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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104

English with Special Reference to Tourism Website

Ni Luh Rara Tian Anyar Sari1*, Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha2, I Ketut Wandia3 English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University 1[[email protected]], 2[[email protected]], 3[[email protected]] *Corresponding Author

Abstract The study entitled English Compound Adjective with Special Reference to Tourism Website aims to analyze the constructions of compound found in Tourism website, explaining their syntactic functions and meaning. The data were taken from several tourism websites on internet, they are, Discover Hong Kong, Wonderful Indonesia, Italian Tourism Official Website, and Visit the USA. Firstly, the tourism websites were accessed and website pages were printed. Secondly, the website pages that had been printed were carefully read in order to find out the compound adjective. Thirdly, the relevant data on the print out were marked and containing the data were noted. Then, the data were listed according to its right-hand component of compound. The data were analyzed based on the theories adopted in this study. The grand theory used is the theory of word-formation proposed by Bauer (1983) to analyze the construction of compound adjective. Meanwhile, theory of syntactic function proposed by Quirk and theory of meaning developed by Palmer were used as the supporting theories. The findings reveal that there are five patterns constructing the compound adjectives in tourism website being analyzed; they are: + adjective, adjective + adjective, + adjective, noun + noun, and adjective + noun. The compound adjectives found mostly have attributive functions in which the compound adjective pre-modifies the noun. Moreover, most of the compound adjectives found are transparent in their meaning, which is easily determined from the constituents that construct the compound adjectives. Keywords: compound, adjective, construction

Abstrak Penelitian dengan judul Compound Adjective with Special Reference to Tourism Website bertujuan untuk menganalisis konstruksi kata sifat majemuk yang ditemukan dalam website pariwisata, menjelaskan fungsi sintaksis beserta arti yang terkandung dalam kata sifat majemuk. Data penelitian ini diambil dari beberapa website pariwisata, yaitu Discover Hong Kong, Wonderful Indonesia, Italian Tourism Official Website, and Visit the USA. Pertama, website pariwisata diakses dan halaman website dicetak. Kedua, cetakan halaman website dibaca dengan seksama untuk mendapatkan kata sifat majemuk. Ketiga, data yang relevan ditandai dan frasa yang mengandung kata sifat majemuk dicatat. Selanjutnya, data didaftar sesuai dengan komponen kanan dari kata sifat majemuk. Data dianalisis menggunakan teori utama yaitu teori word- formation yang dikemukakan oleh Bauer (1983) untuk menganalisa konstruksi kata sifat majemuk. Sedangkan, teori fungsi sintaksis yang dikemukakan Quirk dan teori makna yang dikembangkan oleh Palmer digunakan sebagai teori pendukung. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada lima pola yang mengkonstruksi kata sifat majemuk dalam

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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104 website pariwisata yang dianalisis yaitu, kata benda + kata sifat, kata sifat + kata sifat, kata keterangan + kata sifat, kata benda + kata benda, dan kata sifat + kata benda. Sebagian besar kata sifat majemuk yang ditemukan memiliki fungsi atributif yang mana kata sifat majemuk mempra-modifikasi kata benda. Selain itu, kata sifat majemuk yang ditemukan memiliki makna jelas (transparan) sehingga maknanya dengan mudah dapat ditentukan dari konstituen yang membangun kata sifat majemuk tersebut. Kata kunci: kata majemuk, kata sifat, konstruksi 1. Background of the Study tourist attraction, tourism service and product. A website is online and One of the most productive ways of accessible 24 hours a day, every day of forming new words in English is the year. Because of this, the customers compounding. Compounding is the and potential customers can visit tourism process of putting words together to build service provider site for information a new one that does not denote two about new and upcoming products and things, but one and that is pronounced as services whenever it is convenient for one unit. It consists of combining words them. having their own lexical meaning (having One way of promoting tourism a substantial meaning of their own) to product, the service providers adapt produce a new unit that functions as a language to their own use in which they single word. (Wisniewski: 2007). take compound words and use them as According to Bauer (1983), there are adjectives. These compounds often later four kinds of compound based on the become widely used in normal situations. classes of the elements of the compound; Examples of these compounds which they are compound noun, compound have become part of the , compound adjective, and compound are top-quality, economy-size, chocolate- adverb. A compound adjective is an flavored, feather-light and longer-lasting. adjective made up of two or more parts This study is significance of that act as a single idea to modify a noun understanding the compound adjective in e.g. a part-time employee, a high-speed tourism website in purpose of giving chase. It is usually written with a information and advertising. This study is if it is put before a noun, e.g. well- helpful to the reader to find out the dressed, never-ending and shocking- syntactic function, the construction of pink, and pronounces both parts with compound adjective and the meaning equal . The meaning is usually clear conveyed. Moreover, this study helps the from the words it combines. The second reader to differentiate between compound part of the adjective is frequently a adjective and phrase. present or past (O’Dell: 2001). This study intends to analyze the 2. Problems of the Study construction and syntactic function of a) How are compound adjectives compound adjective in tourism website. found in tourism website Moreover, in order to understand the constructed? meaning conveyed in compound b) What are the syntactic functions adjective, this study also tries to describe of compound adjective found in the meaning of compound adjective tourism website? found in some tourism website. c) What meanings are expressed by Tourism website is widely used to compound adjective found in promote and give information about tourism website?

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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104

3. Aims of the Study website pages that had been printed were a) To identify the construction of carefully read in order to find out the compound adjective found in compound adjectives. Thirdly, the Tourism website. relevant data on the print out was marked b) To explain the syntactic functions and phrase containing the data was noted. of compound adjective found in Then, the data were listed according to its Tourism website. right-hand element of the compound c) To analyze and describe the types adjective in order to make it easier to be of meanings of compound analyzed. The data were analyzed based adjective found in tourism on the theories adopted in this study. website. 4.3 Method and technique of analyzing 4. Research method data The research method of this study The data of the study were includes the data source, method and qualitatively analyzed. Qualitative means technique of collecting data, method and that the data is analyzed by using deep technique of analyzing data, and also explanation or description and not method and technique of presenting data. involving measurement or statistics. This Each part of research method is explained study applied triangulation technique. further in the following section. The data collected was checked and rechecked whether the data were valid or 4.1 Data source This study uses digital text as the data not, then doing cross-check on the data source. The data of this study were taken through some theories. from several tourism websites on the First, the data that had been listed internet; they are, Discover Hong Kong, according to its right-hand component Wonderful Indonesia, Italian Tourism were identified according to the Official Website, and Visit the USA. construction of compound adjective using There were four articles taken from each the theory of word-formation proposed website used as the data source of this by Bauer (1983). And then, the syntactic research. The articles in those websites function of the data was explained using were chosen because they contain a lot of the theory of syntactic function of compound adjectives with various adjective proposed by Quirk, et al (1973). construction patterns. After that, the meaning of the data was described using the theory of meaning 4.2 Method and technique of collecting developed by Palmer (1984). data The method of collecting data used in 4.4 Method and technique of this study was documentation method. presenting analysis Documentation method was used to The analysis of this study was obtain the data from written material presented both in formal and informal (tourism website). Note taking technique methods. In the informal method, each was applied in order to mark down the problem in this study was presented relevant data for the study. narratively in order to make the analysis There are several stages in order to understood easily. In addition, this study collect the data. Firstly, the tourism also applied the formal method in which websites were accessed and website the analysis was supported with three pages were printed. Secondly, the diagrams to clearly describe the syntactic function of compound adjectives.

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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104

5. Results and discussions compound construction is not specifically There are several patterns found on mentioned by Bauer (1983) on his list of tourist website constructing compound pattern of compound because he adjective. The construction patterns of categorizes a participle as an adjective. compound adjective are categorized Typically, which is according to the right-hand element of containing this kind of compound the compound, adjective and noun. The adjective can be analyzed as shortened analysis of compound adjective sentences with the structure of – constructions is explained as follows: verb – . The head of the noun phrase would be mostly a subject and 5.1 Adjective as right-hand element of agent, action initiator, in a possible the compound transformation. For example, the There are three construction patterns compound adjective gravity-defying in which have adjectives as their right-hand ‘the gravity-defying Iron Wing’ can be elements; they are, noun + adjective, transformed into ‘the Iron Wing is adjective + adjective and adverb + defying the gravity’. adjective as presented below: However, this structure cannot be a. Noun + Adjective applied in compound adjective taylor- [5-1] Leopard-like (the zebra shark made in example [5-3] that has opaque with leopard-like spots) meaning in which the meaning cannot be (www.discoverhongkong.com) determined from the constituents of This compound adjective is compound. constructed by combining a noun and an From the data observed, compound adjective and can be considered adjective with this pattern is used in endocentric compound, in which one attributive and predicative position. member function as the head and other as However, this compound tends to be used its modifier. The adjective in this attributively. Compound adjective in [5- construction is the head of the compound 1] and [5-2] are used on attributive and the noun acts as the modifier. This position. They have a role as pre- construction of compound adjective is modifiers of the head of the noun phrase. used for expressing similarity. Leopard- Whereas, compound adjective in [5-3] like in ‘the zebra shark with leopard-like has predicative function to modify the spots’ gives description of how the spots noun phrase that appears before the look. compound adjective which is connected On the data analyzed is also found with the linking verb are. The syntactic compound adjective formed by noun + function can be understood from the participle, for instance: diagram below: Diagram 1: [5-2] Gravity-defying (the gravity- NP defying Iron Wing) (www.discoverhongkong.com) Art Adj NP [5-3] Tailor-made (Nevada’s landscape and culture are tailor-made for cowboys) (www.visittheusa.com) Noun + participle is one of the the gravity-defying Iron Wing construction patterns that is frequently (noun - adjective) found on data analyzed. This pattern of (www.discoverhongkong.com)

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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104

Diagram 2: [5-6] Hard-pressed (I was hard- pressed to make a decision) S (www.visittheusa.com) This compound adjective has an adjective as a left-hand constituent and a NP VP participle as right hand constituent. Bauer (1983), again, does not mention this construction pattern, but he includes this V Adj PP pattern into adjective-adjective compound construction. A noun phrase containing such compound adjective can be transformed Nevada’s are tailor- for into a where the head of noun landscape made cowboys phrase becomes a subject, an agent and and culture thus initiator of an action (Ptáčková: (noun-adjective) 2008). The possible sentence pattern (www.visittheusa.com) would have subject – verb – adverbial structure, as warm-inviting in ‘warm- b. Adjective + adjective inviting water’, which is a combination This compound adjective is of an adjective and a present participle. It constructed by attaching two adjectives. can be transformed into ‘water which Bauer (1983) has divided this compound invite warmly’. ‘Warm-inviting water’ is into two semantic groups, namely a metaphorical expression which is oppositional and endocentric compound personification. Invite warmly which is adjectives. Oppositional compound is a actually a quality of a person instead it is compound in which both elements have used to describe noun water. the equal lexical status and none of the Apart from present and past constituent lexical elements have participle, there is also found noun –ed as modifying function. Moreover, the second element in adjective + eendocentric compound is a compound in adjective compound. which one of the lexical elements is a head and second element is dependant. [5-7] Long-tusked (long-tusked Pacific walruses) [5-4] Wide-open (wide-open spaces) (www.discoverhongkong.com) (www.visittheusa.com) Wide-open is an example of endocentric The right-hand element which is a compound. The first element (wide) has noun ending in -ed may look like a got intensifying function of the second participle but in fact it is not, because in element (open). order to be a participle, the has to be The compound adjective formed by a verb, not a noun. The –ed is adjective + adjective also comes up with added to a noun in order to make it participle, either present participle or past become an adjective (Bauer:1983). participle as the second element, as in the In case of the syntactic function, examples below: this compound adjective can be used attributively and predicatively. The [5-5] Warm-inviting (Warm- compound adjective hard-pressed is used inviting waters) predicatively in which it appears after (www.indonesia.travel)

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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104 noun I and modifies it. It is connected so much functioning as an adjective as with the linking verb was. forming a three term noun compound become institutionalized and lexicalized c. Adverb + adjective as units, independent of their constituent [5-8] All-new (the all-new ‘Iron Man part and in some cases they have Experience’) different connotation from the same (www.discoverhongkong.com) forms used as non-attributive compound [5-9] Well- known (the Asiago . This kind of compound adjective Plateau is well-known for its cheese) is exocentric compound in which the (www.italia.it) constituent has no head and the lexical category of the compound is not This kind of compound adjective is determined by any of the constituents. categorized into endocentric compound. The word class constructing these An adverb word-form modifies an compounds may lead to conclusion that adjective word-form, as in [5-8]. they should be considered compound According to Oxford Dictionary, all in nouns rather than compound adjectives. all-round is categorized in word class of However, since this compound is put in a adverb. The adverb all modifies the noun phrase to modify the head of the adjective new. Therefore, the meaning of noun phrase then this compound is an these compound adjectives can be easily adjective. For example, the compound determined from the meaning of adjective world-class in ‘a world-class compound constituents. infrastructure system’ is already In the data analysed, this commonly used as an adjective. construction of compound adjective is According to Merriam-Webster used both attributive and predicative Dictionary, world-class is considered position. The compound adjective in [5- adjective which means among the best in 8] is used attributively to pre-modify the the world. noun, while on [5-9] the compound is The syntactic function of noun + used to post-modify the noun. noun compound adjective found on the data analyzed is attributive. It can be 5.2 Noun as right-hand element of the understood from data [5-10], the compound compound adjective world-class occurs It is also found that noun as right- before noun phrase infrastructure system hand element of the compound as to modify it. presented below: b. Adjective + noun a. Noun + noun [5-12] Hot-air (a hot-air balloon) [5-10] World-class (a world-class (www.italia.it) infrastructure system) (www.discoverhongkong.com) [5-13] High-speed (a high-speed and energetic classic) [5-11] Home-style (Texas home-style (www.discoverhongkong.com) side dishes) (www.visittheusa.com) This compound adjective is constructed by attaching an adjective and Compound adjective constructed by a noun. This construction of compound is noun + noun is only a few found on the quite productive and often appears on the data analyzed. According to Bauer data analyzed. The most of these (1983), noun compound functioning as a compounds are not compounds, unless modifier to another noun is probably not

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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104 they are used attributively, they are predicative function. Adjective phrase is actually nouns. They change their stress more commonly used in predicative pattern (orthographically becoming position in the data analysed rather than hyphenated, although this is not a compound adjective. None of the trustworthy criterion) when they are used compound adjective has postpositive attributively (Bauer: 1983). function since a phrase will be sound Since these compounds are put in a unnatural. noun phrase to modify the head of the Most of the compound adjectives noun phrase then this compound can be found in the data is transparent in their considered an adjective. In a noun phrase, meaning. The meaning of the compound this compound is usually used as a pre- can be predicted from the components modifier, as hot-air in ‘a hot-air balloon’ that construct the compound. Meanwhile, in which it is commonly perceived as the compound adjective with opaque adjectival. meaning in which the meaning cannot be Furthermore, those compound determined from the constituent that adjectives are used attributively on the construct the compound is limited found data analysed. Those compound in the data. adjectives have function as pre-modifier in which it modifies noun that comes 7. References after it. The compound adjective remote- island has a role as pre-modifier to the Bauer, Laurie. (1983). English Word- noun experience. formation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 6. Conclusions Based on the foregoing analysis and Bauer, Laurie. (1988). Introducing discussion, the following points can be Linguistic . drawn as conclusion: Edinburgh University Press, There are five patterns constructing Edinburgh. compound adjectives found in tourism Conti, Sara. (2006). Compound website analysed; they are: noun + Adjectives in English (Ph.D adjective, adjective + adjective, adverb + Thesis). University of Pisa, Italy adjective, noun + noun, and adjective + noun. Compound adjective constructed of Hornby, A. S. (2010). Oxford noun + adjective the most frequent Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. construction found on the data analysed. Oxford University Press Inc, New The adjective + noun construction is York. mainly used to express similarity of two different objects and also, to compare and Merriam-Webster.com. (2017). specify a certain degree of the quality Merriam-Webster Online expressed by adjectival head. This Dictionary. Retrieved September construction is also used in order to 20, 2017, from shorten a sentence with structure of https://www.merriam- subject – verb – object. webster.com/dictionary Compound adjective found mostly has attributive function. Compound O’Dell, Michael M.F. (2001). English adjective is commonly used as pre- Vocabulary in Use Upper- modifier in order to modify a noun that intermediate. Cambridge comes after it. Only a few of them has University Press, Cambridge.

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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v23.i01.p14 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 23.1 Mei 2018: 97-104

Palmer, F.R. (1981). Semantics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ptáčková, Eva. (2008). Compound Adjectives in Women’s Lifestyle Magazines (thesis). Masaryk University, Italy.

Wisniewski, Kamil. (2007). Word Formation Processes: How New Words Develop in the English language. Blackwell, New York.

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