Society and environment in Southern France from the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC: 2200 BC a tipping point? Laurent Carozza, Jean François Berger, Albane Burens-Carozza, Cyril Marcigny

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Laurent Carozza, Jean François Berger, Albane Burens-Carozza, Cyril Marcigny. Society and envi- ronment in Southern France from the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC: 2200 BC a tipping point?. Harald Meller, Helge Wolfgang Arz, Reinhard Jung und Roberto Risch. 2200 BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? / 2200 BC - A climatic break- down as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2o14 in Halle (Saale) / 7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale), pp.335-362, 2015, Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 12/I, 978-3-944507-29-3. ￿halshs-01245488￿

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés.

14 in Halle (Saale) o Reinhard Jung und Roberto Risch ktober 2 ktober O

Herausgeber Harald Meller, Helge Wolfgang Arz, Arz, Wolfgang Helge Meller, Harald Herausgeber . Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag 7 für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? for the collapse of the old world? old the of collapse the for BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache als Ursache Klimasturz – Ein BC oo vom 23. bis 26. bis 23. vom 22 BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause as a cause breakdown – A climatic BC TAGUNGEN DESTAGUNGEN LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE oo 22 2015 12/I

TAGUNGEN DES 22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 12/I ISSN 1867-4402 ISBN 978-3-944507-29-3 Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 12/I | 2015

22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world?

7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale) 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2o14 in Halle (Saale)

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 12/I | 2015

22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale) 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2o14 in Halle (Saale)

Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt landesmuseum für vorgeschichte

herausgegeben von Harald Meller, Helge Wolfgang Arz, Reinhard Jung und Roberto Risch

Halle (Saale) 2o15 Dieser Tagungsband entstand mit freundlicher Unterstützung von: The conference proceedings were supported by:

Die Beiträge dieses Bandes wurden einem Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen. Die Gutachtertätigkeit übernahmen folgende Fachkollegen: Prof. Dr. Helge Wolfgang Arz, Prof. Dr. Robert Chapman, Prof. Dr. Janusz Czebreszuk, Dr. Stefan Dreibrodt, Prof. José Sebastián Carrión García, Prof. Dr. Albert Hafner, Prof. Dr. Svend Hansen, Dr. Karl-Uwe Heußner, Dr. Barbara Horejs, PD Dr. Reinhard Jung, Dr. Flemming Kaul, Prof. Dr. Ourania Kouka, Dr. Alexander Land, Dr. José Lull García, Prof. Dr. Rafael Micó, Prof. Dr. Pierre de Miroschedji, Prof. Dr. Louis D. Nebelsick, Prof. Dr. Marco Pacciarelli, Prof. Dr. Ernst Pernicka, Prof. Dr. Lorenz Rahmstorf, Prof. Dr. Roberto Risch, Prof. Dr. Jeremy Rutter, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmiedl, Anja Stadelbacher, Dr. Ralf Schwarz, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Trnka, Prof. Dr. Jordi Voltas, Dr. Bernhard Weninger.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://portal.dnb.de abrufbar. isbn 978-3-9445o7-29-3 issn 1867-44o2 isbn (universitat autònoma 978-84-49o-5585-o de barcelona)

Redaktion Markus C. Blaich, Konstanze Geppert, Kathrin Legler, Anne Reinholdt, Manuela Schwarz, Anna Swieder, David Tucker, Melina Wießler Redaktion und Übersetzung Sandy Hämmerle • Galway (Irland), Isabel Aitken • Peebles (Schottland), David Tucker der englischen Texte Organisation und Korrespondenz Konstanze Geppert, Anne Reinholdt Technische Bearbeitung Thomas Blankenburg, Anne Reinholdt, Nora Seeländer Sektionstrenner Gestaltung: Thomas Blankenburg, Nora Seeländer; S. 33 Photograph Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 39.1. Creative Commens-BY; S. 95 © Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen; S. 333 © UAB-ASOME; S. 481 © R. Kolev (National Museum of History, Sofia), © Dr. M. Hristov (National Museum of History, Sofia); S. 669 © J. Lipták, München; S. 8o3 © Aberdeen University Museum, © National Museums of Scotland, © Dr. A. Sheridan (National Museums of Scotland) Umschlag Malte Westphalen, Nora Seeländer

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Papier alterungsbeständig nach din/iso 97o6 Satzschrift FF Celeste, News Gothic Konzept und Gestaltung Carolyn Steinbeck • Berlin Layout, Satz und Produktion Anne Reinholdt, Nora Seeländer Druck und Bindung LÖHNERT-DRUCK Inhalt/Contents

Band I

9 Vorwort der Herausgeber/Preface of the editors

25 Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete Herrada, and Roberto Risch What is an event?

Sektion Orient und Ägypten/ Section Middle East and Egypt

35 Harvey Weiss Megadrought, collapse, and resilience in late 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamia

53 Helge Wolfgang Arz, Jérôme Kaiser, and Dominik Fleitmann Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic changes around 22oo BC recorded in sediment cores from the northern Red Sea

61 Michele Massa and Vasıf S¸ahog˘lu The 4.2 ka BP climatic event in west and central Anatolia: combining palaeo-climatic proxies and archaeological data

79 Juan Carlos Moreno García Climatic change or sociopolitical transformation? Reassessing late 3rd millennium BC in Egypt

Sektion Östlicher und Zentraler Mittelmeerraum/ Section Eastern and Central Mediterranean

97 Hermann Genz Beware of environmental determinism: the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age on the Lebanese coast and the 4.2 ka BP event

113 Felix Höflmayer The southern Levant, Egypt, and the 4.2 ka BP event

131 Lindy Crewe Expanding and shrinking networks of interaction: Cyprus c. 22oo BC

149 Lorenz Rahmstorf The Aegean before and after c. 22oo BC between Europe and Asia: trade as a prime mover of cultural change

181 Stephan W. E. Blum and Simone Riehl Troy in the 23rd century BC – environmental dynamics and cultural change

205 Reinhard Jung and Bernhard Weninger Archaeological and environmental impact of the 4.2 ka cal BP event in the central and eastern Mediterranean 235 Bernhard Friedrich Steinmann Gestürzte Idole – Das Ende der frühkykladischen Elite

253 Marco Pacciarelli, Teodoro Scarano, and Anita Crispino The transition between the Copper and Bronze Ages in southern Italy and Sicily

283 Giovanni Leonardi, Michele Cupitò, Marco Baioni, Cristina Longhi, and Nicoletta Martinelli Northern Italy around 22oo cal BC. From Copper to Early Bronze Age: Continuity and/or discontinuity?

305 Giulia Recchia and Girolamo Fiorentino Archipelagos adjacent to Sicily around 22oo BC: attractive environments or suitable geo-economic locations?

321 Walter Dörfler The late 3rd millenium BC in pollen diagrams along a south-north transect from the Near East to northern Central Europe

Sektion Westlicher Mittelmeerraum/ Section Western Mediterranean

335 Laurent Carozza, Jean-François Berger, Cyril Marcigny, and Albane Burens Society and environment in Southern France from the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC: 22oo BC as a tipping point?

365 Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete Herrada, and Roberto Risch Transition and conflict at the end of the 3rd millennium BC in south Iberia

409 António Carlos Valera Social change in the late 3rd millennium BC in Portugal: the twilight of enclosures

429 Germán Delibes de Castro, Francisco Javier Abarquero Moras, Manuel Crespo Díez, Marcos García García, Elisa Guerra Doce, José Antonio López Sáez, Sebastián Pérez Díaz, and José Antonio Rodríguez Marcos The archaeological and palynological record of the Northern Plateau of Spain during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC

449 Martin Kölling, Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete Herrada, and Roberto Risch No indication of increased temperatures around 22oo BC in the south-west Mediterranean derived from oxygen isotope ratios in marine clams (Glycimeris sp.) from the El Argar settle- ment of Gatas, south-east Iberia

461 Mara Weinelt, Christian Schwab, Jutta Kneisel, and Martin Hinz Climate and societal change in the western Mediterranean area around 4.2 ka BP

Band II Sektion Mittel- und Osteuropa/ Section Central and Eastern Europe

483 Martin Hristov New evidence for funeral and ritual activity in the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula: a case study from Southern Bulgaria in the second half of the 3rd millennium BC to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC 503 Klára Pusztainé Fischl, Viktória Kiss, Gabriella Kulcsár, and Vajk Szeverényi Old and new narratives for Hungary around 22oo BC

525 Mirosław Furmanek, Agata Hałuszko, Maksym Mackiewicz, and Bartosz Mys´lecki New data for research on the Bell Beaker Culture in Upper Silesia, Poland

539 Janusz Czebreszuk and Marzena Szmyt Living on the North European Plain around 22oo BC: between continuity and change

561 François Bertemes and Volker Heyd 22oo BC – Innovation or Evolution? The genesis of the Danubian Early Bronze Age

579 Frank Sirocko Winter climate and weather conditions during the »Little-Ice-Age-like cooling events« of the Holocene: implications for the spread of »Neolithisation«?

595 Alexander Land, Johannes Schönbein, and Michael Friedrich Extreme climate events identified by wood-anatomical features for the Main Valley (Southern Germany) – A case study for 3ooo–2ooo BC

603 Matthias B. Merkl and Jutta Lechterbeck Settlement dynamics and land use between the Hegau and the western Lake Constance region, Germany, during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC

617 Philipp W. Stockhammer, Ken Massy, Corina Knipper, Ronny Friedrich, Bernd Kromer, Susanne Lindauer, Jelena Radosavljevic´, Ernst Pernicka und Johannes Krause Kontinuität und Wandel vom Endneolithikum zur frühen Bronzezeit in der Region Augsburg

643 Andreas Bauerochse, Inke Achterberg, and Hanns Hubert Leuschner Evidence for climate change between 22oo BC and 216o BC derived from subfossil bog and riverine trees from Germany

651 Johannes Müller Crisis – what crisis? Innovation: different approaches to climatic change around 22oo BC

Sektion Mitteldeutschland/ Section Central Germany

671 Ralf Schwarz Kultureller Bruch oder Kontinuität? – Mitteldeutschland im 23. Jh. v. Chr.

715 Matthias Becker, Madeleine Fröhlich, Kathrin Balfanz, Bernd Kromer und Ronny Friedrich Das 3. Jt. v. Chr. zwischen Saale und Unstrut – Kulturelle Veränderungen im Spiegel der Radiokohlenstoffdatierung

747 Kathrin Balfanz, Madeleine Fröhlich und Torsten Schunke Ein Siedlungsareal der Glockenbecherkultur mit Hausgrundrissen bei Klobikau, Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland

765 Madeleine Fröhlich und Matthias Becker Typochronologische Überlegungen zu den Kulturen des Endneolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit zwischen Saale und Unstrut im 3. Jt. v. Chr.

783 Frauke Jacobi »Size matters!« – Die endneolithischen Gräberfelder von Profen, Burgenlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt 793 André Spatzier Pömmelte-Zackmünde – Polykultureller Sakralort oder Ortskonstanz im Heiligtum während einer kulturellen Transformation? Ein Beitrag zur Kulturentwicklung des späten 3. Jts. v. Chr. in Mitteldeutschland

Sektion Nord- und Westeuropa/ Section Northern and Western Europe

805 Andrew P. Fitzpatrick Great Britain and Ireland in 22oo BC

833 Mike Baillie and Jonny McAneney Why we should not ignore the mid-24th century BC when discussing the 22oo–2ooo BC climate anomaly

Anhang/Appendix

845 Autorenkollektiv/Collective contribution Ergebnistabelle/Table of results Society and environment in Southern France from the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC: 2200 BC a tipping point?

Laurent Carozza, Jean-François Berger, Albane Burens, and Cyril Marcigny

Zusammenfassung Summary

Gesellschaft und Umwelt in Südfrankreich vom 3. Jt. v. Chr. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the impact of environ- bis zum frühen 2. Jt. v. Chr.: 2200 v. Chr. als Wendepunkt? mental changes (so-called 4.2 ka BP extreme event) on an- cient societies, from the recent Neolithic to the Early Bronze Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das Schwergewicht auf den Age. A short period of drought in the Mediterranean around Einfluss der Umweltveränderungen »( 4,2 ka BP Ereignis«) auf 22oo BC may correspond with the establishment of the Medi- prähistorische Gesellschaften vom Neolithikum bis zur frü- terranean climate under orbital forcing. In the same period, hen Bronzezeit gelegt. Eine kurze Trockenperiode um 22oo major switches in the Intertropical Convergence Zone are v. Chr. im mediterranen Raum fiel möglicherweise mit der Bil- recorded in the speleothem of the Dongge cave, China. dung des mediterranen Klimas unter dem Einfluss des orbi- A series of studies have established that in the south of talen Antriebs zusammen. Gleichzeitig ereigneten sich tief- France, for instance in the Rhône valley, an important change greifende Veränderungen in der innertropischen Konver- occurred in the human settlement system around 23oo– genzzone, die sich im Speläothem der Dongge-Höhle, China, 22oo BC. In lowland areas, after a maximal concentration, the festmachen lassen. number of settlements decreased significantly along the river Ausgewählte Studien haben gezeigt, dass sich um 23oo– systems during a period of very high hydrosedimentary 22oo v. Chr. in Südfrankreich, zum Beispiel im Rhonetal, ein discharges, dryness, and fire activity. entscheidender Wechsel im Siedlungsmuster fassen lässt. It is interesting to note that the exploitation of copper ore Nach einer Phase der Siedlungskonzentration entlang der resources, which had begun in Cabrières, dep. Hérault, France, Flüsse nahm die Anzahl der Siedlungen in einer Periode von around 32oo BC ceased around 23oo–22oo BC. At the same sehr hohen Sedimenteinträge, Trockenheit und Brandereig- time, the environmental changes allowed for an exploitation nissen im Flachland wesentlich ab. of alpine copper, as seen in Saint-Véran, dep. Hautes-Alpes, Interessanterweise brach die Kupfererzgewinnung in France. Indeed, from 215o–165o BC, the glacial retreat per- Cabrières, Dep. Hérault, Frankreich, die um 32oo v. Chr. einge- mitted the exploitation of copper ore resources at very high setzt hatte, um 23oo–22oo v. Chr. ab. Gleichzeitig war es auf- altitudes of above 24oo m a.s.l. (Les Rousses, Oisan, Isère). grund der Umweltveränderungen nun möglich, alpines Kup- The findings presented in this paper have revealed a fer abzubauen, was sich auch in Saint-Véran, Dep. growth in human pressure in mountain areas, specifically in Hautes-Alpes, Frankreich, nachweisen lässt. Tatsächlich the Pyrenees. The exploitation of intermediate areas (from ermöglichte der Gletscherrückgang die Kupfererzgewinnung foothills to moderately mountainous regions) in the Basque zwischen 215o v. Chr. und 165o v. Chr. sogar in sehr hohen Country took the form of temporary habitations (pastora- Lagen oberhalb von 24oo m. ü. NN (Les Rousses, Oisan, Isère). lism). Others might argue that the data from Western France Die Resultate der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen bele- contradicts this pattern: the increase in the number of farms gen eine zunehmende menschliche Präsenz in den Bergregio- and land parcels attests to an intensification of the human nen, insbesondere in den Pyrenäen. Im Baskenland lässt sich settlement system. die Nutzung moderater Höhenlagen (mäßig bergige Vorge- This new kind of management of the landscape and agro- birgsregionen) anhand von nur zeitweise benutzten Behausun- pastoral areas was undoubtedly under the control of a new gen (Weidewirtschaft) nachweisen. In Westfrankreich können elite that emerged around 22oo–21oo BC. They buried their die Daten allerdings auch anders interpretiert werden: Dort dead under large mounds, such as those found in Armorique scheint die steigende Anzahl von Bauernhöfen und Parzellen für or Wessex, and followed practices not out of keeping with the eine Intensivierung der menschlichen Besiedlung zu sprechen. societies of the 3rd millennium BC, integrating into their sym- Diese neue Art der Verwaltung der Landschaft und der bolic language a reinterpretation of the set of artefacts char­ Agrar- und Weidewirtschaft lag zweifellos in den Händen acteristic of the Bell Beaker communities, albeit using more einer Elite, die sich um 22oo–21oo v. Chr. neu herausbildete. luxurious and exotic materials (without any further function- Diese gehobene Schicht beerdigte ihre Toten unter großen al value). Hügeln in der Bretagne oder in Wessex und lässt sich gut in The period between 23oo BC and 21oo BC corresponds to a die Gesellschaften des 3. Jts. v. Chr. einfügen. Sie übernahm global environmental threshold phase in the south-north die Symbolsprache der Glockenbechergemeinschaften, aller- atmospheric circulation at the beginning of the Late Holo- dings unter Verwendung von luxuriösen und exotischen Mate- cene, caused by an orbital forcing. In the same period, the rialien (ohne jedoch die Funktion der Artefakte zu erweitern). effects of millennial-scale Rapid Climate Change (RCC) last­ Der Zeitraum von 23oo–21oo v. Chr. entspricht einer glo- ing two to three centuries (around the 4.2 ka BP event) are balen ökolo­gischen Übergangsphase zu Beginn des späten recorded in the lakes, fluvial and soil systems of Western

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 336 LAURENT CAROZZA, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER, ALBANE BURENS, AND CYRIL MARCIGNY

Holozäns, die geprägt war von einer Verschiebung der atmos­ Europe. The socio-economic modifications introduced may phärischen Zirkulation von Süden nach Norden aufgrund des have resulted in a spatial reorganisation at a regional level, orbitalen Antriebs. Gleichzeitig fand in den folgenden zwei but not in a global collapse. bis drei Jahrhunderten (im Zeitraum des 4,2 ka BP Ereignis- ses) ein abrupter Klimawandel statt, dessen Auswirkungen sich in den Seen, Flüssen und Böden Westeuropas ablesen las- sen. Die sozio-ökonomischen Veränderungen führten womög- lich eine Reorganisation auf regionaler Ebene herbei, nicht aber einen globalen Zusammenbruch.

Introduction tal data with ancient social dynamics, as reconstructed from archae­ological excavations, which have established that in This paper deals with the impact of environmental changes the south of France (e.g. the Rhône valley) an important on ancient societies in the south of France, from the Late change occurred in the human settlement system around Neolithic period to the Early Bronze Age; that is to say, 23oo–22oo BC (Berger et al. 2ooo; Berger et al. 2oo7). Our around the so-called 4.2 ka BP extreme event. This period contribution focuses on three main issues: 1. a presentation may correspond with the establishment of the Mediterra- of the latest findings on climato-environmental change in nean climate under orbital forcing at the Mid- to Late Holo- the course of the 3rd millennium BC and the 2nd millen- cene transition1. The purpose of this paper is to introduce nium BC; 2. an overview of the correlation between environ- the chronology of change over time from a socio-environ- mental and social dynamics in selected, well-documented mental angle. We attempt to juxtapose climato-environmen- regions of Southern France; 3. a discussion of the role of cli-

N

Atlantic Ocean

Mid- Rhône valley

South-western Alps Pyr enees Languedoc

Mediterranean

200 km

Fig. 1 Location of the key areas selected for their wide range of reliable data showing tipping points.

Abb. 1 Die wichtigsten Gebiete mit umfangreichen und verlässlichen Datenserien, in denen sich Wendepunkte abzeichnen.

1 Jalut et al. 1997; Jalut et al. 2ooo; Magny et al. 2oo9; Magny et al. 2o13; Wanner et al. 2oo8.

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTHERN FRANCE FROM THE 3RD MILLENNIUM BC TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 2ND MILLENNIUM BC 337

Fig. 2a–f A general evolution under orbital forc­ ing at the Mid- to Late Holocene transition: a 6 5 4 3 2 Insolation 4o°N; b lake-level fluctuations at WI (W/m2) Preola, Sicily; c Soreq cave speleothem, Israel, SI (W/m2) Mid-Holocene Late Holocene in mm/yr; d Qunf cave speleothem-Q5, δ18O (in 180 Winter Insolation (WI) ‰ VPDB); e Dongge cave speleothem, China, 460 monsoon activity; f lake levels (in m) fluctua- tions in African tropics. a

190 Abb. 2a–f Die allgemeine Entwicklung unter 480 Summer Insolation (SI) orbitalem Einfluss am Übergang vom mittleren zum späten Holozän: a Sonneneinstrahlung Higher 4o°N; b Seespiegelschwankungen in Preola, -1 Sizilien; c Speläothem in der Soreq-Höhle, Israel, 0 in mm/Jahr; d Q5 Speläothem in der Qunf-Höhle, δ18O (in ‰ VPDB); e Speläothem in der Dongge-

CA scores b Höhle, China, Monsunaktivität; f Seespiegel- 1 schwankungen (in m) in den afrikanischen Tropen.

600

550

500 c 450 -2

-1.5

-1 d

-0.5

Aridification

8

18 δ 0 (in ‰) 160

e 7 120

80 Hyperaride f 40

0

6 5 4 3 2 cal ka BP

mate in the exploitation of copper resources, which had Methodology begun in France around 32oo BC. Finally, we propose to determine the respective roles of the climate and of social Some researchers (archaeologists as well as environmental­ dynamics in the changes that occur at the transitional ists and climatologists; e. g. Magny et al. 2o12; Magny et al. period between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millen- 2o13; Pétrequin 2oo5; Jallot 2o11) consider that the 4.2 ka BP nium BC. event forms an actual socio-environmental tipping point. Others adopt a less extreme and more moderate viewpoint

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 338 LAURENT CAROZZA, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER, ALBANE BURENS, AND CYRIL MARCIGNY

200 µm 1000 µm a b

Fig. 3a–b The soil dynamic of the mid-Rhône valley’s floodplains around 4.2 ka BP. a Cumulic fluviosoil of the Tricastin plain with high micro-agrega- tion development, well cemented calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nodules in a dark humic soil matrix, rich in micro-charcoals (around 25oo–23oo BC; Mondragon-Les Juilleras, structure S1-F3; natural light). b Secondary CaCO3 accumulations in the soil matrix (hypocoatings) with juxtaposition of few oriented coarse to fine silty flood coatings in a soil micro-porosity (La Motte-du-Rhône-La Prades/Log4-12; natural light).

Abb. 3a–b Bodendynamik in den Flussauen des mittleren Rhonetals um 4,2 ka BP. a Ein kumulischer Fluviosol im Tricastin mit hohen Mikroaggregatsver­ än­derungen und verfestigten Kalziumkarbonat-Knöllchen (CaCO3) in einer dunkel-humosen, mit zahlreichen Mikroholzkohlen durchsetzten Erdmatrix (um 25oo–23oo v. Chr.; Mondragon-Les Juilleras, Stuktur S1-F3; natürliches Licht). b Sekundäre Anreicherungen von CaCO3 in der Erdmatrix (Kalk-Über- züge) und im Gegensatz dazu wenige orientierte, grobe bis feine schluffige Überschwemmungsbeläge in mikroporöser Erde (La Motte-du-Rhône-La Prades/ Log4-12; natürliches Licht).

in which the part played by climate is moderated and consid­ ical changes by a gradual decrease in summer insolation at ered together with several other factors (e. g. Lemercier northern latitudes (Berger/Loutre 1991). At the same time, 2o12). The reconstructions presented here take up a non-dog- millennial-scale rapid climatic change (RCC) events over- matic position in terms of climatic and socio-cultural deter- lapped with solar/oceanic forcings (Mayewsky et al. 2oo4). minism. M. Magny’s recent work has shown that there was These partly explain the cyclic variations of climate param­ a short period of drought in the Mediterranean around eters that we are able to reconstruct with multi-proxy analyses. 22oo BC (Magny et al. 2oo9; Magny et al. 2o12). This period A complex polyphased climatic oscillation occurred may correspond with the establishment of the Mediterra- around 23oo–185o BC, which has been discussed since at nean climate under orbital forcing. least the beginning of the 199os and to which a specific con- The broader objective of this paper is to consider the pro- gress was devoted, published in the NATO ASI Series (Dal- gression of change from a socio-environmental angle. Here, fes et al. 1997), mainly concentrating on the tropical and we present a study conducted on a large scale, covering the Mediterranean zones, and discussing different causes2. The whole of the south of France, and focusing on key areas in climate event also affected the western Mediterranean area which a large range of available and reliable data shows tip- (Fedoroff/Courty 1995; Berger 1996; Cheddadi et al. 1998). ping points: Languedoc, the Rhône valley, the south-west­ This event seems to be characterised by two additional fac- ern Pyrenees, and the French Alps (Fig. 1). These study tors: a long-term orbital forcing leading to a summer insola- areas, in which archaeological data has been recently aug- tion rise and a cool Neoglacial period in mid latitudes (re- mented by rescue archaeology, encompass different types corded in lakes and river systems; Rimbu et al. 2oo3; Wan- of environments (such as coasts, alluvial valleys, intermedi- ner et al. 2oo8; Magny et al. 2oo9). This long evolutionary ate areas, mountains, etc.) and a high east/west gradient. trend contributes to an affirmation of a Mediterranean cli- mate below latitudes 43/44° N on the one hand (discussed by Jalut et al. 1997; Jalut et al. 2ooo) and a dryness in the Middle Climate changes during the 3rd millennium BC and East and tropical areas such as Africa, Arabia, and Asia on 2th millennium BC: a short summary of the most the other hand3. This period shows an abrupt decrease in recent research levels of African tropical lakes that lasts until 18oo/17oo BC (Gasse 2ooo; cf. the end of the green Sahara), and in the level The Mid- to Late Holocene transition of the Dead Sea, located in the southern part of the Middle East (Migowsky et al. 2oo6). This situation creates an oppo- The Mid- to Late Holocene transition was mainly driven by site signal on the opposite shores of the western Mediterra- orbital forcing, which explains seasonal and inter-hemispher­ nean: dry from the centre to the south as well as humid and

2 Weiss et al. 1993; Lemcke/Sturm 1997; Bar- 3 Bar-Matthews et al. 1998; Staubwasser et al. Matthews et al. 1998; Frumkin et al. 1991; 2oo3; Cullen et al. 2ooo; Migowsky et al. Gasse/Campo 1994. 2oo6; Fleitmann et al. 2oo7; Magny et al. 2oo9; Magny et al. 2o12.

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Fig. 4a–f Main Western European palaeo­ hydrolog­ical (versus pedological) curves illustrating a threshold and a weak expression cal ka BP 5 4 3 of the 4.2 ka BP event. a Lake-level fluctuations 0 at Cerin, Jura Mountains, France; b lake-level (in m) fluctuations at Accesa, Central Italy; c rivers/ 2 slopes activity/stability, Germany; d rivers/ slopes activity/stability, mid-Rhône valley; 4 e rivers/slopes activity/stability, upper Rhône a valley; f detrital Rhône sedimentation in 6 Lake Bourget (potassium/titanium ratio; core 0 LDB o4-1). (in m)

Abb. 4a–f Westeuropäische paläohydrologische 4 (im Gegensatz zu pedologischen) Kurven mit einem Übergangsbereich und schwachen Hin­ b weisen auf das 4,2 ka BP Ereignis. a Seespiegel- 8 1 schwankungen in Cerin, Juragebirge, Frankreich; Activity b Seespiegelschwankungen in Accesa, Mittel-

italien; c Flussaktivität/-stabilität und Hang- 0,5 aktivität/-stabilität, Deutschland; d Fluss-

aktivität/-stabilität und Hangaktivität/ 0 c -stabi­lität, mittleres Rhonetal; e Flussaktivität/ -stabilität und Hangaktivität/-stabilität, oberes

-0,5 Stability Rhonetal; f detritische Sedimente der Rhone im probability Relative Bourget See (Kalium/Titan-Verhältnis; Sediment- kern LDB o4-1). 20 -1 Activity

10 0 d

Stability 10 Relative probability Relative

3 20

2

1

Relative probability Relative 0 e

1 0.4 (in %)

2 0.2 TiO

0 f

5 4 3 cal ka BP

with a contrasting hydrological regime to the north (cf. response of the river system to the change in climate. The Fig. 2). Furthermore, records from tropical areas show a very trend towards aridity predominates from eastern Langue- high climatic variability around 22oo BC. This variability is doc (Blanchemanche et al. 2oo3) to the mid-Rhône valley. well illustrated in the Dongge cave speleothem archive, Rapid infillings and a high frequency of flooding and torren- China, with rapid and abrupt contrasting changes in the tial activity, apparently related to a Mediterranean-type monsoon’s hydrological cycle over four or five centuries »flash flood« function, alternating with pedogenetic activity, (Dykoski et al. 2oo5) that could amplify the impact on the are indicated by: 1. a predominant trend towards incision in terrestrial ecosystems. Consequently, the southern part of river systems, resulting in lower aquifers and vegetational France could have become a transition area, influenced by stress (Fig. 3a; Berger 2o15); 2. an increase in soil develop- both climate zones and a high hydrological variability (Ber- ment (between flood deposits) corresponding to a succes- ger 2o15). The numerous geoarchaeological data available sion of dark-brown, dusty, cumulic fluvisoils (Berger o2 15); for the mid-Rhône valley allow us to describe in detail the 3. an affluence of secondary carbonate accumulations in the

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Fig. 5a–e Temporal tripartition of the 4.2 ka cal BP event. a Lake-level fluctuations at Cerin, Jura ka BP 5 4.5 4 3.5 Mountains, France (45° N); b lake-level fluctua- 0 tions at Accesa, Tuscany (42° N); c lake-level (in m) fluctuations at Ledro, Northern Italy (45,87° N); d cumulative probability density function 2 (CPDF), 14C series of activity of pre-alpine tribu- taries of the Rhône River (Drôme, dep. Vaucluse a 4 [44,5–44° N]); e Walton Moss, Northern England, plant macrofossil DHI (Dupont hydroclimatic 6 index) BSW (bog surface wetness) reconstruc- tion (grey), testate amoebae-inferred WTD (water table depth) reconstruction (black). 0 (in m) Abb. 5a–e Zeitliche Dreiteilung des 4,2 ka cal BP Ereignisses. a Seespiegelschwankungen in Cerin, 4 Juragebirge, Frankreich (45° N); b Seespiegel- b schwankungen in Accesa, Toscana (42° N); c Seespiegelschwankungen in Ledro, Norditalien (45,87° N); d kumulative Verteilungsfunktion 8 (CPDF), 14C-Datenserie aus voralpinen Zuflüssen 653 der Rhone (Drôme, Dep. Vaucluse [44,5–44° N]); 652 e Walton Moss, Nordengland, Rekonstruktion der Oberflächenfeuche des Moores (BSW – bog sur- 651 face wetness) mit Hilfe des hydroklimatischen 650 c Index nach Dupont (DHI – Dupont hydroclimatic index) anhand von pflanzlichen Makrofossilien 649 (grau) und der Grundwassertiefe (WTD – water (in m) table depth; schwarz) anhand des Auftretens 20 beschalter Amöben (Testaceen).

10

d 0 Humid

e

A B C

ka BP 5 4.5 4 3.5

porosity of fluvisoils, and in the soil matrix (hypocoatings; 24oo BC) in Lake Preola in Sicily, in the Dongge cave, and in Fig. 3b); the presence of numerous riparian forest charcoals tropical African lakes5. (mainly Fraxinus) reflecting the frequency of fires (Delhon The European palaeo-hydrological systems also record an 2oo5; Berger et al. 2oo7; Delhon/Thiebault 2oo8); 4. isotope early signal, around 245o/24oo BC. At the scale of the central- values showing an enrichment in δ18O values in soil car­ western European area, a multi-centennial period of hydrolog­ bonates, reflecting rainfall predominantly of Mediterranean ical activity is identified from 245o–19oo/18oo BC (Fig. 4). origin, potentially indicating a concentration of »Cévennes These hydrological changes affect Northern Italy and the episodes« of torrential rain (Bonté 2oo6). Depending on the lakes of the western Alps (Magny et al. 2oo9; Magny et al. resolution of the different archives, a shift of between one 2o12), the fluvial and colluvial domains of the whole of Ger- and two centuries (between 24oo BC and 22oo BC) is ob- many (Hoffman et al. 2oo8), the western pre-alpine tributa- served in the date of the tipping point. Is this a function of ries of the River Rhône (Berger 2o15), the upper Rhône (Ber- regional shifts of climate, or is it associated with a bias in ger et al. 2oo8), Lake Bourget, due to a rise of detrital inputs the age depth models of the different archives4? Whatever from the Rhône (Arnaud et al. 2o12), and Lake Constance, due the case may be, the break appears very early (around to a rise of detrital inputs from the Rhine River (Wessels 1998).

4 See e. g. »reservoir effects« for marine cores 5 Wanner et al. 2oo8; Magny et al. 2oo9; Jalut (foraminifers) or African lakes (gasteropods), et al. 2oo9; Cullen et al. 2ooo; Staubwasser as well as »old wood effects« on micro- et al. 2oo3; Fleitmann et al. 2oo7; Dykoski charcoal samples from European lakes and et al. 2oo5; Gasse 2ooo; Bar-Matthews et al. rivers systems. 1998; Migowsky et al. 2oo6.

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Fig. 6 Geographic tripartition (dashed line) at the scale of the western Mediterranean and Europe Regional river synthesis around 4.2 ka BP. Micro-regional river synthesis

Abb. 6 Geografische Dreiteilung (gestrichelte Paleohydrological site/marine core Sites with torrentiality signals Linie) im westlichen Mittelmeerraum und in Dry Europa um 4,2 ka BP. and rapid hydrologic changes (transitional area) 31

30 29 28 ? Northern Sea

27

Atlantic 26 Ocean 24 25

23 Humid 22 21 20 19 17 18 32 16 13 12

15 14 11 10 8 9 7

5 Arid 6 4 Mediterranean

2 3

33 1 500 km

1 Wadi and soil dynamics in Northern Tunisia 19 Lake-level fluctuations at Cerin, southern 2 Lake-level fluctuations at Preola, Sicilia Bugey 3 Lake-level fluctuations at Pergusa, Sicilia 2o Hydrologic activity in the Gardon cave karst, 4 Fire activity at Lake Baza, Southern Spain Bugey, southern Jura mountains 5 Fire activ­ity at Lake Siles, Southern Spain 21 Detrital activity of the Rhine River into Lake 6 Fluvial dynamic of the Guadalentin River, Constance south-eastern Spain 22 Lake-level fluctuations of west-central Euro- 7 Oxygen isotope fluctuations of the marine pean lakes core MD99-2343, northern Balearic Islands 23 High frequency floods and activity of the 8 CPDF of slack water deposits of Spanish Loire River in the Val d’Orléans rivers 24 High level of Chicheboville-Bellengreville 9 Regional vegetation changes in the Adriatic moor zone indicated by the marine core MD9o917, 25 Activity/stability phases (by CPDF) of the Adriatic Sea Rhine catchment in Germany 1o Detrital fluxes and low sea-surface tempera- 26 Flood frequency in the Rhine delta apex tures in the marine core AMC99-1 zone, Dutch-German area 11 Lake-level fluctuations at Accesa, Tuscany 27 CPDF of river activity in Southern England 12 Lake-level fluctuations at Ledro, Trentin, (non glaciated zones) Northern Italy 28 Variations of humidity and humification 13 Stack from flowstone RL4 in karstic records rate in Walton Moss of Buca della Renella, Northern Italy 29 Variations of humidity and humif­ication 14 Detrital fluxes and water eutrophication rate in Sluggan Moss and Fallahogy Bog, changes at Lake Petit, Mercantour both Northern Irland 15 Hydrosedimentary activity in the deltaic- 3o CPDF of river activity in Northern England lagoon zone of the Vidourle River (glaciated zones) 16 CPDF of river tributary activity of the mid- 31 Activity of Lake Lochnagar, Scotland Rhône River 32 Growth of mires and detrital activity in 17 CPDF of river activity of the Rhône, the north-western Spain Saône, and their tributaries from the Lyon 33 Low lake level of the lake Tigalmamine region to the upper Rhône valley indi­cated by core C86. 18 Rhône detrital activity in Lake Bourget

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Late Neolithic I (34oo–29oo BC): At the end of the 4th mil­ lennium BC, the Hérault valley is open to influences from Early Treilles the Ferrières, Véraza, and Treilles cultural groups. The cul­ tural loans are limited to striped decor. This period corres- Early ponds to the first phase of the Puech Haut occupation. The Ferrières Saint-Ponien pottery from the settlement is decorated with single or mul- tiple cords (specifically, wavy and striped cords). The range of pottery shapes evolves with the increase of low careen Early Véraza vessels and the emergence of firsts clay repulsed ornamen­ tation.

Mediterranean N

Pyrenees 100 km a

Late Neolithic II (29oo–26oo BC): A cultural group, very Mid-Treilles specific to the Hérault valley, appears around 29oo BC. The cultural situation in the Hérault valley stands out from the neighbouring culturals groups by virtue of a dynamic Ferrières/ Véraza- Fontbouisse which, unlike the first phase, now displays its own identity. Saint Ponien transition The diffusion of several traits towards eastern Languedoc highlights favoured links. The Hérault valley influence on the Ferrière/Fontbouisse sequence is undoubted. Such a cul- Classic Véraza Broum/ tural relocation usually takes place within the framework Roquemengarde of a larger economic process.

Mediterranean N

Pyrenees 100 km b

Late Neolithic III (26oo–24oo BC): Around the second half of the 3rd millenium BC, eastern Languedoc is characterised Late Treilles by the advancement of the Fontbouisse Culture. The Hérault left bank and parts of the coastline are henceforth recon­ nected to the eastern Hérault influences. There is an evolu- Late Fontbouisse Saint-Ponien tion in the ceramic style with the increase of low careen vessels, cords, and imprints. This phenomenon indicates an affirmation of the identity of this area. It is related to a Late Véraza regional development that sees several local groups (such as the Fontbouisse Culture) emerging. Coulobres Hérault valley

Mediterranean N

c Pyrenees 100 km

Fig. 7a–c Geographical extension of the main Late Neolithic cultural groups in Languedoc and the Grands Causses area between the end of the 4th mil­ lennium BC and the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.

Abb. 7a–c Geografische Verbreitung der wichtigsten spätneolithischen Gruppen im Languedoc und im Grands Causses-Gebiet vom Ende des 4. Jts. v. Chr. bis zur zweiten Hälfte des 3. Jts. v. Chr.

The internal structure of the »4.2 ka BP event« already has been observed a tri-partite climatic dynamic at the scale of the mid-Rhône valley, but without developing it According to the available data for the north-west Mediter- in detail (Berger et al. 2oo7). The new semi-quantitative ranean, it is possible to recognise a tripartite climate oscilla- data recently obtained in the same region (using cumula- tion between 23oo BC and 185o BC in the lake systems from tive probability density function analysis of soils, alluvia, Northern Italy to the north-western Alps and in the mid- and fire events) may suggest that the main tributaries of the Rhône River basin. This internal cyclicity of the 4.2 ka BP mid-Rhône valley effectively record a similar tripartite ten- event was first identified and discussed by Magny et al. dency during the same period (Berger 2o15). using a study of lake systems (Magny et al. 2oo9). There

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Frequency of settlements and Central Hérault valley and occupations in central and eastern Puech Haut enclosure Languedoc during the 3rd millennium BC (n=207) Copper production EARLY BRONZE AGE 2000 BC Late Neolithic IV Bell Beaker Abandonment ? Central Languedoc Late Neolithic III Late Late Late Saint Fontbouisse Coulobres Ponien

Late Neolithic II Transition facies Classic Treilles (Les Vautes) Broum Véraza Abandonment ? Saint Ponien 3000 BC Véraza Late Neolithic I Roquemengarde LATE NEOLITHIC Ferrières Early Early 10 20 30

Cabrières Early Saint Copper minning Ponien Western Grands Causses Flint production Eastern Languedoc Languedoc 4000 BC Middle Neolithic

Fig. 8 Chronological diagram, dynamics of the human settlement systems, and the metallurgical production of the main cultural groups during the Late Neolithic period, in Languedoc and the Grands Causses area, between the end of the 4th millennium BC and the second part of the 3rd millen- nium BC. Red stars – time of main mining activity.

Abb. 8 Chronologische Abfolge, Besiedlungsdynamik und Metallverarbeitung der wichtigsten spätneolithischen Kulturgruppen im Languedoc und im Grands Causses-Gebiet vom Ende des 4. Jts. v. Chr. bis zur zweiten Hälfte des 3. Jts. v. Chr. Rote Sterne – Zeitpunkt verstärkter Bergbauaktivität.

When Northern Italian and Alpine lakes record high This zonal climatic functioning, formerly identified for the levels (phase A and phase C in Fig. 5) the Rhodanian rivers same macro-regional area during the 8.2 ka BP event and show a high hydrosedimentary activity associated with the Mid-Holocene period (Magny et al. 2oo3a; Berger/Gui- rapid channel infillings, high flood frequency and torren- laine 2oo9; Vannière et al. 2o13), must have impacted dif­ tial activity, mainly in the alluvial fans and slope systems. ferentially on the soil systems, water resources and crop When the lakes record low levels (phase B in Fig. 5), the yields at the Western European scale, requiring different Rhodanian rivers record entrenchments and pedogenic social and economic responses of ancient societies at the activ­ity with high evapo-transpiration processes in the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age transition. floodplains, generating secondary calcium carbonate accu- mulations and a fire activity peak (Berger o2 15). Can this whole tripartite multi-centennial period be con- Human settlement system and environment dynamics in sidered as the so-called 4.2 ka BP event or only the dry Southern France median episode of 1oo/15o years, which was initially ob- served in tropical areas6? When comparing synchronous Here, we present an overview of the correlation between palaeoclimatic and environmental archives at the Western environmental and social dynamics in several well-docu- European and Mediterranean scale, we observed a zonal, mented regions of Southern France, selected for the availa­ latitudinal functioning during this period, characterised by bility and the reliability of their data: Languedoc, the Rhône a trend to aridity in the south-eastern part of the Iberian valley, the south-western Pyrenees, and the French Alps. Peninsula (decreasing fluvial activity in Mediterranean watersheds, increasing fire activity in Andalusia), in South­ ern Italy (lower lake levels in Sicily) and in North Africa Mediterranean coast, Gulf of Lion, and Languedoc lands- (decreasing wadi activity in Tunisia and lower levels in cape dynamics from 2800–2000 BC Lake Tigalmamine, Morocco, mid-Atlas mountains)7. A moister and colder climate, indicated by continental and Languedoc and the Gulf of Lion coastline form a hot spot of marine data sets is recorded in northern regions above human settlement at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. An 43/44° N, from the Po river plain to the Adriatic Sea to the increase in rescue excavations has allowed a large range of southern part of England in unglaciated river basins, in all data to be processed relating to habitation sites and land- sectors of the Rhine catchment area, in the mid-Loire basin, use from 28oo–2ooo BC (Carozza et al. 2oo5). Through this and finally, at higher altitudes, in the Jurassian and north­ study we are able to suggest a chronological cross-section, ern Alpine lakes (Fig. 6). Northern England shows a more integrating, on one hand, cultural data (chrono-typology) controversial climate signal, with few climate contrasts and, on the other, economical information related to land- during the 4.2 ka BP event, and the Scottish lake and peat use from the coastal areas to foothill and mountain zones bog records may indicate a milder and drier climate (Fig. 6). (Fig. 7).

6 Magny et al. 2oo9; Weiss et al. 1993; Staub- 7 For references concerning the content of this wasser et al. 2oo3; Cullen et al. 2ooo. paragraph see figure 6.

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N

Massif Central Vidourle Hérault

Montagne Noire

Fresquel

Orb

Aude

Corbières Mediterranean Agly

Têt

Tech

Pyrenees 50 km

Fig. 9 Map of the main Late Neolithic fortified settlements and enclosures Abb. 9 Verbreitungskarte der wichtigsten spätneolithischen befestigten in western and eastern Languedoc (orange – sites cited in the text; Siedlungen und sonstigen Befestigungsanlagen im westlichen und östlichen blue – sites not cited in the text). 1 L’Agréable à Villassavary, dep. Aude; Languedoc. 1 L’Agréable à Villassavary, Dep. Aude; 2 Rocreuse à Saint- 2 Rocreuse à Saint-Martin-le Vieil, dep. Aude; 3 Poste-Vieille à Pezens, Martin-le Vieil, Dep. Aude; 3 Poste-Vieille à Pezens, Dep. Aude; 4 Saint- dep. Aude; 4 Saint-Antoine à Caux-Sauzens, dep. Aude; 5 Rivoire à Penn- Antoine à Caux-Sauzens, Dep. Aude; 5 Rivoire à Pennautier, Dep. Aude; autier, dep. Aude; 6 Carsac-Mayrevieille, dep. Aude; 7 Roc d’En Gabit, dep. 6 Carsac-Mayrevieille, Dep. Aude; 7 Roc d’En Gabit, Dep. Aude; 8 Le Mour- Aude; 8 Le Mourral à Trèbes, dep. Aude; 9 La Serre à Laure-Minervois, ral à Trèbes, Dep. Aude; 9 La Serre à Laure-Minervois, Dep. Aude; 1o La dep. Aude; 1o La Careirasse à Mailhac, dep. Aude; 11 Médor à Ornaisons, Careirasse à Mailhac, Dep. Aude; 11 Médor à Ornaisons, Dep. Aude; 12 La dep. Aude; 12 La Moulinasse à Salles-D’aude, dep. Aude; 13 Les Mourguet­ Moulinasse à Salles-D’aude, Dep. Aude; 13 Les Mourguettes à Portiragnes, tes à Portiragnes, dep. Hérault; 14 Le Grand Bosc à Lieuran, dep. Hérault; Dep. Hérault; 14 Le Grand Bosc à Lieuran, Dep. Hérault; 15 Le Peiras de 15 Le Peiras de l’Hermitage à Servian, dep. Hérault; 16 La Grande Pèpre l’Hermitage à Servian, Dep. Hérault; 16 La Grande Pèpre à Servian, Dep. à Servian, dep. Hérault; 17 Le Croix-de-Fer à Espondeilhan, dep. Hérault; Hérault; 17 Le Croix-de-Fer à Espondeilhan, Dep. Hérault; 18 La Croix- 18 La Croix-Vieille à Espondeilhan, dep. Hérault; 19 Campagne à Abeil- Vieille à Espondeilhan, Dep. Hérault; 19 Campagne à Abeilhan, Dep. han, dep. Hérault; 2o Fontachère à Caux, dep. Hérault; 21 L’Estagnol à Hérault; 2o Fontachère à Caux, Dep. Hérault; 21 L’Estagnol à Tourbes, Tourbes, dep. Hérault; 22 Puech Haut à Paulhan, dep. Hérault; 23 Roque- Dep. Hérault; 22 Puech Haut à Paulhan, Dep. Hérault; 23 Roquemengarde mengarde à Saint-Pons-de-Mauchiens, dep. Hérault; 24 Les Hermes à à Saint-Pons-de-Mauchiens, Dep. Hérault; 24 Les Hermes à Bélarga, Dep. Bélarga, dep. Hérault; 25 Montagnac, dep. Hérault; 26 Pech Badieu, dep. Hérault; 25 Montagnac, Dep. Hérault; 26 Pech Badieu, Dep. Hérault; Hérault; 27 Richemont à Montpellier, dep. Hérault; 28 Richter stade à 27 Richemont à Montpellier, Dep. Hérault; 28 Richter stade à Montpellier, Montpellier, dep. Hérault; 29 La Capoulière à Montpellier, dep. Hérault; Dep. Hérault; 29 La Capoulière à Montpellier, Dep. Hérault; 3o Font de 3o Font de Mauguio à Mauguio, dep. Hérault; 31 Moulin-Villard à Cais- Mauguio à Mauguio, Dep. Hérault; 31 Moulin-Villard à Caissargues, sargues, dep. Gard; 32 Vignolles à Nîmes, dep. Gard; 33 Boussargues à Dep. Gard; 32 Vignolles à Nîmes, Dep. Gard; 33 Boussargues à Argelliers, Argelliers, dep. Hérault; 34 La Tailladette à Rouet, dep. Hérault; 35 Camp- Dep. Hérault; 34 La Tailladette à Rouet, Dep. Hérault; 35 Campmau à mau à Rouet, dep. Hérault; 36 Le Lébous à Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers, Rouet, Dep. Hérault; 36 Le Lébous à Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers, Dep. dep. Hérault. Hérault.

Languedoc er artefacts (around 25oo–24oo BC), and the fourth to the The chrono-cultural sequence derived from this data is char­ development of the Epi-Campaniforme »barbed wire ware« acterised by four main steps. The first and the second steps facies (Vital et al. 2o12; Lemercier 2o12). Multiple lines of correspond to the Late Neolithic, the third to the emergence evidence indicate that the beginning of the Early Bronze of the Fontbouisse Culture and the appearance of Bell Beak- Age dates to around 22oo BC. In Languedoc, a denser human

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settlement system has already been shown and suggests a ture; the archaeological occupation levels yielded material probable population growth (Carozza et al. 2oo5). The fre- which is typical of this culture. The first contacts with Bell quency curve of the number of human occupations sheds Beakers are also attested during this occupation. The partial light on an important increase around 26oo BC, followed by abandonment of the settlement observed during phase 4 is a very sharp decrease around 24oo/23oo BC (Fig. 8). This col- characterised by the forming of dumps inside the collapsed lapse affects every type of region: coastline, hinterland, houses. Finally, an ultimate re-occupation takes place inside garrigue karst plateau. Cumulative radiocarbon dates for the the houses. The associated material is related to the Bell Fontbouisse Culture allow an analysis of the cumulative prob­ Beaker period, in a »Rhodano-Provençal« style. Radiocar- ability density function (CPDF) to be generated, showing an bon dates as well as typology data show that the occupation optimum of occupation around 25oo BC (Jallot 2oo3; Guilaine/ ended and the abandonment of the settlement may have Escallon 2oo3). Archaeological and cultural data clearly taken place around 23oo–22oo BC. show a decrease of the number of settlements. The process On a regional scale, all the available evidence suggests of change seems to take place around 24oo/23oo BC. But do that, from the Late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age, the we necessarily need to talk about a demographic crisis? Languedoc and Gulf of Lion regions are characterised by a During the Late Neolithic III and IV, archaeological records social-ecological transition and a close relationship between shed light on an important variability in the shape of habita- economic development and environmental changes. At this tions and also a wide selection of environmental conditions. stage of our study, we are able to develop a regional model. The most significant evidence is the increase in large enc- Firstly, the period between 26oo–25oo BC seems to be losed settlements in plains and coastal areas (Fig. 9–1o). characterised by a rapid growth of population – associated This phenomenon emerges during the Late Neolithic II with the appearance of enclosures, linked to an important (28oo BC) and ends around 24oo–23oo BC. Some rescue new type of territorial control –, the exploitation of natural excavations suggest that, in the plains, sites are charac­ resources, economic specialisation, and the development of terised by different types of enclosures. Usually, a primary a symbolically interconnected territory. This phase was fol- enclosure is augmented by extensions, while some areas are lowed by a period of consolidation (25oo–23oo BC) corre­ fenced. These sites appear in alluvial valleys, sometimes sponding to an important segmentation of space, in which near channels, between 28oo BC and 22oo BC. we observe the establishment of connections with new influ- ences (such as Bell Beakers) and the development of speciali- Abandonment in the plains around 2200 BC sation strategies, e. g. in metallurgy. The consequence of this rapid growth was an increase in social vulnerability and a A sharp decrease in the number of sites and the density of low resilience of the socio-ecological system. Next, an envi- human occupation occurs from 22oo BC onwards in the ronmental and climate forcing (aridification) has been dated plains, for example along the coastlines. From then onwards, to 23oo–21oo BC. The accumulative effect of socio-economic settlements are characterised by pits and isolated structures and environmental changes produced a break and a discon- that deliver very poor archaeological material, with barbed nection in local networks. wire ware ceramics. One of the main drawbacks is the lack Lastly, there has been identified a period of reorgani­ of habitation floor-plans but a few settlements have deliv­ sation around 21oo–19oo BC. The Early Bronze Age period ered isolated burials (isolated graves, pit graves, and stone might be perceived as an attempt to revitalise the ancient cists). The number of Early Bronze Age settlements is very network (Epi-Campaniforme, Early Bronze Age 1), through low in spite of large scale rescue excavations and surveys. the reoccupation of many habitation sites. None occur from 18oo–16oo BC. The mid-Rhône valley flood plains and the 4.2 ka BP RCC event The garrigue area: complementary settlements On a multi-centennial scale, the high-resolution palaeo­ In scrublands and karstic areas, the chronology of Late Neo- hydrological reconstructions in the mid-Rhône valley area lithic settlement abandonment is also a key issue. Here, reveal a rapid succession of rivers functioning between archaeological investigations have shed light on more than 24oo BC and 19oo BC. Long mechanical trenches across the eighty open or fortified sites and enclosures occupied from pre-alpine river valleys (Mediterranean TGV [Train à the second part of the 3rd millennium BC. These comple- Grande Vitesse] rescue archaeology operations) show con­ mentary sites are characterised by an economic system that trasting changes in the hydrological cycle, with a succes- exploits diversified ecosystems. A decrease in the number of sion of river incisions and infillings on a multi-centennial settlements is seen around 235o–225o BC (Fig. 8), followed scale. These changes had a high impact on floodplains and by Early Bronze Age barbed wire ware re-occupations on the riverbanks with Bell Beaker settlements that densified top of the collapse levels of stone architecture, for example during this period (Berger 2o15). The pedological and hyd- at Rocher du Causse, dep. Hérault. In scrublands, a probable romorphological indicators discussed above show a pro- gap is observed around 23oo–22oo BC. The archaeological gressive flood aggradation that contributes to the burying rescue excavation conducted in the village of Langlade-Vig- of black floodplain soils, a succession of rapid dry/wet epi- naud 3, dep. Gard, has provided new data concerning the sodes (flash flood type, cumulative fluvial soils rich in cal- Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age transition (Hayden et al. cium carbonate [CaCO3]) and a regional decrease in mois- 2o11). This dry-stone habitat witnessed five architectural ture availability, which probably forced the Neolithic com- development steps. Steps 1–3 belong to the Fontbouisse Cul- munities to move closer to the riverbeds. But the repetition

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 346 LAURENT CAROZZA, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER, ALBANE BURENS, AND CYRIL MARCIGNY

N

2 3 4

0 25 m

5 6

100 m 1

9

10

7 8

13

11 12

16 N

14 15 100 m

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Fig. 1o (left page) The main enclosures and fortified settlements Abb. 1o (linke Seite) Die wichtigsten Befestigungsanlagen und befestigten at the end of the Neolithic period in eastern and western Languedoc: Siedlungen am Ende des Neolithikums im östlichen und westlichen Lan- 1 Caissargues, dep. Gard; 2 Tailladettes, dep. Hérault; 3 Boussargues, guedoc. 1 Caissargues, Dep. Gard; 2 Tailladettes, Dep. Hérault; dep. Hérault; 4 Campmau, dep. Hérault; 5 Puech Haut, dep. Hérault; 3 Boussargues, Dep. Hérault; 4 Campmau, Dep. Hérault; 5 Puech Haut, 6 Le Lébous, dep. Hérault; 7 Roquemengarde, dep. Hérault; 8 Richemont, Dep. Hérault; 6 Le Lébous, Dep. Hérault; 7 Roquemengarde, Dep. Hérault; dep. Hérault; 9 La Croix de Fer, dep. Hérault; 1o Campagne, dep. Hérault; 8 Richemont, Dep. Hérault; 9 La Croix de Fer, Dep. Hérault; 11 Carsac, dep. Aude; 12 Le pierras de l’Hermitage, dep. Hérault; 13 Le 1o Campagne, Dep. Hérault; 11 Carsac, Dep. Aude; 12 Le pierras de Grand Bosc, dep. Hérault; 14 Rivoire, dep. Aude; 15 Roc d’En Gabit, dep. l’Hermitage, Dep. Hérault; 13 Le Grand Bosc, Dep. Hérault; 14 Rivoire, Aude; 16 La Croix-Vieille, dep. Hérault. The enclosures no. 2, 3, 4, and 6 Dep. Aude; 15 Roc d’En Gabit, Dep. Aude; 16 La Croix-Vieille, Dep. were built with dry-stone walls. Hérault. Die Anlagen 2, 3, 4 und 6 waren in Trockenmauerbauweise errichtet.

of hydrological extremes weakened the occupation of the lower Ardèche karst do not represent a settlement alter­ valley bottoms and compromised the sustainability of socio- native during this episode (Berger et al. 2oo7; Vital 2oo8). A environmental systems (Berger et al. 2oo7; Berger 2o15). reoccupation of floodplains is observed around 21oo– 2o5o BC (Early Bronze Age I and a few late barbed wire ware Dynamic of settlement in the mid-Rhône valley (2500–2200 BC) ceramic occurrences) after a 1oo–15o years hiatus, according to radiocarbon chronology (Fig. 12b; Vital et al. 1999; Vital Researches in spatial archaeology and numerous rescue 2oo8). This cultural hiatus is observed at a regional scale excavations identified thirty »Bell Beaker« sites in a small (mid- to lower Rhône valley, Provence; Vital 2oo8). The re-set­ micro-region of c. 1ooo km2 (Valdaine basin and Tricastin tlement of Jurassian lake shores is also identified during the plain; Fig. 11). Two sites in the Valdain basin and one in the 21st century BC (Pétrequin 2oo5). The Early Bronze Age I set­ middle Roubion catchment give detailed pedosedimentary tlements are most often associated with charcoal beds in the and archaeological information (Roynac-le Serre, Francillon/ alluvia of the floodplains, indicating a clearing by fire of Roubion-Pas de l’Estang et Montboucher/Jabron-Pancrace; Berger 1996; Vital et al. 1999; Berger 2o15). In the Tricastin plain, data mainly come from the alluvial fans of the rivers Berre (southern Berre transect), Echaravelles (Bartras), Lau- N zon (Juilleras, le Chêne), and Lez (Brassières Sud)8. GIS ana- lyses, made in collaboration with G. Davtian, of the spatial 10 km distribution of these Late Neolithic III sites (Berger 2o15) show a clear densification in floodplains and wet basins around 26oo–23oo BC (Fig. 12a) when other landscape units were partly underrepresented. The majority of these sites Roubion were quickly buried under alluvia around 23oo/22oo BC

(Fig. 11). Jabron

A long term development of settlements in the mid-Rhône valley

Between 225o BC and 21oo BC, Bell Beaker sites abruptly dis- appeared from the mid-Rhône valley after achieving a den- sity maximum in floodplains and wet basins. This disappear­ ance is not due to taphonomical bias, as numerous 34–100m mechanical trenches have been dug in different landscape 101–200m 201–300m Berre units of the region. The disappearance occurs two centuries 301–400m after the disappearance from the lake shores of the Jura, the 401–500m northern Alps, the Swiss plateau, and Bavaria by the same 501–600m 601–700m Bell Beaker populations. The caves and rock shelters of the 701–800m 801–900m 901–961m No data Fig. 11 Map of Late Neolithic III sites (Bell Beaker period and Fontbouisse Culture) of Valdain basin and Tricastin plain (mid-Rhône valley). The »Burried« sites micro-regional archaeological data illustrate a predominance of buried Late Neolithic III sites. Lez »Surface« sites Rh ô ne River Abb. 11 Verbreitungskarte der Fundstellen des Spätneolithikums III (Glo- Caves ckenbecherperiode und Fontbouisse-Kultur) im Valdain-Becken und in der Tricastin-Ebene (mittleres Rhonetal). Die archäologischen Daten der Mikro- Cities regionen zeigen ein Übergewicht unterirdischer Bodendenkmalen an.

8 Billaud 2oo2; Lemercier 2oo2; Margarit et al. 2oo2; Berger 2o15.

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Number of sites Floodplain sites Total regional 18 3 frequency (CPDF) sites per 50 years

16 0 5 10

14

12

10 4 4.1 ka

8 ? ? 4.25 ka 6 Maxima of 4 Rhodano- provencal 2 5 Bell Beaker implantation 0 ka

8 6 4 2 0 in floodplains 16 18 Floodplains Wet basins Rockshelters Alluvial terraces/ BP 14 12 10 interfluves a b

Fig. 12a–b Location of Bell Beaker and other Late Neolithic III sites of the Tricastin-Valdaine region in the main landscape units: a Strong predominance of floodplain settlements; b comparison of curves of CPDF of sites in floodplains and of total regional settlement of the mid-Rhône valley.

Abb. 12a–b Fundstellen der Glockenbecherzeit und des Spätneolithikums III in den wichtigsten Landschaftstypen der Tricastin-Valdaine-Region: a Starkes Übergewicht der Siedlungen in den Flussauen; b Vergleich der CPDF-Kurven der Fundstellen in den Flussauen and aller Siedlungen im Gebiet des mittleren Rhonetals.

the vegetation cover that was densely reinstated after the changes played a leading role. The Pyrenees Mountains are end of the Bell Beaker period. emblematic in the treatment of this subject because they present a high east-west ecological transect. Here, palaeo- ecological data have allowed us to observe the rhythms of French Pyrenees and intermediate areas anthropisation (Fig. 13; Carozza et al. 2oo6). The cumulated radiocarbon datings gathered from archaeological sites We have just seen that, in the Mediterranean region, the reveals two periods in which human occupations decrease period between 24oo BC and 19oo BC corresponded to a pe- in mid-elevation mountains and foothills (Fig. 14). The first riod of alteration, in the course of which environmental corresponds to the period between 29oo BC and 25oo BC

Artxilondo (950 m) Occabe (1300 m) Quinto Real (910 m) Atxuria (500 m) Gabarn (300 m) Cuguron (513 m) Laquets (700 m) Lac des Aires (2100 m) Aston (1400–1600 m) Soulcem (1500 m) Pailhères (1700 m) Pla de l’Orri (2100 m) 500

Final 1000 Bronze Age

Middle Bronze 1500 Age

Early Bronze 2000 Age ? Pastoral pressure

? Strong

Moderate

2500 BC

Basque Pyrenees Central Pyrenees Eastern Pyrenees Low

Fig. 13 Variation of the pasture pressure between the Basque Country and the eastern Pyrenees between the end of the Neolithic period and the Late Bronze Age. The pressure is estimated according to the fluctuations of the pollen indicator values that indicate pastoral activity.

Abb. 13 Unterschiedliche Weidebelastung im Baskenland und in den östlichen Pyrenäen zwischen dem Ende des Neolithikums und der Spätbronzezeit. Die Schätzwerte beruhen auf den Schwankungen der auf Weidewirtschaft hindeutenden Pollenindikatoren.

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Fig. 14 Dating of burial sets from the western Ossau valley, prov. Béarn, western Pyrenees. There is a gap between 2ooo BC and 18oo BC.

Abb. 14 Datierung von Gräbern im westlichen

Ossautal, Prov. Béarn, westliche Pyrenäen. Zwi- Prédigadère cave, schen 2ooo v. Chr. und 18oo v. Chr. zeichnet sich com. Castet eine Lücke ab. 3230±100 BP

Droundak cave, com. Sainte-Engrâce B-C3-30 3166±45 BP

Maximum probabilities (95.4%)

Droundak cave, com. Sainte-Engrâce B-C1-T 3272±60 BP

Apons cave, com. Sarrance 3360±55 BP 1400 1300 1200

Droundak cave, com. Sainte-Engrâce B-C4-489 3694±53 BP

Droundak cave, com. Sainte-Engrâce A-C3-3 3718±50 BP

Cézy cave, com. Laruns 3720±100BP 2500 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1500

(Late Neolithic) and the second to the period between egies based on the complementary interplay between re- 2ooo BC and 19oo BC (Early Bronze Age). According to pol- sources and environment. Besides, the data show an opportun­ len markers, an increase in pastoral use emerges at the istic exploitation of copper ore resources in the Aspe valley. beginning of 3rd millennium BC (Carozza/Galop 2oo8). This period follows an important abandonment phase, However, this is not a widespread phenomenon, but rather a dated to the Late Neolithic. Around 25oo BC, an increase in local occurrence. the number of sites goes together with a rise in agricultural markers (Cerealia type; cf. Carozza/Galop 2oo8) and a Anthropisation of intermediate areas: the French »Pays Basque« growth in paleo-fires linked to pastoral activities (Rius et al. (Basque Country) during the Early Bronze Age 2o11). On a more local scale, the Early Bronze Age human occupations, structured in small areas (plateau du Cézy) An increase in human occupation clearly takes place in hills show a chronological discordance linked to an important and mid-elevation mountains in the French »Pays Basque« gap between 19oo BC and 18oo BC, when a lack of settle- after 22oo BC. It seems to go together with a regionalisation ments is observed. This phenomenon reveals a high mobil­ of cultural groups and the development of economic strat­ ity of the agro-pastoral systems. Finally, the results of our

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 350 LAURENT CAROZZA, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER, ALBANE BURENS, AND CYRIL MARCIGNY

N

Les Rousses 2200–1700 BC

Bouco-Payrol around 2500–2300 BC

Saint-Véran 2300–1800 BC

Causiat-Aspe valley 2600–2300 BC After 2300 BC Cabrières 2900–2200 BC > 200 m >100 m

Before 2300 BC 250 km

Fig. 15 Map of the main Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age metallurgical centres (dashed lines) and mining complexes (stars) in the south of France.

Abb. 15 Verbreitungskarte der wichtigsten spätneolithischen und frühbronzezeitlichen Metallurgiezentren (gestrichelte Linien) und Bergbaukomplexe (Sterne) im Süden Frankreichs.

studies establish that the »4.2 ka BP event« does not seem to Languedoc area, around the metallurgical district of Cabriè- constitute a tipping point in the Pyrenees. Intermediate res, dep. Hérault, during the Late Neolithic (Fig. 15; Ambert areas became attractive ecosystems for Late Neolithic and et al. 1998; Carozza/Mille 2oo7; Mille/Carozza 2oo9). Next, Early Bronze Age agro-pastoral communities. we propose to look at the modality of the copper ore exploita- tion in the Alps during the Early Bronze Age9.

Languedoc versus Alps: the role of climate in the exploi- tation of copper resources Metallurgical production in south-eastern France during the Late Neolithic (2900–2300 BC) It is worthwhile at this stage to consider the question of envi- ronmental changes and to understand the role of climate in In southern France, it is well-known that first copper arte- social-economic patterns. Firstly, we will discuss the central facts appeared during the Late Neolithic I (31oo–29oo BC)

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Fig. 16a–b Prehistoric ore extraction in the Pioch Farrus 4 mine at Cabrières, dep. Hérault. The rounded shapes are dated to the Late Neoli- thic. The extraction scheme is shown superim- posed on the general view of the mine: the ext- raction followed the mineralised veins in open air trenches or parallel galleries. 0,00 m Abb. 16a–b Prähistorischer Erzabbau im Berg- werk Pioch Farrus 4 bei Cabrières, Dep. Hérault. - 1,00 m Die eingekreisten Bereiche datieren in das Spät- Prehistoric extraction neolithikum. Das Abbauschema ist auf die Prehistoric extraction - 2,00 m Ansicht des Bergwerks projiziert: Der Abbau der (gallery) Mineralienadern erfolgte im Tagebau oder in parallelen Stollen. - 3,00 m

- 4,00 m

- 5,00 m

- 6,00 m

- 7,00 m

Entry of the deep network (antiquity)

a

Prehistoric extraction (gallery)

Prehistoric extraction

Entry of the deep network (antiquity)

b

in the Véraza and Epi-Ferrières communities (Carozza 2oo5; mineral processing sites, concentrated in a small perimeter Carozza 2oo9). Several copper analyses indicate the regional (Fig. 16). Shallow mines were systematically exploited. Exca- source of the copper metal (Cévennes and Languedoc), vations have shed light on a metallurgy characterised by low revealing the exploitation of local resources and the short- production and a smelting process in low furnaces or cruci­ ness of the distribution network. We observe no occurrence bles, sometimes carried out in domestic areas. Radiocarbon of competition in the field of tool production between cop- dates obtained in mines and metallurgical areas show that per and lithic material. the metallurgical production began around 31oo BC and ended c. 22oo BC. An optimum of probability has been Cabrières: a mining and smelting complex from 3100–2200 BC observed c. 25oo–24oo BC (Carozza 2oo5). On a local scale, a modification of the land-use and a change in the settlement In the central Languedoc area, the studies conducted around type are observed, with an increase of fortified sites and the metallurgical centre of Cabrières, dep. Hérault, allow an enclosures around 25oo BC. In the mid-Hérault valley, a for- integrative approach combining metallurgy and socio-cul­ tified habitat was established and grew up on the top of the tural dynamics during the 3rd millennium BC (Ambert et al. Puech Haut hill (Paulhan, dep. Hérault) from 32oo–22oo BC 2oo2). The site is characterised by abundant extraction and (Fig. 17). The transformation of the form and the status of

9 Bailly-Maître/Gonon 2oo8; Bourgarit et al. 2o1o; Carozza et al. 2o1o; Barge et al. 1998.

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200

La Dourbie Cabrières mines

200 Le Dardaillon 200

La Boyne Hérault river

Puech Haut 200 Le Rieutort

Roquemengarde

80 20

Rau de St Aube

La Peyne 80

20

nd po u ha T

n io L of f ul G

Enclosed settlements 2-hours walk 1-day walk 1-hour walk N Fortified settlements

Open settlements 10 km Cabrières mining complex

Fig. 17 Land use at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC in the mid-Hérault valley.

Abb. 17 Landnutzung im frühen 3. Jt. v. Chr. im mittleren Hérault-Tal.

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200

La Dourbie Cabrières mines

200 Le Dardaillon

200 La Boyne L'Hérault Puech Haut 200 Le Rieutort

Roquemengarde

80 20

Rau de St Aube

La Peyne 80

20

nd po u ha T

n io L of f ul G

Enclosed settlements 2-hours walk 1-day walk 1-hour walk Fortified settlements N

Hillforts

Open settlements 2-days walk 10 km Cabrières mining complex ½-day walk

Fig. 18 Land use at the middle of the 3rd millennium BC in the mid-Hérault valley.

Abb. 18 Landnutzung im mittleren 3. Jt. v. Chr. im mittleren Hérault-Tal.

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 354 LAURENT CAROZZA, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER, ALBANE BURENS, AND CYRIL MARCIGNY

25oo–22oo BC, characterised by a gradual abandonment of sites and fortifications and the disappearance of agricultural production. Clearly, the previous pattern is not likely to be transposed to the whole south of France. In this regard, it is also important to investigate the situation in the southern Alps.

Mining and metallurgy in the French Alps

In the high mountain context of the French Alps, the expan- sion of copper exploitation started in the 24th century BC. The Saint Véran, dep. Hautes-Alpes, Early Bronze Age min­ ing and metallurgical complex is one example of seasonal copper exploitation at high altitude (Carozza et al. 2o1o; Mille/Carozza 2oo9; Barge et al. 1998). Here, the exploitation of bornite started around 235o BC on several mining sites set up at altitudes of 24oo–26oo m a.s.l. (Fig. 19). The mining and smelting complex consists of a 6o m long and 4o m deep mineral extraction trench. Radiocarbon dates indicate a chronology of copper-ore exploitation around 24oo–19oo BC, with an optimum focused on 21oo BC. The metallurgical process, which lies at the origin of a mass production in cop- per, is characterised by high performance, with a high ratio between copper and iron. At 125o° C, the process produced a smooth plate slag (in German: Plattenschlacke). Production has been estimated at about 2ooo t of ore (bornite) during the Early Bronze Age alone, this is to say that the mining exploitation of Saint-Véran reached about 7 t of copper dur­ ing a period of only four centuries. The end of the 3rd mil­ lennium BC constitutes a break in the modalities of metallic Fig. 19 View of the »Tranchée des Anciens« Early Bronze Age mine in production and distribution (Fig. 2o). Saint-Véran, dep. Hautes-Alpes.

Abb. 19 Ansicht des frühbronzezeitlichen Bergwerks »Tranchée des Les Rousses: Early Bronze Age mass exploitation of copper Anciens« in Saint-Véran, Dep. Hautes-Alpes. The discoveries made in the Oisan rock massif, dep. Isère, by C. Bailly-Maître and J. Vital (Bailly-Maître/Gonon 2oo8; this enclosure and fortified site goes together with an in- Vital 2oo9) support the idea of a rise in the exploitation of crease in the exploitation of copper resources. The mines of copper resources in alpine regions the during Early Bronze Cabrières are 5 km away from Puech Haut. Moreover, from Age. The Early Bronze Age metallurgical site of »Les Rous- an economical point of view, we observe at the same time ses« was discovered in a high mountain area (22oo–27oo m an exact complementarity between agriculture and pastor­ a.s.l.). Here, ores were usually formed of copper sulphide alism, a pressure on the environment linked to the speciali- and worked by the action of fire. The intensive nature of the sation in animal husbandry (sheep and goat), and a peak in mining is clearly shown by the mineral extraction trench the exploitation of the copper mines. On a regional scale, (Cavalle 4): the deep trench has exhausted the veins over a land use reveals an increase in fortified open settlements length of over 2oo m. This methodical vein exploitation is during the first stage of the Late Neolithic period (around quite an outstanding phenomenon and goes together with 28oo BC) and the establishment of a complementarity be- a mass exploitation of resources. The radiocarbon dates tween agriculture and pastoralism. During the Late Neolith- suggest that the exploitation began at the end of the 3rd mil- ic III (27oo–25oo BC) an increase of the number of the enclo- lennium BC (22oo BC), when occupation disappears in the sures goes together with a peak in copper mining (Fig. 18). pre-alpine watershed. The exploitation may have been inter- The agglomeration of population induces a pressure on the rupted at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (17th cen- environment. The increase of grain farming and the aban- tury BC). donment of pig farming (in favour of sheep and goat) gener­ ated modifications in the economic structures. Around Exploitation of resources in high mountain regions: what about the 24oo–23oo BC, a gradual abandonment of sites, the disap- environmental context? pearance of agricultural production structures, and the arriv- al of small human occupations (with Bell Beaker pottery) is We propose here to look at the environmental context of the observed. A short time later (around 22oo–215o BC), the exploitation of high mountain resources, as shown by the exploitation of copper resources comes to an end. In sum, sedimentary record of one lake from the Vanois rock massif, our pattern reveals a socio-environmental crisis around near the »Les Rousses« mining district. The Lake Bramant

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Local network

Decline of the Late Neolithic economic system

Start of Neolithic model copper mass production Local copper production and consumption Saint-Véran

Les Rousses Early Bronze Age model

Regional network a

Early Bronze Age model Les Rousses Copper smelting area 2500–2400 BC 2200–1700 BC 2500–2400 BC Rhône valley Saint-Véran 2300–1800 BC

Italia

Bouco Payrol Al Claus

Cabrières

2900–2200 BC N

Copper artefacts

Copper ores

Mines and copper smelting areas

Late Neolithic model 100 km b

Fig. 2oa–b a Chronological evolution pattern of metallurgical production modalities during the end of the Neolithic period and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the south of France. b Distribution map of the copper objects dating from the end of the Neolithic period, discovered in Languedoc and in the Grands Causses area.

Abb. 2oa–b a Chronologische Entwicklung der Metallverarbeitung am Ende des Neolithikums und zu Beginn der Bronzezeit im Süden Frankreichs. b Verbreitungskarte von Kupferobjekten des Endneolithikums im Languedoc und im Grands Causses-Gebiet.

sedimentary record demonstrates both environmental of the core. Two organic-rich units dated to the Early and changes and mining activity in alpine regions (Carozza et al. Late Bronze Age have been related to periods of reduced 2o1oa). The Bramant lake sedimentation is strongly influ- glacier activity. Two atmospheric metallic contaminants, enced by glacier fluctuations. Coring and multi-proxy stu- induced by mining activity, have also been identified in the dies show significant changes in sedimentation at the base sediments.

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Fig. 21a–i The exploitation of copper ore re- sources at middle and high elevations in the Alps, and identification of the main environ- mental requirements.

Abb. 21a–i Der Kupfererzgewinnung in mittle- 3000 BC 2500 BC

ess ren und hohen Alpenlagen mit den wichtigsten ökologischen Voraussetzungen. i o high altitude ac c ess t High altitude 2000 BC Ac c Radiocarbon datation of series from the Schnidejoch and Lötschenpass ridges cess es c es ts ces an c c i c an c v v titude a Glacier a d Glacier a d titude a es High a l iè r High a l ab r C er mining dist r op p an

Causiat /Aspe h t-Vé r (Pyrenees) ai n 2400 m a.s.l. S gy of the c ousses onol o es R L 2200-2600 m a.s.l. Ch r Alps

Glaciers du Rhône Glaciers of the Swiss (larger than today) ts Glacier of the Swiss Alps g e a et r ts e a et r Glacier r f ge Alpine glacier r es e A an c on z v ly B r Glacier a d E a r ds y e o r C content 14 e c tivi t ge 1 ge e A e A tic r on z ge 2 Variation of the in the athmosphere C a c ge 1/2a on z e A 14 e A on z ly B r iddle B r lim a on z M Ea r C B r iddle B r Late d M Lake habitat frequency in the Alps and the French Jura (number of villages by decades ) y c equen c r Datation of the Swiss lake habitats t f Low lakes level Alps/Jura b e habit a La k old 1500 BC 2000 BC + C ds y o r a tivi t e c yllium 10, GISP2) c e r y ( B tic r tivi t c olar a S olar a lim a S C + Hot

Midlle Bronze Age Early Bronze Age Bell Beakers Final Neolithic

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N

Channel

9

North Brittany/Normandy

7

Jura Atlantic ocean Alps 6 Massif Central Mid- 5 Rhône 8 valley South-western 4 Pyrenees 2 1 3 Mediterranean 100 km a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 0

1500 BC 1500 BC y liz a A n=47

2000 BC 2000 BC

2500 BC an 2500 BC é r V ousses aint - es R S L

3000 BC 5 0 3000 BC 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 5 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 20 10 Basque Country Languedoc Western Alps Mid-Rhône valley Lower Seine

Queyras Alpes du Nord valley b

Fig. 22a–b a Map of the micro-regions documenting the Late Neolithic III to Early Bronze Age transition around 4.2 ka BP: 1 Western Pyrenees; 2 Languedoc plateau (Boussargues-Les Vautes); 3 Languedoc (Fontbouisse Culture); 4 southern Alps (Queyras, Saint-Véran); 5 central-western Alps (CPDF); 6 northern Alps (multi-source CPDF); 7 Jura/Swiss Plateau/Bavaria; 8 mid-Rhône valley; 9 Normandy (Alizay site, CPDF). Red minus signs – depopulated areas; blue plus signs – densely populated area; red arrows – direction of possible mobility of people around the 4.2 ka cal BP event. b Comparison of temporal dynamics of the same micro-regions illustrating spatial re-organisation throughout France. Blue arrows – sharp decline; red arrows – growth.

Abb. 22a–b a Karte der Mikroregionen am Übergang von Spätneolithikum III zur frühen Bronzezeit um 4,2 ka BP: 1 Westliche Pyrenäen; 2 Languedoc Plateau (Boussargues-Les Vautes); 3 Languedoc (Fontbouisse-Kultur); 4 Südalpen (Queyras, Saint-Véran); 5 westlicher Zentralalpenraum (CPDF); 6 nörd­ liche Alpen (multi-source CPDF); 7 Jura/Schweizer Mittelland/Bayern; 8 mittleres Rhonetal; 9 Normandie (Fundstelle Alizay, CPDF). Rote Minuszeichen – entvölkerte Gebiete; blaue Pluszeichen – dicht besiedelte Gebiete; rote Pfeile – Richtung möglicher Bevölkerungsbewegungen um das 4,2 ka cal BP Ereig- nis. b Ein Vergleich der zeitlichen Dynamik in denselben Mikroregionen zeigt eine räumliche Umgestaltung über ganz Frankreich an. Blaue Pfeile – starker Rückgang; rote Pfeile – Zunahme.

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 358 LAURENT CAROZZA, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER, ALBANE BURENS, AND CYRIL MARCIGNY

Fig. 23 CPDF curve of the Late Neolithic Alizay site (along the banks of the Seine River). 10 3100–2890 BC Abb. 23 CPDF-Kurve der spätneolithischen Fundstelle Alizay (am Ufer der Seine).

8 4.2 ka BP event

6

n=47

2460–2040 BC

4

2 2860–2690 BC

0

BC 3500 3400 3300 3200 3100 3000 2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900

Global climate change, glacial retreat, and the exploitation Towards a pattern in copper resources exploitation of copper resources in the French Alps between 2500 BC and 1500 BC By combining the results of archaeological and environmen- tal studies, it is finally possible to suggest a pattern in the The environmental synthesis displays long term interaction evolution of copper resources exploitation in Southern between human activities and environmental changes at France from 25oo–15oo BC. At the beginning, the Late Neo­ high altitudes. In the Swiss Alps, the beginning of the Early lithic period (3ooo–25oo BC) in the Alps and the Pyrenees is Bronze Age (22oo BC) is characterised by a period of glacier characterised by an exploitation of foothills resources, a low- advances, contemporary with the 4.2 ka BP climate event performance metallurgical process and a local distribution (Fig. 21). But the Bronze Age major climate change tenden- network. From the Early Bronze Age onwards (thanks to the cies are characterised by two warm episodes. The first, new access to high mountain resources) there can be ob- occurring from around 22oo–165o BC (Early Bronze Age), served a large distribution network resulting from the devel­ allowed access to the high mountains. The second occurred opment of a mass-production model of copper extraction during the Late Bronze Age. These two Bronze Age episodes and a high performance metallurgical process. brought about significant changes in the vegetation at The Middle Bronze Age (17oo–135o BC) marks a change, around 25oo m altitude. The western Alps are obviously a with the end of the exploitation of high mountain resources major area for study in view of the spectacular development (due to climate change) and the move of the production cen- in the Rhône valley. Data converge nowadays to show that tres towards the Central Alps (Austria, Northern Italy). the high altitude exploitation of copper resources is closely related to the glacial retreat. This model could display a cor- relation between climatic changes and metallic resource Conclusion: the 4.3–4.1 ka BP period exploitation in high mountain regions. This exploitation was made possible by the retreat of small glaciers after This paper presents the first results of investigations to several global warming episodes. understand the impact of environmental changes on ancient societies, from the Late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. The given reconstruction aims to illustrate that the 4.2 ka BP event corresponds to a long period between 23oo BC and

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185o BC, in which three distinct environmental phases can high altitude around the Mercantour lakes in the Maritime be defined. This data, already underlined by Magny et al. Alps (Brisset et al. 2o12). Populations at this time enjoy a mil- (2oo9), makes more complex the presented perception of the der climate at high altitudes, during a long phase of Swiss temporal progression of the 4.2 ka BP event and associated glacier recession around 29oo–165o BC (Holzhauser et al. cultural changes at the transition from the Late Neolithic to 2oo5; Joerin et al. 2oo8), which reaches a maximum between the Early Bronze Age. In Southern France, the establishment 22oo BC and 19oo BC (Joerin et al. 2oo6; Joerin et al. 2oo8). of a Mediterranean climate and two geographical gradients The development of ore resources exploitation at high alti- (east-west/north-south) can be observed. A high demogra- tude in the Alps occurs as the Mediterranean climate gradi- phic growth occurs during the Late Neolithic and the eco­ ent increases. On a larger scale, the Early Bronze Age under- nomical pattern is then characterised by high specialisation goes a change of polarity (relocation of demographic centres) in economic activity and low resilience of the environment. with cultural contributions coming from Central Europe In the Gulf of Lion and the mid-Rhône valley, the economy is and Italy, and also from the Channel and the North Sea. more and more oriented to pastoralist activities. Sites An overview of information regarding land use and the become increasingly scarce and their size and number are exploitation of mountain areas (mainly for mining and sharply reduced around 23oo–22oo BC. Finally a social- farm­ing) reveals reverse dynamics around the 4.2 ka BP environmental crisis is identified around 23oo–21oo BC, event and the likely reorganisation of populations in the characterised by a general abandonment of the foothills as French geographical area (Fig. 22). In the northernmost well as coastal and floodplain areas that were densely occu­ areas around the English Channel, the period corresponding pied until this period. At the same time, a hydroclimatic cri- to new forms of settlement (small in size as well as less forti- sis with a high frequency of extreme events is recorded from fied and monumental than during the previous period), to a the Rhône valley to the foothills of the southern Alps (Lake specialisation of activities (hunting, fishing) along major Ledro; Vannière et al. 2o13) with large effects on settlement rivers, associated with high mobility. Some large sites illus­ systems in the floodplains, and we observe changes in socio- trate continuous occupation and even a greater occupation cultural models. The Late Neolithic economic model, based between 24oo BC and 2ooo BC, in the low valley of the Seine on a high specialisation (pastoralism, metallurgy) was faced in particular (Fig. 23). The enlargement of the spatial focal with an increasing aridity causing a low environmental resil­ point shows that we are probably witnessing changes in the ience (scarcity of water and vegetation, soil erosion, etc., cultural polarity – towards the northern temperate zones exceeding the resistance thresholds and regeneration capac­ along the Channel/North Sea and eastwards into the Alpine ity of ecosystems), especially in garrigue areas, which prob­ region/Italy and Central Europe, while the low alluvial ably crystallised social tensions (development of enclosures plains and northern Mediterranean coast appear largely and fortified sites). From 24oo–23oo BC, the Late Neo­ abandoned until the development of Early Bronze Age I vil- lithic III societies experienced the cumulative effects of a lages (from 21oo BC onwards; Fig. 22). growth crisis and rapid climate change which caused the breakdown of the established socio-environmental system. Between 22oo–18oo BC, the attraction of intermediate Acknowledgements areas (Auvergne medium-high mountains), and of high mountains (Pyrenees, northern and southern Alps) causes a This study takes place as part of the international projects reorganisation of settlement around pastoral and cynegetic »Mediterranean Integrated Studies at Regional And Local activities (Marguet et al. 2oo8; Rey et al. 2oo8) or mining Scales« (MISTRALS) and Paleo Mediterranean Experiment (Bailly-Maître/Gonon 2oo8; Carozza et al. 2o1oa). The devel­ (PaleoMEx), funded by the National Center for Scientific opment of resource exploitation (metallurgy) in the high Research (CNRS). We would like to address our warmest mountains of the Alps is well identified and dated in the thanks to S. Thiébault (Institute of Ecology and Environ- Queyras and Oisans (Fig. 21). It also seems to be found at ment of the CNRS) for supporting this project.

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Source of figures

1 authors; base map © Google, 15–16 after Berger 2o15; 17 after 15 Centre National de la Recherche image Landsat 2o13 Berger et al. 2oo8; 18 after Arnaud Scientifique 2 a Berger/Loutre 1991; b Magny et al. 2o12; 19 after Magny et al. 16 L. Carozza et al. 2o12; c Bar-Matthews et al. 2o12; 2o after Sordoillet/Voruz 17–18 Carozza in: Carozza et al. 2oo5 1998; d Fleitmann et al. 2oo3; 2oo2; 21 after Wessels 1998; 19 L. Carozza e Dykoski et al. 2oo5; f Gasse 2ooo 22 after Magny 2oo4; Magny et al. 2o modified after Ambert/Carozza 3 a–b J.-F. Berger 2o12; 23 after Castanet 2oo8; 1996; Arnal et al. 1974; Barge et al. 4 a after Magny et al. 2o11; b after 24 after Lespez 2o12; 25 after 1998; Costantini 1984; Gutherz/ Magny et al. 2oo7; c after Hoff- Hoffmann et al. 2oo8; 26 after Jallot 2oo5 mann et al. 2oo8; d after Berger Toonen 2o12; 27 after Macklin 21 a after Stuiver et al. 1998; b after 2o15; e after Berger et al. 2oo8; et al. 2o1o; 28 after Barber et al. Magny et al. 2oo3; c after Hafner f after Arnaud et al. 2o12 2oo3; 29 after Roland et al. 2o14; 2oo9; d after Magny 1995; e after 5 a–c Magny et al. 2o12; d Berger 3o after Macklin et al. 2o1o; Damon et al. 1989; f after Joerin 2o15; e Daley/Barber 2o12 (cited 31 after Dalton et al. 2oo5; 32 after et al. 2oo6; g after Holzhauser after Roland et al. 2o14) Fábregas Valcarce et al. 2oo3; 2oo5; h L. Carozza; i after Hafner 6 1 after Zielhofer/Faust 2oo8; 33 after Lamb et al. 1995 2oo9 2 after Magny et al. 2o12; 3 after 7 Carozza et al. 2oo5 22 a–b authors; 1 after Carozza/ Calo et al. 2o12; 4–5 after Gil- 8 modified after Carozza et al. 2oo5 Galop 2oo8; 2 after Guilaine/ Romera et al. 2o1o; 6 after Benito 9 Carozza in: Carozza et al. 2oo5 Escallon 2oo3; 3 after Carozza et al. 2o1o; 7 after Frigola et al. 1o after Carozza et al. 2oo5 2oo5; 4 after Carozza et al. 2o1o; 2oo7; 8 after Thorndycraft/Benito 11 GIS map after G. Davtian (Centre 5 after Mocci et al. 2oo8; 6 after 2oo6; 9 after Combourieu-Nebout National de la Recherche Scien­ Berger 2o15; 7 after Wolf/Hurni et al. 2o13; 1o after Piva et al. tifique, UMR 7264) 2oo2; 8 after Berger 2o15; 2oo8; 11–12 after Magny et al. 12 after Berger 2o15 9 C. Marcigny 2o12; 13 after Drysdale et al. 13 after Carozza/Galop 2oo8 23 C. Marcigny 2oo6; 14 after Brisset et al. 2o12; 14 after Courtaud et al. 2oo6

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 364 LAURENT CAROZZA, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER, ALBANE BURENS, AND CYRIL MARCIGNY

Addresses

Dr. Laurent Carozza Albane Burens Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 56o2 UMR 56o2 Laboratoire Geographie de l’Environnement Laboratoire Geographie de l’Environnement (GEODE) (GEODE) University of Toulouse 2 University of Toulouse 2 Maison de la Recherche de l'Université Maison de la Recherche de l'Université Jean Jaurès Jean Jaurès 5, Allées Antonio Machado 5, Allées Antonio Machado 31o58 Toulouse Cedex 9 31o58 Toulouse Cedex 9 France France [email protected] [email protected]

Dr. Jean-François Berger Cyril Marcigny Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut de recherches archéologiques University of Lyon préventives UMR 56oo UMR 6566 Environnement Ville Société/Institut de Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Recherches Géographiques Archéosciences, Histoire Lyon 2 University of Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu France 35o42 Rennes cedex 18 rue Chevreul France 69362 Lyon Cedex o7 [email protected] France [email protected]

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 Bislang erschienene Bände in der Reihe »Tagungsbände des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle«

Die Reihe der Tagungsbände des Landesmuseums wurde nationaler Autorinnen und Autoren entsprechend, erschei- 2oo8 ins Leben gerufen. Anlass dazu war die Konferenz nen viele Beiträge dieser Reihe in englischer Sprache mit »Luthers Lebenswelten«, die im Jahr 2oo7 in Halle ausge- deutscher Zusammenfassung. richtet wurde. Bereits der zweite Tagungsband widmete sich Mit dem bislang zuletzt erschienenen Tagungsband mit dem Thema »Schlachtfeldarchäologie« dem Mitteldeut- konnten die Vorträge und Posterpräsentationen des 6. Mittel­ schen Archäologentag, der seit 2oo8 jährlich von Landesamt deutschen Archäologentags »Metalle der Macht – Frühes für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt veran- Gold und Silber« in zahlreichen Artikeln renommierter For- staltet und zeitnah publiziert wird. Dem großen Anteil inter- scher verschiedenster Fachdisziplinen vorgelegt werden.

Lieferbar sind folgende Bände:

Band 1/2oo8 Harald Meller/Stefan Rhein/Hans-Georg Stephan (Hrsg.), Luthers Lebenswelten. Tagung vom 25. bis 27. September 2oo7 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-22-3, € 39,oo

Band 2/2oo9 Harald Meller (Hrsg.), Schlachtfeldarchäologie. Battlefield Archaeology. 1. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom o9. bis 11. Oktober 2oo8 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-41-4, € 35,oo

Band 3/2o1o Harald Meller/Kurt W. Alt (Hrsg.), Anthropologie, Isotopie und DNA – biografische Annäherung an namenlose vorge- schichtliche Skelette? 2. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom o8. bis 1o. Oktober 2oo9 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-53-7, € 29,oo Band 6/2o11 Hans-Rudolf Bork/Harald Meller/ Band 4/2o1o Harald Meller/Regine Maraszek (Hrsg.), Renate Gerlach (Hrsg.), Masken der Vorzeit in Europa I. Umweltarchäologie – Naturkatastrophen und Internationale Tagung vom 2o. bis 22. November Umweltwandel im archäologischen Befund. 2oo9 in Halle (Saale). 3. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom ISBN 978-3-939414-54-4, € 32,oo o7. bis o9. Oktober 2o1o in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-64-3, € 32,oo Band 5/2o11 Harald Meller/François Bertemes (Hrsg.), Der Griff nach den Sternen. Wie Europas Eliten Band 7/2o12 Harald Meller/Regine Maraszek (Hrsg.), zu Macht und Reichtum kamen. Masken der Vorzeit in Europa II. Internationales Symposium in Halle (Saale) Internationale Tagung vom 19. bis 21. November 16.–21. Februar 2oo5 (2 Bände). 2o1o in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5, € 128,oo ISBN 978-3-939414-9o-2, € 32,oo

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 Band 8/2o12 François Bertemes/Harald Meller (Hrsg.), Band 1o/2o13 Harald Meller/Christian-Heinrich Wunder- Neolithische Kreisgabenanlagen in Europa. lich/Franziska Knoll (Hrsg.), Neolithic Circular Enclosures in Europe. Rot – die Archäologie bekennt Farbe. Internationale Arbeitstagung 7. bis 9. Mai 2oo4 in 5. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom Goseck (Sachsen-Anhalt). o4. bis o6. Oktober 2o12 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-33-9, € 59,oo ISBN 978-3-9445o7-o1-9, € 49,oo

Band 9/2o13 Harald Meller/Francois Bertemes/ Band 11/2o14 Harald Meller/Roberto Risch/ Hans-Rudolf Bork/Roberto Risch (Hrsg.), Ernst Pernicka (Hrsg.), 16oo – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber. Thera-Ausbruchs? 16oo – Cultural change in the Metals of power – Early gold and silber. shadow of the Thera-Eruption? 6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 4. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2o13 in Halle (Saale). 14. bis 16. Oktober 2o11 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-9445o7-13-2, € 119,oo ISBN 978-3-9445o7-oo-2, € 69,oo

Erhältlich im Buchhandel oder direkt beim Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Richard-Wagner-Str. 9 D-o6114 Halle (Saale)

Tel.: +49-345-5247-332 Fax: +49-345-5247-351 E-Mail: [email protected]

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015