IRMGARD HEIN (Ed.)

THE FORMATION OF CYPRUS IN THE 2nd MILLENNIUM B.C. ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN DENKSCHRIFTEN DER GESAMTAKADEMIE, BAND LII

Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean

Edited by Manfred Bietak and Hermann Hunger

Volume XX ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN DENKSCHRIFTEN DER GESAMTAKADEMIE, BAND LII

THE FORMATION OF CYPRUS IN THE 2nd MILLENNIUM B.C. Studies in Regionalism during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages

Proceedings of a workshop held at the 4th Cyprological Congress, May 2nd 2008, Lefkosia, Cyprus

Edited by IRMGARD HEIN Vorgelegt von w. M. MANFRED BIETAK in der Sitzung am 17. Oktober 2008

Spezialforschungsbereich SCIEM 2000 „Die Synchronisierung der Hochkulturen im östlichen Mittelmeerraum im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.“ der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften beim Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

Special Research Programme SCIEM 2000 “The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C.” of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Austrian Science Fund

British Library Cataloguing in Publication data. A Catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library.

Die verwendete Papiersorte ist aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff hergestellt, frei von säurebildenden Bestandteilen und alterungsbeständig.

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Printed and bound in Austria CONTENTS

General Abbreviations ...... 7 Bibliographical Abbreviations ...... 7

MANFRED BIETAK, Preface by the Editor of the Series...... 9 IRMGARD HEIN, Introduction ...... 11 DAVID FRANKEL What Do We Mean by ‘Regionalism’? ...... 15 JENNIFER M. WEBB Deneia: A Middle Cypriot Site in Its Regional and Historical Context ...... 27 LOUISE C. MAGUIRE Design Execution Sequences in White Painted, Proto White Slip and White Slip Pottery...... 39 KATHRYN O. ERIKSSON Regionalism and Island-wide Analysis: Some Observations Regarding White Painted V and VI Wares from Middle Cypriot III / Late Cypriot I Tombs from the North West Region of Cyprus ...... 49 GIORGOS GEORGIOU The Dynamism of Central Cyprus during Middle Cypriot III: Funerary Evidence from Nicosia Agia Paraskevi...... 65 LINDY CREWE Regionalism and the First Appearance of Plain White Handmade Ware in the Middle Cypriot Bronze Age ...... 79 ARIANE JACOBS Considering Ceramic Variability on Late Bronze Age Cyprus. A Case-study: The Plain Vessels of Alassa Pano-Mandilaris ...... 91 PRISCILLA SCHUSTER KESWANI Exploring Regional Variation in Late Cypriot II–III Pithoi: Perspectives from Alassa and Kalavasos ...... 107 SOPHOCLES HADJISAVVAS Aspects of Regionalism in Late Cypriot Architecture and the Case of Alassa ...... 127 LOUISE STEEL Exploring Regional Settlement on Cyprus in the Late Bronze Age: The Rural Hinterland ...... 135

GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS

BA Bronze Age mm millimeter BR Base Ring Ware MM acc. Medelhavsmuseet acquisition c., ca. circa No., no. Number CLS Cross Line Style Nos., nos. Numbers cm. centimeter NW north-west D. Diameter op.cit. opus citatum EC Early Cypriot PBR Proto Base Ring Ware Eg., eg. exempli gratia PH Plain White Handmade et al. et alii Pl., pl. Plate Fig., fig. figure PLS Pendant Line Style Figs., figs. figures pres. ht. preserved height FLMet framed lozenge with framed metope below PWS Proto White Slip FLS Fine Line Style PWWM Plain White Wheel-made Ware forthc. forthcoming R–L right to left FWL Framed Wavy Line RonR/B Red on Red / Red on Black ht. height RP red polished Ibid. ibidem sq. m. square meter ie id est SCSP Sydney-Cyprus Survey Project L–R left to right T, Tb. Tomb LB, LBA Late Bronze Age Th. Thickness LC Late Cypriot Vol. Volume m meter WP White Painted Ware Max. Maximum WP V FLS White Painted V Fine Line Style Ware MB Middle Bronze Age WPWM White Painted Wheel-made Ware MC Middle Cypriot WS White Slip Ware

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS

AJA American Journal of Archaeology, Baltimore, ab 1897: JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies, London. Norwood. JMA Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, London, Ä&L Egypt and the Levant, International Journal for Egyptian Sheffield. Archaeology and Related Disciplines, Vienna. OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Institute of Archaeolo- BAR-IS British Archaeological Reports-International Series, gy, University of Oxford. Oxford. OpAth Opuscula Atheniensia, Annual of the Swedish Insti- BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, tute at Athens, Jonsered. New Haven. POCA Postgraduate Cypriot Archaeology, Nicosia. CChEM Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediter- QDAP The Quarterly of the Department of Archaeology of Pales- ranean, Vienna. tine, London. IEJ Israel Exploration Journal, Jerusalem. RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, IJNA International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, London. Nicosia. INSTAP The Institute for Aegean Prehistory, Philadelphia. SCE The Swedish Cyprus Expedition. JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, SIMA Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Gothenburg. Princeton. SIMA-PB Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology-Pocketbook, Jon- JFA Journal of Field Archaeology, Boston University. sered, Gothenburg.

PREFACE BY THE EDITOR OF THE SERIES

Cypriot pottery is of paramount importance to an This makes it particularly important to learn more assessment of an overall chronology of the Eastern about the origins and regional development of the Mediterranean of the Second Millennium BC. Of all different wares as well as styles on the island and Middle and Late Bronze Age products, it is the most about regional fabrics. prevalent and appears, by and in sequences, always Irmgard Hein has taken the initiative of address- with new families of wares. The appearance and ing the subject of regionalism in a specialist work- prevalence of Cypriot pottery play an important part shop run in conjunction with expert colleagues who in the research programme “Synchronisation of Civil- have harnessed their research to present most valu- isations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second able contributions on this topic. All the authors have Millennium BC” (SCIEM 2000). An attempt has been to be thanked for sharing their expertise and partici- made to draw datum-lines across the Mediterranean, pating in this discourse. It is hoped that the results of extrapolated from the first time that specific varieties this workshop will deepen our understanding of the of pottery make an appearance and on the basis that complexity of the archaeology of the island and will they surface more or less everywhere at the same time foster the initiative and co-operation which are need- though, needless to say, the earliest record being on ed in finding more answers to the many outstanding the island of production itself. As Robert Merrillees issues of regionalism. and others have pointed out, the regionalism of the island and the point that certain wares are apt to Manfred Bietak develop in some regions of Cyprus earlier than in First Speaker of the research programme SCIEM 2000 of the others raise a problem in this approach to research. Austrian Science Fund at the Austrian Academy of Sciences

INTRODUCTION

Irmgard Hein

“The formation of Cyprus in the 2nd Millennium 2007), it has become evident that a reflective base is B.C.”. For the Middle and Late Cypriot Bronze Age needed in order to get a deeper understanding for the there are many unanswered questions especially con- emerging patterns. During the last years two studies cerning chronology, social transformation and the have focussed on the investigation of pottery ware on development of local entities or industries. The title Cyprus, L. Maguire analyses stylistic components of the of this collection of papers, “The Formation of White Painted (WP) wares and White Slip (WS) wares, Cyprus” was chosen to pinpoint the fact that local and L. Crewe elaborates on the Red on Red and Red community activities and exchange at a local scale on Black (RoR/RoB) development in combination have a considerable influence on island-wide devel- with the Plain White (PW) wares. opment and in this instance the formation of society A further major study by the Cypriot section is the in the Bronze Age. production of a Manual of Bichrome Wheelmade In Cyprus some geographical partitions can be Ware. The collection of the data and the ensuing adopted to provide a framework from which to research reiterates that our present knowledge about organise our current studies (cf. GEORGIOU 2007, the internal situation on the island could be further MERRILLEES et al. 1971). In order to obtain a detailed elucidated in order for us to understand the distribu- picture of society models, we also need to have a solid tion patterns. Taking this as a starting point in sever- foundation of knowledge concerning the chronolog- al discussions with colleagues, the idea was raised to ical development, architecture and material culture, attend to the intra island structure of Cyprus in terms to serve as a platform for interpretation. of regional development. This was the impetus The chronology of the 2nd Millennium B.C. is the behind a workshop which would focus on the phe- topic of the special research program SCIEM 2000, by nomenon of regionalism in Cyprus. the Austrian Science Fund, and the variety of results The idea was to highlight the complexity and vari- show potential for further interpretation (BIETAK ability in the historical formation of the island during 2003). The section of Cyprus within this program has the 2nd Millennium B.C., which resulted in the island- undertaken several studies dealing with the distribu- wide material culture of the Late Cypriot Period II tion of Cypriot wares in the entire eastern Levant. and later stages. In the discussions at the congress it A focus of these studies is devoted to the transition became clear that a focussed debate for the Bronze from the MC into the LC period, since this is a crucial Age was essential, and the broad interest in this topic time in the Ancient Near East, where the volume of was also clearly evident in the number of many Cypriot pottery is evident in the fluctuating trade and renowned scholars of Cypriot archaeology auditing network operations. Moreover from a historical view, the workshop, to name only a few of them D. Bolger, this is the time of considerable movement including G. Cadogan, M. Iacovou, A. B. Knapp, E. Peltenburg, the large and complex topic of the Hyksos history in D. Pilides, D. Sewell, and many others. The scientific Ancient Near East and Egypt, the Hurrian question community will remember in particular the late P. (MERRILLEES 2007) and also technological transfer. Åström for his valuable comments at his last confer- The appearance of Cypriot pottery in the Levant has a ence in Cyprus. bearing on these events. Whereas other cultures of the The contributions emerging from the workshop Eastern Mediterranean have fully developed writing which are presented within this volume also show the systems, the Cypriot culture of the 2nd Millennium and diversity of various approaches to the topic. D. Frankel its chronology is dependent on the interpretation of in his solid contribution gives a critical summary on archaeological artefacts and pottery, as well as the statements considering regionalism in the past. He crosslink of their distribution in the Ancient Near East. includes a valuable account on the sometimes diverg- In discussions which consider the origin of several ing criteria which can be taken as parameters to Cypriot pottery wares, White Slip Ware for example define a region. Besides geographical measurements, (ERIKSSON 2007), or Lustrous wares (cf. HEIN ed. he also points to local production or political influ- 12 Irmgard Hein ence, which appears from the LC period onwards, and butions, the detailed interpretation of material brings in other components for regional networks. groups, of local entities, of architecture, distribution Other papers concentrate more on the view from of wares and of fabrics is essential in order to some local entities. J. Webb reflects the Deneia struc- enhance our understanding of Cypriot life and social ture and the change of a network functioning togeth- development in the 2nd Millennium B.C. er with Lapithos, for a direction towards the west in the MC III period, L. Steel gives an overview of Are- Acknowledgements diou in the Northern Troodos foothills as a complex In the first instance, special thanks must go to the structure and independently working production Austrian Science Fund (FWF) for the funding of the zone in the hinterland, with connections to the F1412 Cyprus Section of the SCIEM 2000 project, coastal sites in LC I, whereas G. Georgiou highlights which enabled scientific studies and the organization the important function of the central zone in the MC of the workshop. III period as a bridge between the Northern and In Cyprus, where the workshop took place, my Southern, and the Eastern and Western zones respec- thanks are addressed primarily to the organizers of tively. Three papers deal with the Alassa region, in the the 4th International Cyprological Congress, in par- southwest, at the end of the LC period: A. Jacobs, ticular to Dr. Charalampos Chotzakoglou and Dr. Eli- investigating pottery fabrics versus types, P. Keswani, ades, for providing space, time and infrastructure for who presents ideas for the pithoi production of the the workshop. Special thanks go to CAARI to the region by taking into account the manufacturing director Dr. T. Davis and to Vathoulla Moustouki for process of these voluminous vessels, and finally, support and invaluable help with the inevitable small S. Hadjisavvas examines large scale architecture and things, of copies and programme. the social meaning of those buildings from Alassa. In Vienna, my gratitude is directed firstly to The WP wares are discussed in two papers, by L. M. Bietak, the first speaker of the special research Maguire and K.O. Eriksson. Maguire takes a fresh program SCIEM 2000 and head of the Commission look at the application of decoration through detailed for Egypt and the Levant, for many countless things, brush stroke analyses. She compares the underlying and for stimulating progress in the development of embedded brushstroke behaviour of WP and WS the Cyprus Section as well as several interesting wares. Eriksson in contrast raises the problems of the debates about the problems in history, chronology WP grouping systems, which were developed by P. and the development of many other ideas. ÅSTRÖM in the 70s (1972), versus the theory of FRANKEL In particular I would like to thank Angela Schwab (1971) about functionality and structural relationship from the SCIEM office in the Austrian Academy of in geographical locations. In her opinion the WP CLS Sciences. She has put all her skills into the layout and ware, for instance, is apparently a product of individ- print procedure of this volume. In the print office of ual pottery workshops, so WP V and WP VI emerge the Austrian Academy, my thanks are directed to from the north west of the island, whereas WPPLS Mr. H. Weinberger for his experience and the super- comes out of a north eastern tradition. vision of the production of the volume. The potential of ware group analyses is discussed For her constant and energetic editing skills I in the contribution by L. Crewe, as she investigates would like to thank L. Zelenkova, as well as James the initial stages of the PW Handmade ware, from the Goff and L. Maguire for kind assistance in copy edit- MC II period onwards into the LC period. She con- ing the texts. fines the origin of the ware to the east of Cyprus During the workshop great interest was shown in which brought in new types during the MC with con- the attendance of the workshop and the stimulating siderable Levantine influence, before PW became comments and constructive critical appraisal to all transformed into Wheelmade production in the LC the speakers from the learned audience are much period, as it is found all over the island. She regards appreciated. Finally all the speakers and authors must the ware as an indicator of social transformations in be thanked for their excellent collaboration, submit- intra-island communication. ting the texts on time and for contributing multiple It became clear during the workshop and during reflections about the topic, serving also as base for the very vivid discussions, that the characterisation of further scientific research. the regions of Cyprus is problematic and needs fur- ther discussion not just for the Middle Cypriot and Late Cypriot phases. As we can see from the contri- Vienna, October 2008 Introduction 13

Bibliography

ÅSTRÖM, P. HEIN, I. (ed.) 1972 The Late Cypriote Bronze Age. Architecture and Pottery, SCE 2007 The Lustrous Wares of Late Bronze Age Cyprus and the East- IV:1C; The Late Cypriote Bronze Age. Relative and Absolute ern Mediterranean, Papers of a conference, Vienna 5th–6th of Chronology, Foreign Relations, Summary and Historical November 2004, CChEM 13, Vienna. Conclusions, SCE IV:1D, Lund. ERIKSSON, K.O. BIETAK, M. 2007 The Creative Independence of Late Bronze Age Cyprus. An 2003 Science versus Archaeology: Problems and Conse- Account of the Archaeological Importance of White Slip Ware, quences ofHigh Aegean Chronology, 23–34, in: M. CChEM 10, Vienna. BIETAK (ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the MERRILLEES, R. Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BC. II. 2007 The ethnic implications of Tell el-Yahudieh Ware for Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 EuroConference, Haindorf, the History of the Middle to Late Bronze Age in 2nd of May–7th of May 2001, CChEM 4, Vienna. Cyprus, in: Hommage à Annie Caubet, Centre d’études chy- GEORGIOU, G. priotes, Cahier 37, 87796. 2007 The Topography of Human Settlement in Cyprus During the 1971 The Early History of Late Cypriote I, Levant 3, 56–79. Early and Middle Bronze Age, Unpublished PhD Thesis (in Greek), University of Cyprus. Print in prep.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ‘REGIONALISM’?

David Frankel

The bewildering number of facts and facets presented by land use in In this brief review I will not attempt to consider Cyprus makes the task of synthesis very difficult. Patterns there are all the ways in which ‘regionalism’ has been or could and they are discernable, but they are broken up into numerous be seen, but will selectively refer to a sample of opi- microcosms and sharp contrasts side by side and within a small com- pass are frequent nions and approaches, with particular relevance for nd D. CHRISTODOULOU 1959, 195. the 2 millennium. These will serve to illustrate a range of underlying approaches and issues which But if East is East and West is West, then won’t you tell me why need to be borne in mind in establishing spatial pat- When it’s night-time in Italy it’s Wednesday over here terns and then explaining them. This involves disent- J. KENDIS and L. BROWN 1923. angling questions of types of evidence, approaches to classification and measurement, units and scales of INTRODUCTION analysis and location and topography. Some critical Georgiou1 has recently briefly reviewed the long, con- and mutually interdependent factors are therefore tinuous and varied use of the term ‘regionalism’ in briefly summarised first. Cypriot Bronze Age archaeology. As he and others have noted, it is so prevalent as to often be taken for 1. MATERIAL granted. This leads inevitably to a multiplicity of Spatial variation may be perceived and measured understandings. In any such circumstance it is some- using a wide array of material evidence, each type of times useful to take a fresh look at some key princi- which may reflect different patterns of association or ples to clarify issues and identify changing attitudes different degrees of regional variation. The most and concepts. commonly used material is, of course, pottery. This is In many other areas of archaeology ‘regionalism’ is not necessarily because of a disregard for other lines used to refer to the characterisation of behaviour wit- of evidence but because it is by far the most abun- hin defined areas or cultural zones or to the ways in dant artefact type in the 2nd millennium. It is also which this can be investigated.2 In Cyprus, however, amenable to the measurement of degrees of rela- the term is broadly understood to indicate cultural tionship and to fine scale analyses of different differences which can be identified between different dimensions of variation. parts of the island, often using the major topographic Other portable artefact types are more rare, so divisions to provide a natural framework for establis- that inadequacies of sample size inhibit analysis. hing ‘culture areas’.3 In this way, and despite the rela- Architecture – whether domestic, public or funerary tively small size of the island, which could easily be lost – carries some additional handicaps, being affected within the far greater area of many neighbouring by local topography and geology. The spatial distri- lands, Cypriot archaeologists are sensitive to someti- bution of raw materials provides another layer of mes relatively minor variations from one place to regional association, but this may reflect networks of another, often operating at a finer spatial and analyti- interaction and exchange between areas rather than cal scale than is common elsewhere. Although not form the basis for defining cultural regions. necessarily formally defined as such, this essentially involves identifying spatially discrete units which are 2. ASPECTS OF ARTEFACT VARIATION internally homogenous and externally heterogenous. Although it is not necessarily easy, and perhaps often It also, however, includes the analysis of patterns of impossible, to fully differentiate aspects or dimen- interaction between spatially separated sites or areas. sions of artefact variation it is necessary to bear in

1 3 GEWRGIOU 2007, 37–44. See BOLGER 1989. 2 KANTNER 2008.