Anthracite Coal Combustion
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Petrographic and Vitrinite Reflectance Analyses of a Suite of High Volatile Bituminous Coal Samples from the United States and Venezuela
Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela Open-File Report 2008-1230 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk A. Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Hackley, P.C., Kolak, J.J., 2008, Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1230, 36 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1230. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................1 Methods ..............................................................................................................................................................................1 -
Update on Lignite Firing
Update on lignite firing Qian Zhu CCC/201 ISBN 978-92-9029-521-1 June 2012 copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre Abstract Low rank coals have gained increasing importance in recent years and the long-term future of coal -derived energy supplies will have to include the greater use of low rank coal. However, the relatively low economic value due to the high moisture content and low calorific value, and other undesirable properties of lignite coals limited their use mainly to power generation at, or, close to, the mining site. Another important issue regarding the use of lignite is its environmental impact. A range of advanced combustion technologies has been developed to improve the efficiency of lignite-fired power generation. With modern technologies it is now possible to produce electricity economically from lignite while addressing environmental concerns. This report reviews the advanced technologies used in modern lignite-fired power plants with a focus on pulverised lignite combustion technologies. CFBC combustion processes are also reviewed in brief and they are compared with pulverised lignite combustion technologies. Acronyms and abbreviations CFB circulating fluidised bed CFBC circulating fluidised bed combustion CFD computational fluid dynamics CV calorific value EHE external heat exchanger GRE Great River Energy GWe gigawatts electric kJ/kg kilojoules per kilogram kWh kilowatts hour Gt billion tonnes FBC fluidised bed combustion FBHE fluidised bed heat exchanger FEGT furnace exit gas temperature FGD flue gas desulphurisation GJ -
Middle School - Round 14A
MIDDLE SCHOOL - ROUND 14A TOSS-UP 1) Earth and Space – Short Answer What is the term for sediment with a particle size less than 2 microns? ANSWER: CLAY BONUS 1) Earth and Space – Multiple Choice Which of the following correctly describes the typical progression from dead organic matter to coal? W) Peat, lignite, bituminous [bih-TOOM-in-us], anthracite [AN-thrah-site] X) Lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite Y) Lignite, bituminous, peat, anthracite Z) Peat, bituminous, anthracite, lignite ANSWER: W) PEAT, LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS, AND ANTHRACITE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 2) Physical Science – Short Answer Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.45. Given that chlorine has two naturally-occurring isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37, then, to the nearest whole number, what percentage of chlorine atoms have a mass number of 35.45? ANSWER: ZERO BONUS 2) Physical Science – Short Answer To the nearest gram, what is the mass of two moles of carbon dioxide? ANSWER: 88 Middle School - Round 14A Page 1 TOSS-UP 3) Math – Short Answer What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line with equation 7x – 4y = –28? ANSWER: –4/7 BONUS 3) Math – Short Answer A fence is built along the perimeter of a 200-foot-by-300-foot rectangular field. Posts are placed at the four corners and every 5 feet thereafter. How many posts are required? ANSWER: 200 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 4) Life Science – Short Answer In eukaryotes [YOO-care-ee-oats], DNA and histones are organized into what structures? ANSWER: CHROMOSOMES BONUS 4) Life Science – Short Answer What type of microscopy [my-CRAW-scah-pee] involves the use of a laser, photomultiplier detector, and a pinhole that ensures elimination of out-of-plane light emitted by the sample? ANSWER: CONFOCAL Middle School - Round 14A Page 2 TOSS-UP 5) Energy – Short Answer Researchers at the Joint BioEnergy Institute are studying ionic liquids as a solvent to break down cellulose before biofuel production. -
'Retrofitting CCS to Coal: Enhancing Australia's Energy
RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY any representation about the content and suitability Disclaimer of this information for any particular purpose. The document is not intended to comprise advice, and is This report was completed on 2 March 2017 and provided “as is” without express or implied therefore the Report does not take into account warranty. Readers should form their own conclusion events or circumstances arising after that time. The as to its applicability and suitability. The authors Report’s authors take no responsibility to update the reserve the right to alter or amend this document Report. without prior notice. The Report’s modelling considers only a single set of Authors: Geoff Bongers, Gamma Energy Technology input assumptions which should not be considered Stephanie Byrom, Gamma Energy Technology entirely exhaustive. Modelling inherently requires Tania Constable, CO2CRC Limited assumptions about future behaviours and market interactions, which may result in forecasts that deviate from actual events. There will usually be About CO2CRC Limited: differences between estimated and actual results, CO2CRC Limited is Australia’s leading CCS research because events and circumstances frequently do not organisation, having invested $100m in CCS research occur as expected, and those differences may be over the past decade. CO2CRC is the first organisation material. The authors of the Report take no in Australia to have demonstrated CCS end-to-end, responsibility for the modelling presented to be and has successfully stored more than 80,000 tonnes considered as a definitive account. of CO2 at its renowned Otway Research Facility in The authors of the Report highlight that the Report, Victoria. -
Anthracite Coal 13
Rock and Mineral 10-Specimen Kit Companion Book Presented by This mineral kit was also made possible through the generosity of the mining companies who supplied the minerals. If you have any questions or comments about this kit please contact the SME Pittsburgh Section Chair at www.smepittsburgh.org. For more information about mining, visit the following web site: www.smepittsburgh.org BSA’s www.scouting.org - search “Mining in Society” SME’s www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/ Updated July 2016 © SME Pittsburgh Section The SME Pittsburgh Section thanks the companies, mines, and individuals who provided mineral samples and donated time or services that made these mineral kits possible. Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. CONSOL Energy, Inc. Coolspring Stone Supply John T. Boyd Company Morton Salt Murray Energy Corporation Newmont Mining Corporation Reed Gold Mine (State of North Carolina) Steelhead Specialty Minerals United States Gypsum Company US Steel Corporation United Taconite (Cliffs Natural Resources, Inc.) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 MINERAL IDENTIFICATION 5 FUELS 10 Bituminous Coal 12 Anthracite Coal 13 BASE METAL ORES 14 Iron Ore 15 Copper Ore 16 PRECIOUS METALS 17 Gold Ore 18 ROCKS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 19 Gypsum 21 Limestone 22 Marble 23 Salt 24 Zeolite 25 Note: many of the images reproduced here are from Wikipedia which allows non commercial use or from the Minerals Education Coalition web site http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals. INTRODUCTION The effect rocks and minerals have on our daily lives is not always obvious, but this book will help explain how essential they really are. If you don’t think you come in contact with minerals every day, think about these facts below and see if you change your mind. -
Lignite Mining Development Strategy
Energy Strat egy and P olicy of Kos ovo White Paper LIGNITE MINING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY STATEM ENT OF PRINCIPL E Recognizing that lignite will remain the principal fuel for electricity generation in the long term, the use of indigenous coal is encouraged in an environmentally and economically responsible manner, as well as reclamation of lands previously disturbed by mining. BACKGROUND Lignite is of outstanding importance to electricity generation in Kosovo. It contributes to 97% of the total electricity generation, 3% being hydro based pow er generation. Considering all the potential sources for pow er generation in Kosovo, coal safely maintains its leading position. The Kosovo lignite mines are operated at one of the most favorable lignite RESOURCE deposits in Europe due to its geological conditions. With an average ADVANTAGE ! stripping ratio of 1.7 m3 of w aste to 1 ton of coal, coal production at Kosovo mines could supply very competitive fuel to the pow er plants, compared to Sufficient for electricity international fuel sources and energy prices. The total estimated generation in decades economically exploited resources of approx. 10,000 Mt represent one of the to come. richest lignite sources in Europe, w hich would allow ambitious pow er generation and expansion schemes in the forth coming decades. Coal supply can rise in correlation w ith increasing electricity consumption. Coal can be supplied w ith the highest degree of security and with predictable price levels. By this, Kosovo can take advantage of its large reserves and of its location in centre of South East Europe, w here lack of electricity is to be expected in the mid to long ter m period. -
Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan I
Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan i ii Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume is based on papers presented at the two-day national conference on the topical and vital theme of Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan held on May 15-16, 2013 at Islamabad Hotel, Islamabad. The Conference was jointly organised by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, (HSF) Islamabad. The organisers of the Conference are especially thankful to Mr. Kristof W. Duwaerts, Country Representative, HSF, Islamabad, for his co-operation and sharing the financial expense of the Conference. For the papers presented in this volume, we are grateful to all participants, as well as the chairpersons of the different sessions, who took time out from their busy schedules to preside over the proceedings. We are also thankful to the scholars, students and professionals who accepted our invitation to participate in the Conference. All members of IPRI staff — Amjad Saleem, Shazad Ahmad, Noreen Hameed, Shazia Khurshid, and Muhammad Iqbal — worked as a team to make this Conference a success. Saira Rehman, Assistant Editor, IPRI did well as stage secretary. All efforts were made to make the Conference as productive and result oriented as possible. However, if there were areas left wanting in some respect the Conference management owns responsibility for that. iv Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank Bcf Billion Cubic Feet BCMA -
Coal Characteristics
CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal -
Carbon Footprint for Mercury Capture from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas
energies Article Carbon Footprint for Mercury Capture from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas Magdalena Gazda-Grzywacz 1,* , Łukasz Winconek 2 and Piotr Burmistrz 1 1 Faculty of Energy & Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicz Avenue 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Grand Activated Sp. z o.o., Białostocka 1, 17-200 Hajnówka, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Power production from coal combustion is one of two major anthropogenic sources of mercury emission to the atmosphere. The aim of this study is the analysis of the carbon footprint of mercury removal technologies through sorbents injection related to the removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases. Two sorbents, i.e., powdered activated carbon and the coke dust, were analysed. The assessment included both direct and indirect emissions related to various energy and material needs life cycle including coal mining and transport, sorbents production, transport of sorbents to the power plants, and injection into flue gases. The results show that at the average mercury concentration in processed flue gasses accounting to 28.0 µg Hg/Nm3, removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases required 14.925 Mg of powdered activated carbon and 33.594 Mg of coke dust, respec- tively. However, the whole life cycle carbon footprint for powdered activated carbon amounted to −1 89.548 Mg CO2-e·kg Hg, whereas for coke dust this value was around three times lower and −1 amounted to 24.452 Mg CO2-e·kg Hg. Considering the relatively low price of coke dust and its lower impact on GHG emissions, it can be found as a promising alternative to commercial powdered Citation: Gazda-Grzywacz, M.; activated carbon. -
Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition
Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition Consider 100 kg of biomass (pine wood) with an Ultimate Analysis on a dry ash free basis given in Table A.1. This calculation assumes that all the carbon is burned i.e. there is no carbon in the ash or carbon monoxide formed. If there is the unburned carbon has to be sub- tracted from the value of carbon in the above table. Also that the S, N and Cl are negligible and there is no ingress of N2 in the flue or sampling system. Moisture content given in the Proximate Analysis has to be allowed for in the calculation as well. Assume the combustion reactions are C + O2 = CO2 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O Oxygen required for stoichiometric combustion = 4.33 + 1.6 − 1.3 = 4.63kg-mol Air requirement = [4.63 × 100 × 22.41 ]/[ 21]=494.1 m3 at NTP Composition of the dry flue gas from the stoichiometric combustion of 1 kg of biomass: 3 N2 from theoretical air 4.94 0.79 3.90 m . = × = 3 N2 from biomass 0.001 0.224 0.0002 m . = × = 3 CO2 from biomass 4.33 0.224 0.97 m . Total amount of dry= flue gas× per 1 kg= wood 4.872 m3. = If the concentration in the wet flue gas is required then the water content has to be included in the above calculation. © The Author(s) 2014 105 J.M. Jones et al., Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6437-1 106 Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition Table A.1 Calculation of Element Molecular weight Mols O2 required flue gas composition C, 52.00 12 4.33 H, 6.20 2 1.6 O, 41.60 32 1.3 − N, 0.2 28 Therefore % CO 0.97/4.872 19.91 assuming stoichiometric combustion (0 % 2 = = O2). -
On the Fundamental Difference Between Coal Rank and Coal Type
International Journal of Coal Geology 118 (2013) 58–87 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Coal Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcoalgeo Review article On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe a,⁎, Achim Bechtel b,KimonChristanisc, Shifeng Dai d, William A. DiMichele e, Cortland F. Eble f,JoanS.Esterleg, Maria Mastalerz h,AnneL.Raymondi, Bruno V. Valentim j,NicolaJ.Wagnerk, Colin R. Ward l, James C. Hower m a Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351, USA b Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, Montan Universität, Leoben, Austria c Department of Geology, University of Patras, 265.04 Rio-Patras, Greece d State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China e Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA f Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA g School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia h Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 North Walnut Grove, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, USA i Department of Geology and Geophysics, College Station, TX 77843, USA j Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and Geology Centre of the University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal k School Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, 2050, WITS, South Africa l School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia m University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, USA article info abstract Article history: This article addresses the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type. -
Iea Statistics
IEA STATISTICS COAL INFORMATION Corrigendum Please note that despite our best efforts to ensure quality control, errors have slipped into the Coal Information 2015. New pages from IV.435 to IV.444 (Plus, “Achevé d’imprimer” changed to “second edition, October 2015”) See next pages 2015 Secure Sustainable Together COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) PART IV - IV.435 COUNTRY NOTES In many cases, data submitted by Member countries to Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) data as the secretariat do not conform to the standard report- the main energy consumption data source for the ing methodology or have other particular characteris- Australian Energy Statistics. As a result, there are tics. Information set out below will assist readers to breaks in the time series for many data between 2002 interpret data for particular countries and aid in the and 2003. The revisions have also introduced some comparison of data among countries. methodological problems. The national statistics appear The notes given below refer to data for the years 1960 to have problems identifying inputs and outputs to cer- to 2013 and may also refer to 2014p preliminary data tain transformation processes such as gas works plants, as well as the information on CD-ROM and the on- electricity plants and CHP plants. Energy industry own line data service. In general, more detailed notes are use and inputs to the transformation processes are available for data since 1990. sometimes not reported separately in the correct cate- gories. More detail is given in the notes below. Data for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite are available separately For the 2002 data, the Australian administration began from 1978.