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Analysis of Historical Islamic Glazes and the Development of a Substitution Material Rena Gradmann Institute of Geography and Ge

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Analysis of Historical Islamic Glazes and the Development of a Substitution Material Rena Gradmann Institute of Geography and Ge DISSERTATION ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL ISLAMIC GLAZES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUBSTITUTION MATERIAL SUBMITTED BY RENA GRADMANN 2016 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF GEODYNAMICS AND GEOMATERIAL RESEARCH UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. DR. ULRICH SCHÜSSLER JULIUS MAXIMILANS UNIVERSITY WÜRZBURG i Statutory declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that I have fully acknowledged by name all of those persons and organisations that have contributed to the research for this dissertation. Any thoughts from others or literal quotations are clearly marked. ii iii Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Ulrich Schüssler, who always supported me and guided me with many constructive advices. His encouragement was immense helpful for the continuous work on the thesis. I am especially grateful for the helpful advises and supervision of Prof. Thilo Rehren, who didn´t hesitate to support and review the work with his great expertise. I thank Mr. Abdel Salih from the cultural ministry in Rabat, Morocco, for the permission of sampling historical buildings, and Ute Gradmann for the communicational support on-site. Further samples were kindly provided by Ute Francke from the Islamic Museum in Berlin, by Georgi Atanasov and Kristian Mihailov from the Regional Historical Museum Silistra, Bulgaria, and by Rainer Drewello and Jasmin Badr from the University of Bamberg. I want to thank Steffen Laue and Sven Wallasch from the University of Applied Science in Potsdam, Germany, for the provision of sample material from Samarkand, Uzbekistan. I thank Christoph Berthold from the Department for Applied Mineralogy, University of Tübingen, Germany, for the use of the µ-XRD2 device including his support in operating and evaluation. Thanks also to Reiner Kleinschrodt, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, where part of the microprobe analyses were carried out. Hans-Peter Meyer from the Institute for Earth Sciences at the University of Heidelberg and Boaz Paz from the Paz Laboratories for Archaeometry are thanked for the provision of the p-XRF device. I thank Peter Späthe for the preparation of all the sample material. Gabi Maas, Gabi Ulm, Daniela Trötschel, Gudrun Leopoldsberger, Karl Deichmann, Walter Glaubitt, and Gerhard Schottner from the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC is thanked for the provision of ORMOCER® material and functionalizing agents, and the provision of the dispersion devices. Martin Kilo and Peter Michel from the Frauhofer ISC are thanked for the discussion and realisation of glass sample production. Thanks to Frank Schlütter from the Bremen Institute for Material Testing for the support in investigations of deteriorated ORMOCER® and for the kind provision of photo material. Peter Furmanek is thanked for the provision of ORMOCER® material of former restorations. I thank Maninder Singh Gill from the University College London and Dörthe Jakobs from the State Office for Preservation of historical Monuments Baden-Württemberg for the helpful information concerning today´s restoration ideals and requirements. Thanks to Paul Bellendorf for support and the fruitful discussions. Thanks also to Vilma Ruppiene, Stephanie Mildner, Stefan Höhn, Nikola Koglin, Sebastian Heinze, Volker von Seckendorff and Christine Schmidt for the constructive and amicable working group atmosphere. I want to thank Sofie Gradmann for her helpful advices and comments concerning wording and comprehensibility. The financial support of the Heinrich Böll Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. I want to express my special gratitude to Tamara Or and Justus Lentsch from the Heinrich Böll Foundation for uncomplicated help and support in financial and organisational questions. iv v CONTENT DISSERTATION ........................................................................................................................................ I STATUTORY DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... IV CONTENT ................................................................................................................................................ VI 1 MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 THEORY AND BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Main components of glass ........................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Glass structure ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.2 Chemical properties of glass ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Possible silica sources ................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Fluxes in glass ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.5 Calculating the process temperature of glass .......................................................................... 12 2.1.6 Glass production technology .................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Colouring in glass .................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Colouring ions ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Colouring pigments .................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.3 Colloid colouring....................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Lustre ........................................................................................................................................ 21 2.3 History of glazes ...................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Specification of glaze ................................................................................................................ 22 2.3.2 Early glazes ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.3 Ancient glazes ........................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.4 Flux ........................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.5 Typical decoration techniques of glazed ceramic .................................................................... 28 2.4 Ideals of present day´s restoration ......................................................................................... 32 2.4.1 Substitution materials for restoration ...................................................................................... 33 2.4.2 ORMOCER® composition .......................................................................................................... 34 2.4.3 ORMOCER® ”G”, “B” and “E” ................................................................................................... 36 vi 3 SAMPLE RECOVERY AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................. 38 3.1 Uzbek glazes ........................................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Afghan glazes .......................................................................................................................... 43 3.3 Iranian glazes .......................................................................................................................... 44 3.4 Turkish glazes.......................................................................................................................... 45 3.5 Bulgarian glazes ...................................................................................................................... 46 3.6 Moroccan glazes ..................................................................................................................... 47 4 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS .......................................... 50 4.1 Sample preparation ................................................................................................................ 50 4.2 Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) ..................................................................................... 50 4.3 Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis ....................................................................................... 51 4.4 Two-dimensional micro X-ray diffraction device (µ-XRD2) ....................................................... 55 4.5 Micro-Raman spectroscopy..................................................................................................... 58 4.6 Ultraviolet and visible spectrometry ......................................................................................
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