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Samuel N. C. Lieu & Gunner Mikkelsen S.N.C. Lieu and G. Mikkelsen (eds.), Between Rome and China: History, Religions and Material Culture of the Silk Road, Silk Road Studies XVIII (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016): 147-80. 7 PLACES AND PEOPLES IN CENTRAL ASIA AND IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN NEAR EAST A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER FROM SELECT PRE-ISLAMIC SOURCES SAMUEL N. C. LIEU & GUNNER MIKKELSEN Macquarie University (Sydney) A STATED AIM of the SERICA project1 is the provision of maps in both English and Chinese of the Silk Road from Luoyang 洛陽 in China to Antioch-on-the-Orontes in Syria. A major source of place-names for in- clusion in these maps is inscriptions from Palmyra, Iran and the capital cities of China. Work on the inscriptions over the years has led the team to realize their value as sources on place and ethnic names in Central Asia as they often provide researchers with contemporary forms and spel- ling. Some inscriptions, like the famous trilingual (Greek, Middle Persian and Parthian) inscription of Shapur (discovered between 1936 and 1939 and popularly known as the Res Gestae Divi Saporis) at the Ka‘ba-i Zardušt,2 which provides lists of the Sasanian provinces as well as names of Roman cities captured by Shapur I in his successful campaigns, is a major onomasticon in its own right. Systematic collection of onomastic material from the inscriptions had already begun when Sam Lieu com- piled a commentary on the Res Gestae Divi Saporis published in 1994.3 Material has been steadily added to the list over a number of years and 1 On the SERICA project see S. N. C. Lieu, “Da Qin and Fulin” in this volume, pp. 144-145. 2 See now the major edition by P. Huyse, Die dreisprachige Inschrift Šābuhrs I. an der Ka‘ba-i Zardušt (ŠKZ), 2 vols = Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Pt. III Pahlavi Inscriptions Vol. 1 in 2 parts (London: Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, 1999). 3 M. H. Dodgeon and S. N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363, (London, 1991, revised paperback edition 1994), 34 and 50. 148 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN the publication by Philip Huyse of the standard edition of the inscription greatly facilitated the work of compilation. Material in this multilingual Gazetteer is organized around the standard forms of the place and ethnic names in English. Thus for Samarkand, one finds the material grouped under Samarkand and not Smarakanse or Maracanda or Samojian or Afrasiab although there will eventually be separate indices to all the ancient and medieval languages represented in the Gazetteer (i.e. Old Iranian, Middle Iranian, Parthian, Sogdian, Greek, Syriac, Chinese etc.). Another major source for the Gazetteer is the historical texts of Manichaean and Nestorian (Church of the East) origin. Like the inscriptions they were contemporary in dating and reflect the pronunciation and systems of transliteration of their time. The fact that they were both universalist religions means that their scribes copied and translated texts which reflected the Middle East at the time of the foundation of these religions. ABBREVIATIONS Acta Mari = A. Harrak (ed. and A?P = Inscription of Artaxerxes II or trans.), III(?) at Persepolis, cf. OP 15-56. The Acts of Mār Mārī the Apostle Aram. = Aramaic (language). (Atlanta 2005). Arm. = Armenian (language). AI = Acta Iranica (Leiden & Téhéran- Liège 1974f.) Arr. = Flavius Arrianus. Akk. = Akkadian (language). Athan. Hist. Arian. = Athanasius, Historia Arianorum ad Monachos, Amm. = Ammianus Marcellinus. PG 25.691-796. Anc. Lett. = Sogdian Ancient Letters; BS = Beishi 北史 , ed. Li Yanshou H. Reichelt (ed.), Die soghdischen 李延壽 (Beijing 1974). Handschriftenreste des Britischen Museums, 2 vols. (Heidelberg BSTBL = D. N. MacKenzie (ed.), 1928-1931), ii, 1-42; N. Sims- Buddhist Sogdian Texts of the Williams, “The Sogdian Ancient British Library (Leiden 1976). Letter II”, in M. G. Schmidt & W. BW = B. Watson (trans.), Records of Bisang (eds.), Philologica et the Grand Historian (Han dynasty) linguistica. Historia, pluralitas, by Sima Qian, 2 vols. (Hong Kong universitas. Festschrift für Helmut 1993). Humbach zum 80. Geburtstag am Chin. = Chinese (language). 4. Dezember 2001 (Trier 2001), C2 = N. Sims-Williams (ed.), The 267-80. Christian Sogdian Manuscript C2 (Berlin 1985). A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 149 CII = Corpus Inscriptionum and the Silk Road = Les Annales Iranicarum. Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes CII (Gr.) = G. Rougemont, Inscrip- 42 (1996), 199-216. tions grecques d’Iran et d’Asie DMT iii = N. Sims-Williams et al. centrale, CII, Part II, Inscriptions (eds.), Dictionary of Manichaean of the Seleucid and Parthian Texts, Vol. III, 2 (Turnhout 2004). periods and of eastern Iran and DNa = Inscription of Darius at Naqš- Central Asia; v. 1, Inscriptions in i-Rustam (A), cf. OP 137-138. non-Iranian languages (London Doc. Addai = Doctrina Addai, G. 2012). Howard (ed. and trans.), The CIS = J.-B. Chabot et al. (eds.), Teaching of Addai (Chico, Calif. Corpus Inscriptionum Semitica- 1981). rum, Pars secunda. Tomus III: DPe = Inscription of Darius at Perse- Inscriptiones palmyrenae (Paris polis (E), cf. OP 136. 1926). DSf = Inscription of Darius at Susa Copt. Coptic (language). (F), cf. OP 116-135. CPD = D. N. MacKenzie (ed.), A DSm = Inscription of Darius at Susa Concise Pahlavi Dictionary (M), cf. OP 145-465. (Oxford 1971). DTXYJ = Da Tang Xiyuji 大唐西域 Ctes. = Ctesias. 記 (= Daito Seiki) by Xuanzang DCBT = W. E. Soothill and L. 玄奘 (Kyoto 1911); also T 2087 Hodous (eds.), A Dictionary of (Vol. 51) 868a-946c. Chinese Buddhist Terms (London DZc = Inscription of Darius at Suez 1934). (C), cf. OP 147. DB = Inscription of Darius at DCESSZFSZ = Daci’ensi Sanzang Behistan, cf. OP 116-135. fashi zhuan ⼤慈恩寺三藏法師傳 DB (Akk.) = E. N. von Voigtlander (i.e. Life of Xuanzang ⽞奘) T (ed.), The Bisitun Inscription of 2053 (Vol. 50), 220c-280a. Darius the Great: Babylonian EI = Encyclopaedia Iranica (London, Version, CII, Pt. I, Vol. 2 (London Costa Meza et al. 1982-). 1978). Elam. = Elamite (language). DB (Aram.) = J. C. Greenfield and B. Porten (eds.), The Bisitun Inscrip- EMC. = Late Middle Chinese; E. G. tion of Darius the Great: Aramaic Pulleyblank, Lexicon of Recon- Version, CII, Pt. I, Vol. 5 (London structed Pronunciation in Early 1982). Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin Déd. = J. T. Milik, Dédicaces faites (Vancouver 1991). par des dieux (Palmyra, Hatra, Tyr) et des thiases sémitiques à FH = F. Hirth, China and the Roman l’époque romaine (Paris 1972). Orient: Researches into their ancient and mediæval relations as DFG = D. F. Graf (with L. Dreyer), represented in old Chinese ‘The Roman East from the Chinese Perspective’, in Palmyra 150 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN records (Leipzig and Hong Kong Journal de la Société Finno- 1885). ougrienne 44 (1930), 3-39. FHG = C. Müller (ed.), Fragmenta Khot. = Khotanese (language). Historicorum Graecorum, 5 vols. KhT = H. W. Bailey (ed.), Khotanese (Paris 1841-70). Texts, 7 vols. (Cambridge 1945- GGM = C. Müller (ed.), Geographi 85). Graeci Minores, 2 vols. et tabulae KT = The Kül Tigin Inscription; T. (Paris 1885). Tekin (ed.), A Grammar of Gr. = Greek (language). Orkhon Turkic (Bloomington Hdt. = Herodotos. 1968), 231-242. Hebr. = Hebrew (language). Lat. = Latin (language). HHS = Hou Hanshu 後漢書, ed. Fan LMC. = Late Middle Chinese; E. G. Ye 范曄 (Beijing 1965). Pulleyblank, Lexicon of Recon- structed Pronunciation in Early HS = Hanshu 漢書 , ed. Ban Gu 班固 Middle Chinese, Late Middle (Beijing 1962). Chinese, and Early Mandarin IEOG = F. C. De Rossi (ed.), (Vancouver 1991). Iscrizioni dello Estremo Oriente LXX = The Septuagint (in Greek). Greco, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 65 (Bonn Manich. = Manichaean. 2004). Maḥrnâmag = F.W.K. Müller, Ein Inv. = Inventaire des inscriptions de Doppelblatt aus einem manichäi- Palmyre (Beirut and Damascus schen Hymnenbuch (Maḥrnâmag), 1930-). Abh. d. Preuss. Ak. d. Wiss., Phil.-hist. Kl. 1912, Nr. 5 (Berlin: Isid. Char. = Isidore of Charax, Verlag der königlichen Akademie Mansiones Parthicae, ed. and der Wissenschaften in Komm. bei trans. W.H. Schoff, Parthian Georg Reimer, 1912). Stations of Isidore of Charax (Philadelphia 1914). Men. Prot. = Menander Protector. JEH = J. E. Hill, Through the Jade Minshu = Minshu 閩書 (Book of Min), Gates to Rome – A Study of the compiled by He Qiaoyuan 何喬 Silk Routes during the Later Han 遠, punctuated edition by a com- Dynasty 1st to 2nd Centuries CE mittee of the Research Centre for (Cookstown 2009). Classical Works of the Xiamen University, 5 vols (Fuzhou: Fujian Josh. Styl. = W. Wright (ed.), renwen chubanshe 褔建⼈⽂出版 Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite 社 2000). (Cambridge 1882). MMTKGI = W. Sundermann, Mittel- JTS = Jiu Tangshu 舊唐書, ed. Liu iranische manichäische Texte Xu 劉昫 (Beijing 1975). kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts KB = O. Hansen, ‘Zur soghdischen (Berlin 1981). Inschrift auf dem dreisprachigen Nachlese I = W. Sundermann, Denkmal von Karabalgasun’, ‘Nachlese zu F. W. K. Müllers “Sogdischen Texten I. 1. Teil”, A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 151 Altorientalische Forschungen 1 Pth. = Parthian (language). (Berlin 1974), 219-55. Ptol. = Claudius Ptolemaios, Geo- Nachlese II = W. Sundermann, graphica / Cosmographia; A. ‘Nachlese zu F. W. K. Müllers Stückelberger and G. Graßhoff “Sogdischen Texten I. 2. Teil”’, (ed. and trans.), Ptolemaios, Altorientalische Forschungen 3 Handbuch der Geographie, 3 vols (Berlin 1975), 55-90. (Basel 2006). NDRC = P. Y. Saeki, The Nestorian QGN = U. Hackl, H. Jenni and C. Documents and Relics in China Schneider (eds.), Quellen zur (Tokyo 1952). Geschichte der Nabatäer, Text- Nest. = Nestorian. sammlung mit Übersetzung und Kommentar (Freiburg and Nest. Mon. = Nestorian Monument at Göttingen 2003). Xi’an, ed. P. Y. Saeki, The Nesto- rian Monuments and Relics in RGDS = Res Gestae Divi Saporis; P. China, 2nd edn. (Tokyo 1951), 1- Huyse (ed. and trans.), Die drei- 12 (Chin. text section). sprachige Inschrift Šābuhrs I. an der Ka‘ba-i Zardušt (ŠKZ), 2 vols. NT = The New Testament (in Greek). (London 1999). OIr. = Old Iranian (language).
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