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UCL INSTITUTE OF /BSc MODULE (15 credit) MODULE HANDBOOK

ARCL 0065 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE 2020-21, Term 2

Coordinator: Dr Katherine (Karen) Wright E-mail: [email protected] Office 101 IoA. Telephone 020-7679-4715 Class Sessions: Tuesdays 4-6 pm, via Moodle – Blackboard Collaborate Office Hours: by email appointment

Lebanon

Israel

Note: information regarding teaching, learning and assessment in this module handbook endeavours to be as accurate as possible. However, in light of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the changeable nature of the situation and the possibility of updates in government guidance, there may need to be changes during the course of the . UCL will keep current students updated of any changes to teaching, learning and assessment on the Students’ webpages. This also includes Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) which may help you with any queries that you may have.

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MODULE OVERVIEW This course is an introduction to the archaeology of the Levant (modern-day Syria, , Jordan, /, northernmost Arabia, the , Sinai & the Hatay-Gaziantep of southern ). The temporal scope is early prehistory to the end of the (333 BC). Topics include initial , Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer societies, human ecology & the emergence of agrarian societies & villages in the aceramic Neolithic; technological change, craft specialization & the emergence of ceramic Neolithic & cultures; the evolution of complex societies in the fourth & third millennia BCE; (Early Age); the growth of Canaanite & Amorite & urban cultures in the early second BCE (Middle ); relations of the Late Bronze Age Levant with the of New Kingdom , & the ; the Late Bronze Age “collapse;” the emergence of Iron Age states, kingdoms & tribal polities after 1200 BCE (, , Israel, , , , , Arabia, , the Neo-Hittites); & the impact of the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian & Persian empires. Major themes are social-cultural diversity, long-term cycles of culture change, regional interactions & the impact of on present-day societies. The approach is multi-disciplinary, drawing on history, anthropology, human ecology, materials science & archaeology.

AIMS The aims of this course are: (1) to teach the present state of knowledge about societies of the Levant from prehistory to the end of the Iron Age; topics include civilizations of the Canaanites, Phoenicia, Philistia, Israel, Judah, Aram, the Neo-Hittites, Ammon, Moab, Edom & Arabia; (2) to present recent archaeological & historical research on these periods; (3) to explore the growth & collapse of empires, international exchange & interaction, ethnicity, writing systems, cultures. OBJECTIVES On successful completion of this course a student should: have a command of issues, debates & evidence on the archaeology & history of the Levant; be able to evaluate the validity of theories, methods & quality of evidence; & appreciate the effects of modern social & political frames of reference on interpreting this region. LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate: an understanding & critical awareness of interpretations, analytical methods & quality of evidence in research on the Levant; written skills in analysis & presentation; & an ability to apply appropriate analytical methods to research for 2 essays.

COMMUNICATIONS: communication is via email; address is [email protected] TEACHING METHODS: This module is taught in lectures and discussions. There are no pre- requisites. If you have questions, contact the Module Coordinator, at: [email protected]. WORKLOAD: 20 hours class ; 80-100 hours reading (4-5 hours per session); about 50 hours for preparing assessed work. Total: approximately 150 hours. PRE-REQUISITES: None. ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required in order to pass the module. ASSESSMENT. This course is assessed by two essays (2000 words each). Each essay contributes 50% to the final mark. For instructions on coursework submission, referencing guidelines, marking criteria, as well as policies on penalties for late submission, please refer to the Institute of Archaeology Student Handbook: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students/ioa-student-handbook and the Institute of Archaeology Study Skills Guide: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students/ioa-study-skills-guide Please remember that you must submit all assessments to complete and pass this module.

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SCHEDULE Tuesdays 4-6 pm via Blackboard

12 January 2021 Session 1 Geography, History of Research; Human Evolution, Lower and Middle Palaeolithic

19 January The - Transition: Session 2 Late Palaeolithic, the Natufian, Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, Domestication

26 January Early Agrarian Societies: Session 3 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, Late Neolithic, Early Chalcolithic

2 February The BCE: Session 4 The Early Bronze Age

9 February The Late 3rd and Early 2nd Millennia BCE: Session 5 The Early Bronze Age Collapse and the Middle Bronze Age

15-19 February READING WEEK

23 February The Late BCE: Session 6 The Late Bronze Age

2 March The : the Levant and the Mediterranean Session 7 The LBA collapse; Philistia. Phoenicia,

9 March The 1st Millennium in Syria and : Session 8 Neo-Hittite and Aramaean states; Ammon, Moab, Edom, Arabia

16 March The 1st Millennium: Israel and Judah Session 9

23 March Discussion: Empires, Aftermath, Interpretation Session 10 The Levant in Wider Perspective

ASSESSMENT DUE DATES:

Assessment 1: due 16 February 2021 Assessment 2: due 13 April 2021

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READINGS: GENERAL WORKS AND GUIDELINES This section presents a list of general works, but see specific suggestions for each session. An asterisk* indicates an especially useful source, but there is an element of choice in reading; it is NOT required to read all works with an asterisk. It is suggested that students read for 4-5 hours for each session. All Recommended Readings in this handbook are online or on Moodle. Note: this handbook is the official online reading list. Links shown are to UCL Explore. NOTE: it is assumed that essays will be based entirely on readings available online. For additional sources, see the Handbook Appendix (for further reading).

CORE TEXTS *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972

*Enzel, Y. and Bar-Yosef, O. (eds) 2017. Quaternary of the Levant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core//quaternary-of-the- levant/8C0D9FE766BFCBB767589AC45F036943 ______Other General Works (not all of these are available online) The Levant *Altaweel, M., and Squitieri, A. 2018. Revolutionizing a World. London: UCL. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4td4 Akkermans, P. & Schwartz, G. & 2002. The Archaeology of Syria. Cambridge. DBD 100 AKK (NOL) Clarke, J. (ed) 2005. Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission & Transformation of Culture in the . Oxford: Oxbow. https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-2089- 1/dissemination/pdf/Archaeological_Perspectives/Archaeological_Perspectives_on_Transmission_of_Culture.p df Doumet-Serhal, C.(ed) 2005. Decade. A Decade of Archaeological Research in Lebanon. . DBD100 Qto DOU *Greenberg, R. 2019. The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/archaeology-of-the-bronze-age- levant/E2411949EC5789975E8910FBD0711EF8 Klengel, H. 1991. Syria: 3000-300 BC: A Political History. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. DBD 100 KLE (texts) Knapp, A. B. 2013. The Archaeology of Cyprus. New York: Cambridge University Press. Levy, T. (ed) 1995. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Leicester: Leicester Univ. DBE 100 LEV MacDonald, B., et al. (eds) 2001. The Archaeology of Jordan. Sheffield: Univ. of Sheffield. DBE 100 MAC Yasur-Landau, A., Cline, E. , Rowan, Y. (eds) 2018. The Social Archaeology of the Levant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (E- ON ORDER) https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/social- archaeology-of-the-levant/438EA13D88D5A648E6E5999B39493E03

Adjacent Bard, K. A. 2015. An Introduction to the Archaeology of . (2nd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell. https://r2.vlereader.com/Reader?ean=9781118896037 Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle . London: Thames & Hudson. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucl/detail.action?docID=5878098 During, B. 2011 The Prehistory of Minor. Cambridge: CUP https://www-cambridge- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/prehistory-of-asia-minor/502C661873B354FA0C156FA42644E422 Kuhrt, A. 1995. The Ancient , c. 3000-330 BC. London: UCL Press. DBA 100 KUH Orthmann, W. (ed) 2005. The History & Archaeology of Syria. Saarbrucken. Pollock, S. 1999. Ancient : the Eden that Never Was. Cambridge: CUP. DBB 100 POL *Potts, D. (ed) 2012. A Companion to the Archaeology of the . Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/book/10.1002/9781444360790 Sagona, A. and Zimansky, P. 2009. Ancient Turkey. Routledge, London. https://www-taylorfrancis- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/books/ancient-turkey-antonio-sagona-paul-zimansky/10.4324/9780203880463 Steadman, S. & McMahon, G. (eds) 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient . Oxford: OUP.https://www- oxfordhandbooks-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001/oxfordhb- 9780195376142 Steadman, S. & McMahon, G. (eds) 2015-19. Archaeology of Anatolia I-III. Cambridge: CUP. DBC 100 STE Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Cambridge: CUP.

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READINGS: GENERAL WORKS AND GUIDELINES, continued

Encyclopedias: Texts, Sites, Topics Meyers, E. et al. (eds) 1996. Oxford Encyclopedia of . Oxford. DBE 100 Qto (sites) Pritchard, J. 1967. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. REFERENCE DBA 600 QTO (texts) Sasson, J. (ed) 1995. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribners. DBA 100 SAS (topics, sites) Stern, E. (ed) 1993. New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. . (sites; south Levant)

Levantine Material Culture Amiran, R. 1969. Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Massada Press. DBE 300 AMI Sparks, R., 2007. Stone Vessels in the Levant. Leeds: Maney. Shea, J. 2013. Stone Tools in the Palaeolithic & Neolithic Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ______

SELECTED WEBSITES

The Israel Museum https://www.imj.org.il/en/ Overview: https://www.imj.org.il/en/wings/archaeology/archaeology-land-israel Prehistoric Periods: https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections?departmente=986326 Chalcolithic and Canaanite Periods: https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections?departmente=986311 Israelite and Persian Periods: https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections?departmente=986321

The Jordan Museum https://www.jordanmuseum.jo/en Overview: https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/jordan//museums/jordan-museum/photos/building-3

American University Beirut https://www.aub.edu.lb/museum_archeo/Pages/default.aspx Overview: https://www.aub.edu.lb/museum_archeo/Pages/MuseumCollections.aspx Beirut National Museum http://museebeyrouth-liban.org/en

National Museums of Syria http://dgam.gov.sy/ Overview: http://www.unesco.org/culture/museum-for-dialogue/periods.php?lang=en Syrian Digital Library of Tablets https://cdli.ucla.edu/collections/syria/damascus_en.html@section=3.html

The https://www.louvre.fr/en/departments/near-eastern-antiquities Highlights: https://www.louvre.fr/en/departments/near-eastern-antiquities/highlights#tabs

The https://www.britishmuseum.org/our-work/departments/middle-east https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/ Ancient Levant https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/ancient-levant Ancient Cyprus https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/ancient-cyprus of Lachish https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/assyria-lion-hunts Mesopotamia early https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/mesopotamia Mesopotamia late https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/mesopotamia-1500-539-bc Egypt 1 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/early-egypt Egypt 2 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/egyptian-sculpture Anatolia https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/anatolia-and-urartu-7000-300-bc Greece https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/greece-minoans-and-mycenaeans

Pergamon Museum https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/pergamonmuseum/home/

Oriental Institute Chicago https://oi.uchicago.edu/ Megiddo Gallery: https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/megiddo-gallery

UCL Petrie Museum see UCL website UCL Petrie Collection see UCL IoA Website

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SESSION 1 GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY OF RESEARCH, HUMAN EVOLUTION

Geography, nomad-sedentary interaction, history of research; human evolution (Lower-Middle Palaeolithic).

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

*Killebrew, A. & Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 - Suriano, M. 2013. Historical geography of the Ancient Levant. - Gzella, H. 2013. Peoples & languages of the Levant in the Bronze-Iron Ages. - Davis, T. 2013. History of Research.

Nomad-Sedentary Interaction, Ethnoarchaeology, Site formation Bradburd, D. 1997. Nomads and their partners. American Ethnologist 24 (4): 895-909. https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/646814?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents Kamp, K. 2000. From village to tell. Near Eastern Archaeology 63: 84-93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210745 *Rowton, M. 1974. Enclosed nomadism. Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 17: 1-30. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596248

History of Research (discussed further in Session 10) Bernal, M. 1987. Black : the Afroasiatic Roots of Classical . New Brunswick. (not online) Bernal, M. , Bikai, P., Morris, S. et al. 1990. The Black Athena debate. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3. https://journals-equinoxpub-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/JMA/article/view/29838/pdf Finkelstein, I. 2005. Archaeology, the , & the history of the Levant in the Iron Age. In: Pollock, S. & Bernbeck, R. (eds) Archaeologies of the . Oxford: Blackwell, 207-222. (Moodle) Merton, R. 1973. The perspectives of insiders and outsiders. In Storer, N. (ed), The Sociology of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 99-136. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2776569 Moorey, P. 1991. A Century of Biblical Archaeology. Cambridge: Lutterworth. AG MOO. (Excerpt-Moodle) Pollock, S. & Bernbeck, R. 2007. The political economy of archaeological practice and the production of heritage in the Middle East. In: Meskell, L. and Preucel, R. (eds) A Companion to Social Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell, 335-352. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1002/9780470693605.ch14 https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470693605.ch14 Said, E. 2003 (1978). Orientalism. London: Routledge. ANTHRO D6 SAI (excerpts Moodle). Ch. 3, Section 1: “Latent and Manifest Orientalism,” esp. pp. 206-207 Ch. 1. Section 4: “Crisis”, esp. p. 99 (excavations); Silberman, N.A. 1995. Power, politics & the past. In: Levy, T. (ed) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Leicester, 9-23. DBE 100 LEV. (Moodle) Yahya, A. 2005. Archaeology and nationalism in the Holy Land. In: Pollock, S. & Bernbeck, R. (eds) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell, 66-77. (Moodle)

The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic Sharon, G. 2017. The Acheulian of the Levant. In: Enzel, Y. and Bar-Yosef, O. (eds) Quaternary of the Levant, 539-547. Cambridge: CUP. https://www-cambridge- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/quaternary-of-the-levant/8C0D9FE766BFCBB767589AC45F036943 *Sankararaman, S. et al. 2012. The date of interbreeding between Neandertals & modern humans. Plos Genet 8 (10): 1-9. (comments on Skhul, Qafzeh) https://search.proquest.com/docview/1313552758/ *Shea, J. 2003. The Middle Palaeolithic of the Eastern Mediterranean & the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 17: 313-394. (esp. Skhul, Qafzeh) https://www.jstor.org/stable/25801210 *Stringer, C. 2016. The origin & evolution of Homo sapiens. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B 371. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768987 (comments on Levant; Skhul; Qafzeh). Tillier, A. & Arensburg, B. 2017. Neanderthals & modern humans in the Levant. In Enzel & Bar-Yosef (eds)

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SESSION 2 THE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE TRANSITION

Late Palaeolithic, Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A: demography, hunter-gatherer territoriality, sedentism, early villages, domestication

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Overviews *Enzel, Y. and Bar-Yosef, O. (eds) 2017. Quaternary of the Levant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/quaternary-of-the- levant/8C0D9FE766BFCBB767589AC45F036943 Read chapters by these authors: - Nadel, Byrd & Garrard, Garrard, Maher; - Grosman and Munro; Ibanez et al.; Valla et al.

The Late Palaeolithic: Mobility, Territoriality, Demography Nadel, D. 2017. Ohalo II. In: Enzel and Bar-Yosef (eds), 291-294. (also: Garrard; Byrd & Garrard; Maher) *Stiner, M., Munro, N., Surovell, T. 2000. The tortoise and the hare. Current Anthropology 41 (1): 39-74. (main conclusions) https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/300102

Natufian *Byrd, B. 2005. Reassessing the emergence of villages in the Near East. Journal of Archaeoological Research 13(3): 231-290. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053222 *Edwards, P. et al. 2019. The natural inspiration for Natufian art. Cambridge Arch. Journal 29 (4): 607-624. https://www-proquest- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/2318630673?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511 *Grosman, L. & Munro, N. 2017. The . In: Enzel and Bar-Yosef (eds), 699-708. *Ibanez, J. et al. 2017. The Natufian period in Syria. In Enzel and Bar-Yosef (eds), 709-714. *Valla, F., et al. 2017. Eynan (Ain Mallaha). In Enzel and Bar-Yosef (eds).

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A *Asouti, E. & Fuller, D. 2013. A contextual approach to the emergence of agriculture. Current Anthropology 54: 299-345. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670679 Banning, E. B. 2011. So fair a house. Current Anthropology 52 (5): 619-660. (& comments at end) Bar-Yosef, O. 1986. The walls of . Current Anthropology 27: 157-162. *Dietrich, O. et al. 2012. The role of cult & feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities: new evidence from Göbeklitepe. Antiquity 86 (333): 674-695. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1222226358/fulltextPDF/B50319CAD4B64545PQ/8?accountid=14 511 *Kuijt, I. & Finlayson, B. 2009. Evidence for food storage and predomestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 106(27): 1066-1070. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40483731 Kuijt, I. & Goodale, N. 2009. Daily practice & organization of space at the dawn of agriculture. Amer. Antiq. 74: 403-422. *Stordeur, D. 2000. New discoveries in architecture & symbolism at Jerf -Ahmar. Neo-Lithics 2000 (1): 1-4. https://www.exoriente.org/repository/NEO-LITHICS/NEO-LITHICS_2000_1.pdf

Domestication: Evidence *Fuller, D., et al. 2011. Cultivation & domestication had multiple origins. World Archaeology 43(4): 628-652. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23210488 *Vigne, F., et al. 2017. The beginning of animal domestication and husbandry in SW Asia. In Enzel and O. Bar-Yosef (eds) https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/quaternary-of-the- levant/8C0D9FE766BFCBB767589AC45F036943 Zeder, M. 2011. The origins of agriculture in the Near East. Current Anthropology 52 (S4): 221-235. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/659307

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Domestication: Debates Bar-Yosef, O., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A. 2017. The collapse of foraging & origins of cultivation in . In Weiss, H. (ed), Megadrought and Collapse. Oxford: OUP, 93-159. https://oxford- universitypressscholarship-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.001.0001/oso- 9780199329199-chapter-2 Hayden, B. 2009. The proof is in the pudding. Current Anthropology 50(5): 597-601. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/605110 *Hodder, I. 2001. Symbolism & the origins of agriculture. In: Watkins, T. et al.: Reviews of The Birth of the and the Origins of Agriculture by J. Cauvin. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11: 107-112. https://www.proquest.com/docview/213964967?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511 Kuijt, I. 2009. What do we really know about food storage, surplus, & feasting in preagricultural communities? Current Anthropology 50(5): 641-44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/605082 *Zeder, M. & Smith, B. 2009. A conversation on agricultural origins. Current Anthropology 50 (5): 681-690. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/605553

The Spread of Agriculture Colledge, S., Conolly, J., Shennan, S. 2004. Archaeobotanical evidence for the spread of farming in the eastern Mediterranean. Current Anthropology 45 (S4): S35-S58. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/422086 *Peltenburg, E. et al. 2001. Agro-pastoralist colonization of Cyprus, 10th millennium BP. Antiquity 74: 844- 853. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X0006049X

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SESSION 3 EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES: PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC B, LATE NEOLITHIC, HALAF, UBAID,

The PPNB: agricultural villages, special sites, settlement systems, numbers and sizes of sites, demography, social organization, households, private property, corporate groups. Themes, media and purposes of PPNB art. Agricultural risk, exchange, interaction spheres,” collapse.” -goat and cattle domestications. The Late Neolithic; ceramic vessels, crafts. The complexity of Early Chalcolithic cultures (Ubaid and Ghassulian).

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Overviews (read all) *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 - Finlayson, B., et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Neolithic. (all) - Levy, T., et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Chalcolithic. (all)

Themes *Arbuckle, B. and Hammer, E. 2019. The rise of pastoralism in the ancient Near East. Journal of Archaeological Research 27: 391-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-018-9124-8 *Fall, P., Falconer, S., Lines, L. 2002. Agricultural intensification and the secondary products revolution along the Jordan Rift. Human Ecology 30 (4): 445-482. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4603445 *Gignoux, C., et al. 2011. Rapid, global demographic expansions after the origins of agriculture. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 108 (15): 6044-6049. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41126604 Honeychurch, W. & Makarewicz, C. 2016. The archaeology of pastoral nomadism. Annual Review of Anthropology 45: 341-359. https://www-annualreviews-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/10.1146/annurev- anthro-102215-095827 Sherratt, A. 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the . World Archaeology 15 (1): 90-104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/124640 Vigne, F., et al. 2017. The beginning of animal domestication and husbandry in Southwest Asia. In Y. Enzel and O. Bar-Yosef (eds) Quaternary of the Levant, 753-760. Cambridge: CUP. *Watkins, T. et al. 2001. Reviews of The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture by J. Cauvin. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11: 107-112. https://www.proquest.com/docview/213964967?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511

The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Byrd, B. 1994. Public & private, domestic & corporate. American Antiquity 59 (4): 639-666. https://www.jstor.org/stable/282338 Croucher, K. 2012. Death and Dying in the Neolithic Near East. Oxford: OUP. (online) *Goren, Y., et al. 2008. The technology of skull modelling in the PPNB. J. Arch. Sci. 28(7): 671-690. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0573 Goring-Morris, A. N. & Horwitz, L. 2007. Funerals & feasts in the PPNB. Antiquity 81(314): 902-919. https://www-proquest- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/217569213/fulltextPDF/63EA01A75D56478FPQ/1?accountid=14511 Grissom, C. 2000. Neolithic statues from 'Ain Ghazal: form and construction. American Journal of Archaeology, 104(1): 25-45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/506791 Israel Museum: https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections?departmente=986326 (Nahal Hemar) Jordan Museum: https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/jordan/amman/museums/jordan- museum/photos/ain-ghazal-1 (Ain Ghazal statues) Kuijt, I. & Goring-Morris, N. 2002. Foraging, farming & social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Southern Levant. Journal World Prehistory 16: 361-440. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25801196 *Kuijt, I. et al. 2011. The changing Neolithic household. Journ. of Anth. Arch. 30: 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2011.07.001 Rollefson, G. et al. 1992. Neolithic cultures at 'Ain Ghazal. Journal Field Archaeology 19(1): 443-470.

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*Tubb, K. & Grissom, C. 1995. 'Ayn Ghazal: a comparative study of the 1983 & 1985 statuary caches. In K. ‘Amr, et al. (eds) Studies in the History & Archaeology of Jordan V: 437-448. Amman. DBE 100 STU http://publication.doa.gov.jo/uploads/publications/129/SHAJ_5-437-447.pdf Verhoeven, M. 2002. Ritual and ideology in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Levant and southeast Anatolia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12 (2): 233-258. https://www.proquest.com/docview/213968706?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511 Wright, K. 2000. The social origins of cooking & dining in early villages of western Asia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66 (1): 89-121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X0000178X

Late Neolithic = Pottery Neolithic *Ben-Shlomo, D. and Garfinkel, Y. 2009. Sha'ar Hagolan and new insights on Near Eastern proto-historic urban concepts. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28 (2): 189-209. https://doi- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2009.00324.x *Nieuwenhuyse, O. et al. 2010. Not so coarse, nor always plain: the earliest pottery of Syria. Antiquity 84 (323): 71 – 85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00099774 Tsuneki, A. 2011. A glimpse of human life from the Neolithic cemetery at Tell el Kerkh. Documenta Praehistorica 38: 83-98. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.38.7 Wright, K. et al. 2008. Stone bead technologies & early craft specialization. Levant 40 (2): 131-165. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1179/175638008X348016

Northern Levant: Halaf and Ubaid Periods *Akkermans, P. & Duistermaat, K. 1996. Of storage & nomads. Paleorient, 22 (2): 17-32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492664 Artin, G. 2013. Northern Levant in the Chalcolithic: Lebanese–Syrian Coast. In: Killebrew & Steiner (eds). Brereton, G. 2013. Cultures of infancy and capital accumulation in pre-urban Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 45 (2): 232-251. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1080/00438243.2013.799042 Peltenburg, E. 2013. Northern Levant in the Chalcolithic: Syria. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Stein, G. & Özbal, R. 2007. A tale of two oikumenai. In Stone, E. (ed) Settlement & Society. Los Angeles: UCLA, 329-342. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9267m3s7

Southern Levant: Ghassulian *Drabsch, B. & Bourke, S. 2014. Ritual, art & society in the Levantine Chalcolithic. Antiquity 88 (342): 1081- 98. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/ritual-art-and- society-in-the-levantine-chalcolithic-the-processional-wall-painting-from-teleilat- ghassul/B87E5F89C056A9C20CDF5AE1785C26AC Kafafi, Z. 2013. Southern Levant (Transjordan) in the Chalcolithic Period. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Rowan, Y. & Golden, J. 2009. The Chalcolithic period of the southern Levant. Journ. World Prehistory 22: 1-92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25801263 The Israel Museum: https://www.imj.org.il/en/periodoryear/chalcolithic-period-4500-3500-bce?page=2 : https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/jordan/amman/museums/jordan- museum/photos/building-3 (scroll to Ghazzulian finds) *Tadmor, M., et al. 1995. The Nahal Mishmar copper hoard. Atiqot 27: 95-148.

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SESSION 4 THE 3rd MILLENNIUM BCE: THE EARLY BRONZE AGE

Issues: what stimulated the and Egyptian expansions (3500-3000 BC) and what were the consequences? How different were the north and south in the 3rd millennium?

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Overviews *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 Read the following: Greenberg, R., et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Early and Intermediate Bronze Ages. (all)

Themes Anthony, D., and Brown, D. 2011. The secondary products revolution, horse-riding, and mounted warfare. Journal of World Prehistory 24: 131–160. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41289965 *Arbuckle, B. and Hammer, E. 2019. The rise of pastoralism in the ancient Near East. Journal of Archaeological Research 27: 391-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-018-9124-8 De Barros Damgard, P. et al. 2018. The first horse herders and the impact of Early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 360 (6396) (1422): eaar7711. DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7711 https://science-sciencemag-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/360/6396/eaar7711 Emberling, G. 1997. Ethnicity in complex societies: archaeological perspectives. Journal of Archaeological Research 5: 295-344. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053148 Falconer, S. & Savage, S. 1995. Heartlands & hinterlands: alternative trajectories of early urbanization in Mesopotamia & the southern Levant. American Antiquity 60 (1): 37-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/282075 https://www.jstor.org/stable/282075 Fall, P., Falconer, S., Lines, L. 2002. Agricultural intensification and the secondary products revolution along the Jordan Rift. Human Ecology 30 (4): 445-482. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4603445 *Joffe, A.H. 2000. Egypt & Syro-Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium. Current Anthropology 41: 113-123. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/300110 Kamp, K. 2000. From village to tell. Near Eastern Archaeology 63: 84-93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210745 Kimura, B. et al. 2013. domestication. African Archaeological Review 30 (1): 83-95. https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/42641811?seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contents *Kitchen, A., et al. 2009. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1668): 2703–2710. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. Sherratt, A. 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World. World Archaeology 15 (1): 90-104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/124640 Smith, A. 2011. Archaeologies of sovereignty. Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 415-32. (theory) https://www.jstor.org/stable/41287741 *Weiss, H. et al. 1993. The genesis & collapse of 3rd millennium north Mesopotamian civilization. Science 261:995-1004. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2881847 Wilkinson, T.C. 2014. The Early Transcaucasian phenomenon in structural-systemic perspective: cuisine, craft and economy. Paléorient 40 (2): 203-229. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43855842 *Wilkinson, T.J., et al. 2014. Contextualizing early urbanization. Journal of World Prehistory 27 (1): 43-108. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24766148

The Northern Levant in the Late 4th Millennium BC and the Uruk Expansion Algaze, G. 1993. Expansionary dynamics of early pristine states. American Anthropologist 95: 304-333. https://www.jstor.org/stable/679843 (focus on Mesopotamia and Egypt) Lawrence, B. & Wilkinson, T. 2015. Hubs & upstarts. Antiquity 89 (344): 328-344. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.44

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*McMahon, A. et al. 2011. Late Chalcolithic mass graves at . Journ.of Field Arch. 36(3): 201-220. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24407987 Oates, J., et al. 2007. Early Mesopotamian urbanism: a new view from the north. Antiquity 81: 585–600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00095600 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743343 *Stein, G. & Wattenmaker, P. 1990. On the Uruk expansion. Current Anthropology 31 (1): 66-69.

The Northern Levant in the 3rd Millennium BC *Cooper, L. 2013. The Northern Levant (Syria) during the Early Bronze Age. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Genz, H. 2013. The Northern Levant (Lebanon) during the Early Bronze Age. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Espinal, A., 2002. The role of the of Baalat Gebal as intermediary between Egypt & during the Old Kingdom. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 30: 103-119. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152861 *Matthiae, P. et al. 2020. : Archaeology and History. London: Routledge. Chapters 1-8. https://www-taylorfrancis-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/books/ebla-paolo-matthiae-richard-bates-mattia-bilardello- anita-weston/10.4324/9781315724607 Matthiae, P. (ed) Ebla: official website. http://www.ebla.it/eindex.html (3rd millennium finds) Weiss, H. (ed) 2019. : official website. https://leilan.yale.edu (4th-3rd millennia remains)

The Southern Levant in the Late 4th Millennium BC and the Egyptian Expansion *Adams, M., Finkelstein, I. and Ussishkin, D. 2014. The Great Temple of Early Bronze I Megiddo. American Journal of Archaeology 118 (2): 285-305. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.118.2.0285 https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.118.2.0285 Andelkovic, B. 2012. Hegemony for beginners. Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 7 (3): 789-808. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v7i3.9 Greenberg, R. 2019. The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 2. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/archaeology-of-the-bronze-age- levant/E2411949EC5789975E8910FBD0711EF8 *Miroschedji, P. d. & Sadeq, M. 2005. The frontier in the EBA: preliminary soundings at Tell al-Sakan. In J. Clarke (ed) Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission & Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow, 155-169. https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-2089- 1/dissemination/pdf/Archaeological_Perspectives/Archaeological_Perspectives_on_Transmission_of_C ulture.pdf *Stevenson, A. 2016. The Egyptian predynastic and state formation. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421- 468. https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/44983878?seq=10#metadata_info_tab_contents

The Southern Levant in the 3rd Millennium BC *Adams, M. 2017. The Egyptianized pottery cache from Megiddo’s Area J: a foundation deposit for Temple 4040. 44(2): 141-164. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1080/03344355.2017.1357272 *Finkelstein, I. 1991. Early Arad: urbanism of the nomads. Zeitschrift für Deutsche Palästina Vereins 106: 34-50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27931383 Finkelstein, I. & Gophna, R. 1993. Settlement, demographic & economic patterns in the highlands of Palestine in the Chalcolithic & Early Bronze periods & the beginning of urbanism. BASOR 289: 1-22. https://www-journals-uchicago-edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.2307/1357359 *Greenberg, R. et al. 2018. The circles building granary at Tel Bet Yerah (Khirbet el-Kerak): a new synthesis. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 378: 163-202. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.378.0163 *Greenberg, R. 2019. The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 3. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/archaeology-of-the-bronze-age- levant/E2411949EC5789975E8910FBD0711EF8 Harrison, T. 1997. Shifting patterns of settlement in the highlands of central Jordan in the EBA. . American Sch. of Oriental Research 306: 1-38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357546 Levy, T. et al. 2002. Early Bronze Age metallurgy: a newly discovered copper manufactory in southern Jordan. Antiquity 76: 425-437. *Miroschedji, P. de 2013. The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) during the EBA. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds).

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SESSION 5 LATE 3rd – EARLY 2nd MILLENNIA BCE: THE EARLY BRONZE COLLAPSE AND THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

Issues: what triggered the EBA collapse? How did MBA states emerge from the fragmented social landscape of the late 3rd millennium? What role did nomadization and sedentarization play in this process? What was Egypt’s relationship with Byblos? What evidence links the to the Levant? Who were the and why did Levantine rulers have Amorite names? What do burials and fortifications tell us about war?

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

The EB III ‘collapse’ and the EB IV Period *Greenberg, R. 2019. The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. Cambridge: CUP. Chapter 4. https://www- cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/archaeology-of-the-bronze-age- levant/E2411949EC5789975E8910FBD0711EF8 *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 - Prag, K. 2013. The Southern Levant during the Intermediate Bronze Age. - Weiss, H. 2013. The northern Levant during the Intermediate Bronze Age. Rosen, A, 1995. The social response to environmental change in EBA . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 26-44. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaar.1995.1002 *Weiss, H. 2017. The 4.2ka megadrought and the Akkadian collapse. In Weiss, H. (ed), Megadrought and Collapse. Oxford: OUP, 93-159. https://oxford-universitypressscholarship- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.001.0001/oso-9780199329199-chapter-4 Weiss, H. & Bradley, R. 2001. What drives societal collapse? Science 291(5504): 609-610. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3082228

The Middle Bronze Age: Overviews *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 - Bourke, A., et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Middle Bronze Age. (all) Pritchard, J. 1967. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Mari Letters; ; Hyksos expulsion (Moodle)

The MBA in the Northern Levant Charaf, H. 2013. The Northern Levant (Lebanon) during the MBA. In: Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds). *Matthiae, P. et al. 2020. Ebla: Archaeology and History. London: Routledge. Chapters 9-13. https://www- taylorfrancis-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/books/ebla-paolo-matthiae-richard-bates-mattia-bilardello-anita- weston/10.4324/9781315724607 Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2013. The Northern Levant (Syria) during the MBA. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Pfälzner, P. 2014. Royal funerary practices and inter-regional contacts in the Middle Bronze Age Levant: new evidence from . In: Pfälzner, P. et al. (eds), Contextualizing Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 141-156. (Moodle) *Ristvet, L. 2008. Legal & archaeological territories of the second millennium BC in northern Mesopotamia. Antiquity 82 (317): 585-599. https://www-cambridge- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/legal-and-archaeological-territories-of-the- second-millennium-bc-in-northern-mesopotamia/49BB4F508C7D9427B41B097662DE38F3 Rowton, M. 1974. Enclosed nomadism. Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 17: 1-30. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596248 Sader, H. 2015, Intertwined history: Lebanon's role in the transmission of Egyptian culture to inland Syria in the MBA. In: Pfälzner, P. & Maqdissi, M. (eds), Qatna & the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 117-126. (Moodle) *Weiss, H. 1985. Tell Leilan on the Habur plains of Syria. Biblical Archaeologist, 48(1): 5-34. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209945 13

*Weiss, H., et al. 1990. The 1985 excavations at Tell Leilan. American Journal of Archaeology 94(4):529-581. https://www.jstor.org/stable/505120 Yener, K. 2007. The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age kingdoms and . Anatolian Studies 57: 151–60. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455400

The MBA in the Southern Levant Bietak, M. 1991. Egypt & Canaan during the MBA. Bulletin American Sch. of Oriental Research 281:27-72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357163 *Bietak, M. 2009. From where came the Hyksos and where did they go? In M. Marée (ed), The Second Intermediate Period (13th-17th Dynasties). Leuven: Peeters, 139-181. (Moodle) Bourke, S. 2013. The Southern Levant (Transjordan) during the MBA. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds), Cohen, S. L. 2009. Cores, peripheries and ports of power. In: Schloen, J.D. (ed), Exploring the Longue Durée: 69-76. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. DBE 100 SCH (Moodle) Cohen, S. 2013. The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) during the MBA. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds), *Finkelstein, I. 1992. Middle Bronze Age 'fortifications.' Tel Aviv 19: 201-220. https://www-tandfonline-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1179/tav.1992.1992.2.201 Greenberg, R. 2019. The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. Cambridge: CUP. Chapter 5. https://www- cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/archaeology-of-the-bronze-age- levant/E2411949EC5789975E8910FBD0711EF8 Hallote, R. S. 2002. Real & ideal identities in MBA tombs. Near Eastern Archaeology 65 (2): 105-111. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210871 Mourad, A. 2020. Foreigners at Beni Hassan. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 384: 105-132. https://www-journals-uchicago-edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/toc/Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research/current

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SESSION 6 THE LATE 2nd MILLENNIUM BCE: THE LATE BRONZE AGE

How did empires acquire and maintain control of the Levant? What elements of Levantine cultures still had autonomy? Were the empires fragile? What strategies for negotiating regional power do archives reveal? How did trade change? The Levant experimented with alphabets. Which succeeded, and why?

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Overviews *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 - Sherratt, S., et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Late Bronze Age. (all sections) - Klengel, H. 2013. Anatolia (Hittites) and the Levant. - Mumford, D. 2013. Egypt and the Levant. Pritchard, J. (ed) 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton. Idrimi; ; ; Beth-Shan Stelae; Battle of ; Ugaritic texts. (excerpts on Moodle)

Themes *Anthony, D., and Brown, D. 2011. The secondary products revolution, horse-riding, and mounted warfare. Journal of World Prehistory 24: 131–160. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41289965 Artzy, M. 1994. Incense, camels and collared rim jars. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13(2): 121-147. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1994.tb00035.x Diffey, C., et al. 2020. The agroecology of an early state. Antiquity 94 (377): 1204-1223. Frank, A. et al. 1993. Bronze Age World System cycles. Current Anthropology 34(4):383-429. *Glatz, C. 2009. as network. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 28: 127-141. https://www- sciencedirect-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0278416508000561 *Higginbotham, C. 1996. Elite emulation & Egyptian governance in Ramesside Canaan. Tel Aviv 23 (2): 154- 169. https://www-tandfonline-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1179/tav.1996.1996.2.154 *Pfoh, E. 2019. Prestige & authority in the Southern Levant during the Amarna Age. In: Maeir, A. et al. (eds) The Late Bronze & Early Iron Ages of Southern Canaan. Berlin: de Gruyter, 247-261. https://www- degruyter-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/book/9783110628371/10.1515/9783110628371-013.xml Sinopoli, C. 1994. The archaeology of empires. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:159-180. (theory) https://www.jstor.org/stable/2156010

The Southern Levant *Bonfil, R., and Zarzecki-Peleg, A. 2007. The in the upper city of Hazor as an expression of a Syrian architectural paradigm. Bull. Amer. Sch. Or. Research 348, 25-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067036 *Fischer, P. 2013. The Southern Levant (Transjordan) during the LBA. In: Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds), *Goren, Y. et al. 2002. Petrographic examination of Amarna tablets. Near Eastern Archaeology, 65:196-205. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210884 Greenberg, R. 2019. The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. Cambridge: CUP. Chapter 6. https://www- cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/books/archaeology-of-the-bronze-age- levant/E2411949EC5789975E8910FBD0711EF8 Martin, M. et al. 2020. Radiocarbon dating the LBA. BASOR 384: 211-240. https://www-journals-uchicago- edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1086/709576 *Mazar, A. 1997. 4000 of history at Tel Beth-Shean. Biblical Archaeologist 60 (2): 62-76. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210594 Mazar, A. and Davidovich, U. 2019. Canaanite Rehov. Bulletin Amer. Schools of Oriental Res. 381 (May): 163–191. https://www-journals-uchicago-edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1086/703205 Megiddo Expedition Official Website: https://megiddoexpedition.wordpress.com Megiddo: Oriental Institute Megiddo Gallery: https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/megiddo-gallery Panitz-Cohen, N. 2013. The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) during the LBA. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds)

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The Northern Levant Dassow, E. von 2005. Archives of Alalakh IV in archaeological context. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 338: 1-69. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066889 Heinz, M. & Kulemann-Ossen, S. 2013. The north Levant (Lebanon) in the LBA. Killebrew and Steiner (eds) Luciani, M. 2013. The northern Levant (Syria) during the LBA. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). Medill, K. 2019. The Idrimi statue inscription in its LBA scribal context. BASOR 382: 243-259. https://www- journals-uchicago-edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/toc/Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research /2019/382 *Pfälzner, P. 2004. The world of the living and the world of the dead. German Research 2-3/2004: 16-20. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/epdf/10.1002/germ.200490013 *Pfälzner, P. 2012, How did they bury the kings of Qatna? In: Pfalzner, P. et al. (eds) Reconstructing Funerary Rituals in the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 205-220. (Moodle) Qatna Project Official Website. http://www.qatna.org/en-index.html LBA Royal Palace *Yon, M. et al. 2000. . Near Eastern Archaeology 63 (4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210775

Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean Feldman, M. 2018. The ancient Near East and the Bronze Age Aegean. In: Gunter, A. (ed), A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Art. Hoboken: Wiley, 565-583. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118336779.ch23 *Goren, Y. 2003. The location of Alashiya. American Journal of Archaeology 107: 233-255. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40026076 Grave, P., et al. 2014. Ceramics, trade, provenience & geology: Cyprus in the LBA. Antiquity 88: 1180-1200. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/ceramics-trade- provenience-and-geology-cyprus-in-the-late-bronze-age/C47408607BF7764ACF041899093EE702 Kristiansen, K. and Suchowska-Ducke, P. 2015. Connected . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81: 361–92. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/proceedings-of-the- prehistoric-society/article/connected-histories-the-dynamics-of-bronze-age-interaction-and-trade- 15001100-bc/46BCCABC4C8D05B5D5846D891D51F92D Pulak, C. 1994. The Uluburun shipwreck. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27 (3): 11-224. https://www-sciencedirect-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S1057241498800319 Steel, L. 2013. Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age. In: Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds)

Alphabets Boyes, P. 2019. Negotiating and resistance in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: the rise of alphabetic cuneiform. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29 (2): 185–99. https://www-cambridge- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/negotiating-imperialism- and-resistance-in-late-bronze-age-ugarit-the-rise-of-alphabetic- cuneiform/5DE04581682E949D85A2B7FA6A13BCA9 Darnell, J., et al. 2005. Two early alphabetic inscriptions from the Wadi el Hol. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 59: 63-124. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3768583 Hawley, R., Pardee, D., and Roche-Hawley, C. 2015. The scribal culture of Ugarit. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 2 (2): 229–267. https://search-proquest- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/1814999574?pq-origsite=primo *Rollston, C. 2020. The emergence of alphabetic scripts. In: Hasselbach‐Andee, R. (ed) A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages. New York: Wiley, 65–81. 10.1002/9781119193814.ch4 Sass, B., et al. 2015. The Lachish jar sherd. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 374: 233- 345. https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.374.0233 Schniedewind, W. 2019. The alphabetic scribe of the Lachish jar inscription and the hieratic tradition in the early Iron Age. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 383: 137–140. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1086/707391 Wilson-Wright, A. 2020. Beloved of the lady are those who … Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 384: 133-158. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1086/709746

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SESSION 7 THE 1ST MILLENNIUM: THE LEVANT AND THE MEDITERRANEAN OVERVIEW OF THE IRON AGE, THE LBA COLLAPSE, PHILISTIA, PHOENICIA

What caused the LBA collapse? Who were the , the , the Phoenicians? Are these terms problematic? How do they illustrate problems of identifying ethnicity and migration? How have other cultures interpreted them? Why did Phoenicians colonize the Mediterranean? How did the alphabet spread?

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Overviews *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 -Killebrew, A. et al. The archaeological record: the Iron Age I. -Killebrew (Introduction), Sader (north Levant), Gilboa (Cisjordan), Iacovou (Cyprus) -Steiner, M., et al. The archaeological record: the Iron Age II. -Steiner (Introduction), Ben-Schlomo (Philistia), Aubet (Phoenicia). -Schneider, T. 2013. Mesopotamia (Assyrians & Babylonians) & the Levant. Pritchard, J. (ed) 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton. DBA 600 Qto. War Against the Sea Peoples; Journey of Wen-Amon; Ahiram of Byblos; of ; Eshmunazar of Sidon (Moodle – excerpts)

Themes Ben-Yosef, Erez. 2019. Archaeological science brightens Mediterranean Dark Age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (13): 5843–45. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901885116 *Fletcher, R. 2012. Opening the Mediterranean: , the Levant and the transformation of early Iron Age trade. Antiquity 86 (331): 211-220. https://www-cambridge- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/opening-the-mediterranean-assyria-the-levant- and-the-transformation-of-early-iron-age-trade/3BB022F3BD29306E7D4BB2AD29D89F16 *Kaniewski, D., van Campo, E. 2017. The 3.2 BP megadrought and the LBA collapse. In Weiss, H. (ed), Megadrought and Collapse. Oxford: OUP, 93-159. https://oxford-universitypressscholarship- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.001.0001/oso-9780199329199-chapter-5 Killebrew, A. 2005. Cultural homogenization and diversity in the 13th-12th centuries. In J. Clarke (ed) Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission & Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow, 170-175. https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-2089- 1/dissemination/pdf/Archaeological_Perspectives/Archaeological_Perspectives_on_Transmission_of_ Culture.pdf *Porter, B. 2016. Assembling the Iron Age Levant: the archaeology of communities, polities, imperial peripheries. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 373-420. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983877

The Late Bronze Collapse and the Sea Peoples Dothan, T. K. & Zukerman, A. 2004. A preliminary study of the Mycenaean IIIC1 pottery assemblages from Tel Miqne- & . BASOR 333: 1-54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357793 Finkelstein, I. et al. 2017. New evidence on the Late Bronze / Iron I Transition at Megiddo. Ägypten und Levante 27: 261–80. https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL27s261 *Finkelstein, I. et al. 2017. Egyptian imperial economy in Canaan: reaction to the climate crisis at the end of the Late Bronze Age. Ägypten und Levante 27: 249–60. https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL27s249 https://www.jstor.org/stable/26524904 *Gilboa, A. 2005. Sea peoples and Phoenicians along the southern Phoenician coast. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 337: 47-78. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066874 *Killebrew, A. et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Iron Age I. In: Killebrew & Steiner (eds). Nur, A. & Cline, E. 2000. Poseidon’s horses. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 43-63. https://www- sciencedirect-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0305440399904314

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Philistia Barako, T. 2000. Philistine settlement as mercantile phenomenon? American Journal of Archaeology 104: 513-530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/507227 *Ben-Shlomo, D. 2013. Philistia during the Iron Age II Period. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). Bunimovitz,S. 1990. Problems in ethnic identification of Philistine material culture. Tel Aviv 17: 210-222. https://www-tandfonline-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1179/tav.1990.1990.2.210 *Gitin, S. 1990. The rise and fall of Ekron of the Philistines. Biblical Archaeologist 50: 197-222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210048 Master, D. & Aja, A. 2017. The Philistine cemetery of . Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 377: 135-159. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.377.0135 Thareani, Y. 2016. The empire and the upper sea. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 375: 77-102. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.375.0077

Phoenicia *Aubet, M. 2013. Phoenicia during the Iron Age II Period. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Orsingher, A. et al. 2020. Phoenician lime for Phoenician . Antiquity 94 (377): 1224-1244. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/phoenician-lime-for- phoenician-wine-iron-age-plaster-from-a-wine-press-at-tell-elburak- lebanon/2C1D1FFA859C0D9A32E79447D35F9FF6 Markoe, G. 1990. The emergence of Phoenician art. BASOR 279: 13-26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357205

Phoenician Colonization *Ballard, R. & et al. 2002. Iron Age shipwrecks in deep water off Ashkelon, Israel. American Journal of Archaeology 106: 151-168. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4126241 *Bikai, P. 1990. Black Athena and the Phoenicians. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3: 67-75. https://journals-equinoxpub-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/JMA/article/view/29840/pdf *Iacovou, M. 2013. Cyprus during the Iron Age. In: Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds). *Negbi, O. 1992. Early Phoenician presence in the Mediterranean islands. Amer. Journ. Arch. 96 (4): 599- 615. https://www.jstor.org/stable/505187 Schwartz, J., et al. 2012.Carthaginian infant revisited. Antiquity 85: 859-874. https://www- cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/bones-teeth-and-estimating-age-of- perinates-carthaginian-infant-sacrifice-revisited/CA46F625ED28CFD23EFB5A71D06BCF48 Sherratt, S. and Sherratt, A. 1993. The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC. World Archaeology 24(3):361-378. https://www.jstor.org/stable/124714 Smith, P., et al. 2011 Aging cremated infants: sacrifice at the of . Antiquity, 85: 859-874. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/aging-cremated-infants- the-problem-of-sacrifice-at-the-tophet-of-carthage/7F572DE957BE72A634867AC52E6BD2E8 *Smith, P., et al. 2013. Cemetery or sacrifice? Antiquity 87 (338): 1191-1199. https://www-cambridge- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/cemetery-or-sacrifice-infant-burials-at-the- carthage-tophet/EA2F96A8FD7229800391B766C95ECBE1 *Xella, P., et al. 2012. Phoenician bones of contention. Antiquity 87 (338): 1199-1207. https://www- cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/cemetery-or-sacrifice-infant-burials- at-the-carthage-tophet/DAC7C386CD20F5C280C9DB41E5184A2E Waldbaum, J. 2004. Review of J. Luke. BASOR 336: 84-87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4150097 Whitley, J. 2018. Near Eastern art in the Iron Age Mediterranean. In: Gunter, A. (ed), A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Art. Hoboken: Wiley, 585-612. https://onlinelibrary-wiley- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/book/10.1002/9781118336779 Yon, M. 1997. in the 10th-4th centuries BC. BASOR 308: 9-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357405

The Spread of Alphabets to the Mediterranean *Bourogiannis, G. 2018. The transmission of the alphabet to the Aegean. In: K. Niesiolowski-Spano, K. and Wecowski, M. (eds) Change, Continuity and Connectivity. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 235-257. https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/j.ctvckq4zg

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SESSION 8 THE 1ST MILLENNIUM IN SYRIA AND TRANSJORDAN: NEO-HITTITES, ARAMAEANS, AMMON, MOAB, EDOM, ARABIA

How did inland cultures evolve after the LBA collapse? How did they vary in political organization? Why was independence short-lived? What is the evidence for Assyrian conquest of these societies?

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Overviews *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 Killebrew, A. et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Iron Age I. Killebrew (Introduction), Sader (north Levant), Herr (Jordan) Steiner, M., et al. 2013. The archaeological record: the Iron Age II. Steiner (Introduction), Mazzoni (), Younker (Ammon), Steiner (Moab), Bienkowski (Edom), Zorn (Babylonian period). Schneider, T. 2013. Mesopotamia (Assyrians & Babylonians) & the Levant. Pritchard, J. 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton. DBA 600 Qto. Ben-; Zakir of Hamat and Luash; Moabite Stone. (Moodle excerpts)

Themes *Almathen, F. et al. 2016. Ancient and modern DNA reveal dynamics of domestication and cross-continental dispersal of the dromedary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (24): 6707-6712. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470279 Altaweel, M. and Squitieri, A. 2018. Revolutionizing a World. London: UCL Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4td4 *Porter, B. 2016. Assembling the Iron Age Levant: the archaeology of communities, polities, imperial peripheries. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 373-420. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983877 Karacic, S. and Osborne, J. 2016. Eastern Mediterranean economic exchange during the Iron Age. Plos One 11 (11): e0166399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166399.

Neo-Hittites and Aramaeans *Mazzoni, S. 2013. The Aramean states during the Iron Age II–III periods. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Millard, A. and Bordreuil, P. 1982. A statue from Syria with Assyrian and Aramaic inscriptions. Biblical Archaeologist 45 (3): 135-141. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209808 *Osborne, J., et al. 2019. Urban built environments in early 1st millennium BCE Syro-Anatolia. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 382: 261-312. https://www-journals-uchicago- edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/toc/Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research /2019/382 Welton, H. et al. 2019. Shifting networks and community identity at in the Iron I. American Journal of Archaeology 123 (2): 291-333. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.123.2.0291

Ammon and Moab *Routledge, B. 2000. The politics of . Journal Economic & Social History of the Orient, 43(3): 221-256. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632443 *Steiner, M. 2013. Moab during the Iron Age II Period. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Younker, R. 2013. Ammon during the Iron Age II Period. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds).

Edom and Arabia *Bienkowski, P. 2013. Edom during the Iron Age II Period. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Bienkowski, P. & van der Steen, E. 2001. Tribes, trade & towns. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 323: 21-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357590

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Edens, C., et al. 2000. Hammat al-Qa and the roots of urbanism in SW Arabia. Antiquity 74: 854-862. https://www-cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/hammat-alqa-and-the- roots-of-urbanism-in-southwest-arabia/D741C65F47113C5818FD946BFFD41D29 *Levy, T., et al. 2004. Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom. Antiquity 78: 865-879. https://www- cambridge-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/core/journals/antiquity/article/reassessing-the-chronology-of- biblical-edom-new-excavations-and-14c-dates-from-khirbat-ennahas- jordan/2F802446A9534974F7DA094105A6B84A *Renzi, M. et al. 2016. Early Iron Age metal circulation in the : the oasis of Tayma as part of dynamic network. In: Starkey, J. & Elmaz, O. (eds) Proceedings Seminar for Arabian Studies, 237-246. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45163430 Smith, N. and Levy, T. 2008. The Iron Age pottery from Khirbet en-Nahas, Jordan. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 352:41-91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609301 *Zorn, J. 2013. The Levant in the Babylonian period. In : Killebrew and Steiner (eds).

The Spread of Alphabets to Inland Regions Almathen, F. et al. 2016. Ancient and modern DNA reveal dynamics of domestication and cross-continental dispersal of the dromedary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (24): 6707-6712. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470279 Artzy, M. 1994. Incense, camels and collared rim jars. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13(2): 121-147. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1994.tb00035.x *Grigson, C. 2012. Camels, copper and donkeys in the early Iron Age of the southern Levant: Timna revisited. Levant 44 (1): 82-100. https://doi- org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1179/175638012X13285409187919 *McCarter, P. K. 1974. The early diffusion of the alphabet. Biblical Archaeologist 37 (3): 56-58. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210965

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SESSION 9 THE 1st MILLENNIUM BCE: ISRAEL & JUDAH

How did the kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerge? What happened to them?

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Overviews *Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford: OUP. https://www-oxfordhandbooks- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199212972 -Killebrew, A. et al. The archaeological record: the Iron Age I. - Gilboa, A. 2013. The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) during the Iron Age I Period. -Steiner, M., et al. The archaeological record: the Iron Age II. - Killebrew, A. 2013. Israel during the Iron Age II Period. - Hardin, J. 2013. Judah during the Iron Age II Period. - Schneider, T. 2013. Mesopotamia (Assyrians & Babylonians) & the Levant. - Zorn, J. 2013. The Levant in the Babylonian period.

Pritchard, J. 1967. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton. Hymn of Merenptah; Moabite Stone; Ostraca; Siloam; Lachish Ostraca; Kurkh Stela; Black Obelisk; Tiglath-Pileser III; . (Moodle)

Themes Altaweel, M. & Squitieri, A. 2018. Revolutionizing a World. London: UCL. (main conclusions) https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4td4 Emberling, G. 1997. Ethnicity in complex societies: archaeological perspectives. Journal of Archaeological Research 5: 295-344. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053148 *Finkelstein, I. 2005. Archaeology, the Bible, & the history of the Levant in the Iron Age. In S. Pollock & R. Bernbeck (eds) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell, 207-222. (Moodle) Joffe, A. 2003. The rise of secondary states in the Iron Age Levant. Journal of the Social & Economic History of the Orient 45 (4): 425-467. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632872 Jones, S. 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity. London: Routledge. (theory) https://www-taylorfrancis- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/books/archaeology-ethnicity-si%C3%A2n-jones/10.4324/9780203438732 Killebrew, A. 2005. Cultural homogenization and diversity in the 13th-12th centuries. In J. Clarke (ed) Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission & Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow, 170-175. https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-2089- 1/dissemination/pdf/Archaeological_Perspectives/Archaeological_Perspectives_on_Transmission_of_C ulture.pdf *Porter, B. 2016. Assembling the Iron Age Levant: the archaeology of communities, polities, imperial peripheries. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 373-420. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983877 Sinopoli, C. 1994. The archaeology of empires. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:159-180. (theory) https://www.jstor.org/stable/2156010 Smith, A. 2011. Archaeologies of sovereignty. Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 415-32. (theory) https://www.jstor.org/stable/41287741

Iron Age I Dever, W. et al. 1995. Will the real Israel please stand up? BASOR 297 (1): 61-80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357390 Faust, A. & Bunimovitz, S. 2003. The four room house. Near Eastern Archaeology 66: 22-31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210929 *Finkelstein, I. 1996. Ethnicity & the origin of the Iron I settlers in the highlands of Canaan: can the real Israel stand up? Biblical Archaeologist 59 (4): 198-212. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210562 *Finkelstein, I. & Silberman, N. 2001. The Bible Unearthed. New York: Free. DBE 100 FIN (Ch 3; Moodle)

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Iron Age II Faust, A. 2003. Abandonment, urbanization, resettlement & the formation of the Israelite state. Near Eastern Archaeology 66: 147-161. Finkelstein, I. 1996. The archaeology of the United : an alternative view. Levant 28: 177-187. https://www-tandfonline-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1179/lev.1996.28.1.177 *Finkelstein, I. 1999. State formation in Israel and Judah. Near Eastern Archaeology 62 (1): 35-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210721 *Finkelstein, I. 2005 Deformation of the Israelite state. Near Eastern Archaeology 68: 202-208. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067631 Halpern, B. 1994. The stela from . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 296: 63-80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357180 Master, D. 2001. State formation theory & the kingdom of ancient Israel. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60: 117-131. https://www.jstor.org/stable/545252 *Mazar, A. 1993. Beth-Shean in the Iron Age. Israel Exploration Journal 43 (4): 201-229. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926311 Stager, L. 1990. Shemer's estate. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 277: 93-107. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357375

Assyrian Imperialism British Museum: . https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/assyria-lion-hunts Thareani, Y. 2016. Imperializing the province: a residence of a Neo-Assyrian city governor at Tel Dan. Levant 48 (3): 254–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2016.1239921 *Ussishkin, D. 1990. The Assyrian attack on Lachish. Tel Aviv 17: 53-83. https://www-tandfonline- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1179/tav.1990.1990.1.53 *Valk, J. 2020. Crime and punishment: deportation in the Levant in the age of Assyrian hegemony. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 384: 77-103. https://www-journals-uchicago- edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1086/710485

Babylonian Imperialism Faust, A. 2003, Judah in the BCE: a rural perspective. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 135:37-53. https://www-tandfonline-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1179/peq.2003.135.1.37 *Zorn, J. 2013. The Levant during the Babylonian Period. In: Killebrew, A. and Steiner, M. (eds)

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SESSION 10 DISCUSSION: EMPIRES, AFTERMATH, INTERPRETATIONS

How does the Levant illustrate the dynamics of empires? How have other cultures interpreted Levantine history?

RECOMMENDED Read 1-2 from each section. * = especially useful.

Empires *Altaweel, M. & Squitieri, A. 2018. Revolutionizing a World. London: UCL. (main conclusions) https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4td4 Elayi, J. 2013. Achaemenid Persia and the Levant. In: Killebrew and Steiner (eds). *Sinopoli, C. 1994. The archaeology of empires. Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 159-180. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2156010

Composition of the Bible *Finkelstein, I. 2005. Archaeology, the Bible, & the history of the Levant in the Iron Age. In S. Pollock & R. Bernbeck (eds) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell, 207-222. (Moodle) Metzger, B. and Coogan, M. (eds) 1993. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: OUP. Pentateuch, 579- 582; Manuscripts, 486-490; Scrolls, 159-160; Textual Criticism, 739-740. (available online)

Classical vs. Indigenous Interpreters (see also Composition of the Bible, above) *Bahrani, Z. 2006. Race and ethnicity in Mesopotamian antiquity. World Archaeology 38 (1): 48-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40023594 Ibn Khaldun, A. 1406. The Muqaddimah. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Translation F. Rosenthal. https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/j.ctvwh8dcw *Jones, C. 1996. Ethnos and genos in . The Classical Quarterly 46 (2): 315-320. https://www.jstor.org/stable/639789

Distortions and Consequences, 19th-20th Centuries *Adib-Moghaddam, A. 2014. A Metahistory of the Clash of Civilizations. Oxford: OUP. (conclusions) https://oxford-universitypressscholarship- com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199333523.001.0001/acprof-9780199333523 *Arnold, B. 2006. 'Arierdämmerung': race and archaeology in . World Archaeology 38 (1): 8- 31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40023592 Biddiss, M. 1998. History as destiny. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 7: 73-100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679271 Evans, R. 2003. The Coming of the Third Reich. London: Penguin. Chapter 1. *Huntington, S. 1993. The clash of civilizations? Foreign Affairs 71 (3): 22-49. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=c36c0c0a-040b- 419c-bedf-7d42518105f9%40sdc-v-sessmgr02 Irwin, R. 2016. Gobineau, the would-be Orientalist. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. *Said, E. 2003 (1978). Orientalism. London: Routledge. ANTHRO D6 SAI (excerpts Moodle). Ch. 3, Section 1: “Latent and Manifest Orientalism,” esp. pp. 206-207 Ch. 1. Section 4: “Crisis”, esp. p. 99 (excavations) Ch. 2, Section 3: “Oriental Research & Scholarship”, esp. p. 150 (Renan, Gobineau);

Present and Future: Contested Pasts Bernal, M. 1987-2006. Black Athena: Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. New Brunswick. (not online) *Bernal, M. 1990. Responses to critical reviews. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3: 111-137. https://journals-equinoxpub-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/JMA/article/view/29838/pdf *Bikai, P. 1990. Black Athena and the Phoenicians. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3: 67-75. https://journals-equinoxpub-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/JMA/article/view/29840/pdf

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*Pollock, S. & Bernbeck, R. 2007. The political economy of archaeological practice & production of heritage in the Middle East. In Meskell, L. & Preucel, R., A Companion to Social Archaeology. Oxford, 335-352. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470693605.ch14 *Morris, S. 1990. Greece and the Levant. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3: 57-66. https://journals-equinoxpub-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/JMA/article/view/29839/pdf Reich, D. 2018. Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=98f97339-be3e-44cd- a665-6305f1167b73%40pdc-v- sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHNoaWImc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#AN=1 737810&db=nlebk *Silberman, N.A. 1995. Power, politics & the past. In: Levy, T. (ed) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Leicester, 9-23. DBE 100 LEV. (Moodle) *Yahya, A. 2005. Archaeology and nationalism in the Holy Land. In: Pollock, S. & Bernbeck, R. (eds) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell, 66-77. (Moodle)

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ESSAYS

ESSAY SUBMISSION PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON COURSEWORK SUBMISSION, IOA REFERENCING GUIDELINES, MARKING CRITERIA, AS WELL AS UCL POLICIES ON PENALTIES FOR LATE SUBMISSION: Please refer to the Institute of Archaeology Student Handbook https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students/ioa-student-handbook and the Institute of Archaeology Study Skills Guide: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students/ioa-study-skills-guide Please remember that you must submit all assessments to complete and pass this module.

ESSAY INSTRUCTIONS Essay 1: 2000 words, 50% of final mark Essay 2: 2000 words, 50% of final mark

Instructions for Essays 1 and 2 are as follows.

Essays should be 2000 words in length (maximum). This word limit refers to the main body of the text. It does not include the bibliography, illustrations, captions, or commentaries on illustrations.

For each essay, please include 5 Figures, placed after the bibliography. Give each a Figure Number & refer to these numbers in the text. Place each Figure on a separate page, with a brief caption and any relevant reference citations. A “figure” can be an illustration, drawing, photograph, or a table. If you wish, you can include commentary on each figure, under the caption. Each commentary can be a long paragraph, but should not go beyond the page showing the figure. Figures, captions and commentaries are not included in the word count. This gives some additional flexibility with the word length.

It is assumed that all essays will be based entirely on readings that are available online. However, feel free to include other sources if you wish to do so.

Suggestions concerning essays (1) Use the figures to highlight points. (2) Illustrations can be drawings, photos, tables or diagrams. (3) It can be useful to select particular sites or works as case studies for close analysis & details (while also referring to other sites or works). (4) Be specific and avoid vagueness in regard to the evidence. Beware of over-reliance on others’ general interpretations or conclusions; try to analyse evidence directly, yourself. (5) Be careful not to over-emphasize historical documents (texts) at the expense of archaeology and material culture. (6) Strive for critical thinking and originality. (7) Use the Harvard system and wherever possible, cite page numbers (eg Finkelstein 1988:14). (8) Note that you can design your own essay topic, but you will need to discuss it with the coordinator well in advance of the due date. (9) Feel free to discuss your essay in advance with the coordinator (contact by email for an appointment)

ESSAY TOPICS: see next pages.

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ESSAY 1: choose from TOPICS 1-10.

1 Human Evolution and the Levant. What does current research in the Levant tell us about human evolution, hominin movements out of , and the relationship between the Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens? What happened to Levantine demography and hunting-gathering, in the Upper Palaeolithic and Early Epipalaeolithic?

2 Domestication. What is the current evidence for plant domestication in the Levant? In seeking to explain plant domestication, some writers emphasize climate, ecology and technology. Others emphasize social relationships, feasting, symbolism. What economic and social changes took place between the Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A – and how would you interpret them? How were these changes affected by territoriality, sedentism, climate, ecology, technology, social relationships, feasting, symbolism?

3 The Emergence of Villages. What triggered the emergence of the village as a form of settlement? What were the social consequences? How were PPNB villages organized socially? Why did some grow so large? Why are there so many PPNB sites? How did trade buffer the risks of farming? What was the impact of sheep-goat domestication? Was there a PPNB “collapse?” If so, what might have caused it?

4 Art from the Late Palaeolithic to the PPNB. How would you account for changes in art from the Natufian to the PPNA and PPNB? What are the themes and media of art in each period? How was art used to create social identities, or convey social messages or ideologies? Are there differences between art in villages and art in unusual sites? If so, why? Does PPNB art suggest social tensions in sedentary life?

5 Technologies and Craft Specialization. Why were ceramic vessels adopted? What do regional variations in the earliest ceramics tell us about the reasons for adoption? Compare the early ceramics from: the northern Levant, Cyprus, the southern Levant and Egypt. What were the social uses of ceramics? In terms of other crafts, were there early forms of craft specialization in the Late Neolithic? When did seals appear and why? When did metallurgy appear and what purposes did early metal artefacts serve? When did full-scale craft specialization emerge in the Levant?

6 Social Complexity in the Early Chalcolithic (Halaf, Ubaid, Ghassulian). How much social-political complexity was there in early Chalcolithic societies (4500-3500 BC), before the Uruk and Egyptian expansions? How were north and south different?

7 The Emergence of Pastoralism and Nomad-Sedentary Interaction. What role did animal domestication, animal herding and pastoralism play in the development of trade systems, surplus production and early stages of Levantine civilizations?

8 The Late 4th Millennium BC: the Uruk and Egyptian expansions. Levantine societies in the 4th millennium are sometimes characterized as “peripheries” of the “core” civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Is this accurate? What stimulated the Uruk and Egyptian expansions (3500-3000 BC) and what were the consequences? Were Mesopotamia and Egypt in contact in the late 4th millennium? If so, by what route or routes, and what was the impact?

9 The 3rd Millennium BC. What stimulated the first formation of urban and state societies in the northern and southern Levant? How were 3rd millennium societies in the Levant organized, politically? How different were the cultures of north and south in the 3rd millennium? How was writing used in the Early Bronze Age of the northern and southern Levant?

10 The Early Bronze Age Collapse and the Early Bronze IV. Why do you think the 3rd millennium BC cultures ended? Is “collapse” the right word? If so, what triggered the EBA collapse? How did the end of the EBA occur in the northern and southern Levant?

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ESSAY 2: choose from TOPICS 11-20.

11 The Early 2nd Millennium BC. How did MBA Levantine states emerge from the fragmented social landscape of the late 3rd millennium? What roles did nomadization and sedentarization play? Compare the political organization of the northern and southern Levant in the MBA. What was the impact of Amorite rulers on the northern Levant? From the archaeological evidence at Byblos, what was Egypt’s political relationship with Byblos? What archaeological evidence from the Levant suggests Levantine links to the Hyksos rulers of Egypt? What do burials and fortifications tell us about war in the MBA?

12 Late 2nd Millennium BC: Empires. How did the Hittite and Egyptian empires acquire and maintain control of the Levant? How thorough was imperial control? Which elements most clearly retained an indigenous Levantine character? What do archives reveal about forms of kingship and strategies for negotiating power? What does evidence from tell us about social and political organization? Did subordinate city-states use material culture to express subservience to imperial overlords -- or to resist political domination? The LBA empires have been seen as fragile. Were there early signs of weakness?

13 Alphabets and Interaction. Where, how, when and why did alphabetical writing emerge? What were the consequences? On what kinds of artefacts, and in what kinds of archaeological contexts, do early alphabetical inscriptions appear? What does such information tell us about social purposes and uses of alphabets? How did the spread of alphabets occur – to the Mediterranean and to inland regions? How did the Levant spread this and other elements of its cultures to other regions?

14 The LBA Collapse. What hypotheses have been advanced for the cause of the LBA collapse? Who were the Sea Peoples, the Philistines, the Phoenicians? Are these terms problematic? How do they illustrate problems of identifying ethnicity and migration? What was the impact of the Sea Peoples in the Levant?

15 Philistia and Phoenicia. What did the Iron Age histories of Philistia and Phoenicia have in common – and how were they different? Why did the Phoenicians colonize the Mediterranean, while the Philistines seemingly did not? How have other cultures interpreted the Philistines and Phoenicians?

16 Neo-Hittites, Arameans, Ammon, Moab, Arabia. How did the northern inland cultures of the first millennium BC evolve in the wake of the LBA collapse? What was the nature of indigenous Neo-Hittite and Aramaean political organization? Why was independence so short-lived? How do these societies illustrate Assyrian methods of imperial conquest -- and responses to it by local rulers? Which of the three main Jordanian kingdoms in the Iron Age was the most powerful? How were these cultures linked to Arabia?

17 Israel and Judah. Where did the early come from? Did early Israelite / Judahite religion and culture incorporate elements of older Near Eastern belief systems from the Bronze Age? When did formation of the Israelite state take place? Does archaeology back up Biblical accounts of these events? What is the archaeological evidence for Mesopotamian conquests in Israel and Judah?

18 Iron Age Empires in the Levant. How does Levantine archaeology illustrate the growth of the Assyrian empire and Assyrian methods of conquest and control? What were the consequences of the Assyrian, Neo- Babylonian and Persian empires, for Levantine cultures?

19 Cycles of History. The history of the Levant has been seen in terms of recurring cycles, strongly affected by physical geography, of nomad-sedentary interaction, state formation, migrations, empire building, collapse, war. Do you agree? Do you see recurring patterns, in the MBA, LBA and Iron Age?

20 Interpretations of Levantine Cultures. How have other cultures interpreted Levantine cultures? How have interpretations or misinterpretations of Levantine history influenced modern thought? How does recent archaeological research shed light on Orientalism, anti-Semitism, the Black Athena debate, the “clash of civilizations” model?

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