sign in sign up
<<
Home , 2nd millennium BC, Anatolian hypothesis, Bell Beaker culture, Burned house horizon, Corded Ware culture, Cremation

Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the in Kristian Kristiansen1,∗, Morten E. Allentoft2, Karin M. Frei3, Rune Iversen4, Niels N. Johannsen5, Guus Kroonen6, Łukasz Pospieszny7, T. Douglas Price8, Simon Rasmussen9, Karl-Göran Sjögren1, Martin Sikora2 & Eske Willerslev2,10,11

Recent genetic, isotopic and linguistic research has dramatically changed our understanding of how the Corded Ware Culture in Europe was formed. Here the authors explain it in terms of local adaptations and interactions between migrant Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian and indigenous North European cultures. The original herding economy of the Yamnaya migrants gradually gave way to new practices of crop cultivation, which led to the adoption of new words for those crops. The result of this hybridisation process was the formation of a new material culture, the Corded Ware Culture, and of a new dialect, Proto-Germanic. Despite a degree of hostility between expanding Corded Ware groups and indigenous Neolithic groups, stable isotope data suggest that exogamy provided a mechanism facilitating their integration. This article should be read in conjunction with that by Heyd (2017, in this issue).

1 Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, SE Box 200, 405 30 Gothenburg, 2 Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of , University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark 3 Environmental and Materials Science, The National Museum of Denmark, I.C. Modewegsvej, Brede, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark 4 The Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark 5 Department of Archaeology, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark 6 Department of Nordic Studies and , University of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 120, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark 7 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Rubiez 46, 61–612 Poznan,´ 8 Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA 9 Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark 10 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK 11 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK ∗ Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2017. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re- use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original is properly cited. antiquity 91 356 (2017): 334–347 doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.17 334 eprt uoedrn h al hr ilnimB a esmaie sfollows: as summarised be can BC into third migrations early documenting the DNA during ancient Europe of temperate studies recent the from evidence The migrations Re-theorising flow gene (Allentoft incoming BC extensive 3000 an after showing shortly research Europe DNA into ancient from results recent With Introduction n osqetybte oesfrlnug ipra n agaechange. language culture, and material new dispersal a language for of for models formation models the better-founded better and formulate archaeology consequently groups to and settled isotopes, us and stable allow intruding of turn genetics, interaction in from the will results this local recent linguistics, interpreting historical integrating underdeveloped and and an By theorising represent research. which properly of consolidation, in field and invested integration migration, be of instead processes can ‘freedom’ new The h any irtos pnn pnwcrioso utrltasiso nwhich on cultural to Laursen prelude of & a corridors (Johannsen formed new depended have the which up developments thus innovation, but opening subsequent could technological speculation, migrations, horizon widespread Yamnaya This to of the travel. period open long-distance a remains introduced was event also BC demographic millennium fourth major late this facilitated What ntefraino h oddWr utr.Ti a itda nepeaieburden did interpretative as an element way lifted an same has as the This debated Culture. much than Ware rather in Corded documented archaeology the be from of can formation migrations the where in position a in oevr eln nNoihcatvt rud30 C(Hinz BC 3000 around activity Neolithic in decline a Moreover, re nlreprso eprt uoe eutn ntefraino h oddWare Corded the of formation the in resulting Europe, temperate of parts large in order rmSbrat h atci h al hr ilnimB,cudpa e oein role key a play could BC, millennium third widespread early , the of (Rasmussen in form changeover early genetic Baltic this an the explaining of to documentation recent the from light, that In migrants. 2013 hs xesv eorpi hne e otefraino e oiladeconomic and social new a of formation the to led changes demographic extensive These ol niaeacii nNoihcsceis hrb loigsaefrincoming for space allowing thereby societies, Neolithic in crisis a indicate could ) r r r opnn htwsol agnlypeeti eta uoepirt 00BC 3000 to prior Europe Central in (Allentoft genomic of present new reduction marginally a only of a was increase to that dramatic component the leading and admixture, Europe temperate genetic in of DNA Neolithic process widespread a was There lhuhtedtiso hsamxueeetcnadwl edbtdfryears for debated be will and can Linden event (Vander admixture come this to of details the Although o hsicmn eeflw h xc orecudhv enaohr yet closely another, very been been have have must they could Yamnaya. case, to source that genetically in exact related but, The people, of flow. group proxy gene unsampled, best-known the incoming are this steppe Pontic-Caspian for the many from across people flow Yamnaya The gene a periodic was slow it a that than centuries. suggests rather occurred Moreover, event, change people. migration this of which large-scale migration the with involved abruptness have apparent must the pool gene the in change etersn oiiyadtefraino utr n language and culture of formation the and mobility Re-theorising tal et . 2015 Haak ; 2016 tal et ,i ean eodqeto htteobserved the that question beyond remains it ), . 335 2015 tal. et tal et ;Cassidy . 2015 14 2015 aigwe twsintroduced. was it when dating C Haak ; ). tal et niut ulctosLd 2017 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © 2010 . tal et 2016 tal. et Hansen ; . ). 2015 2012 ,w r finally are we ), Shennan ; 2011 , 2014 tal. et ).

Research Kristian Kristiansen et al.

Culture. As evident from, for example, western Jutland (Andersen 1993; Kristiansen 2007), Corded Ware people burned down forests on a massive scale, thereby creating open, steppe- like grazing lands for their herds. A more gradual opening of the landscape is also found in other regions (Doppler et al. 2015), while subsistence seems to have been a variable mix of cultivation, husbandry and some hunting and gathering (Müller et al. 2009). The Corded Ware Culture elected the battle- as the most prominent male symbol, and created new types of . Among the Yamnaya cultures, the tradition of pottery- making was weakly developed. Being a pastoral, mobile economy, they instead employed containers made of leather, and bast, and woven vessels could have been used as , just as they used mats and other lightweight materials that were easy to in their (Shishlina 2008: 60, fig. 54). The Corded Ware Culture had widely shared similarities in rituals over vast distances (Furholt 2014: fig. 7), and had strong affinities to the Yamnaya burial rituals known from the steppe. The tens of thousands of small, single- barrows in were aligned in rows across the landscape, in a similar way to the practice on the steppe. They formed visible lines of in these vast open environments (Hübner 2005; Bourgeois 2013). The unifying element between Yamnaya and Corded Ware is the burial ritual of a single inhumation under a barrow, even though there are minor differences in and the positioning of the body. Burial rituals are among the most fundamental social institutions in any society, as they relate to the transmission of property and power at , to cosmology and religion, and, in the case of settlements, to the way households are organised. We can therefore formulate this as an axiom: A strong relationship exists between burial ritual and social and religious institutions, because a burial is the institutionalised occasion for the transmission of property and power, and the renewal of social and economic ties (Oestigaard & Goldhahn 2006). A radical change in burial rites therefore signals a similar change in beliefs and institutions. If such a change occurs rapidly without transition it signals a transformation of society, often under strong external influence, possibly a migration (to be supported also by settlement change and economic change). This does not rule out the effects of internal contradictions, which, however, often go hand in hand with external forces of change. By contrast, the portable material culture is more readily prone to change, as it relates to various forms of personal identity and group identities that may fluctuate in and space, as demonstrated by Hodder (1982). The institutions of burial ritual and of households or settlements should therefore form the core in comparative analyses of mobility and migrations because they do not change easily (see too Kristiansen 1989; Burmeister 2000; Prien 2005). Lack of a theoretical understanding of social institutions, and their differing role in organising material culture, goes a long way to explaining the many failed attempts to come to terms with migrations in the archaeological record, as well as with various forms of ethnicity (e.g. Andresen 2004; Brather 2004). Portable material culture can be used selectively to identify mobility, depending on its social and personal role. Thus, fibulae and pins are carried as part of dress, and may be helpful in defining the movements of © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2017

336 umradwne rzn.Iseooyadvraiiyhsbe nlsdi ealby detail in analysed (Shishlina been work has classic variability different between a and exploited animals in economy that and Shishlina Its people economy Natalia grazing. of pastoral winter movements and fully seasonal summer small-scale a during of niches development ecological first the from represented expanded of and system flourished social which and and economic (Anthony originated, BC the it 3000 understand which around and to from demographic of need culture processes Yamnaya also focus understand the to we to need But order we in dominance. key phenomenon, locally cultural Ware a unfolded Corded it constitute the how now of on steppe explanation attention Caspian-Pontic plausible the any in from element migrations widespread Cultures Ware that Corded Given and Yamnaya the of formation The (Furholt Ware Corded culture: migration material Yamnaya new initial a from forming We processes and similarities. social down basic settling (possible) to more the re-analyse overlooking to while need cultures therefore between steppe differences Yamnaya stressed and therefore Ware and material , Corded portable diagnostic used a has as Culture pottery, Ware especially Corded culture, the on research previous Most individuals. sdcmne,btt h et oecra utvto a rcie (Pashkevych practised was cultivation cereal Richards some & west, (Schulting the meat to with but soup documented, in is used and collected were it(Shishlina diet aryhg,wt ayidvdaslvn o5–0yasod ecnas bev selection a observe also (Mathieson can height We for old. and tolerance 50–60 was lactose to expectancy for living life that individuals meant many diet with healthy products high, The to fairly metal. access as secured such economy, and pastoral together the groups outside different linked systems exchange Extensive Gerling eorpi xaso hticue atr eta uoe ugra ugr and , Heyd & Europe: (Harrison rapid Central afterwards a soon eastern experienced Europe Northern economy included and , pastoral that new expansion the thus demographic and productivity, grassland favoured emr,teewr aeFne ekrcmuiisi h aihilns(Iversen islands Danish (Szmyt Poland the In in Europe. in Culture Northern communities Amphora and Globular Beaker Central Funnel of much late 2015 across were periods there longer Denmark, or shorter for cultures (Hübner in Grave Jutland Single found western among to are landscapes Holland arrangements of from use Similar and populations routes. perception shared seasonal a mark suggesting to Europe, Northern landscape the in lines forming ar rdcs swl sfih(eetdi high and in meat (reflected on fish materials based as same was assembled economy well the be The as covers; easily animals. from products, felt pack could but dairy and on dwellings known, transported mats Light-framework are and plant dwellings. disassembled settlements thick for and stable use of few in use by a probably extensive supported Only were find was homes. territories we mobile small pits, as within burial wagons lifestyle of mobile the use and the , and , is,i hudb oe htteYmaaclue ftePni n apa steppe Caspian and Pontic the of cultures Yamnaya the that noted be should it First, eody esol bev htCre aeClue oeitdwt aeNeolithic late with co-existed Cultures Ware Corded that observe should we Secondly, ;i te at fNrhr uoete eeotni ls rxmt,sc sthe as such proximity, close in often were they Europe Northern of parts other in ); tal. et 2012 tal. et etersn oiiyadtefraino utr n language and culture of formation the and mobility Re-theorising Horváth ; 2012 .Tepro fe 00B a oehmdciaethat climate humid more a saw BC 3000 after period The ). 2007 tal et ). . 2013 asr&Winger & Kaiser ; 337 tal. et 1999 2008 15 aus,adsesfo idplants wild from seeds and values), N 2015 .Wa eosre hrfr,i the in therefore, observe, we What ). .Ti aiblt sas eetdin reflected also is variability This ). 2005 .Broswr lge ngroups in aligned were Barrows ). Bourgeois ; niut ulctosLd 2017 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © 2015 2016 .Hrscnitdof consisted Herds ). 2007 2013 .N No ). 2014 ;Heyd ). ). 2012 2011 ). ;

Research Kristian Kristiansen et al. archaeological record is a gradual process of and integration, which meant that after 2400 BC, the former strict cultural boundaries were gradually dissolved and a new, shared material culture appeared, represented first and foremost in Denmark by flint , and in by early Úneticeˇ metal daggers. Bell Beaker groups had by now also emerged on the scene, introducing , and they further complicated the mix of cultures and people. In burial rituals, however, old megalithic traditions still had an impact, as seen in a revival of stone burial in some regions. It was only on the advent of the Middle Age that cultural homogenisation prevailed. Thus, it took nearly 1000 years before all regions in Northern and Central Europe had adopted a shared social and cultural outlook that in all probability also included shared languages. With the help of strontium isotopic analysis and ancient DNA we can now reconstruct in some detail the social processes behind the observable archaeological changes. At the Corded Ware of Eulau, the application of strontium isotopic tracing, ancient DNA and archaeology has allowed a full reconstruction of a singular family massacre and its local background (Haak et al. 2008; Meyer et al. 2009;Muhlet al. 2010). Four multiple contained single families of father, mother and children in various combinations, and it could be demonstrated that the mothers were of non-local origin, most probably originating in the Harz Mountains 50–60km north of the settlement. The that had killed the families confirmed this, as they belonged to another Neolithic culture: the Schönfeld, which was located in this area and practised , a burial custom different to that of the Corded Ware Culture (compare Muhl et al. 2010: 44, 125). Contacts between the two are also illustrated by the occurrence of Schönfeld pottery in Corded Ware in the Halle-Saale region (Furholt 2003). Other Neolithic groups in the region, such as the Bernburg Culture, practised collective burials of multiple family groups, as demonstrated by genetics, again being distinctively different from the Corded Ware practice of individual burials (Meyer et al. 2012). We observe two things: that Corded Ware males practised exogamy, perhaps marriage by abduction, which provides a possible explanation for the killing. The question is: was this a unique case, or did it reflect a more widespread marriage practice, as suggested by Schönfeld pottery in Corded Ware burials? In a recent work on diet and mobility among Corded Ware from southern (Sjögren et al. 2016), it was possible to demonstrate that exogamy was indeed a common practice among Corded Ware groups in this larger region (from a sample of 60). Most adult women (between 28 and 42 per cent) were of non-local origin and had a different diet during childhood. Such evidence fits well with recent genetic information documenting more-varied mtDNA haplogroups among Corded Ware females than among males (Lazaridis et al. 2014). The female diet was more similar to previous Neolithic diets, while in Corded Ware as a whole there is a shift towards higher δ15N values, suggestive of a shift in diet and/or in cultivation practices. There may be several different explanations for this shift, such as intense forms of cultivation, higher reliance on freshwater fish, or on animal versus vegetable protein, or a greater reliance on milk and milk products. The latter is supported by a widespread opening-up of landscapes in some regions for grazing animals (Andersen 1993, 1995; Doppler et al. 2015; Dietre et al. 2016). The analysis comprises 60 individuals and covers the period from the early Corded Ware to the mature and late Corded Ware; in © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2017

338 3 g 5) tgisfrhrspotfo ae itrclsucsfo ni oteBaltic the to from sources historical later from support (Falk further and gains It 454). fig. 33, utr nJtad hr 0prcn falbrasblne omls(Hübner males to belonged burials Ware all Grave/Corded of Single cent the per of 90 is horizon where and early Jutland, economy, in pastoral the Culture expanding from an data for archaeological scenario by probable supported a is This males. by constituted region. cultures the Neolithic in late elevations in a higher originated their the they over as on that but established residing assume from, were still well may women we was non-local ‘Neolithic’, the more exogamy where looked of know diet cannot practice We time. the of Ware cemeteries period here Corded longer the consolidated and of larger, BC), phase The middle (2600–2500 the DNA. Culture from are influence steppe Lauda-Königshofen Yamnaya steppe and of Bergrheinfeld showing from percentage pin elderly high hammer-headed an a a of showed Poland, had in also region who Kujawy suffered welcomed (Pospieszny the origin, probably always from non-local had not burial of were early they male similar newcomers and a the trauma is that skulls severe There The demonstrates peacefully. of locals. again been signs which have , exhibited may violent child individuals the three and man all younger of the while non-local, was man er l.mDAhporuswr ifrn o l he,idctn htte eenot were four they around that child, indicating (Allentoft female three, a side a all with maternal for and the male different male on older were related adult one haplogroups young individuals: mtDNA a three old. type, of years colonising steppe burial earliest, multiple of the a pin from find hammer-headed burials we the Tiefbrunn, Among at BC. phase 2900/2800–2300 from words, other h alethrzn fe ihmls si ifrn n uay hr a otypical no was there Kujawy, and Tiefbrunn in from as burials males, in Culture: with Ware often Corded early horizon, the earliest of the formation the Anthony and migrations & Yamnaya (Pike-Tay onwards Age Bronze employed be the could from that steppe 2016 force Russian dynamic the a in formed documented was they (Sergent inheritance as migrations Thus, sons, pioneer son. younger in of oldest other up lived the and made they mainly to animals were herding restricted bands the in Such of labour. engaged rest farm perhaps of the communities, forms during and seasonal; households were their war-bands within young the of activities The recently was institution this of of war- The names youthful rituals. given follows: initiation or Such Youth’ as their ‘Black warriors. summarised of named grown part often as were fully they wolves of of and and years ranks male, dogs 18–19 senior the to a enter by up led to 12–13 were ready from bands boys were of they consisting when bands age, youth warrior of formation the xgm sacee,adprasncsay oiyi e irtn rusaemainly are groups migrating new if policy necessary, perhaps and clever, a is Exogamy hr sadtoa vdnet upr h data ae oiae h initial the dominated males that idea the support to evidence additional is There adn ihterodrtanr/oes hnaotteaeo wnyte nee into entered they twenty adults of as age and proper the hunting tribe about off the Then living engaged society, trainers/models. men, ordinary older young of their edges landless with raiding the youths and on (armed) unmarried behaviour the of wolf-like of war-band predatory the category in of the members into moved as first then, boys and the past, Indo-European the In rw nhn npress). in Anthony & Brown ; tal. et etersn oiiyadtefraino utr n language and culture of formation the and mobility Re-theorising 1986 2015 Kershaw ; .Aayi facetDAfo h ifrn utpeburial multiple Tiefbrunn the from DNA ancient of Analysis ). (Petrosyan 2003 2000 .Acaooia vdneo hsisiuinhsbeen has institution this of evidence Archaeological ). .Te ecie satpclfaueo hs societies, these of feature typical a as describe, They ). tal. et 2011 339 345). : 2015 .S stp aissgetta h older the that suggest ratios isotope Sr ). niut ulctosLd 2017 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © 2005 632– :

Research Kristian Kristiansen et al.

Corded Ware material culture. This was followed shortly afterwards by the deposit of A- type battle- in male burials, but there was as yet no pottery (Furholt 2014:6,fig.3). Corded Ware pottery appeared later in Northern Europe, and we may suggest that this did not happen until women with skills married into this culture and started to copy wooden, leather and woven containers in clay. This process began in the early phase both south and north of the Carpathians (Ivanova 2013; Frînculeasa et al. 2015). Some confirmation of such material transformations is found in a uniquely preserved find of the typical flat bowl with short feet made of wood (Muhl et al. 2010: 47), well suited for turning milk into yogurt or similar dairy products overnight. Its pottery version became a shared type throughout the Corded Ware Culture, and later the . We may also note that pastoral economies historically tend to dominate agrarian economies, as they are both more mobile and more warlike in their behaviour. Such a pattern of economic and social dominance, reflected in taking wives from farming cultures while sending young males in organised war-bands to settle in new territories, would explain both the genetic and linguistic dominance of the Yamnaya steppe migrations, the results of which we can observe to this day. Figure 1 summarises these transformative processes in a model.

Language dispersal and the formation of Proto-Germanic in northern Europe These local processes of social integration between intruding Yamnaya/Corded Ware populations and remnant Neolithic populations can be applied to language dispersal. We should expect that the transformation from Proto-Indo-European to Pre-Proto Germanic would reveal the same kind of hybridisation between an earlier Neolithic language of the Funnel Beaker Culture, and the incoming Proto-Indo-European language. This is precisely what recent linguistic research has been able to demonstrate (Kroonen & Iversen in press). In their study on the formation of Proto-Germanic in Northern Europe, Kroonen and Iversen document a bundle of linguistic terms of non-Indo-European origin linked to agriculture that were adopted by Indo-European-speaking groups who were not fully fledged farmers. The most plausible, and perhaps the only possible, context for this to have happened would be the introduction of Proto-Germanic by the intruding Yamnaya groups. Archaeologically, this adoption can be understood from their interaction over several hundred years with late Funnel Beaker groups still residing in eastern Jutland and on the Danish islands, where they maintained a largely agricultural economy. From this we can conclude that terms linked to farming, and the cultivation of many important crops, were missing among the early Yamnaya/Corded Ware groups, who may well have acquired cereals () mainly for the purpose of producing and consuming (Klassen 2005). In addition, we learn that the Neolithic language of the Funnel Beaker Culture was in all probability non-Indo-European. This process of language interaction is illustrated by the model in Figure 2. It illustrates that different Indo-European language branches were in contact with one and the same Neolithic tongue throughout Europe. The new data conforms well to the reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Indo-European (Mallory & Adams 2006), which provides important clues that the subsistence strategy © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2017

340 od o rp n adcliain oee,hv rvdt efrmr ifiutto difficult more far from be evidence similar to by proved supported (Andersen are have archaeology linguistics however, historical from cultivation, results land These .reconstruct. and and crops breeding for horse includes, for production, It wool Words husbandry. and dairy animal subsequent to on related its terms based and instance, was Culture, societies Ware Indo-European-speaking Corded early to of Yamnaya transforming transformations. and exogamy adaptations further of to processes leading Culture social Ware Corded the as migration of Model 1. Figure agtrlnugsseseteeyulkl.We eadteeiec rmancient from evidence the add we When unlikely. extremely seems languages (Anthony of ‘hame’ daughter ‘’, hypothesis ‘thill’, ‘nave’, Anatolian ‘’, ‘’, the i.e. &Ringe of account, into support taken is in terminology pillar (Renfrew another dispersal thus farming/language and language, European Koskallio societies not Yamnaya & with of (Parpola should interaction neighbours interaction This the Uralic-speaking from economic northern imprint. documented their well linguistic and with are corresponding results social similar a how as had us, demonstrate surprise also now societies can Neolithic we existing press), (in Iversen rmti emycnld htFne ekrsceissoeanon-Indo- a societies Beaker Funnel that conclude may we this From 2015 a.1, tab. : etersn oiiyadtefraino utr n language and culture of formation the and mobility Re-theorising g 1 fig. 1995 ,teie htalo hs em rs neednl nthe in independently arose terms those of all that idea the ), Kristiansen ; 1987 a aln hntewoecmlxo wagon of complex whole the When fallen. has ) 2007 341 .Wt h eetsuyb roe and Kroonen by study recent the With ). niut ulctosLd 2017 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © 2007 ).

Research Kristian Kristiansen et al.

Figure 2. Schematic representation of how different Indo-European branches have absorbed words () from a lost Neolithic language or language group (dark fill) in the reconstructed European linguistic setting of the third millennium BC, possibly involving one or more hunter-gatherer languages (light fill) (after Kroonen & Iversen in press).

DNA, and the additional evidence from recent linguistic work discussed above, the must be considered largely falsified. Those Indo-European languages that later came to dominate in western were those originating in the migrations from the Russian steppe during the third millennium BC.

Conclusion We have been able to reconstruct the social processes of cultural integration and hybridisation that followed from (probable) Neolithic women marrying into Yamnaya settlements dominated by males of first-generation migrants. This practice continued over several generations, and the women soon started to produce new pottery versions of existing containers made of organic materials, with some further innovations. The original herding economy of the Yamnaya migrants gradually gave way to new agrarian practices of crop cultivation, which led to the adaptation of new words. The result of this hybridisation process was the formation of a new material culture, the Corded Ware Culture, and of a new dialect, Proto-Germanic (or perhaps more correctly, Pre-Proto-Germanic). The latter was likewise an adaptation to new conditions, with the borrowing of novel terms from neighbouring Neolithic communities and from women who had married in to the migrant communities. Archaeology here provides a socio-linguistic setting for a process of language change over several hundred years between 2800 and 2400 BC. This integrated model of cultural, linguistic and genetic change explains the formation of Corded Ware Cultures as a result of local adaptations and of interaction between migrant Yamnaya populations and indigenous Neolithic cultures. The social institution of © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2017

342 Allentoft xetdta iladdti n en u oes hl eann h i picture. big the retaining Acknowledgements while models, be our can refine evidence We and new Age. detail much Bronze add and the however, will of processes, that these rise expected understand the and to for social beginning foundations their only Together, the are groups. create least Beaker finally not Bell would dominate, related force to of demographic potential migrations long the the the peaceful had by In formation supported that conflict. when social of realise Ware episodes Corded formed we with the interspersed groups this however, life, different term, Through social genetically of past. and foundations the day-to-day culturally the of between models intermarriage detail, much simplistic and in interaction the processes historical avoid the behind thus complexities the and unravel to position a in now References by led Gothenburg, ERC-2010-AdG— of Grant University Advanced the 3 (ERC at Council the Research societies’ in European Age n transformations the Proposal Bronze by and of funded transmissions rise and ‘Travels, the Kristiansen project Europe: Kristian the northern of in part BC was millennium paper this for Research as change, cultural of cause (Kristiansen primary Childe its Gordon a for the and as it than Kossinna migrations like Gustav past of not by dramatic paradigm may represented more interpretation Some older a transmissions. an historical to technological to return new and resemblance a cultural This represents of organisation. and model however, the ground, prevailing past, social solid Neolithic as out and relatively the cosmology played on from language rests influences interlinked was both Some and Age. ideologies in Bronze economy of the remained political enter collision we Ware collective, This once Corded the winner land. shared the this, clan-like and collective, with to animals reflected gradually, contrast groups property, Neolithic In of of generations. burials ownership between type families similar property individual or other among megalithic transmission and the intruding animals reflecting and , of individual groups family shared property small Neolithic groups in Ware under Corded existing difference burials and major between Yamnaya a Both organisation groups. reveal Ware social Yamnaya/Corded also the are thus rituals Eulau Burial and at this. burials relations of the example groups; Neolithic prominent between residing most relations and hostile groups Ware sometimes Corded despite intruding mechanism, integrating an provided exogamy Allentoft .McGlynn G. .Rasmussen S. .Grupe G. .Khartanovich V. .Kolá J. .Gralak T. Epimakhov A. ˛ D P. . .Damgaard P.B. .Harvig L. Vinner L. .Higham T. abrowski tal et o , r ˇ M.E. 642TERS) tas rdcdtegntcadiooi eerhbhn h olwn articles: following the behind research isotopic and genetic the produced also It RISE). THE 269442 , , .Kriiska A. . , , , .Hajdu T. , .S Malaspinas A.-S. 2015 .Baron J. .Gromov A. .Chivall D. , , , , , .Sikora M. .Merkevicius A. .Rasmussen M. ..Duffy P.R. , .Frei K. .Schroeder H. ;Pospieszny etersn oiiyadtefraino utr n language and culture of formation the and mobility Re-theorising , .Khokhlov A. , , , .DlaCasa Della P. .Jarysz R. .Lasak I. , , , .Furmanek M. .Gronkiewicz S. , .Lynnerup N. , .G Sjögren K.-G. ..Ebel A.V. , tal. et , , .Margaryan A. , , .Longhi C. .Stenderup J. , .Merkyte I. .Ahlström T. , .Kiss V. 2015 , , , , Rasmussen ; , , , , , , , , 343 tal. et Andersen 2015 ..Price T.D. .Paja L. .Metspalu M. Archaeology Age. Ice the since northwest Thy, Denmark, Mose, Huse Hassing at agriculture https://doi/.org/10.1038/nature14507 167–72. Eurasia. 522: Age Bronze of genomics Population Kristiansen K. .Smr V. .Sicheritz-Pontén T. Yepiskoposyan L. TrifanovaS.V. ;Sjögren , cka ˇ , S.T. .Pálfi G. , , 1 57–79. 11: ..Soenov V.I. 93 itr fvgtto and vegetation of History 1993. .Saag L. niut ulctosLd 2017 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © , .Mkrtchyan R. tal. et , & .Varul L. , , .Pokutta D. .Zhitenev V. .Willerslev E. , 1998 2016 .Sablin M. , .Brunak S. , .Szeverényi V. , . –4,btw are we but 7–24), : .Vicze M. ora fDanish of Journal , , , Pospieszny . Ł .Moiseyev V. , .Shishlina N. .Orlando L. , 2015. . .Nielsen R. , , rd .Tóth G. n 2 and Nature , , , , , nd ,

Research Kristian Kristiansen et al.

– 1995. Pollen analytical investigations of barrows from Frînculeasa, A., B. Preda & V. Heyd. 2015. the Funnel Beaker and Single Grave Cultures in the Pit-graves, Yamnaya and along the Lower Vroue area, west Jutland, Denmark. Journal of . Praehistorische Zeitschrift 90: 45–113. Danish Archaeology 12: 107–31. https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2015-0002 Andresen, M. 2004. Studien zur Geschichte und Furholt, M. 2003. Die absolutchronologische Datierung Methodik der archäologischen Migrationsforschung. der Schnurkeramik in Mitteleuropa und Münster, New York, München & Berlin: Waxman. Suüskandinavien (Universitaätsforschungen zur Anthony, D. 2007. The horse, the wheel and language. Prähistroschen Archäologie 101). Bonn: Habelt. How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.20 shaped the modern world. Princeton (NJ): Princeton – 2014. Upending a ‘totality’: re-evaluating Corded University Press. Ware variability in Europe. Anthony, D.W. & D. Ringe. 2015. The Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80: 67–86. Indo-European homeland from linguistic and Gerling, C., E. Bánffy, J. Dani & K. Köhler. 2012. archaeological perspectives. Annual Review of Immigration and transhumance in the Early Bronze Linguistics 2015(1): 199–219. https://doi.org/ Age Carpathian Basin: the occupants of a . 10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812 Antiquity 86: 1097–111. Bourgeois, Q. 2013. Monuments on the horizon: the https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048274 formation of the barrow landscape throughout the 3rd Haak, W., G. Brandt, H.N. de Jong, C. Meyer, and the BC. Leiden: Sidestone. R. Ganslmeier, V. Heyd, C. Hawkesworth, Brather, S. 2004. Ethnische Interpretationen in der A.W.G. Pike, H. Meller & K.W. Alt. 2008. frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie. Berlin & New York: Ancient DNA, strontium isotopes and osteological De Gruyter. https://doi.org/ analyses shed light on social and kinship 10.1515/9783110922240 organization of the Later . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105: Brown, D.R. & D.W. Anthony. In press. Midwinter 18226–31. dog sacrifices and warrior initiations in the Russian https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807592105 steppes at Krasnosamarskoe. Haak, W., I. Lazaridis, N. Patterson, N. Rohland, Burmeister, S. 2000. Archaeology and migration: S. Mallick, B. Llamas, G. Brandt, approaches to an archaeological proof of migration. S. Nordenfelt, E. Harney, K. Stewardson, Current Anthropology 41: 539–67. Q. Fu, A. Mittnik, E. Bánffy, C. Economou, https://doi.org/10.1086/317383 M. Francken, S. Friederich, R. Garrido Pena, Cassidy, L.M., R. Martiniano, E.M. Murphy, F. H a l l g r e n , V. Khartanovich, A. Khokhlov, M.D. Teasdale, J. Mallory, B. Hartwell & M. Kunst, P. K u z n e t s o v , H. Meller, D.G. Bradley. 2016. Neolithic and O. Mochalov, V. Moiseyev, N. Nicklisch, migration to Ireland and establishment of the S.L. Pichler, R. Risch, M.A. Rojo Guerra, insular genome. Proceedings of the National C. Roth, A. Szécsényi-Nagy, J. Wahl, Academy of Sciences of the USA 113: 368–73. M. Meyer, J. Krause, D. Brown, D. Anthony, https://doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.1518445113 A. Cooper, K.W. Alt & D. Reich. 2015. Massive Dietre, B., C. Walser, W. Kofler, K. Kothieringer, migration from the steppe was a source for I. Hajdas, K. Lambers, T. Reitmaier & N. Haas. Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 2016. Neolithic to Bronze Age (4850–3450 BP) 207–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14317 fire management of the Alpine Lower Engadine Hansen, S. 2011. Technische und soziale Innovationen landscape () to establish pastures and in der zweiten hälfte des 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr., in cereal fields. The . Published online 8 S. Hansen & J. Müller (ed.) Sozialarchäologische August 2016. https://doi.org/ Persepktiven: Gesellschaftlicher Wandel 5000–1500 v. 10.1177/0959683616658523 Chr. Zwischen Atlantik und Kaukasus: 153–91. Doppler, T., C. Gerling, V. Heyd, C. Knipper, Berlin: Phillipp von Zabern. T. Kuhn, M.F. Lehmann, A.W.G. Pike & – 2014. The 4th millennium: a watershed in European J. Schibler. 2015. Landscape opening and herding , in B. Horejs & M. Mehofer (ed.) strategies: carbon isotope analyses of herbivore bone Western before Troy. Proto-urbanisation in collagen from the Neolithic and Bronze Age the 4th millennium BC? Proceedings of the lakeshore site of Zürich-Mozartstrasse, Switzerland. International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Quaternary International. Published online 1 Museum Wien, Vienna, , 21–24 November, October 2015. 2012: 243–60. Vienna: Austrian Academy of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.007 Sciences. Falk, H. 1986. Bruderschaft und Würfelspiel. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des vedischen Opfers. Freiburg: Hedwig Falk. © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2017

344 Heyd Ivanova Hübner Harrison Horváth Hodder Hinz smile. Kossinna’s 2017. – Kershaw Kaiser Johannsen Iversen Switzerland). I example Chasseur the Petit BC: ‘Le millennium of third the in Europe of 129–214. ilnimB nteCraha ai and regions Basin surrounding Carpathian the third in the BC of millennium beginning the at change socio-cultural and interaction interregional Age: Bronze (ed.) Szeverényi V. Heyd, V. & in Kulcsár Plain, G. Hungarian Great culture the Grave of Pit kurgans of study the to contributions Svingor É.S. otdmne,SreB2) øehv:DtKgl. Oldskriftselskab. Det Nordiske København: 24). B Serie Fortidsminder, Einzelgrabkultur zur Studien chronologische und Typologische Halbinsel. Jütischen Archaeolingua. hee rnpr nlt 4 late in transport wheeled tde fmtra culture material of studies nvriyPress. University https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.028 Science BC). Societies cal Beaker (4200–2800 Funnel of evaluation cultural an of activities: intensity the and Demography 2012. Mediterranée. la de et Ages Bronze the and (ed.) in Borgna mounds E. burial & landscapes: Celka Ancestral Müller S. in Sea, Black utr n eta uoengop fteCorded Culture. the of Ware groups European Central and culture ahntn .. nttt o h td fMan. of Study the for Institute D.C.: Washington, Studies Indo-European Männerbund Germanic (Indo-) https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2015-0001 114–40. 90: culture. Yamnaya the and https://doi.org/10.1515/pz.2010.004 Zeitschrift context. Praehistorische European and evidence regional Peninsula: Society. Archaeological Jutland Højbjerg: 88). Publications BC millennium 3 oite—nesenDns esetv nte3 the on perspective Danish eastern societies—an rd , , M. mlenu ueaycsoso h Jutland the of customs funerary -millennium , V. , E. , , , R. , S. 01 any rusadtml eto the of west tumuli and groups Yamnaya 2011. , , E. I. , K. .Feeser I. & T. 9 3331–40. 39: , R. 03 oncin ewe h Budzhak the between Connections 2013. 1982. 2015. 2005. N. , 2000. .Winger K. https://doi.org/10.1515/PZ.2007.010 .Dani J. & & .Heyd V. 03 Multidisciplinary 2013. . reitrsh Zeitschrift Praehistorische ybl nato:ethnoarchaeological action: in Symbols h rnfraino Neolithic of transformation The atcPni Studies Baltic-Pontic .Laursen S. ugelticeGäe u der auf Gräber Jungneolithische 3–5 yn asnd l’Orient de Maison Lyon: 535–55. : JtadAcaooia Society Archaeological (Jutland h n-ydgd dnadthe and god: one-eyed The , .G Sjögren K.-G. , etersn oiiyadtefraino utr n language and culture of formation the and mobility Re-theorising 5–9 Budapest: 153–79. : .Pet Á. 05 i rvsi Bulgaria in graves Pit 2015. . Antiquity 07 h transformation The 2007. . ora fArchaeological of Journal oorps36). monographs + abig:Cambridge Cambridge: . 8 15–58. 88: I’(in Valais, (Sion, III’ o reitrsh Zeitschrift Praehistorische ˝ 00 otsand Routes 2010. . th , oearly to - (Nordiske .Pospieszny Ł. ( 1 348–59. 91: ora of Journal rniint the to Transition & 8 86–121. 18: .Müller J. 82: & rd . 345 Kroonen ecological mobility, transformations: Eurasian 2007. – Lazaridis 1998. – Kristiansen Klassen .Khusnutdinova E. .Karachanak-YankovaS. Hodoglugil U. .Bailliet G. .M Guinet J.-M. oievrnetlcag n utiaiiysnethe Neolithic since sustainability and global change system: socioenvironmental Earth the (ed.) and Crumley system C.E. world & Hornborg A. millennium in second BCE, early and in millennium institutions third social the of transmission the and change Press. University ..Eichler E.E. ..Winkler C.A. Vasquez R. Klitz W. Fedorova S.A. .Hammer M. Driem Cole D.E.C. .Barrantes R. .Haak W. .Rohland N. Archaeology . in southern implemented was Indo-European how on perspectives archaeological and linguistic Neolithic: cultures. Archaeology Ware Danish Corded of and Journal Grave Single the of case 17–59. enkeltgravskulturen. fra gravfund .Sukernik R. .Singh L. Thomas M.G. Zemunik T. .Turdikulova S. Starikovskaya E.B. Sahakyan H. ...Busby G.B.J. Berrada F. .Platonov F. Nesheva D. .Molina J. Mahley R.W. Laredj L. Filippo .Berger B. Schraiber J.G. Mallick S. .Rothhammer F. .Fu Q. .Kelso J. uoebfr history before Europe , L. , , , , G. I. ..Bos K.I. , .Dryomov S. 05 esøgr.E bemærkelsesværdigt Et Refshøjgård. 2005. , 4–2 antCek(A:Lf Coast. Left (CA): Creek Walnut 149–62. : , , .Prüfer K. , , , .Reich D. , K. .Patterson N. & .Thangaraj K. , .Hallgren e r g l l a H F. , .Ku V. .Litvinov S. . , , , .Mountain J. .Economou C. , , , ..Bravi C.M. , , .Kirsanow K. , .Villena M. 99 rhsoi migrations—the Prehistoric 1989. .Balanovska E. , .Iversen R. , , .Cooper A. , , niut ulctosLd 2017 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © .Nyambo T. , .Posukh O. ..Henn B.M. , .Metspalu M. , .Cali F. , .Delsate D. , .Corach D. .Burger J. .Sajantila A. , .Wahl J. .Bedoya G. .Melegh B. , .Ruiz-Linares A. .Yepiskoposyan L. , , .GleoRomero Gallego I. cinskas , ˇ , .Castellano S. .Nordenfelt S. .Uktveryte I. ..Jha A.R. .Rudan I. , , , & .Sawyer S. , .Tarekegn A. .Kittles R. , .M Dugoujon J.-M. mrcnJunlof Journal American .Churnosov M. .Krause J. , , , abig:Cambridge Cambridge: . npes Talking press. In . , , .Loukidis T. , , .Ayodo G. .Fornander E. , , , , , , , .Kushniarevich A. .Brisighelli F. .Capelli C. .Mittnik A. , .Voevoda M. .Villems R. .Slatkin M. .Osipova L. , .Näkkäläjärvi K. , , , .Khusainova R. .Romano V. , , , .Hervig T. , .Ben-Ami H. .Francken M. .Damba L. ..Sudmant P.H. , .Bollongino R. , .Metspalu E. , .Ruizbakiev R. .Salas A. .Meyer M. :211–25. 8: .Balanovsky O. , , , .Posth C. , .Utevska O. , 04 Ancient 2014. . , .Lipson M. .Kivisild T. Kuml , ..Tishkoff S.A. .Li H. , , .Zalloua P. .Toncheva D. ..Babiker H.A. , , , , , , , , , , , .Gubina M. .Comas D. .Parik J. .Van G. , , .Renaud G. .Pääbo S. , , 2005: , , , , .De C. , .Bene J. , , , , , , , , , , , The , , , , , , , , , , ,

Research Kristian Kristiansen et al.

human genomes suggest three ancestral populations Pashkevych, G. 2012. Environment and economic for present-day Europeans. Nature 513: 409–13. activities of Neolithic and Bronze Age populations https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13673 of the northern Pontic area. Quaternary Mallory, J.P. & D.Q. Adams. 2006. The Oxford International 261: 176–82. introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.024 Proto-Indo-European world.Oxford:Oxford Petrosyan, A. 2011. Armenian traditional Black University Press. Youths: the earliest sources. Journal of Mathieson, I., I. Lazaridis, N. Rohland, Indo-European Studies 39: 342–53. S. Mallick, N. Patterson, S. Alpaslan Pike-Tay, A. & D.W. Anthony. 2016. Dog days of Roodenberg, E. Harney, K. Stewardson, winter: seasonal activities in a Srubnaya landscape, D. Fernandes, M. Novak, K. Sirak, C. Gamba, in D.W. Anthony, D.R. Brown, A.A. Khokhlov, E.R. Jones, B. Llamas, S. Dryomov, J. Pickrell, P.F. Kuznetsov & O.D. Mochalow (ed.) ABronze J.L. Arsuaga, J.M. Bermúdez De Castro, Age landscape in the Russian steppes. The E. Carbonell, F. Gerritsen, A. Khokhlov, Valley Project: 373–85. Los Angeles (CA): Cotsen P. K u z n e t s o v , M. Lozano, H. Meller, Institute of Archaeology. O. Mochalov, V. Moiseyev, M.A. Rojo Guerra, Pospieszny, Ł., I. Sobkowiak-Tabaka, T.D. Price, J. Roodenberg, J.M. Vergès, J. Krause, K.M. Frei, I. Hildebrandt-Radke, A. Cooper, K.W. Alt, D. Brown, D. Anthony, H. Kowalewska-Marszałek, C. Lalueza-Fox, W. Haak, R. Pinhasi & M. Krenz-Niedbała, M. Osypinska´ , M. Strózyk˙ D. Reich. 2015. Genome-wide patterns of & M. Winiarska-Kabacinska´ . 2015. Remains of a selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528: late Neolithic barrow at Kruszyn. A glimpse of 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16152 ritual and everyday life in early Corded Ware Meyer, C., G. Brandt, W. Haak, R.A.Ganslmeier, societies of the Polish lowland. Praehistorische H. Meller & K. Alt. 2009. The Eulau eulogy: Zeitschrift 90: 185–213. bioarchaeological interpretation of lethal violence in https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2015-0009 Corded Ware multiple burials from Saxony-Anhalt, Prien, R. 2005. Archäologie und Migration. Germany. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28: Vergleichende Studien zur archäologischen 412–23. https://doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2009.07.002 Nachweisbarkeit von Wanderungsbewegungen Meyer, C., R. Ganslmeier, V. Dresely & K.W. Alt. (Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen 2012. New approaches to the reconstruction of Archäologie 120). Bonn: Habelt. kinship and social structure based on Rasmussen, S., M.E. Allentoft, K. Nielsen, bioarchaeological analysis of Neolithic multiple and L. Orlando, M. Sikora, K.-G. Sjögren, collective graves, in J. Koláˇr & F. Trampota (ed.) A.G. Pedersen, M. Schubert, A. Van Dam, Theoretical and methodological considerations in C.M.O. Kapel, H.B. Nielsen, S. Brunak, Central European Neolithic archaeology (British P. Av e t i s y a n , A. Epimakhov, M.V. Khalyapin, Archaeological Reports international series 2325): A. Gnuni, A. Kriiska, I. Lasak, M. Metspalu, 11–23. Oxford: Archaeopress. V. Moiseyev, A. Gromov, D. Pokutta, L. Saag, Muhl, A., H. Meller & K. Heckenhahn. 2010. L. Varul, L. Yepiskoposyan, Tatort Eulau. Ein 4500 Jahre altes Verbrechen wird T. Sicheritz-Pontén, R.A. Foley, M. Mirazón Aufgeklärt. : Theiss. Lahr, R. Nielsen, K. Kristiansen & Müller, J., T. Seregély, C. Becker & E. Willerslev. 2015. Early divergent strains of A.-M. Christensen. 2009. A revision of Corded in Eurasia 5000 years ago. Cell 163: Ware settlement pattern—new results from the 571–82. https://doi.org/ Central European low mountain range. Proceedings 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009 of the Prehistoric Society 75: 125–42. Renfrew, C. 1987. Archaeology and language: the puzzle https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00000323 of Indo-European origins. : Jonathan Cape. Oestigaard, T. & J. Goldhahn. 2006. From the dead Schulting, R.J. & M.P. Richards. 2016. Stable and the living: death as transaction and isotope analysis of Neolithic to Late Bronze Age re-negotiations. Norwegian Archaeological Review populations in the Samara Valley, in 39: 27–48. D.W. Anthony, D.R. Brown, A.A. Khokhlov, https://doi.org/10.1080/00293650600703928 P.F. Kuznetsov & O.D. Mochalov (ed.) ABronze Parpola, A. & P. Koskallio (ed.). 2007. Early contacts Age landscape in the Russian steppes. The Samara between Uralic and Indo-European: linguistic and Valley Project: 127–49. Los Angeles (CA): Cotsen archaeological considerations (Mémoires de la Société Institute of Archaeology. Finno-Ougrienne 242). : Finno-Ugrian Sergent, B. 2003. Les troupes de jeunes hommes et Society. l’expansion indo-europenne. Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 29: 9–27.

© Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2017

346 Shennan Shishlina Shishlina eevd 6Ags 06 cetd aur 07 eie:3Jnay2017 January 3 Revised: 2017; January 3 Accepted: 2016; August 16 Received: .Edinborough K. Gruyter. genetics using and by isotopes approaches stable new history: early and prehistory (ed.) Schier W. Kaiser, & E. Burger in J. steppes, Caspian samples Eurasian Age the Bronze from of study ratio Isotope 2012. .Manning K. nentoa eis17) xod Archaeopress. Oxford: 1876). series international pastoral of lifeways and styles life steppes: Caspian the https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3486 Europe. mid-Holocene in booms agriculture initial followed collapse population , , , S. N. N. BiihAcaooia Reports Archaeological (British , ..Downey S.S. , 2008. .Svs yanov Sevast V. & ..Thomas M.G. :atcen.2486. no. article 4: eosrcino h rneAeof Age Bronze the of Reconstruction , etersn oiiyadtefraino utr n language and culture of formation the and mobility Re-theorising .Colledge S. , .Timpson A. 7–7 eln De Berlin: 177–97. : ouaindnmc in dynamics Population & 03 Regional 2013. . ...Hedges R.E.M. , Nature .Kerig T. , , . 347 adrLinden Vander Szmyt Sjögren otiuino genetics. of contribution the assessing Europe: BC third-millennium 9025 BC Europe,2950–2350 Eastern in Culture Amphora Globular https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2016.1209124 2016. August 3 online Published University. Mickiewicz Adam https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155083 itadmblt nteCre aeo Central of Ware Corded Europe. the in mobility and Diet , M. , K.-G. 1999. LSONE PLoS , , ..Price T.D. M. niut ulctosLd 2017 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © ewe etades.Pol fthe of People east. and west Between Bli-otcSuis8.Pozna 8). Studies (Baltic-Pontic 06 ouainhsoyin history Population 2016. 1 e0155083. 11: & ol Archaeology World .Kristiansen K. . 2016. . n: ´

Research