AirAir pollutionpollution fromfrom lignitelignite -- basedbased electricityelectricity generationgeneration inin KosovoKosovo
United Nations / Austria / European Space Agency Symposium on Space Applications for Sustainable Development to S upport the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Develo pment “SPACE TOOLS FOR MONITORING AIR POLLUTION AND ENERGY USE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ”
Nezakete Hakaj , Departement of Environment
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 1 BackgroundBackground The environmental status of Kosovo is dominated by a range of issues including polluted air, soil and water and poor infrastructure management generated mostly by the lack of an environmental protection regime in the past.
The energy sector of Kosovo is an enormous polluter, especially in the wide region of Pristina but also in regional and global level.
KEK, today faces structural problems and a low efficiency along all stages of value adding.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 2 CurrentCurrent statestate ofof affairsaffairs inin thethe relevantrelevant sectorsector onon KEKKEK TheThe integratedintegrated powerpower systemsystem consistsconsists ofof twotwo lignitelignite minesmines BardhBardh andand MirashMirash ,, twotwo ThermalThermal PowerPower PlantsPlants (TPP)(TPP) KosovoKosovo AA (5units)(5units) andand BB (2(2 units)units) withwith anan overalloverall effectiveeffective capacitycapacity ofof 645645 toto 710710 MWMW outout ofof 15131513 MWMW ofof installedinstalled capacity,capacity, thethe transmissiontransmission andand distributiondistribution networks,networks, aa dispatchingdispatching centrecentre andand supply.supply. CurrentlyCurrently thesethese twotwo lignitelignite minesmines supplysupply thethe twotwo TPPsTPPs ,, withwith aboutabout 77 millionmillion tons/yeartons/year ofof lignitelignite
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 3 Lignite reserves
ThereThere areare twotwo majormajor lignitelignite basins:basins: KosovaKosova lignitelignite basinbasin andand DukagjiniDukagjini lignitelignite basinbasin andand alsoalso smallersmaller lignitelignite basinsbasins like:like: DrenicaDrenica ,, MalishevMalishev ëë,, BabushBabush ii MuhaxherMuhaxher ëëveve .. lignitelignite basinbasin andand oneone potentialpotential lignitelignite basinbasin inin southernsouthern partpart ofof KosovoKosovo
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 4 Thermal power plants
Table 1. Existing TPPs in Kosovo
TPP Unit Capacity (MW) Fuel Type Commissioned TPP – Unit Installed Net Net Available
Kosovo A unit A1 65 58 30 - 40 Lignite 1962
unit A2 125 113 0 Lignite 1964
unit A3 200 182 0 Lignite 1970
unit A4 200 182 0 Lignite 1971
unit A5 210 210 187 95 - 110 Lignite 1975
Kosovo B unit B1 339 309 260 - 280 Lignite 1983 unit B2 339 309 260 - 280 Lignite 1984
Source: KEK (as of May 2005) Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 5 KEKKEK nowadaysnowadays hashas aa numbernumber ofof problemsproblems resultingresulting fromfrom economicaleconomical andand politicalpolitical eventsevents inin lastlast decade.decade. TheThe mainmain issuesissues are:are: -- OldOld plantsplants withwith exceededexceeded lifetime.lifetime. -- HighHigh commercialcommercial andand technicaltechnical losses.losses. -- HighHigh operationaloperational costcost (low(low productionproduction duedue toto oldold equipmentequipment andand aa largelarge numbernumber ofof outages.outages. --LackLack ofof financialfinancial meansmeans forfor rehabilitationrehabilitation andand dilemmadilemma whichwhich facilitiesfacilities shouldshould bebe rehabilitated,rehabilitated, andand whichwhich oneone closedclosed down.down.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 6 EnvironmentalEnvironmental issuesissues ofof PowerPower GenerationGeneration
TheThe coalcoal firesfires andand combustioncombustion processprocess leadsleads toto thethe generationgeneration ofof emissionsemissions toto air,air, waterwater andand soil,soil, ofof whichwhich emissionsemissions toto thethe atmosphereatmosphere areare consideredconsidered toto bebe oneone ofof thethe mainmain environmentenvironment concerns.concerns. TheThe mostmost importantimportant emissionsemissions toto airair fromfrom thethe combustioncombustion ofof lignitelignite areare SOSO 2,, NOxNOx ,, COCO 2, particulateparticulate matter,matter, heavyheavy metals.metals.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 7 EnvironmentalEnvironmental issuesissues ofof PowerPower GenerationGeneration Fires due to self combustion of lignite in coal reserves Main environmental effects of lignite spontaneous combustion are;
- Greenhouse gas emissions(eg.CO 2, CH 4, NOx etc) - Emission of toxic gases and their emission in the area such as CO 2, N 2O, SOx , etc. - Destabilization of mines slopes About 2 Mt of coal are likely to be burnt every year.
Power Plant Kosovo A The problem with dust emissions is serious and apparently cannot be solved without major redesign of the boilers. An assessment of possible reduction in dust emission shows that the A units will not comply with current EU regulations even after recommended actions are taken. Units in Kosovo A are already at the end of their lifespan and further investment in these units may be questionable.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 8 EnvironmentalEnvironmental issuesissues ofof PowerPower GenerationGeneration Power Plant Kosovo B Considering that the remaining lifetime of B units is quite long, bad operation of existing electrostatic precipitators and relatively low costs of dust control equipment, the rehabilitation of filters is proposed till 2008. The NOx emission concentrations are in range of 600 - 950 mg/Nm 3. From environmental point of view it is proposed to reduce higher B2 ’s NOx emissions at first.
Ash landfill The relief of the terrytory in wich stretches KEK and ist sterile dumpsites of ashes changed 150ha with around 40 million tons of ashes , became insufferable source of air pollution .
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 9 ForFor yearyear 20022002 basedbased onon thethe consumptionsconsumptions Lignite:Lignite: 9,022,0009,022,000 tt ofof whichwhich 2,500,0002,500,000 tt waswas burnedburned inin thethe minesmines (self(self --ignited),ignited), 11,00011,000 tt sold,sold, 100,000100,000 tt lostlost andand 6,411,0006,411,000 tt suppliedsupplied toto thethe powerpower plantsplants forfor generationgeneration ofof power.power. FuelFuel oils:oils: 11,30011,300 tt TheThe usefuluseful outputoutput waswas 3,0513,051 GWhGWh toto thethe girdgird andand salesale ofof 11,00011,000 tt ofof lignite.lignite. TheThe overalloverall energyenergy efficiencyefficiency waswas thusthus lessless thanthan 17%.17%.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 10 TheThe environmentalenvironmental impactimpact ofof thethe activitiesactivities inin termsterms ofof airair emissionsemissions was:was:
GreenhouseGreenhouse gasses:gasses: 10,797,00010,797,000 tt ofof COCO 2 andand 425,000425,000 tt ofof CHCH 4 COCO emissions:emissions: 986,000986,000 tt DustDust emissions:emissions: 167,000167,000 tt withwith specificspecific valuesvalues fromfrom 1,881mg/m1,881mg/m 3 toto 7,5237,523 mg/mmg/m 3 atat KosovoKosovo AA andand 250250 mg/mmg/m 3 atat KosovoKosovo BB
SOSO 2 emissions:emissions: 167,000167,000 tt withwith specificspecific valuesvalues ofof 895895 mg/mmg/m 3 NOxNOx Emission:Emission: 20,00020,000 tt withwith specificspecific valuesvalues fromfrom 358358 mg/mmg/m 3 toto 478478 mg/mmg/m 3 atat KosovoKosovo AA andand 735735 mg/mmg/m 3 atat KosovoKosovo B.B.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 11 TheThe worstworst pollutedpolluted areasareas inin termsterms ofof dustdust isis 00–– 33 kmkm SWSW ofof thethe sitesite duedue toto dustdust fromfrom minesmines andand ashash disposals.disposals. TheThe worstworst impactimpact fromfrom thethe stacksstacks isis betweenbetween 2020 andand 4040 kmkm SWSW ofof thethe plants.plants. TheThe windwind directiondirection isis inin moremore thanthan 65%65% ofof thethe timetime toto thisthis directiondirection andand onlyonly aboutabout 1818 daysdays PrishtinaPrishtina hadhad beenbeen seriousserious effectedeffected byby thethe dust.dust.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 12 AirAir qualityquality
Measurement of imission concentration includes measurement of air mote , SO 2, soot,and sediment
a) Air mote , 2005 Air mote( µg/m3)
80 70 60 50 40 Air mote( µg/m3) 30 20 10 0 Jan Mar. Maj Jul. Sept. Nov
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 13 b) SO 2, 2005
60
50
40
30 Inkos, SO2( µg/m3) Kastriot, SO2( µg/m3) 20
10
0 Jan Mar. Maj Jul. Sept. Nov
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 14 c)c) Soot , 2005
35
30
25
20 Inkos, Soot( µg/m3) 15 Kastriot, Soot( µg/m3)
10
5
0 Jan Mar. Maj Jul. Sept. Nov
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 15 SinceSince itit ’’ss established,established, thethe MESPMESP (2003)(2003) hashas concentratedconcentrated primarilyprimarily onon establishingestablishing thethe necessarynecessary legallegal frameworksframeworks forfor supportingsupporting environmentalenvironmental sustainability:sustainability: -- TheThe LawLaw onon EnvironmentalEnvironmental ProtectionProtection -- AirAir ProtectionProtection LawLaw InIn preparationpreparation areare :: -- AdministrativeAdministrative instructioninstruction ofof normsnorms forfor AirAir qualityquality -- AdministrativeAdministrative instructioninstruction onon thethe rulesrules andand standarstandardsds ofof thethe dischargesdischarges onon airair byby thethe stationarystationary sourcessources ofof pollutionpollution
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 16 ObjectivesObjectives
ToTo reducereduce environmentalenvironmental impactsimpacts ofof energyenergy useuse andand promotepromote environmentalenvironmental awarenessawareness inin thethe operationoperation ofof thethe energyenergy industry.industry.
ConsistConsist inin thethe increaseincrease ofof energyenergy efficiency,efficiency, increaseincrease andand improvementimprovement ofof energyenergy savings,savings, useuse ofof economic,economic, regulatoryregulatory andand legallegal instrumentsinstruments forfor energyenergy efficiencyefficiency andand saving.saving.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 17 TheThe mainmain strategicstrategic goalsgoals forfor mitigatingmitigating pollutionpollution fromfrom thethe generationgeneration sectorsector oo EstablishmentEstablishment ofof monitoringmonitoring systemsystem andand electronicelectronic databasedatabase oo CapacityCapacity buildingbuilding oo ReductionReduction ofof emissionemission inin air,air, oo IncreaseIncrease ofof energyenergy efficiencyefficiency inin generation,generation, supplysupply andand consumption.consumption. oo UseUse ofof extractionextraction andand productionproduction methodsmethods thatthat willwill enableenable sustainablesustainable useuse ofof naturalnatural resourcesresources oo ApplicationApplication ofof friendlyfriendly environmentalenvironmental technologiestechnologies forfor energyenergy production.production.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 18 PrioritiesPriorities shouldshould bebe givengiven toto thethe followingfollowing actions:actions:
Completion of legal regulations and harmonization with EU standa rds. Setting of time limit framework for reduction of emissions in ai r To collect information about the extent of the fires by means of drill holes and to set –up an action plan for extinguishing the mines fires. Initiation of implementation of Environmental Monitoring at KEK ’s facilities according to the EU practices and standards. Preparation of a Position Paper on the Kyoto protocol and its im plications for the energy sector of Kosovo. Reduction of energy losses in all fields of production and distr ibution. Replacement of old equipment in the energy sector. Encouragement of the use of combined heat and power. Drafting of operative plans in cases of ecological accidents. Control of burning fuel quality. Rehabilitation of the dust control equipment and the electrostat ic filters in the Kosovo B power plant to 2008. National Plan for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 19 ConclusionsConclusions
KosovoKosovo ’’ss prosperity,prosperity, ourour standardstandard ofof livingliving andand ourour qualityquality ofof lifelife willwill bebe greatlygreatly influencedinfluenced byby howhow wewe extract,extract, transform,transform, allocate,allocate, andand consumeconsume ourour energyenergy resourcesresources
EnvironmentalEnvironmental protectionprotection inin KosovoKosovo isis facingfacing bigbig challenges.challenges. ItIt isis necessarynecessary toto supportsupport economiceconomic andand sustainablesustainable development,development, effectiveeffective infrastructureinfrastructure andand environmentalenvironmental balancebalance andand achieveachieve effectiveeffective andand efficientefficient useuse ofof landland andand naturalnatural resourcesresources inin aa wayway thatthat willwill preventprevent conflictsconflicts ofof economiceconomic andand ecologicalecological interests.interests.
Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 20 Graz, 12 -15 September 2006 21