1910s 1 1910s

From left, clockwise: The Model T Ford is introduced and becomes widespread; The sinking of the Titanic causes the deaths of nearly 1,500 people and attracts global and historical attention; Title bar: All the events below are part of World War I (1914–1918); French Army lookout at his observation post in 1917; Russian troops awaiting a German attack; A ration party of the Royal Irish Rifles in a communication trench during the Battle of the Somme; Vladimir Lenin addresses a crowd in the midst of the October Revolution of 1917; A 1918 flu pandemicflu pandemic in 1918 kills tens of millions worldwide.

Millennium: 2nd millennium

Centuries: 19th century – 20th century – 21st century

Decades: 1880s 1890s 1900s – 1910s – 1920s 1930s 1940s

Years: 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

Categories: Births – Deaths – Architecture Establishments – Disestablishments

The 1910s (usually pronounced "nineteen-tens") was a decade that began on January 1, 1910 and ended on December 31, 1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century. The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade, as well as the legacy of military alliances, was forever changed by the assassination, on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, World War I broke out in Europe on August 1, 1914. The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11, 1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28, 1919. 1910s 2

The war's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of the last modern empires of Russia, Germany, China, Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary, with the latter splintered into Austria, Hungary, southern Poland (who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia), Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia. However, each of these states (with the possible exception of Yugoslavia) had large German and Hungarian minorities, there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades. (See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire: Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter.) The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910, which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz, developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920, not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos. This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922. Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16, 1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Politics and wars

Wars • World War I (1914–1918) • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo leads to the outbreak of the First World War • Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles after losing the first world war. • Armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. It was characterised by the use of massacres and deportations involving forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees, with the total number of Armenian deaths generally held to have been between one and one-and-a-half million.[1][2][3] • Wadai War (1909–1911) • First Balkan Wars (1912–1913) – two wars that took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. • Latvian War of Independence (1918-1920) - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. 1910s 3

Internal conflicts

• October Revolution in Russia results in the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of the world's first self-proclaimed socialist state; political upheaval in Russia culminating in the establishment of the Russian SFSR and the assassination of Emperor Nicholas II and the royal family. • The Russian Revolution (1917) is the collective term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. • April 13, 1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Leonid Perfetsky picture showing a conflict Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent and between the soldiers of Ukrainian Galician Army and Volunteer Army in the streets of Kiev during leads to the birth of the Indian Independence Movement. their joint operation against the Bolsheviks, under • Xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of China's ruling Qing the command of General Denikin, Aug 1919. Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. • Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Francisco I. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for an armed revolution at 6 p.m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz (who ruled from 1876 to 1880 and since 1884) six months later. The Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years.

Major political changes

• Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic. • Federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. • George V becomes king in Britain. • Dissolution of the German colonial empire, Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, reorganization of European states' territorial boundaries, and the creation of several new European states and territorial entities: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland, Free City of Trotsky, Vladimir Lenin and Kamenev at the Second Party Congress Danzig, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Saar, of the Communist Party of Russia in 1919. briefly the Ukraine, and Yugoslavia. • Fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. • Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the first state committed to the establishment of communism. 1910s 4

Decolonization and independence • Easter Rising against the British in Ireland; eventually leads to Irish independence. • Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own nation state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires. • The Republic of China is established on 1 January 1912.

Assassinations

The 1910s were marked by several notable assassinations: • 18 March 1913: George I of Greece • 11 June 1913: Mahmud Şevket Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire • 28 June 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo leads to World War I • 17 July 1918: Shooting of former Russian Emperor Nicholas II, his consort, their five children, and four retainers at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic following the October Revolution of 1917, and the usurpation of power by the Bolsheviks. • 10 April 1919 Emiliano Zapata

Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Disasters

• The RMS Titanic, a British ocean liner which was the largest and most elegant ship at that time, strikes an iceberg and sinks in the North Atlantic during its maiden voyage on 15 April 1912. 1,517 people perished in the disaster. • On 7 May 1915, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania is torpedoed by U-20, a German U-boat, off the Old Head of Kinsale in Ireland and sinks in 18 minutes. 1,198 lives are lost, including 128 Americans. The sinking proves to be a factor in the American decision to enter World War I two years Sinking of the Titanic. later. • From 1918 through 1920, the Spanish flu killed 20 to 100 million people worldwide. • In 1916, the Netherlands is hit by a North Sea storm that floods the lowlands and kills 10,000 people. 1910s 5

Other significant international events • The Panama Canal is completed in 1914. • World War I from 1914 until 1918 dominates the Western world. • Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu on July 24, 1911.

Science and technology

Technology

• Gideon Sundback patented the first modern zipper. • Harry Brearley invented stainless steel. • Charles Strite invented the first pop-up bread toaster. • The Model T Ford dominated the automobile market, selling more than all other makers combined in 1914. • The army tank was invented. Tanks in World War I were used by the British Army, the French Army and the German Army. British World War I Mark V tank

Science • Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. • Max von Laue discovers the diffraction of x-rays by crystals. • Alfred Wegener puts forward his theory of continental drift.

Economics • In the years 1910 and 1911, there was a minor economic depression known as the Panic of 1910-1911, which was followed by the enforcement of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Popular culture • Radio programming becomes popular. • Flying Squadron of America promotes temperance movement in the United States • Edith Smith Davis edits the Temperance Educational Quarterly. • The first U.S. feature film, Oliver Twist, was released in 1912. • The first mob film, D. W. Griffith's The Musketeers of Pig Alley was released in 1912. • Hollywood replaces the East Coast as the center of the movie industry. • Charlie Chaplin débuts his trademark mustached, baggy-pants 'Little Tramp' character in Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914. • The first African American owned studio, the Lincoln Motion Picture Company, was founded in 1917. • The four Warner brothers, (from older to younger) Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack opened their first West Coast studio in 1918. • First Crossword Puzzle. • The first Jazz music is recorded. • The Salvation Army has a new international leader, General Bramwell Booth who served from 1912 to 1929. He replaces his father and co-founder of the Christian Mission (the forerunner of the Salvation Army), William Booth. 1910s 6

Sports • 1912 Summer Olympics were held in Stockholm, Sweden. • 1916 Summer Olympics were cancelled because of World War I.

Literature and arts See also: List of years in literature § 1910s

• D. H. Lawrence publishes Sons and Lovers • Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw is published • Of Human Bondage by Somerset Maugham is published • Thomas Mann publishes Death in Venice • Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs is published • Willa Cather publishes Alexander's Bridge, O Pioneers!, The Song of the • Zane Grey's Wild Fire is published Lark and My Ántonia • Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James • End of Art Nouveau and beginning of Art Deco Joyce are published

Visual Arts

Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, L'Atelier Rouge, Marcel Duchamp, Armory Show Portrait of 1911, oil on canvas, 162 × Fountain, 1917, Duchamp poster, 1913, Daniel-Henry 130 cm., The Museum of Modern introduces his Internationally Kahnweiler, 1910, Art, New York City Readymades, as an groundbreaking The Art Institute of example of Dada and exhibition of Chicago. Pablo Anti-art. Photograph by Modern art Picasso and Alfred Stieglitz Georges Braque co-invent Cubism, revolutionizing the art of painting and advancing the concepts of Modern art and Modernism.

See also: Armory Show and History of painting The 1913 Armory Show in New York City was a seminal event in the history of Modern Art. Innovative contemporaneous artists from Europe and the United States exhibited together in a massive group exhibition in New York City, and Chicago. 1910s 7

Art movements

Cubism and related movements Geometric abstraction and related movements

• Analytic Cubism • Suprematism • Synthetic Cubism • De Stijl • Orphism • Constructivism • Section d'Or • Synchromism Other movements and techniques • Futurism • Surrealism Expressionism and related movements • Dada • Collage • Symbolism • Blaue Reiter • Die Brücke

Influential artists

• Pablo Picasso • Wassily Kandinsky • Georges Braque • Kasimir Malevich • Henri Matisse • Giorgio de Chirico • Marcel Duchamp

People

World leaders

• Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (Australia) • Sultan Vahidettin (Ottoman Empire) • Prime Minister Joseph Cook (Australia) • Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persia) • Prime Minister Billy Hughes (Australia) • Tsar Nicholas II (Russia) • Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary) • Minister-Chairman Georgy Lvov (Russia) • Emperor Karl (Austria-Hungary) • Minister-Chairman Alexander Kerensky (Russia) • Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden (Canada) • Chairman Lev Kamenev (Russia) • Emperor Henry Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty (China) • King Peter I of Serbia • Sun Yat-sen, President of the Republic of China • King Alfonso XIII (Spain) • Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China and briefly • Prime Minister José Canalejas (Spain) Emperor • Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier (Spain) • Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China • George V (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) • Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt • Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (United Kingdom of Great Britain and • Sultan Fuad I of Egypt Ireland) • Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) • Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom of Great Britain and • Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (Germany) Ireland) • King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy) • President William Howard Taft (United States) • Pope Pius X • President Woodrow Wilson (United States) • Pope Benedict XV 1910s 8

Politics • John Barrett, Director-general Organization of American States • Georges Louis Beer, Chairman Permanent Mandates Commission • Henry P. Davison, Chairman International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies • Sir James Eric Drummond, Secretary-general League of Nations • Emil Frey, Director International Telecommunication Union • Christian Louis Lange, Secretary-general Inter-Parliamentary Union • Baron Louis Paul Marie Hubert Michiels van Verduynen, Secretary-general Permanent Court of Arbitration • William E. Rappard, Secretary-general International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies • Eugène Ruffy, Director Universal Postal Union • William Napier Shaw, President World Meteorological Organization • Albert Thomas, Director International Labour Organization • Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev, Chairman of the Executive Committee Communist International

Entertainers

• Fatty Arbuckle • Douglas Fairbanks • Ring Lardner • Sigmund Romberg • Theda Bara • Fred Fisher • Nick LaRocca • Jean Schwartz • Richard Barthelmess • John Ford • Harry Lauder • Mack Sennett • Béla Bartók • George Gershwin • Florence Lawrence • Larry Shields • Irving Berlin • Beniamino Gigli • Ted Lewis • Chris Smith • Ben Black • Dorothy Gish • Harold Lloyd • Erich von Stroheim • Eubie Blake • Lillian Gish • Charles McCarron • Arthur Sullivan • Shelton Brooks • Samuel Goldwyn • Joseph McCarthy • Gloria Swanson • Lew Brown • D. W. Griffith • Winsor McCay • Wilber Sweatman • Tom Brown • W. C. Handy • Oscar Micheaux • Blanche Sweet • Anne Caldwell • Otto Harbach • Mae Murray • Albert Von Tilzer • Eddie Cantor • Lorenz Hart • Alla Nazimova • Harry Von Tilzer • Enrico Caruso • Victor Herbert • Pola Negri • Sophie Tucker • Charlie Chaplin • Harry Houdini • Anna Q. Nilsson • Pete Wendling • Lon Chaney • Charles Ives • Ivor Novello • Pearl White • George M. Cohan • Tony Jackson • Alcide Nunez • Bert Williams • Henry Creamer • Emil Jannings • Geoffrey O'Hara • Clarence Williams • Bebe Daniels • William Jerome • Sidney Olcott • Harry Williams • Cecil B. DeMille • Al Jolson • Jack Pickford • Spencer Williams • Buddy De Sylva • Gus Kahn • Mary Pickford • P. G. Wodehouse • Walter Donaldson • Gustave Kahn • Armand J. Piron • Mabel Normand • Marie Dressler • Buster Keaton • Cole Porter • Eddie Edwards • Jerome David Kern • Richard Rodgers • Gus Edwards

Sports figures

Baseball See also: History of baseball in the United States

• Honus Wagner, (American baseball player) • Tris Speaker, (American baseball player) • Christy Mathewson, (American baseball player) • Nap Lajoie, (American baseball player) • Walter Johnson, (American baseball player) • Eddie Collins, (American baseball player) • Ty Cobb, (American baseball player) 1910s 9

Olympics See also: Art competitions at the Olympic Games • Jim Thorpe

Boxing • Jack Dempsey • Jess Willard

References [1] Dictionary of Genocide, by Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34642-9, p. 19 [2] Intolerance: a general survey, by Lise Noël, Arnold Bennett, 1994, ISBN 0773511873, p. 101 [3] Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, by Richard T. Schaefer, 2008, p. 90 Article Sources and Contributors 10 Article Sources and Contributors

1910s Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612822844 Contributors: 205.180.71.xxx, 663highland, AMK152, Akanemoto, Anaxial, Andre Engels, Andrew J.Kurbiko, Andrewrp, Anger22, ArglebargleIV, Art LaPella, Arwel Parry, Aspects, AxelBoldt, Aytakin, BD2412, Batmen, Bihco, Binksternet, Bobet, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, BokicaK, Bongwarrior, BrownHairedGirl, Burntsauce, Butko, Cadiomals, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canterbury Tail, Card, CarmelitaCharm, CatJar, Cattus, Cdc, Chanheigeorge, Chetmancini, Chris the speller, ChrisCork, Chun-hian, CieloEstrellado, Colonies Chris, Computerexpert3, Conversion script, DKqwerty, DMacks, Daanschr, Danbarnesdavies, Darkwind, David Justin, Derek Ross, Dimadick, Dvyost, Earl Andrew, Edward, Efghij, Epicgenius, Etimbo, ExplicitImplicity, Falcon8765, Favonian, FredR, Gaius Cornelius, Ggarcia1207, Gh, GoingBatty, Gorrrillla5, Graham87, Gujuguy, Gwguffey, Gzuckier, Hagerman, Happywaffle, Hectorthebat, Heegoop, Hertz1888, Hessamnia, Historicalsam, Hmains, Holostarr, IdreamofJeanie, Infrogmation, J. Naven, JASpencer, JGSIII, Jacroe, Jevansen, Jguard18, JoanneB, Jonathan Stokes, Jtdirl, Jusdafax, Kalimac, Kanags, Keon Milton, Knutux, Koko12, KylieTastic, La Parka Your Car, Lancevortex, Lapsed Pacifist, Lenoxus, Liftarn, LilHelpa, LindsayH, Lir, Looxix, LuK3, Ludde23, Luokehao, Man 4 music, Mandarax, Mangojuice, Mark Dingemanse, MechBrowman, Michaelwuzthere, MikeWazowski, Modernist, Moonraker, Mossfire, Muhends, Murderbike, MusikAnimal, Myanw, Nabla, Nasa-verve, Noble Skuld the Legend Killer, Nsae Comp, Nuno Tavares, OneDown, OregonD00d, Overseer1113, Pascal666, Paste, Paxsimius, Pepper, Persian Poet Gal, PrimeHunter, Qwyrxian, R'n'B, R-41, RNKCHICAGO1963, Rasmus Faber, Ratonyi, Ravedave, Ravichandar84, Reatlas, Rich Farmbrough, Rsrikanth05, Rwood128, ScudLee, Sfoskett, Shoeofdeath, Simokon, SmokeyJoe, Stalefries, StanZegel, Talon Artaine, Tassedethe, TheCuriousGnome, Tim!, Timir2, Timrollpickering, Trevor MacInnis, Tsja, Utcursch, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Vlma111, Volker89, Vortimer, Wayne Miller, Wcp07, Wereon, WhatamIdoing, WikHead, WikiKong, pa, 369 anonymous edits€ ,ﺳﺎﺟﺪ ﺍﻣﺠﺪ ﺳﺎﺟﺪ ,Wikilover77, Wizardman, Wodrow, Wompa99, Woohookitty, X!, Xaxafrad, Yann, Zanimum, ZenCopain, Zotel, ÄDA - DÄP Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:1910s montage.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1910s_montage.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: A derivative work by CatJar, from a variety of images credited above. File:Картина Перфецького "Київ, 31 сепня 1919 р.".jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Картина_Перфецького_"Київ,_31_сепня_1919_р.".jpg License: unknown Contributors: Andrew J.Kurbiko File:1919-Trotsky Lenin Kamenev-Party-Congress.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1919-Trotsky_Lenin_Kamenev-Party-Congress.jpg License: unknown Contributors: - File:Franz Ferdinand d'Este, Erzherzog.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Franz_Ferdinand_d'Este,_Erzherzog.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: ChristophT, Ecummenic, Illegitimate Barrister, Pe-Jo, TheCuriousGnome, Иван Дулин File:Stöwer Titanic.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stöwer_Titanic.jpg License: unknown Contributors: 1970gemini, Bensin, Brad101, Bukk, Canoe1967, Darkone, Darwinius, G-13114, Geanca molina, George Miquilena, Ingolfson, LX, Leipnizkeks, Lokal Profil, Lotje, Makthorpe, Morio, Ningyou, Prioryman, Rehevkor, Savh, Soerfm, Ultracobalt, W.Rebel, 3 anonymous edits Image:British Mark V-star Tank.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Ian Dunster Image:Picasso Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler 1910.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Picasso_Portrait_of_Daniel-Henry_Kahnweiler_1910.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Pablo Picasso File:Atelier rouge matisse 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Atelier_rouge_matisse_1.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Henri Matisse File:Duchamp Fountaine.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Abiyoyo, Bensin, DarkEvil, Eusebius, G.dallorto, Ignacio Icke, Infrogmation, Mircea, Mjrmtg, Piero, Progettualita, Ras67, Ronaldino, Talmoryair, Tillman, Yann, 7 anonymous edits Image:ArmoryShow poster.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ArmoryShow_poster.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Sparkit at en.wikipedia License

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