Comparative Study of Black and Gray Body Celadon Shards Excavated from Wayaoyang Kiln in Longquan, China
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Microchemical Journal 126 (2016) 274–279 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Microchemical Journal journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/microc Comparative study of black and gray body celadon shards excavated from Wayaoyang kiln in Longquan, China Hongying Duan a,b,⁎, Dongge Ji a,b, Yinzhong Ding a,b, Guangyao Wang c, Jianming Zheng d, Guanggui Zhou e, Jianmin Miao a,b a Key Scientific Research Base of Ancient Ceramics (the Palace Museum), State Administration of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100009, China b Conservation Department, the Palace Museum, Beijing 100009, China c Department of Objects and Decorative Arts, the Palace Museum, Beijing 100009, China d Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Relics Archaeological Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China e The Museum of Longquan City, Longquan, Zhejiang 323700, China article info abstract Article history: Longquan celadon is one of the most valuable treasures in Chinese ceramic history. Representative products are Received 8 August 2015 Ge ware (Ge meaning elder brother, black body celadon) and Di ware (Di meaning younger brother, gray body Received in revised form 12 December 2015 celadon) of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 A.D.). In this study, Ge and Di ware shards excavated from Wayaoyang Accepted 12 December 2015 kiln site in Longquan were collected and studied. Chemical and crystallite composition, microstructure, body and Available online 19 December 2015 glaze thickness, firing temperature and glaze reflectance spectrum were observed and examined. Differences in Keywords: raw materials and manufacturing technology between Ge and Di ware were studied. Based on the results and Longquan Ge ware historical background, it was speculated that some Ge wares from Wayaoyang kiln site might be the test products Longquan Di ware of jade-like black body celadon for the imperial court. Combined analytical methods © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Comparative analysis Jade-like glaze 1. Introduction Di ware was manufactured over a longer period than Ge ware which was mainly produced during the Southern Song Dynasty Celadon is the earliest porcelain in China and has been deeply appre- (1127–1279 A.D.). Approximately 90% of shards found or excavated ciated by Chinese and foreign collectors for its simple but refined aesthet- in the Longquan kilns are Di wares whilst Ge wares have been found ically pleasing appearance. Longquan kiln is one of the most famous and to be fired together with Di wares in only small part of the kilns [6]. representative celadon kilns in China with up to sixteen hundred years Since the 1960s, significant research has been performed into the re- production history [1]. The plum green and light greenish-blue color production of top quality Longquan celadon investigating raw mate- glazes from this kiln are the most familiar and attractive products rials [7], manufacture procedures [8,9,10] and technology recovery representing highlights of artistic achievement in Chinese celadon [2]. [11,12]. Other papers related to provenance [13], chemical composi- Longquan is rich in mineral resources necessary for porcelain production, tion [14,15] and comparison with other celadon [16] have also been such as porcelain stone, purple clay and limestone. Its manufacturing published. However most of these studies were focused on Di wares, prowess reached its peak during the Song Dynasty and to date over five problems such as the origin, development and disappearance of Ge hundred kiln sites have already been found [1]. ware, similarity and difference between Ge and Di ware from the GewareandDiwarearethemostfamousLongquanproductswhich same provenance and period, still remained to be convincingly have been recorded in numerous ancient literature sources [3].Thetypi- answered. cal visual appearance features of Ge ware are a thin black body, thick jade- Since 2010, archaeologists have carried out large scale excavations in like glaze, light greenish-blue (regarded as the best quality color) glaze, Longquan. In Wayaoyang kiln site, two kilns and a large quantity of black and yellow stained cracks on glaze, purple rim and dark circular celadon shards consisting of both Ge and Di wares have been found foot. Di ware features a gray or white body, preferably a plum green and (Fig. 2). Fired in the same kilns, these samples provide an excellent light greenish-blue glaze with few or no cracks on glaze. Fig. 1 shows opportunity to increase the understanding of Ge ware and for a compar- typical Ge ware [4] and Di ware [5] of Longquan. ative study between Ge and Di ware. In this paper, Ge and Di ware shards from Wayaoyang kiln site were ⁎ Corresponding author: 4 Jingshanqianjie, the Palace Museum, Beijing, China, 100009. analyzed using various analytical methods, the similarities and dif- E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Duan). ferences between them are summarized herein. Combined with the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.015 0026-265X/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. H. Duan et al. / Microchemical Journal 126 (2016) 274–279 275 Fig. 1. Typical Longquan Ge ware (left) and Di ware (right). Fig. 2. Two kilns and excavated shards of Wayaoyang kiln site. historical background, the origin and products characteristics of Ge 2.2. Instruments and methods ware, and the factors which made Ge ware different from Di ware are discussed. Chemical composition was measured with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer [17] (EDAX Eagle III XXL, United States). Glaze surface and cross section of the shards were taken for glaze and 2. Materials and methods body measurement, respectively. Before measurement, samples were ultrasonic cleaned with distilled water twice and then ethanol once. 2.1. Archaeological samples X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku D/max 2550PC, Japan) was employed to identify the crystalline phases in shard body and glaze. Powder samples Thirty-five Ge ware shards and thirty-six Di ware shards excavated were measured with Si plate sample holder to minimize the back- from Wayaoyang kiln site were provided by Zhejiang Provincial Cultural ground. Microstructure was observed using polarizing microscope Relics Archaeological Research Institute and the Museum of Longquan (Leica DM4000M, Germany) and field emission scan electron micro- City. Archaeological evidence assigned these shards to the Southern scope (Hitachi S4800, Japan). FESEM samples were obtained by etching Song Dynasty. The description of these samples is presented in polished cross sections of glazes in 1% HF solution for 10 s. Shards sur- Table 1. face and cross section were placed under microscopes (Leica MZ16A, Table 1 Appearance and description of the samples. Sample Vessel shape Glaze Body Translucent, jade-like; thick glaze; light greenish-blue, Black, gray, dark gray color; thin body; Ge ware shards Vase, plate, bowl, dish, Xi, jar gray green color; many cracks on surface middle fine, porous Di ware shards Ewer, vase, jar, cup, burner, Less translucent and more vitreous; plum green, light greenish-blue, Gray, gray white, white color; fine dish, Xi, bowl, box gray green color; few or no cracks on surface Table 2 Chemical composition of bodies and glazes (wt%). Sample Results Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 Ge ware body Mean 0.45 0.84 28.46 60.74 4.35 0.19 0.30 0.03 3.65 Standard deviation 0.13 0.11 2.06 2.10 0.35 0.10 0.13 0.01 0.42 Standard error 0.02 0.02 0.35 0.35 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.07 Di ware body Mean 0.49 0.43 18.81 73.41 3.27 0.10 0.28 0.03 2.17 Standard deviation 0.14 0.08 1.14 1.40 0.29 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.21 Standard error 0.02 0.01 0.19 0.23 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 Ge ware glaze Mean 0.46 1.16 12.97 70.23 4.09 9.11 0.06 0.09 0.83 Standard deviation 0.17 0.38 0.80 2.01 0.51 1.66 0.01 0.03 0.21 Standard error 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.34 0.09 0.28 0.00 0.01 0.03 Di ware glaze Mean 0.60 0.94 13.01 70.90 4.00 8.10 0.09 0.10 1.26 Standard deviation 0.27 0.29 0.84 1.69 0.67 1.91 0.03 0.04 0.29 Standard error 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.28 0.11 0.32 0.00 0.01 0.05 276 H. Duan et al. / Microchemical Journal 126 (2016) 274–279 Fig. 3. Factor analysis based on body chemical composition. Fig. 5. Factor analysis based on glaze chemical composition. fl Germany) for micromorphology observation. Re ectance curve of glaze F2 ¼ 0:864TiO2 þ 0:673CaO þ 0:573MnO was obtained by integrating sphere spectrophotometer (X-Rite SP60, United States). Firing temperature of body was examined by dilatome- As shown in Fig. 4, the main crystalline phases present in Ge and Di ter (NETZSCH DIL 402C, Germany). Glaze maturing range was estimated ware bodies were quartz and mullite. The mullite content is similar in according to the temperature interval between HP (hemisphere point) both samples while the quartz content is significantly different. Ge fl and FP ( owing point) measured by high temperature microscope ware bodies contain relatively less quartz, which is consistent with silica (GX-III, China). content results in Table 2. When observed under microscope, heteroge- neous size quartz crystallites can be clearly seen in both Ge and Di ware 3. Results and discussion bodies. There were some continuous large pores in Ge ware bodies, an indication of under-firing bodies [18] due to high alumina (28.46 wt%) 3.1. Comparative analysis content.