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BABYLONIAN CHRONOLOGY of the 2Nd HALF of the 2Nd

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BABYLONIAN CHRONOLOGY of the 2Nd HALF of the 2Nd 061_070.qxd 13.02.2004 09:50 Seite 61 B A B Y L O N I A N C H R O N O L O G Y O F T H E 2 n d H A L F O F T H E 2 n d M I L L E N N I U M B . C . Leonhard Sassmannshausen* C O N N E C T I N G K A S S I T E C H R O N O L O G Y 15 years for K a d a š m a n - E n l I l I . Thus the accession W I T H T H E 1 s t M I L L E N N I U M of Kadašman-Enlil I has to be dated at 1374 B. C. at the latest. The most important source for the chronology of For the middle Kassite period we have a good the Kassite and Post-Kassite periods is Babyloni- sample of dated documents from Nippur for the an King List A 1 which gives the lengths of the 125 years from the first year of Burna-Buriy å š II reigns of all kings of Babylon from the first to Kaštiliy å š IV. These dates confirm the general dynasty ofBabylon to the Neo-Assyrian period. reliability ofthe Babylonian King List A at least Unfortunately we know so far only one copy of for the middle Kassite period. We only hAve minor this text which has three gaps and lacks the begin- problems, the most serious of which is the 25th ning and the end. Because of the gaps there is no year of king Nazi-Maruttaš. King List A gives 26 direct connection from the 2 nd millennium rulers years for this king. We hAve documents from his to the 1 st millennium. However, the gap can be 24th year and the year of his death (MU.ÚS.SA) bridged, because there Are 14 synchronisms of which should be the 26th year, if the king list is Assyrian rulers with Kassite rulers which allow to correct, but texts from the 25th year Are still want- parallel the Babylonian King List with the Assyr- ing. Another problem is posed by a tablet in which ian King List,2 and since we have for Assyria the a king with the name of Kadašman-Enlil is placed uninterrupted sequence of regnal dates we can before Kadašman-Turgu. 5 Kadašman-Turgu is thereby connect Kassite chronology with 1 st mil- known to have been the predecessor of Kadašman- lennium chronology (Table 1). Enlil II., his predecessor was Nazi-Maruttaš. A possibility to check the accuracy ofBabylo- A particular problem Are the years following nian King List A is provided by the administra- the deposition of Kaštiliy å š, especially the state- tive archives found at Nippur, from the time of ment of Chronicle P that Tukult• - Ninurta I of Burna-Buriy å š II to Kadašman-Ô arbe III (usually Assyria administered Babylonia for seven years. called K.-Ô . II3 ), 1359 to 1223, according to King List A does not mention this administration B RINKMAN’ S chronology. 4 Much less dense is the and gives one and a half year for Enlil-nå din-šumi, documentation for the last 67 years of the late the same duration for Kadašman-Ô arbe III,6 and Kassite period, from which we have dates in texts six years for Adad-šuma-iddina. From documents found in Ur, D ¥ r-Kurigalzu , Tell Zubeid• and in we have the accession year of Tukult• - Ninurta As the unpublished documents found in Babylon. king of Babylonia, the first year of Enlil-nå din- šumi, the accession year and the first year of T H E L A T E A N D M I D D L E K A S S I T E P E R I O D Kadašman-Ô arbe III and the accession year of Babylonian King List A provides dates for the Adad-šuma-iddina. Since we know that Adad- reigns back to the time of K u r I g a l z u I I . The šuma-uß ur came to the throne through a revolt of administrative texts give a minimum of 27 years the Babylonian magnates, that he was said to have for his predecessor B u r n a - B u r I y å š I I and at least been a member of the old Kassite royal family, * Albstadt, Germany Ô arbe as a predecessor of the later Kurigalzu“, but 1 Most recent edition by GRAYSON 1980–1983, 90–96. rAther that we should refer to the predecessor of Kuri- 2 Edited by GRAYSON 1980–1983, 101–115. galzu II as Kadašman-Ô arbe II. 3 4 KarA∆ Ardaš of the Synchronistic History is apparently B RINKMAN 1976, 31. 5 a garbled form ofKadašman-Ô arbe; the latter form is D ONBAZ 1982, 207–212, cf. B RINKMAN 1983, 67–74. given for the predecessor of Kurigalzu II in Chronicle P. 6 In his chronological scheme Brinkman assigned only I do not think, as does B RINKMAN 1976, 146, that the one year to Enlil-nå din-šumi and Kadašman-Ô arbe chronicle “mistakenly inserts the name of Kadašman- each. Cf. B RINKMAN 1976, 26f. footnote 76. 061_070.qxd 13.02.2004 09:50 Seite 62 62 Leonhard Sassmannshausen and attacked Assyria, in all likelihood his three rulers, even one of the most significant kings in the predecessors were more or less Assyrian puppets. entire history ofMesopotamia, and since Kassite So their three reigns combined, nine years accord- rulers with much less profile such as Nazi-MAruttaš ing to the king list, come close to the seven years and Kadašman-Turgu had reigns of 26 and 18 of Chronicle P for Tukult• - Ninurta’s administra- years, it is realistic to reckon for Kurigalzu I with A tion of Assyria. reign of at least three decades. Thus we reach the In the late Kassite period we have the prob- last decades of the 15th century (Table 3). lem of double datings for the kings Adad-šuma- The predecessor of Kurigalzu I was K a d a š m a n - u ß ur, Mele-Š•∆u, and Marduk-apla-iddina. 7 For Ô a r b e I . On a tablet which was found at Nippur A whatever reasons, these three kings seem to have date “year in which king Kadašman-Ô arbe dug the had a second and partly third accession after canal of Diniktum” is attested. Chronicle P 11 which a new numbering of years began.8 For ascribes to him a campaign against the Suteans. Mele-Š•∆u we have his 12th year in an unpublished These pieces of information show that he was A text from Babylon and his second 4 th year in A king who, unlike several other Kassite rulers, left text from Ur. Therefore there seem to have been some historical traces. Although the few data do at least 16 years of this king while the king list not allow us to assess the length of his reign, he – attributes 15 years to him. in all likelihood – ruled at least a few years. Thus Vexing as these problems Are, they are only the end of his predecessor K a r a I n d a š may hAve minor and just show us that King List A, while been Around the last but one or last but two generally reliable for the middle and late Kassite decade of the 15th century. period, may need some adjustment. KarAindaš did not only rebuild a part of the Eanna in Uruk. He also took up relations with T H E E A R L Y K A S S I T E P E R I O D Egypt12 and concluded a border treaty with A ššur- The direct predecessor of Kadašman-Enlil I wAs b Ÿ l-niš Ÿ š u, a ruler of Assur. 13 Thus he was one of K u r I g a l z u I . He was one of the most active builders the more prominent rulers of the Kassite dynasty. among the Ancient Near Eastern kings. He had Most probably his reign was not short. For a ruler, not only built the residential city D ¥ r-Kurigalzu , who undertook such significant activities in the which must have been still one of the important early Kassite period, I would assume that he centers of Babylonia during the 2 nd quarter of the reigned for more than a decade, possibly much 12th century, although no traces of construction more, and that his reign therefore started some- activity ofany ofthe successors of Kurigalzu I where in the second third of the 15th century. It is have been found in D ¥ r-Kurigalzu . He initiated an very likely that KarAindaš was the Babylonian ambitious progrAm aiming at the renovation of king who sent precious gifts, particularly lapis- the main temples of the important Babylonian lazuli, to pharao Thutmosis III during the 8 th cam- cities (Table 2). He is known to have cultivated the paign of this pharao, according to the annals of relations with Egypt9 and married a sister of his to Thutmosis III. If KarAindaš is not the king in the Elamite king Pa∆ ir-iššan, and a daughter to the question, it must be one of his rAther obscure pre- next Elamite king, Ô umban-numena.10 decessors, which does not seem very likely.
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