Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49995-8 — the City of Blue and White Anne Gerritsen Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49995-8 — The City of Blue and White Anne Gerritsen Index More Information

321

Index

Note: Page numbers in bold refer to fi gures, and those initalics refer to maps.

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), trade in, 1 – 2 introduction of, 15 Abu- Lughod, Janet, 44 – 46 , 45 , 47 , 55 Jingdezhen emergence of, 61 , 68 Ackerman- Lieberman, Phillip, 59 Jingdezhen global production of, 5 Africa, porcelain trade in, 59 in Joseon Korea, 125 , 125 , 126 animal patterns, 198 Kessler on dating of, 64 in Jizhou ceramics, 82 – 83 , 93 – 94 , 95 Linjiang kilns and, 102 – 103 see also deer ; dragon in ritual texts, 127 – 128 archaeologists, on porcelains, 6 , 117 in shard market, 3 – 5 , 16 , 1 7 archaeology, 6 , 12 – 13 , 34 , 52 , 82 – 83 , 106 underglaze painting of, 67 Cizhou ware ceramics, 32 – 33 Yu a n d y n a s t y a n d , 6 6 Ding ware ceramics, 24 , 32 – 33 bluish- white glaze, of qingbai ceramics, 40 Fengzhuang storehouse, 21 – 22 ‘Book of Ceramics’, see Taoshu hoards, 72 bottle Hutian kilns, 49 , 264n54 gourd- shaped, 196 – 197 , 196 , 198 , 214 Jizhou ware, 93 , 97 in shard market, 3 – 5 Linjiang kiln site, 102 – 103 tall- necked porcelain, 198 , 199 , maritime, 12 – 13 , 52 – 55 , 127 – 128 204 – 205 , 215 qingbai ceramics, 52 bowl, 172 shard market, 1 , 16 , 1 7 fi sh, 228 – 230 S i n a n s h i p w r e c k , 5 2 – 5 5 glaze patterns for, 35 – 36 Western Xia dynasty, 51 Jizhou ceramics dated, 95 , 96 , 97 Yonghe kilns, 76 , 77 w i t h luanbai glaze, 47 – 48 , 48 Ardabil collection, 205 in shard market, 3 – 5 art history, of porcelains, 6 see also tea bowls ‘Assorted Jottings of Shi Yushan’ Shi Yushan Brandt, George, 64 bieji (Shi Runzhang), 101 Brankston, A. D., 77 , 261n23 Ayers, John, 54 Jingdezhen map by, 105 on kilns, 105 – 106 Bai Kun, 39 , 104 – 105 ‘Brief History of Island-dwelling Peoples’ Before European Hegemony: Th e World System Daoyi zhilüe (Wang Dayuan), 56 A.D. 1250–1350 (Abu- Lughod), 44 – 46 , Brown, Roxanna, 118 – 119 , 130 45 , 4 7 brush, 86 Belitung shipwreck, 1 – 2 , 12 – 13 Jingdezhen ceramics use of, 104 Benaglio, Francesco, 131 , 132 – 133 , 132 painted decorations with, 87 , 88 , 93 blackware ceramics, 71 , 103 – 104 bucket, 147 , 161 – 162 Southern Song from Jizhou, 104 Buddhist monastery, 257n42 Taoji on, 42 in Jizhou, 76 for tea, 42 Tianmu ceramics and, 36 Tianmu (or Temmoku), 36 Yonghe kiln and, 77 – 78 blue and white ceramics, 104 Yue ware at, 34 Cao Zhao on, 66 cultural contexts for, 16 , 114 c a l l i g r a p h y , 5 6 – 5 7 , 6 7 , 7 1 , 1 6 5 – 1 6 6 Feng Xianming on, 106 Cambodia, celadon trade in, 55 – 56 geometrical patterns in, 15 Cao Zhao, 66 321

322

322 Index

celadon ceramics, 31 – 32 Cizhou ware ceramics, 25 , 68 – 74 , 255n26 bowls for tea, 35 animal patterns in, 82 – 83 green glaze of, 71 appearance of, 68 – 69 , 69 Longquan- style, 103 archaeology, 32 – 33 Zhou Daguan on Cambodia trade of, 55 – 56 black painted decorations of, 71 censer, Jizhou ceramics, 94 , 94 , 110 decorative patterns of, 33 , 70 , 7 9 – 8 0 , ceramic types 258–259n58 blackware, 36 , 42 , 71 , 103 – 104 Ding ware ceramics compared to, 32 – 33 celadon, 31 – 32 , 35 , 55 – 56 , 71 , 103 Five Dynasties period and, 68 Dehua, 91 in Jiangxi tombs, 72 – 73 earthenware, 7 – 8 , 56 , 128 , 130 Jizhou ceramics connection with, 15 – 16 , 67 , enamel, 3 – 5 , 219 78 , 86 , 110 – 113 export- ware, 214 kilns for, 68 Ge ware, 30 – 31 in Northern China, 32 – 33 Guan ware, 30 – 31 , 35 , 69 pillows and, 79 – 80 Jian ware, 25 , 35 – 36 , 76 shapes of, 69 Jingde wares, 18 , 19 , 25 , 39 underglaze paintings in, 67 , 68 Jun wares, 31 , 31 , 72 – 73 vases, 72 , 80 – 82 , 81 , 83 kraak, 199 , 200 , 211 , 212 – 213 , 214 Wang Qingzheng and Chen Kelun luanbai , 4 7 – 5 2 , 48 on, 78 – 79 Ru, 29 – 31 , 218 clay, 3 , 7 – 8 , 25 , 99 shufu , 48 , 50 Jingde wares and, 18 Tianmu (Temmoku), 36 , 76 in north, 28 – 29 Wedgwood, 222 pounding, 159 – 160 , 160 , 161 – 163 Yaozhou ware, 31 – 32 , 32 in south, 33 – 34 Yue ware, 23 , 24 , 34 , 71 white, 39 , 40 , 47 – 48 , 50 , 66 , 71 , 78 , 109 see also blue and white ceramics ; Cizhou coal fi elds, in Northern China, 28 – 29 , 33 ware ceramics ; Ding ware ceramics ; cobalt blue, 5 , 163 – 166 Jizhou ceramics ; qingbai ceramics ; Brandt discovery of, 64 , 65 whiteware ceramics chemical composition of, 163 – 164 ceramics Chinese history of, 65 boundaries and diff erentiation in embezzlement of, 165 – 166 , 274n46 studies of, 10 imperial kilns workspace for painting, Chinese junks carrying of, 7 148 – 152 cultural context to, 10 – 11 , 12 introduction of, 15 dragon in, 108 – 109 , 111 , 265n64 , 265n65 , Kessler on, 64 , 66 265n66 , 265n69 painting of, 164 , 165 global market cost of, 1 physical properties of, 64 – 65 manufactures in tenth century, 20 – 26 preparation of, 148 , 151 , 160 , 164 Northern China 1000–1200 production production of, 148 – 149 , 164 of, 26 – 33 sources of, 65 – 66 Southern China 1000–1200 production supervision and surveillance of, 165 of, 33 – 38 T a n g d y n a s t y a n d , 6 5 – 6 6 Chang River, 3 , 19 , 135 , 140 commercialization Changnan, 18 , 19 of Kaifeng, 27 chemical composition, of cobalt blue, 163 – 164 in Northern China, 27 Chen Kelun, 78 – 79 Ouyang Xiu experience with, 27 China’s Porcelain Capital (Gillette), 13 – 14 Continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror for Chinese Ceramics (He Li), 11 Aid in Government, Expanded Version Chinese Ceramics in Colonial Mexico (Li Tao), 38 (Kuwayama), 13 copper, 40 , 52 – 55 , 56 , 140 – 141 , 179 Chunhua reign period, 21 cosmetics box, made in Jizhou, 90 – 91 , 91 circulation counterfeits and fakes, in present- day in early modern history, 8 Jingdezhen, 232 – 233 of silver, 9 – 10 , 12 , 51 , 55 cultural context city, see t o w n for blue and white ceramics, 16 , 114

323

Index 323

to ceramics, 10 – 11 , 12 early modern period (1500–1750), 6 – 7 t o g l o b a l h i s t o r y , 8 connections and interactions in, 9 of porcelain trade, 119 – 120 global market in, 7 cyclical date, in Jizhou ceramics, mobility, circulation and interaction in, 8 9 4 – 9 5 , 96 earthenware ceramics, 7 – 8 , 56 , 128 , 130 East Asia, map of, 53 Da Ming ling ‘Great Ming East India Company (EIC), 7 , 13 , 219 Commandments,’ 177 economic history, trade and, 12 Daoyi zhilüe ‘Brief History of Island-dwelling Economic History of China (von Glahn), 12 Peoples’ (Wang Dayuan), 56 EIC, see East India Company David, Percival Victor, 61 embezzlement David vases, 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 107 , 108 of cobalt blue, 165 – 166 , 274n46 dragon in, 108 – 109 , 110 of tools, 158 – 159 fl owers in, 107 , 109 enamelled ceramics, 3 – 5 , 219 leaf pattern in, 107 , 108 environmental damage, in Jingdezhen, niche- shaped borders in, 108 , 110 233 – 234 phoenix in, 108 , 111 ‘Essential criteria for appreciating antiques’ decline, of Jingdezhen, 5 , 98 – 103 Gegu yaolun (Cao Zhao), 66 decorative patterns, of Cizhou ware ceramics, Europe, exports to, 207 – 213 , 220 3 3 , 70 , 79 – 80 , 258–259n58 ewer, 209 , 209 , 214 , 215 deer, 199 – 200 , 214 – 215 exports, 198 – 199 , 206 on gourd- shaped bottle, 198 to Dutch Republic, 211 – 212 , 220 on plate, 197 – 198 , 197 , 200 , 214 to Iberian Union, 210 – 211 symbolism of, 198 jar for, 203 , 204 , 214 on tall- standing bottle, 198 , 199 , to Middle East, 204 – 206 204 – 205 to Philippines, 210 Dehua ceramics, 91 to Portugal, 207 – 208 , 209 – 210 , 220 , 281n15 d’Entrecolles, Père, 223 – 224 role of Europeans in, 207 – 213 , 220 Th e Description of the World (Polo), 47 to Spain, 210 Ding ware ceramics, 72 , 101 – 102 , 103 of whiteware ceramics, 44 archaeology, 24 , 32 – 33 export- ware ceramics, 214 Cizhou ware ceramics compared to, 32 – 33 fl aws of, 29 – 30 Fang Yizhi, 90 , 96 in imperial tomb, 23 – 24 Feng Xianming, 106 in Jiangxi tombs, 72 – 73 Fengzhuang storehouse, Zhenzong personal Jizhou ceramics compared to, 78 , 79 use of, 21 – 22 line drawing in, 109 , 112 Finlay, Robert, 14 , 217 – 218 trade and taxation regulation of, 24 fi rewood fuel, 146 , 154 – 155 Yongxin tomb vases, 84 fi ring methods, for kilns, 86 , 187 Dingzhou, 21 , 22 , 24 fi sh- bowls, 228 – 230 white porcelain kilns at, 23 – 24 , 25 Five Dynasties period, Cizhou ceramics and, 68 d i s h fl owers, in David vases, 107 , 109 Mount Fuji porcelain, 201 , 202 , 215 Fonthill vase, 131 – 132 Ya o z h o u s h a l l o w , 32 Fox, Robert B., 129 – 130 Dongjing menghua lu ‘A Dream of Splendour fuel, 272n4 in the Eastern Capital’ (Meng fi rewood, 146 , 154 – 155 Yuanlao), 27 – 28 as Jingdezhen resource, 154 – 158 dragon, 123 F u l i a n g , see Jingdezhen in ceramics, 108 – 109 , 111 , 265n64 , 265n65 , furniture sellers, in shard market, 265n66 , 265n69 227 – 228 , 229 in David vases, 108 – 109 , 110 jars, packing and shipping of, 171 – 172 Gan river, in Jiangxi Province, 74 – 75 , 98 , 136 , 137 ‘A Dream of Splendour in the Eastern Gao’an hoard, 73 , 106 – 107 , 256n32 Capital’ Dongjing menghua lu (Meng Ge ware ceramics, 30 – 31 Yuanlao), 27 – 28 Gegu yaolun ‘Essential criteria for appreciating Dutch Republic, exports to, 211 – 212 , 220 antiques’ (Cao Zhou), 66 , 89

324

324 Index

Gems of the Offi cial Kilns , 11 Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Jido ‘Map of Genghis Khan, 46 , 91 – 92 the Integrated Lands and Regions of geometrical patterns, in blue and white Historical Countries and Capitals,’ ceramics, 15 114 – 116 , 115 Gillette, Maris, 13 – 14 , 232 – 233 household registrations glazes, 30 categories of, 177 bowl patterns of, 35 – 36 Great Ming Commandments on, 177 brown- and black- (Tianmu), 36 taxation and, 176 – 177 green, of Yue and celadon ceramics, 71 Hudson, Pat, 154 of Guan wares, 30 – 31 , 35 Huizong (emperor), 26 of Jun wares, 31 , 31 Jürchen capture of, 27 o f luanbai ceramics, 47 – 52 Humay and Humayun, 120 – 122 , 121 , plant ash in, 50 123 – 124 qingbai wares bluish-white, 40 Hutian kilns, 42 , 104 – 106 , 140 – 141 recipes for, 170 excavation of, 49 , 264n54 transparent, 71 qingbai and luanbai ceramics of, 49 see also underglaze glazing, 67 , 104 , 184 Iberian Union, exports to, 210 – 211 global history, 216 – 217 , 236 – 238 Ibn Battuta Jingdezhen in, 5 , 6 , 7 , 217 – 218 China travel account by, 58 local history and, 8 , 9 , 16 on manufactures, 58 global (art) market and spread of Islam, 57 – 58 ceramics cost in, 1 imperial kilns, in Jingdezhen, 5 , 140 , 142 – 148 , Chinese junks and, 7 175 , 184 – 189 , 220 – 221 in early modern period, 7 description of, 143 – 145 history of, 1 – 2 fi ring process in, 187 gold, Mongol empire and, 92 – 93 painting in, 148 – 152 Goryeo period, 55 , 124 and private kilns, relationship between, 186 , gourd- shaped bottle, 196 – 197 , 196 , 188 – 189 , 198 198 , 214 work division for, 148 ‘Great Ming Commandments’ Da Ming ling , 1 7 7 Xu Pu on administration of, 190 – 194 Guan ware ceramics, 30 – 31 , 35 , 69 Indian Ocean, 116 – 120 Islam trade and, 117 hammer, 147 , 149 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 1 6 4 Ming- gap in porcelain trade, 119 Han- Chinese, nomads and, 51 porcelain trade in, 59 – 60 , 118 – 120 He Li, 11 textile trade in, 117 health, of workers, 234 – 235 Zheng He expeditions in, 118 – 119 history, of Jingdezhen, 5 , 6 ingots, of silver, 1 – 2 1004 beginning of exceptional, 19 – 20 , 25 ink- plum paintings, 90 – 91 , 260n6 cultural context to, 8 Iran, 122 of Finlay, 217 – 218 China art and material exchange, 122 – 123 Gillette on, 13 – 14 Islam Lan Pu version of, 18 – 20 Ibn Battuta and, 57 – 58 Liang Miaotai study of, 217 – 218 Indian Ocean trade and, 117 on traded commodities, 6 Muslim merchants spread of, 57 see also global history; local history porcelain excavations and, 58 – 59 History of the Song (Song shi) , 31 – 32 on Jingdezhen Offi ce for the Exchange of J a p a n Many Goods, 37 – 38 market in, 202 – 203 h o a r d s Mount Fuji porcelain dish and, 201 , archaeology, 72 202 , 215 Gao’an, 73 , 106 – 107 , 256n32 qingbai ceramics trade and, 55 in Jiangxi Province, 73 , 104 jar, for export, 203 , 204 , 214 Song Donglin on, 72 Ji’an Yongxin, 73 , 84 Jizhou renamed to, 98 H o n g M a i , 4 0 – 4 1 Ming dynasty Confucian leadership, 98 – 99

325

Index 325

Jian ware ceramics, 25 see also global history; imperial kilns; kiln tea bowls, 35 – 36 , 76 administration; labour supply; local Jiang Qi, 39 , 42 , 71 – 72 history; manufactures Jiangxi Province, 3 , 15 , 75 Jingdezhen, fourteenth- century, 103 – 110 Ding, Jun and Cizhou wares in tombs blackware ceramics in, 103 – 104 of, 72 – 73 brush use in, 104 Gan river in, 74 – 75 , 98 , 136 , 137 Southern Song blackwares and, 104 hoards in, 73 , 104 Jingdezhen tao lu (‘Th e Record of Jingdezhen’s location of, 136 – 137 Ceramics’) (Lan Pu), 26 porcelains produced in, 140 – 141 Jizhou prefectures in, 138 Buddhist temples and, 76 underglaze painting in, 67 geography of, 74 Jiangxi provincial gazetteer of the Wanli era, Ji’an renamed from, 98 s e e Wanli Jiangxisheng dazhi local level change in, 93 Jiangxi tongzhi (‘Jiangxi provincial m a p o f , 75 gazetteer’), 278n57 resources in, 88 Jianlong reign period, 21 scholars from, 75 – 76 , 88 Jianlongfang storehouse, 21 – 22 , 24 Jizhou ceramics, 15 , 25 , 261n23 , 262n24 Jin empire (1125–1234), 50 , 64 altar vase, 93 , 94 Jing de nian zhi , on Jingde wares, 18 , 19 , 25 animal patterns in, 82 – 83 , 93 – 94 , 95 Jingde, 139 archaeology, 93 , 97 reign period, 21 – 22 , 25 – 26 c e n s e r , 9 4 , 94 , 110 Jingde wares Cizhou ceramics connection with, 15 – 16 , Jiang Qi on, 39 67 , 78 , 86 , 110 – 113 Jing de nian zhi on, 18 , 19 , 25 cosmetics box, 90 – 91 , 91 Jingdezhen, 5 cyclical date and, 94 – 95 , 96 administrative space in, 136 – 139 dated bowl, 95 , 96 , 97 blue and white ceramics emergence in, 61 , 68 decline in, 5 , 98 – 103 cobalt for brush- painted decorations in, 88 Ding ware ceramics compared to, 78 , 79 counterfeits and fakes in present-day, 232 – 233 importance of, 74 – 87 decline, 5 , 98 – 103 ink- plum paintings and, 90 – 91 environmental damage in, 233 – 234 Ming dynasty and, 96 – 97 , 98 Finlay on, 14 shapes of, 76 – 77 Jizhou ceramics in, 106 – 107 in Southern Song, 97 – 98 Jizhou kilns connection with, 106 for tea bowls, 35 – 36 Jizhou kilns move to, 101 underglaze painting in, 67 kilns, 68 , 86 , 105 – 106 , 140 vases, 79 – 82 , 80 , 81 , 82 local residents in, 232 Wang Qingzheng and Chen Kelun on, 78 – 79 l o c a t i o n o f , 3 Yuan style of, 93 , 97 m a p o f , 105 Jizhou kilns, 76 , 78 , 88 merchants in, 42 – 44 , 92 Fang Yizhi on, 90 , 96 O ffi ce for the Exchange of Many Goods jade ceramics and, 89 , 90 in, 37 – 38 Jingdezhen connection with, 106 past and present parallels, 232 – 236 Jingdezhen move of, 101 as porcelain capital, 2 – 3 , 6 resources depletion and, 99 porcelain workshop in, 185 Song dynasty disappearance of, 101 – 102 present porcelain workshops in, Song- Yuan transition and, 89 – 98 232 , 233 transmutation of, 99 – 101 scholars in, 106 – 107 Jörg, Christiaan, 13 Song dynasty (tenth to twelft h Joseon Korea, 124 – 128 centuries), 5 , 18 blue and white ceramics in, 125 , taxation in, 36 – 37 , 178 – 179 125 , 126 technology in, 5 , 61 , 167 – 168 Goryeo regime and, 124 town (city), 6 , 139 , 140 Ming China relationship with, 124 – 125 transport routes, 12 ritual jar drawing in, 125 , 126 whitewares, 5 , 14 – 15 , 36 ritual texts in, 127

326

326 Index

Jun wares, 31 , 31 , 72 – 73 L i T a o , 3 8 Jürchen Liang Miaotai, 217 – 218 invasion, migration and, 84 lime, 34 , 40 , 168 – 170 , 171 – 172 Kaifeng invasion by, 27 , 33 line drawing, of Ding ware ceramics, 109 , 112 Kaifeng Linjiang kiln site, 102 – 103 commercialization of, 27 archaeology, 102 – 103 Jürchen invasion of, 27 , 33 Liu Xinyuan, 39 , 104 – 105 , 230 – 231 Meng Yuanlao on, 27 – 28 local history, of Jingdezhen, 7 – 8 , 9 kaolin, 50 , 135 global history and, 8 , 9 , 16 Keith, D. H., 54 Longquan ceramics production, 35 , 102 , 103 Kerr, Rose, 11 , 39 Lovell, Hin- cheung, 24 – 25 Kessler, Adam T., 64 , 66 L u Yo u , 2 9 – 3 0 kiln administration, in Jingdezhen, 141 – 142 , luanbai ceramics, 50 153 – 154 , 174 bowl of, 47 – 48 , 48 methods of, 172 glaze of, 47 – 52 , 48 of workers, 175 – 176 , 184 Mongol empire and, 49 Xu Pu on, 190 – 194 mould used in, 48 – 49 kiln transmutation ( yaobian ), 89 , 90 , 99 – 100 of Jizhou kilns, 99 – 101 Macangdong kilns, 140 – 141 kiln wasters, in shard market, 228 , 229 ‘Madonna and Child,’ Benaglio painting of, kilns 131 , 132 – 133 , 132 for Cizhou ceramics, 68 manufactures (production), 16 – 17 Linjiang site of, 102 – 103 of cobalt blue, 148 – 149 , 164 in Southern China, 34 Ibn Battuta on, 58 Yinkangweng, 141 of Longquan ceramics, 35 , 102 , 103 Yonghe, 76 , 77 – 78 , 77 , 102 – 103 packing and storing in, 171 – 174 Zhangzhou, 203 , 204 Raozhou site of, 201 – 202 see also Hutian kilns; Jizhou kilns S o n g d y n a s t y a n d , 3 7 kilns, in Jingdezhen, 140 Tang Ying on quantity of, 226 Brankston on, 105 – 106 Yue white porcelain, 25 fi ring methods for, 86 ‘Map of the Integrated Lands and Regions for qingbai ceramics, 42 of Historical Countries and Capitals’ klapmuts, 212 – 213 Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Jido , Korea 114 – 116 , 115 qingbai ceramics trade for, 52 , 55 maritime archaeology, 12 – 13 , 52 – 55 , 127 – 128 s h i p w r e c k s a n d , 5 5 material culture, 237 – 238 S i n a n s h i p w r e c k a n d , 5 2 – 5 5 , 6 3 material heritage laws, 235 – 236 kraak ceramics, 22 , 199 , 211 , materials 212 – 213 , 214 copper, 40 , 52 – 55 , 56 , 140 – 141 , 179 Krahe, Cinta, 211 kaolin, 50 , 135 Kuwayama, George, 13 knowing and making community for, Kwon Sohyun, 126 , 127 196 – 201 lime, 34 , 40 , 168 – 170 , 171 – 172 labour supply, in Jingdezhen, 16 , 17 , 176 – 180 beyond local, 201 – 206 division of labour, 182 – 184 , 276n8 pigments, 88 , 167 – 168 income for, 178 in sixteenth century, 195 – 196 , 213 – 215 skill level and, 180 – 181 , 182 , 184 wood, 146 , 155 – 157 , 157 Taoshu on numbers for, 178 see also clay ; cobalt blue ; glazes ; silver see also workers Meiping vase, white dragon on, 123 Lake Poyang, 3 , 135 , 137 M e n g Yu a n l a o , 2 7 – 2 8 Lambourn, Elizabeth, 59 merchants, in Jingdezhen Lan Pu, 18 – 20 , 26 , 90 consumer connections and, 92 Le Comte, Louis- Daniel, 223 – 224 geography and tastes of, 42 – 44 leaf pattern, in David vases, 107 , 108 metal- based pigments, for underglaze, 88 Lena Shoal junk shipwreck, 128 , 129 Middle East, exports to, 204 – 206

327

Index 327

migration, in Song dynasty, 83 – 85 , 256n38 Orillaneda, Bobby C., 130 due to natural disasters, 84 O u y a n g X i u , 2 7 imperial clan movement in, 84 – 85 Jürchen infl uence on, 84 packing Liu Jin and, 84 of dragon jars, 171 – 172 numbers of, 84 in manufactures, 171 – 174 Ming dynasty (thirteenth to seventeenth paper and cotton for, 172 centuries), 32 – 33 , 74 , 90 , 138 – 139 , painting 219 , 220 of Benaglio, 131 , 132 – 133 , 132 imperial ceramics numbers in, 142 – 143 of cobalt, 164 , 165 Ji’an Confucian leadership in, 98 – 99 in imperial kilns, 148 – 152 Jizhou ceramics in, 96 – 97 , 98 Pandanan shipwreck, 130 Joseon Korea relationship with, 124 – 125 payments, of silver, 179 Philippines trade during, 56 Peixoto, Antonio, 209 porcelain offi ce of, 143 Peixoto ewer, 209 , 209 , 214 , 215 trade in, 118 – 119 pestle and mortar, 147 , 159 , 160 , 160 Ming- gap, in porcelains, 119 , 130 Philippines Mingzhou, 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 Chinese porcelain import in, 129 – 130 mobility, in early modern period, 8 exports to, 210 Mongol empire, 46 Fox on, 129 – 130 decline of, 116 maritime trade in, 128 – 129 gold and textiles in, 92 – 93 Orillaneda on, 130 luanbai ceramics and, 49 qingbai ceramics trade with, 56 Southern Song end and, 91 – 92 shipwrecks in, 128 – 131 trade and, 51 trade networks in, 129 – 130 monopolies, Song dynasty and, 37 phoenix, in David vases, 108 , 111 mould, 48 – 49 , 148 , 226 physical space, in Jingdezhen, 135 – 136 moulding, 48 – 49 pigments mounts, silver, 12 , 131 – 132 , 209 , 209f10.7 ingredients for, 168 , 168t. 8.1 Jingdezhen technology for, 167 – 168 natural resources, in Jingdezhen, 5 , 7 – 8 , 10 , 18 , underglaze metal- based, 88 19 , 135 , 175 – 176 see also cobalt blue; materials natural surroundings, of Jingdezhen, 141 – 143 Th e Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World niche- shaped borders, in David vases, 108 , History (Finlay), 14 110f5.11 p i l l o w nomads, 250n43 of Cizhou ceramics, 79 – 80 Han- Chinese and, 51 g r a y s t o n e w a r e , 7 1 Northern China (1000–1200), 26 – 33 plant ash, in glaze, 50 celadon ceramics in, 31 – 32 plate, 197 – 198 , 197 Cizhou ceramics in, 32 – 33 kraak, 199 , 200 coal fi elds in, 28 – 29 , 33 Polo, Marco, 47 , 58 , 207 – 208 , 223 commercialization in, 27 Polo Vase, 47 Ge wares in, 30 – 31 Porcelain and the Dutch China Trade (Jörg), 13 Guan wares in, 31 porcelain capital, Jingdezhen as, 2 – 3 , 6 Huizong in, 26 porcelain storehouses, 172 – 173 Kaifeng city in, 27 establishment of, 21 kiln sites in, 29 Fengzhuang, 21 – 22 Ru wares kilns in, 29 – 30 Jianlongfang, 21 – 22 , 24 Notes on Ceramics, see Taoji Song dynasty collection of, 21 Taizong command for, 21 , 24 O ffi ce for the Exchange of Many Goods, in p o r c e l a i n s Jingdezhen, 38 Africa trade of, 59 Continuation of the Comprehensive archaeologists on, 6 , 117 Mirror on, 38 art history on, 6 History of the Song on, 37 – 38 cultural context for trade of, 119 – 120 On Ceramics, see Taoshuo d’Entrecolles on, 223 – 224

328

328 Index

porcelains (cont.) resources, in Jingdezhen, 153 – 154 Europe infl ux of, 224 cobalt for blue, 163 – 166 Europe rarity of Chinese, 131 – 132 colour recipes, 166 – 171 failed pieces of, 228 – 230 of fuel, 154 – 158 history of, 12 production packing and storing, Ibn Battuta on, 58 171 – 174 Indian Ocean trade in, 59 – 60 , 119 – 120 workshop tools, 158 – 163 Islam and excavations of, 58 – 59 see also natural resources Jiangxi Province and, 140 – 141 resources, in Jizhou, 88 , 99 Le Comte on, 223 – 224 Riello, Giorgio, 237 Ming- gap in, 119 , 130 ritual jar drawing, in Joseon Korea, Philippines import of, 129 – 130 125 , 126 secret colour, 34 ritual texts Song dynasty fi nance management of, 37 blue and white porcelains in, 127 – 128 workshop, in Jingdezhen, 185 in Joseon Korea, 127 Porcelains of the Yuan Dynasty , 11 Sejong (king) on, 127 Portugal, exports to, 207 – 208 , 209 – 210 , 220 , Rougeulle, Axelle, 59 281n15 roundbellied jar ( ang ), 101 pounding clay, 159 – 160 , 160 , 161 – 163 Royal Nanhai shipwreck, 12 – 13 private kilns, 145 – 146 , 184 – 189 Ru ceramics, 218 fi ring process in, 187 Guan wares compared to, 30 – 31 imperial kilns proximity to, 186 , 188 – 189 , N o r t h e r n C h i n a k i l n s f o r , 2 9 – 3 0 198 lower quality goods from, 189 s a g g a r , 1 4 3 – 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 8 2 production, see manufactures Santa Cruz shipwreck, 130 proto- industrialization, 17 , 154 , 166 scholars (literati) in Jingdezhen, 106 – 107 Qing dynasty (seventeenth and eighteenth from Jizhou, 75 – 76 , 88 centuries), 32 – 33 , 38 , 90 , 219 , 220 , 247n5 Science and Civilisation in China (Kerr and qingbai ceramics, 40 , 41 , 49 , 71 , 104 Wood), 11 , 39 Africa trade of, 59 secret colour (mise ) porcelains, 34 archaeology, 52 Sejong (king), 127 bluish- white glaze of, 40 shapes decorative elements for, 40 c e n s e r , 9 4 , 94 , 110 Islam and trade of, 58 – 59 of Cizhou ceramics, 69 Japan trade for, 55 dish, 32 , 201 , 202 , 215 Jingdezhen kilns for, 42 ewer, 209 , 209 , 214 , 215 in Korea, 52 , 55 in Jingdezhen, 183 , 183 Lambourn and Ackerman-Lieberman on, 59 of Jizhou ceramics, 76 – 77 Philippines trade and, 56 klapmuts, 212 – 213 Rougeulle on, 59 pillow, 71 , 79 – 80 shapes of, 48 o f qingbai ceramics, 48 Vallet on, 59 roundbellied jar ( ang ), 101 Qingzhou, 21 , 22 , 2 4 – 2 5 washbasin, 30 , 101 , 149 see also bottle ; bowl ; plate ; vases R a o z h o u , 2 1 , 22 , 2 4 shard market, in Jingdezhen, 3 – 5 , 17 , 227 , m a p o f , 137 235 , 236 production site, 201 – 202 archaeology, 1 , 16 , 1 7 taxation in, 36 blue and white ceramics and, 3 – 5 , white porcelain kilns at, 23 – 24 , 25 16f1.2 , 17 Raozhou ceramics, 39 – 40 , 72 buyers at, 230 , 231 – 232 Mount Fuji porcelain dish made of, 201 , commercial potential in, 231 202 , 215 entrance of, 227 , 228 recipes for colour, 166 – 171 furniture sellers in, 227 – 228 , 229 ‘ Th e Record of Jingdezhen’s Ceramics’ kiln wasters at, 228 , 229 Jingdezhen tao lu (Lan Pu), 19 , 26 Liu Xinyuan and, 230 – 231

329

Index 329

objects for sale in, 1 , 2 , 3 – 5 Zhenzong as emperor during, 5 , 18 , 19 , 21 – 22 out- priced porcelain and, 5 – 6 see also migration, in Song dynasty; Shi Runzhang, 101 Southern Song Shi Yushan bieji ‘Assorted Jottings of Shi Song shi , s e e History of the Song Yushan’ (Shi Runzhang), 101 S o u t h e a s t A s i a shipwrecks Philippines trade, 56 Belitung, 1 – 2 , 12 – 13 Sri Lanka, 57 K o r e a a n d , 5 5 Srivijaya kingdom in, 57 Lena Shoal junk, 128 , 129 Th ailand and Turiang shipwreck, 12 – 13 , Pandanan, 130 56 – 57 in Philippines, 128 – 131 trade with, 55 , 56 , 203 Royal Nanhai, 12 – 13 Wang Dayuan on trade in, 56 Santa Cruz, 130 Zhao Rugua on porcelain trade in, 55 S i n a n , 5 2 – 5 5 , 6 3 Southern China 1000–1200 ceramics, 33 – 38 T u r i a n g , 1 2 – 1 3 , 5 6 – 5 7 igneous rock and volcanic clays in, 33 – 34 shufu ceramics, 48 , 50 lime glaze in, 34 silver, 277n19 stonewares in, 34 circulation, 9 – 10 , 12 , 51 , 55 Wood on kilns in, 34 ingots, 1 – 2 Southern Song (1127–1279), 50 – 51 , 64 mounts, 12 , 131 – 132 , 209 , 209 blackwares from Jizhou, 104 payment, 179 Jizhou ceramics in, 97 – 98 in porcelains, 35 – 36 , 42 – 44 , 56 , 164 , 215 Mongol forces and end of, 91 – 92 Spanish- American, 9 – 10 , 179 Yuan dynasty transition from, 92 , 96 tael, 178 – 179 space Sinan shipwreck, 52 – 55 , 63 administrative space, 136 – 139 a r c h a e o l o g y , 5 2 – 5 5 imperial space, 142 – 148 Ayers on discovery of, 54 manufacturing space, 140 – 142 Keith on, 54 in Ming Jingdezhen, 134 Single Whip Reforms, 178 – 179 physical space, 135 – 136 skills, 222 – 223 workspace in cobalt- painting, 148 – 152 division of labour and, 182 – 184 , 276n8 Spain labour supply and, 180 – 181 , 182 , 184 exports to, 210 payment based on, 180 – 181 Krahe on, 211 Tang Ying on, 225 – 226 Spanish- American silver, 9 – 10 , 179 Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road , 6 4 Sri Lanka, 57 Song Donglin, 72 Srivijaya kingdom, 57 Song dynasty (tenth to twelft h centuries), 5 , State Trade Bureau, in Song dynasty, 37 18 , 19 – 20 , 64 stem cups, in shard market, 3 – 5 , 17 on celadon ceramics, 31 – 32 ‘Still Life with Cheese’ painting, by van ceramics, in Japan, 52 Dijck, 213 Chunhua reign period, 21 kraak ceramics in, 212 – 213 Ding ware ceramics in, 24 stonewares Gan river and, 74 – 75 Cizhou ceramics as, 32 – 33 Jianlong reign period, 21 pillows, 71 Jingde reign period, 21 – 22 , 25 – 26 in Southern China, 34 Jizhou kilns disappearance in, 101 – 102 storage, of porcelains, 172 – 173 m a p o f , 22 t h e ft and, 173 – 174 monopolies and, 37 s t o r e h o u s e , see porcelain storehouses porcelain collections during, 21 porcelain production fi nance tael silver, 178 – 179 management, 37 Taizong (emperor), 19 , 21 southern circuits of, 43 porcelain storehouse command by, 21 , 24 State Trade Bureau and, 37 Tang dynasty (618–907), 63 taxation in, 37 cobalt and, 65 – 66 trade in, 37 , 44 trade in, 1 – 2 Wu- Yue relationship with, 23 underglaze decorations and, 70 – 71

330

330 Index

Tang Ying, 221 – 226 , 247n5 , 284n23 , 285n30 tools on production quantity, 226 brush, 86 , 87 , 88 , 93 , 104 , 150 – 151 on quality, 226 bucket, 147 , 161 – 162 skills on, 225 – 226 embezzlement of, 158 – 159 Taoji (Notes on Ceramics) (Jiang Qi) hammer, 147 , 149 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 164 o n b l a c k w a r e , 4 2 metal objects, 162 – 163 on consumer demand, 71 – 72 mould, 48 – 49 , 148 , 226 date debate over, 39 pestle and mortar, 147 , 149 , 159 , 160 , 160 on Jingde ceramics, 39 record books and logs for, 159 Taoshu (Book of Ceramics) (Wang Zongmu), saggar, 143 – 144 , 145 , 182 143 , 278n59 water- wheel, 159 – 160 , 160 , 161 on imperial kilns, 187 Topkapι collection, 205 imperial kilns description in, 143 – 145 town (city), of Jingdezhen, 6 , 139 , 140 on kilns administration, 174 trade, 24 , 51 – 52 , 212 on private kilns, 145 – 146 in Abbasid Caliphate, 1 – 2 on separations and space, 147 Abu- Lughod network regions of, 44 – 46 , 45 , on tools, 147 47 , 55 on wood, 155 Cambodia celadon, 55 – 56 Taoshuo (On Ceramics) (Zhu Yan), 222 cultural context for porcelains, 119 – 120 taxation destinations of, 13 of households, 176 – 177 economic history and, 12 in Jingdezhen, 36 – 37 , 178 – 179 between Han- Chinese and nomads, 51 i n R a o z h o u , 3 6 historians on commodities for, 6 regulation, of Ding ware ceramics, 24 Indian Ocean and, 59 – 60 , 117 , 118 – 120 in Song dynasty, 37 in Ming dynasty, 118 – 119 tea, blackware for, 42 Mongol empire and, 51 tea bowls Philippines, 56 , 128 – 130 Buddhist monastery and, 36 of Raozhou ceramics, 39 – 40 celadon for, 35 in Song dynasty, 37 , 44 Jian ware ceramics for, 35 – 36 , 76 with Southeast Asia, 55 , 56 , 203 Jizhou ceramics for, 35 – 36 in Tang dynasty, 1 – 2 Tianmu ceramics for, 36 , 76 von Verschuer on, 55 techniques whiteware ceramics overseas, 52 – 60 calligraphy, 56 – 57 , 67 , 71 , 165 – 166 Yu a n d y n a s t y a n d , 5 1 , 5 6 glazing, 67 , 104 , 184 transmutation, see kiln transmutation kiln transmutation, 89 , 90 , 99 – 101 transport routes, to Jingdezhen, 12 moulding, 48 – 49 Turiang shipwreck, 12 – 13 , 56 – 57 see also p a i n t i n g technology, in Jingdezhen, 5 underglaze for patterns and line-drawings, 61 blue and white, 67 for pigments and colours, 167 – 168 cost of, 170 textiles, 276n9 decorations, 70 – 71 , 87 , 93 Indian Ocean trade in, 117 metal based pigments for, 88 Mongol empire and, 92 – 93 Underglaze Blue and Copper Red Decorated Th ailand, Turiang shipwreck and, 12 – 13 , Porcelains , 11 56 – 57 underglaze painting, 67 Tiangong kaiwu (Th e works of heaven and in Cizhou ceramics, 67 , 68 the inception of things), 150 – 151 , 150 , in Jiangxi province, 67 159 – 160 , 160 in Jizhou ceramics, 67 Tianmu (Temmoku) ceramics T a n g d y n a s t y a n d , 7 0 – 7 1 brown- and black-glazed, 36 Buddhist monasteries and, 36 Vallet, Éric, 59 tea bowls, 36 , 76 van Dijck, Floris Claesz, 212 – 213 , 213 tombs vases Ding ware ceramics in, 23 – 24 , 72 – 73 , 84 Cizhou ceramic, 72 , 80 – 82 , 81 , 83 Z h a n g H o n g l ü e , 7 3 Fonthill, 131 – 132

331

Index 331

in Jizhou ceramics, 79 – 82 , 80 , o n s h i p , 157 81 , 82 surveillance and record keeping for, 156 – 157 Jizhou ceramics altar, 93 , 94 Taoshu on, 155 Polo Vase, 47 Wood, Nigel, 11 , 39 in shard market, 3 – 5 qingbai glaze study by, 40 see also David vases on southern China kilns, 34 Vereenigde Oostindische Companie (VOC), workers, in Jingdezhen, 175 – 176 , 176 7 , 212 , 219 health of, 234 – 235 von Glahn, Richard, 12 imperial and private kilns and, 184 – 189 von Verschuer, Charlotte, 55 kiln administration and, 175 – 176 , 184 management of, 189 – 194 wages, for kiln workers, 180 – 182 , 286n46 number of, 189 – 190 Wa n g A n s h i , 3 7 , 8 4 wages for, 180 – 182 , 286n46 Wang Dayuan, 56 Th e works of heaven and the inception of Wang Qingzheng, 78 – 79 things, see Tiangong kaiwu Wang Zongmu, 143 , 278n59 Wu Shaoshi, 222 , 285n31 Wanli Jiangxisheng dazhi (‘Jiangxi provincial Wu Songdi, 84 , 256n38 gazetteer of the Wanli era’), 143 , 147 , 278n59 Wu Zimu, 41 – 42 on imperial kilns, 187 ‘Wulin nostalgia’ Wulin jiushi (Zhou Mi), 30 imperial kilns description in, 143 – 145 Wu- Yue Kingdom, 23 , 34 on kilns administration, 174 on private kilns, 145 – 146 Xie Jin, 98 on separations and space, 147 Xuanzang, 51 on tools, 147 on wood, 155 yaobian (kiln transmutation), 99 – 100 washbasin (pan ), 30 , 101 , 149 Yaozhou ware ceramics, 31 – 32 water- wheel, 159 – 160 , 160 , 161 celadon style of Wedgwood ceramics, 222 shallow dish, 32 Wen Tianxiang, 75 – 76 , 89 – 90 , 96 , 260n2 Ye Zhi, 29 Jizhou kilns and jade, 89 , 90 Yinkangweng kilns, 141 Lan Pu on, 90 Yonghe kilns (Jizhou) Western Xia dynasty, 64 abandoned, 102 – 103 archaeology, 51 archaeology, 76 , 77f4.4 white clay, 39 , 40 , 47 – 48 , 50 , 66 , 71 , 78 , 109 Brankston on, 77 whiteware ceramics Buddhist monasteries and, 77 – 78 export of, 44 Yongxin hoard, 73 , 84 Hong Mai on, 40 – 41 Yuan dynasty (twelft h and thirteenth in Japan, 52 centuries), 11 , 15 , 31 – 32 , 56 , 64 Jin dynasty and, 50 blue and white and, 66 overseas trade in, 52 – 60 brush underglaze decorations of, 87 , 93 poem on quality of, 40 – 41 editing History of the Song in, 37 – 38 Polo Vase, 47 hoards in, 73 , 104 Raozhou kilns for, 23 – 24 , 25 Jizhou ceramics style from, 93 , 97 S o u t h e r n S o n g a n d , 5 0 – 5 1 merchants and consumer connections in, 92 Th irteenth- century global movement Philippines trade during, 56 of, 44 – 47 Southern Song transition to, 92 , 96 with transparent glazes, 71 trade and, 51 Western Xia dynasty and, 51 , 64 Yu e , 22 , 24 Wu Zimu on, 41 – 42 white porcelain production at, 25 whitewares, in Jingdezhen, 5 , 36 Yue ware ceramics, 23 , 24 circulation of, 14 – 15 at Buddhist monastery, 34 imperial recognition of, 14 green glazes of, 71 wood, 155 – 156 fi rewood fuel, 146 Zhang Honglüe tomb, 73 price of, 156 Zhang Wenjin, 61 , 63 scarcity and fi nancial gain from, 155 – 156 Zhangzhou kilns, 203 , 204

332

332 Index

Zhao Bing, 39 , 247n5 Zhou Bida, 75 – 76 , Zhao Rugua, 55 84 – 85 Zheng He, 118 – 119 Zhou Daguan, 55 – 56 Zheng Tinggui, 19 , 241n1 Zhou Mi, 30 Zhenzong (emperor), in Song dynasty, 5 , 18 , Zhu Yan, 222 19 , 21 – 22 Zhu Yuanzhang, 99 , 276n2