, Laser Geodynamics Satellite rie Mapping (System name) EURA, Eurasian plate (name) AFRC, African plate FAMOUS, French-American Mid-Ocean LANDSAT, Earth surface imaging satellite AGU, American Geophysical Union Undersea Study (program) (name) AMO-2, AM 1-2, AM2-2, AM3-2, Absolute FETI, Titanium ferrobasalt LASE, Large Aperture Seismic Experiment motion models by Minster and Jor- FHAZ, Fracture high amplitude zone (mag- (Project) dan, 1978 netic anomaly province) LFC, Large Format Camera System used on AMAR, American Mid-Atlantic Ridge FNRS, Submersible (bathyscaphe) name Space Shuttle to photograph earth's (Project name) FZ, Fracture zone, generally used inter- surface AMC, Axial magma chamber (generic fea- changeably with transform fault LIBEC, Light-Behind Camera (system name) ture name) FZA, Fracture Zone A, FAMOUS area LILE, Large ion lithophile element AMCOR, Atlantic Margin Coring Project (specific feature) LOS, Law of the Sea (convention) ANGUS, Acoustically Navigated Geologic FZB, Fracture Zone B, FAMOUS area (spe- LREE, Light rare earth elements Underwater System cific feature) M-series, Mesozoic geomagnetic reversal AP, Abyssal Plain GEBCO, General Bathymétrie Chart of the sequence (also called Keathley BFP, Best fitting poles (plate rotation, Oceans Sequence) Minster and Jordan, 1978) GEM, Goddard Earth Model (gravity field MAGNET, Aeromagnetic project name BHST, Bathymétrie Hazard Survey Test model) (U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office) (Project name) GEOS, Geodetic Satellite (name) MAGSAT, Aeromagnetic Satellite (name) BO'S UN, Shallow-water swath-mapping sys- GEOSAT, Geodetic Satellite (name) MAR, Mid-Atlantic Ridge tem (name), now called Hydrochart GLORIA, Geologic Long Range Inclined MARS, Mass accumulation rates or Bathymétrie Swath Survey System Asdic; Asdic is British equivalent MOR, Mid-oceanic ridge (BS3) of "sonar" and stood for Allied MORB, Mid-ocean ridge basalt BS3, Bathymétrie Swath Survey System (See Submarine Detection Investigation MPB, Magnetic plate boundary BO'SUN) Committee MSS, Multi-Spectral Scanner (system) BSMA, Blake Spur Magnetic Anomaly GPS, Global Positioning System (navigation NAVSTAR (GPS), Navigation satellite sys- BSR, Bottom-simulating reflector satellites) tem (Global Positioning System) CCD, Calcite compensation depth (or car- GRM, Geopotential Research Mission NAVOCEANO, U.S. Naval Oceanographic bonate compensation depth) (satellites) Office CGFZ, Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone GSA, Geological Society of America NAZC, Nazca Plate CH-S, Cooling half-space (lithospheric GSC, Galapagos Spreading Center NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric thermal model) GSR, Greenland-Scotland Ridge Administration (agency name) CHUR, Chondritic meteorites uniform H-Zone, High-amplitude magnetic anomaly NOAM, North American Plate reservoir zone NOO, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office CMQZ, Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone HEBBLE, High Energy Benthic Boundary NORDA, Naval Ocean Research and Devel- CNEXO, Centre National pour L'Exploita- Layer Experiment (Project name) opment Activity (laboratory name) tion des Oceans (now called IFRE- HFU, Heat flow unit (1HFU = 1/ucal/ NR-1, Submersible name MER—Institut Français pour l'Ex- cm2/sec) NRL, Naval Research Laboratory ploitation de la Mere) HREE, Heavy rare earth elements NRM, Natural remanent magnetization CORG, Organic Carbon ICJ, International Court of Justice NSF, National Science Foundation COST, Continental Offshore Stratigraphie IMQZ, Inner Magnetic Quiet Zone NUVEL-2, Relative plate motion models Test (drilling program) IOS, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (DeMets and others, 1986) CP, Cooling plate (lithospheric thermal (U.K.) OBS, Ocean bottom seismometer (generic model) IPOD, International Phase of Ocean Drilling feature name) CRM, Chemical remanent magnetization (Project) OCR, Overconsolidation ratio (sediment CZCS, Coastal Zone Color Scanner (satellite IR, Infrared property) system) IRDP, Iceland Research Drilling Project OCS, Outer Continental Shelf (Lands Act) D, Bulk solid/melt partition coefficient (drill site) OGO, Orbiting Geophysical Observatory DBDB, Digital Bathymétrie Data Base (suc- J-anomaly, Unique linear high amplitude (satellite name) ceeded SYNBAPS) magnetic anomaly in western North OMD, Ocean Margin Drilling (project DEEPTOW, Deep-towed sidescan sonar sys- Atlantic name) tem (Scripps Inst, of Oceanography) JAR, J-Anomaly Ridge (specific basement ONR, Office of Naval Research DMA, Defense Mapping Agency ridge) OSC, Overlapping spreading center (generic DNAG, Decade of North American Geology JMQZ, Jurassic Magnetic Quiet Zone feature name) DSDP, Deep Sea Drilling Project JOIDES, Joint Oceanographic Institutions OTTER, Oceanographer Transform Tec- EEZ, Exclusive Economic Zone for Deep Earth Sampling tonic Exploration Research (specific EM, Electromagnetic KFZ, Kane Fracture Zone project) ECMA, East Coast Magnetic Anomaly LAA, Large amorphous aggregates (marine PCFC, Pacific Plate EPR, East Pacific Rise snow) PDR, Precision Depth Recorder (system ERTS, Earth Resources Technology Satellite LADLE, Lesser Antilles Deep Lithosphere name)

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 696 Index and Glossary of Acronyms

PMEL, Pacific Marine Environmental SEABEAM, Multibeam bathymetric swath- TM, Thematic Mapper (system on LAND- Laboratory (NOAA lab) mapping system (trade name) SAT satellites) PTDZ, Principal Transform Displacement SEAMARC, Sea Mapping and Remote TOPEX, Satellite (name) Zone (generic tectonic province Characterization (trade name) (side- TPT, Trans-polar trend (arrangement of name) scan sonar system) plate rotation poles for Atlantic plate RADARSAT, Satellite (name) SEASAT, Geodetic satellite (name) pairs) RBV, Return Beam Vidicon (imaging system SEIR, Southeast Indian Ridge TRM, Thermoremanent magnetization used on LANDSAT satellite) SENR, Southeast Newfoundland Ridge TTZ, Transform Tectonized Zone REE, Radio-echosounding (method) SFS, Sea floor spreading URI, University of Rhode Island RM1, RM2, Relate (plate) motion models SIVGP, Smithsonian Institution Volcanic USGS, U.S. Geological Survey (Minster and others, 1974) Glass Project VD, Vertical deflection (parameter) ROV, Remotely operated (underwater) SLAR, Side-looking airborne radar (generic VHRR, Very High Resolution Radiometer vehicle (generic system name) method name) (satellite system) RT, Ridge transform (intersection) (generic SLR, Satellite laser ranging (generic method VLBI, Very Long Base Line Interferometry feature name) name) (positioning system using distant as- RTR, Ridge-Transform-Ridge (plate bound- SOAM, South American plate tronomic sources) ary type) SMMR, Scanning Microwave Multichannel VRM, Viscous remanent magnetization SAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar (generic Radiometer (Satellite system) WBUC, Western Boundary Undercurrent method) SWH, Significant Wave Height (quantity) WHOI, Woods Hole Oceanographic In- SASS, Sonar Array Sounding System SYNBAPS, Synthetic Bathymetric Profiling stitution SASS, SEASAT Satellite Scatterometer System (gridded data base) WSBW, Warm Saline Bottom Water (specific system name) TAG, Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (program) WWSSN, Worldwide Standardized Seis- SCUBA, Self-contained underwater breath- TFZ, Transform Fault Zone (generic tectonic mograph Network ing apparatus (generic system name) province name)

Typeset by WESType Publishing Services, Inc., Boulder, Colorado Printed in U.S.A. by Malloy Lithographing, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4149362/9780813754642_backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021