DOCSLIB.ORG

Update on Lignite Firing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Update on Lignite Firing Update on lignite firing Qian Zhu CCC/201 ISBN 978-92-9029-521-1 June 2012 copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre Abstract Low rank coals have gained increasing importance in recent years and the long-term future of coal -derived energy supplies will have to include the greater use of low rank coal. However, the relatively low economic value due to the high moisture content and low calorific value, and other undesirable properties of lignite coals limited their use mainly to power generation at, or, close to, the mining site. Another important issue regarding the use of lignite is its environmental impact. A range of advanced combustion technologies has been developed to improve the efficiency of lignite-fired power generation. With modern technologies it is now possible to produce electricity economically from lignite while addressing environmental concerns. This report reviews the advanced technologies used in modern lignite-fired power plants with a focus on pulverised lignite combustion technologies. CFBC combustion processes are also reviewed in brief and they are compared with pulverised lignite combustion technologies. Acronyms and abbreviations CFB circulating fluidised bed CFBC circulating fluidised bed combustion CFD computational fluid dynamics CV calorific value EHE external heat exchanger GRE Great River Energy GWe gigawatts electric kJ/kg kilojoules per kilogram kWh kilowatts hour Gt billion tonnes FBC fluidised bed combustion FBHE fluidised bed heat exchanger FEGT furnace exit gas temperature FGD flue gas desulphurisation GJ gigajoule HHV higher heating value IDGCC Integrated Drying Gasification Combined Cycle IEA International Energy Agency IGCC integrated gasification combined cycle kg/h kilograms per hour kPa kilopascals kWh kilowatts per hour LHV lower heating value m2 square metres m3/d cubic metres per day mg/m 3 micrograms per cubic metre MJ megajoule MJ/s megajoules per second MPa megapascals Mt million tonnes MWe megawatts electric MWh megawatts hour MWth megawatts thermal O&M operating and maintenance OFA over fire air PC pulverised coal PCC pulverised coal combustion R&D research and development rmp revolutions per minute t/h tonnes per hour t/y tonnes per year SC supercritical WEC World Energy Council US DOE The US Department of Energy USC ultra-supercritical µm micrometres 2 IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE Contents Acronyms and abbreviations . 2 Contents . 3 1 Introduction . 5 2 Lignite and its utilisation . 8 2.1 Reserves and production . 8 2.2 Lignite characteristics . 12 2.3 Lignite utilisation . 13 3 Lignite drying technologies . 15 3.1 Evaporative drying . 16 3.1.1 WTA technology . 16 3.1.2 DryFining™ . 18 3.1.3 Entrained flow drying . 19 3.1.4 Superheated steam drying (SHSD) . 19 3.1.5 Coldry Process . 20 3.1.6 Microwave drying . 21 3.1.7 High velocity air flow grinding/drying . 22 3.2 Non-evaporative dewatering . 23 3.2.1 Hydrothermal dewatering (HTD) . 23 3.2.2 Mechanical thermal expression (MTE) . 27 3.2.3 Comments . 28 4 Pulverised lignite firing . 29 4.1 Pulverised lignite firing process . 29 4.2 Lignite milling . 31 4.2.1 Beater wheel mill with classifier . 31 4.2.2 Beater wheel mill with vapour separation classifier . 32 4.2.3 Beater wheel mill with staged grinding . 32 4.3 Low NOx burners . 32 4.4 Boiler design . 34 4.4.1 Firing system . 34 4.4.2 Boiler size . 35 4.4.3 Thermal design . 36 4.4.4 Primary measurers for NOx emissions control . 39 4.4.5 Reduction in excess air . 39 4.4.6 Air staging . 39 4.4.7 Fuel compression, vapour separation . 40 4.4.8 Flue gas recirculation . 41 4.4.9 Heating surface cleaning system . 42 4.5 Materials . 43 4.6 Turbine system . 45 4.7 Waste heat recovery and utilisation . 47 4.8 Impact of lignite characteristics . 48 4.9 Case study: BoA 2&3 . 49 4.10 Summary . 53 Update on lignite firing 3 5 PC versus CFBC . 54 5.1 Advances in CFB technology . 54 5.1.1 Efficiencies . 55 5.1.2 Availability and reliability . 55 5.1.3 Environmental performance . 56 5.1.4 Scale-up . 57 5.1.5 Other developments in CFB technology . 57 5.1.6 Future developments . 58 5.2 CFB manufacturers and their technologies . 58 5.2.1 Foster Wheeler . 58 5.2.2 Alstom . 59 5.2.3 AE&E Lentjes GmbH . 60 5.2.4 Babcock & Wilcox . 61 5.2.5 Other manufacturers . 62 5.3 Comparison of PC and CFB . 63 5.3.1 Operational performance . 63 5.3.2 Environmental performance . 64 5.3.3 Carbon capture . 65 5.3.4 Costs . 65 6 Summary . 68 7 References . 71 4 IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE 1 Introduction Coal plays a significant role in meeting global energy demand. Coal is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel and coal deposits exist in nearly every region of the world. Therefore, coal has an enormous geostrategic advantage compared to crude oil and natural gas and is vital for global energy security. Since 2000, global coal consumption has grown at an average annual rate of 4.9%, faster than any other fuel. The increase in coal use is set to continue and is expected to rise by over 60% by 2030, with developing countries accounting for around 97% of this increase (WEC, 2010). The main driver of demand for coal is the inexorable growth in energy needed for power generation. The recent World Energy Outlook by the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2009) projected that the world electricity demand would grow at an annual rate of 2.5% between 2007 and 2030. Globally, additions to power generation capacity could total 4800 GW by 2030. A significant portion of the electricity generated will come from coal-fired power plants. Coal is, and will remain, the major fuel of the power sector. The current share of coal in the global power generation mix is approximately 41% and it is expected to increase to 44% by 2030 (IEA, 2009). The quality of coal varies significantly depending on the degree of metamorphism from peat to anthracite (this is referred to as the ‘rank’ of the coal) and the geographical location where the coal has formed. Generally, the term ‘coal’ refers to a whole range of combustible sedimentary rock materials spanning a continuous quality scale. Coal is usually divided into four.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Petrographic and Vitrinite Reflectance Analyses of a Suite of High Volatile Bituminous Coal Samples from the United States and Venezuela
    Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela Open-File Report 2008-1230 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk A. Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Hackley, P.C., Kolak, J.J., 2008, Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1230, 36 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1230. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................1 Methods ..............................................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • 'Retrofitting CCS to Coal: Enhancing Australia's Energy
    RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY any representation about the content and suitability Disclaimer of this information for any particular purpose. The document is not intended to comprise advice, and is This report was completed on 2 March 2017 and provided “as is” without express or implied therefore the Report does not take into account warranty. Readers should form their own conclusion events or circumstances arising after that time. The as to its applicability and suitability. The authors Report’s authors take no responsibility to update the reserve the right to alter or amend this document Report. without prior notice. The Report’s modelling considers only a single set of Authors: Geoff Bongers, Gamma Energy Technology input assumptions which should not be considered Stephanie Byrom, Gamma Energy Technology entirely exhaustive. Modelling inherently requires Tania Constable, CO2CRC Limited assumptions about future behaviours and market interactions, which may result in forecasts that deviate from actual events. There will usually be About CO2CRC Limited: differences between estimated and actual results, CO2CRC Limited is Australia’s leading CCS research because events and circumstances frequently do not organisation, having invested $100m in CCS research occur as expected, and those differences may be over the past decade. CO2CRC is the first organisation material. The authors of the Report take no in Australia to have demonstrated CCS end-to-end, responsibility for the modelling presented to be and has successfully stored more than 80,000 tonnes considered as a definitive account. of CO2 at its renowned Otway Research Facility in The authors of the Report highlight that the Report, Victoria.
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan I
    Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan i ii Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume is based on papers presented at the two-day national conference on the topical and vital theme of Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan held on May 15-16, 2013 at Islamabad Hotel, Islamabad. The Conference was jointly organised by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, (HSF) Islamabad. The organisers of the Conference are especially thankful to Mr. Kristof W. Duwaerts, Country Representative, HSF, Islamabad, for his co-operation and sharing the financial expense of the Conference. For the papers presented in this volume, we are grateful to all participants, as well as the chairpersons of the different sessions, who took time out from their busy schedules to preside over the proceedings. We are also thankful to the scholars, students and professionals who accepted our invitation to participate in the Conference. All members of IPRI staff — Amjad Saleem, Shazad Ahmad, Noreen Hameed, Shazia Khurshid, and Muhammad Iqbal — worked as a team to make this Conference a success. Saira Rehman, Assistant Editor, IPRI did well as stage secretary. All efforts were made to make the Conference as productive and result oriented as possible. However, if there were areas left wanting in some respect the Conference management owns responsibility for that. iv Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank Bcf Billion Cubic Feet BCMA
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Footprint for Mercury Capture from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas
    energies Article Carbon Footprint for Mercury Capture from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas Magdalena Gazda-Grzywacz 1,* , Łukasz Winconek 2 and Piotr Burmistrz 1 1 Faculty of Energy & Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicz Avenue 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Grand Activated Sp. z o.o., Białostocka 1, 17-200 Hajnówka, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Power production from coal combustion is one of two major anthropogenic sources of mercury emission to the atmosphere. The aim of this study is the analysis of the carbon footprint of mercury removal technologies through sorbents injection related to the removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases. Two sorbents, i.e., powdered activated carbon and the coke dust, were analysed. The assessment included both direct and indirect emissions related to various energy and material needs life cycle including coal mining and transport, sorbents production, transport of sorbents to the power plants, and injection into flue gases. The results show that at the average mercury concentration in processed flue gasses accounting to 28.0 µg Hg/Nm3, removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases required 14.925 Mg of powdered activated carbon and 33.594 Mg of coke dust, respec- tively. However, the whole life cycle carbon footprint for powdered activated carbon amounted to −1 89.548 Mg CO2-e·kg Hg, whereas for coke dust this value was around three times lower and −1 amounted to 24.452 Mg CO2-e·kg Hg. Considering the relatively low price of coke dust and its lower impact on GHG emissions, it can be found as a promising alternative to commercial powdered Citation: Gazda-Grzywacz, M.; activated carbon.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition
    Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition Consider 100 kg of biomass (pine wood) with an Ultimate Analysis on a dry ash free basis given in Table A.1. This calculation assumes that all the carbon is burned i.e. there is no carbon in the ash or carbon monoxide formed. If there is the unburned carbon has to be sub- tracted from the value of carbon in the above table. Also that the S, N and Cl are negligible and there is no ingress of N2 in the flue or sampling system. Moisture content given in the Proximate Analysis has to be allowed for in the calculation as well. Assume the combustion reactions are C + O2 = CO2 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O Oxygen required for stoichiometric combustion = 4.33 + 1.6 − 1.3 = 4.63kg-mol Air requirement = [4.63 × 100 × 22.41 ]/[ 21]=494.1 m3 at NTP Composition of the dry flue gas from the stoichiometric combustion of 1 kg of biomass: 3 N2 from theoretical air 4.94 0.79 3.90 m . = × = 3 N2 from biomass 0.001 0.224 0.0002 m . = × = 3 CO2 from biomass 4.33 0.224 0.97 m . Total amount of dry= flue gas× per 1 kg= wood 4.872 m3. = If the concentration in the wet flue gas is required then the water content has to be included in the above calculation. © The Author(s) 2014 105 J.M. Jones et al., Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6437-1 106 Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition Table A.1 Calculation of Element Molecular weight Mols O2 required flue gas composition C, 52.00 12 4.33 H, 6.20 2 1.6 O, 41.60 32 1.3 − N, 0.2 28 Therefore % CO 0.97/4.872 19.91 assuming stoichiometric combustion (0 % 2 = = O2).
    [Show full text]
  • Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: a Case
    applied sciences Article Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: A Case Study of Coal in the Madzaringwe Formation in the Vele Colliery, Limpopo Province, South Africa Elelwani Denge * and Christopher Baiyegunhi Department of Geology and Mining, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Featured Application: Authors are encouraged to provide a concise description of the specific application or a potential application of the work. This section is not mandatory. Abstract: The Madzaringwe Formation in the Vele colliery is one of the coal-bearing Late Palaeozoic units of the Karoo Supergroup, consisting of shale with thin coal seams and sandstones. Maceral group analysis was conducted on seven representative coal samples collected from three existing boreholes—OV125149, OV125156, and OV125160—in the Vele colliery to determine the coal rank and other intrinsic characteristics of the coal. The petrographic characterization revealed that vitrinite is the dominant maceral group in the coals, representing up to 81–92 vol.% (mmf) of the total sample. Collotellinite is the dominant vitrinite maceral, with a total count varying between 52.4 vol.% (mmf) and 74.9 vol.% (mmf), followed by corpogelinite, collodetrinite, tellinite, and pseudovitrinite with a Citation: Denge, E.; Baiyegunhi, C. count ranging between 0.8 and 19.4 vol.% (mmf), 1.5 and 17.5 vol.% (mmf), 0.8 and 6.5 vol.% (mmf) Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: A Case Study of and 0.3 and 5.9 vol.% (mmf), respectively. The dominance of collotellinite gives a clear indication Coal in the Madzaringwe Formation that the coals are derived from the parenchymatous and woody tissues of roots, stems, and leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • COAL CONFERENCE University of Pittsburgh · Swanson School of Engineering ABSTRACTS BOOKLET
    Thirty-Fifth Annual INTERNATIONAL PITTSBURGH COAL CONFERENCE University of Pittsburgh · Swanson School of Engineering ABSTRACTS BOOKLET Clean Coal-based Energy/Fuels and the Environment October 15-18, 2018 New Century Grand Hotel Xuzhou Hosted by: The conference acknowledges the support of Co-hosted by: K. C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong A NOTE TO THE READER This Abstracts Booklet is prepared solely as a convenient reference for the Conference participants. Abstracts are arranged in a numerical order of the oral and poster sessions as published in the Final Conference Program. In order to facilitate the task for the reader to locate a specific abstract in a given session, each paper is given two numbers: the first designates the session number and the second represents the paper number in that session. For example, Paper No. 25.1 is the first paper to be presented in the Oral Session #25. Similarly, Paper No. P3.1 is the first paper to appear in the Poster Session #3. It should be cautioned that this Abstracts Booklet is prepared based on the original abstracts that were submitted, unless the author noted an abstract change. The contents of the Booklet do not reflect late changes made by the authors for their presentations at the Conference. The reader should consult the Final Conference Program for any such changes. Furthermore, updated and detailed full manuscripts, published in the Conference Proceedings, will be sent to all registered participants following the Conference. On behalf of the Thirty-Fifth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, we wish to express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Selection of Major Carbon Dioxide Stream Compositions
    PNNL-20493 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Identification and Selection of Major Carbon Dioxide Stream Compositions GV Last MT Schmick June 2011 PNNL-20493 Identification and Selection of Major Carbon Dioxide Stream Compositions GV Last MT Schmick June 2011 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Abstract A critical component in the assessment of long-term risk from geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the ability to predict mineralogical and geochemical changes within storage reservoirs as a result of rock-brine-CO2 reactions. Impurities and/or other constituents in CO2 source streams selected for sequestration can affect both the chemical and physical (e.g., density, viscosity, interfacial tension) properties of CO2 in the deep subsurface. The nature and concentrations of these impurities are a function of both the industrial source(s) of CO2, as well as the carbon capture technology used to extract the CO2 and produce a concentrated stream for subsurface injection and geologic sequestration. This report summarizes the relative concentrations of CO2 and other constituents in exhaust gases from major non-energy-related industrial sources of CO2. Assuming that carbon capture technology would remove most of the incondensable gases N2, O2, and Ar, leaving SO2 and NOx as the main impurities, the authors of this report selected four test fluid compositions for use in geochemical experiments. These included the following: 1) a pure CO2 stream representative of food-grade CO2 used in most enhanced oil recovery projects; 2) a test fluid composition containing low concentrations (0.5 mole %) SO2 and NOx (representative of that generated from cement production); 3) a test fluid composition with higher concentrations (2.5 mole %) of SO2; and 4) test fluid composition containing 3 mole % H2S.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience from Post-Combustion Capture Pilot Plant Operations in Australia
    1st Post Combustion Capture Conference Experience from post-combustion capture pilot plant operations in Australia A. Cottrella*, P.H.M. Ferona aCoal Technology Portfolio, CSIRO Energy Technology, Newcastle, Australia Australia is highly dependent on coal for power generation and also for income and job creation through its significant exports. With this it is essential that Australia has an active program for investigating the implementation of coal combustion CO2 reduction technologies. CSIRO is a national, government funded research organization that has been tasked with challenge of addressing the issues associated with the reduction of CO2 emissions through application of post- combustion capture technologies for coal fired power stations. PCC program at CSIRO investigates many aspects of the technology and part of that has been through construction and operation of three PCC pilot plants located at Australian power station sites treating real flue gas. This paper will discuss learnings that have come from the operation of the plants. Australia is highly dependent on coal for power generation and also income and job creation through its significant exports. With this it is essential that Australia has an active program for investigating the implementation of CO2 reduction technologies as a result of the combustion of coal. CSIRO is a national, government funded research organization that has been tasked with challenge of addressing the issues associated with the reduction of CO2 emissions through application of post-combustion capture technologies for coal fired power stations. PCC program at CSIRO investigates many aspects of the technology and part of that has been through construction and operation of three PCC pilot plants located at Australian power station sites treating real flue gas.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Flue Gases and Fuel Gases
    Zevenhoven & Kilpinen FLUE GASES and FUEL GASES 19.6.2001 2-1 Chapter 2 Flue gases and fuel gases 2.1 Introduction Combustion processes for heat and power generation and the incineration of household waste generate gaseous “by-products” that are virtually useless when their temperature is below, say, 200EC. By means of a stack of sufficient height these can be dispersed into the atmosphere without much effect to the environment at short range. At the same time the mere presence of a stack indicates that there must be reasons for actively transporting the gases away from the facilities that generate them. These reasons are that the temperature, and, more importantly, the composition of the gases are different from those of the ambient atmosphere at ground-level. The formation of ground-level ozone from traffic exhaust gases during sunny summer days is a good example of what happens when large amounts of flue gases are released at ground-level. Flue gases from combustion facilities have a composition very different from air because of high concentrations of the combustion products water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). More concern, however, goes to what is in these gases besides these bulk species, such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, fine dust, trace elements such as mercury and nickel, and super-toxics such as dioxins. All these compounds are actually unwanted by-products from a power plant or a waste incinerator, since the first has the objective to convert hydrocarbon fuels (CxHy) into CO2, H2O plus heat and power, whilst the second aims at reducing a large volume of solid or liquid waste into a small amount of solid ashes plus, again, CO2 and H2O from the combustion of the organic compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of CO2 from Flue Gas at High Temperature Using
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa 139 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 47, 2016 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Angelo Chianese, Luca Di Palma, Elisabetta Petrucci, Marco Stoller Copyright © 2016, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-38-9; ISSN 2283-9216 DOI: 10.3303/CET1647024 Removal of CO from Flue Gas at High Temperature 2 Using Novel Porous Solids Monica Puccini*, Eleonora Stefanelli, Maurizia Seggiani, Sandra Vitolo Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy [email protected] Since the CO2 separation is the first and most energy intensive step of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, many research have targeted at improving the current technologies or developing new approaches of CO2 separation and capture. In this study, lithium orthosilicate-based pellets were developed and characterized as potential regenarable high-temperature CO2 sorbents. A mechanical method was used for pelletization of the powdered materials, namely K2CO3-doped lithium silicate (Li4SiO4). For increasing the performance of the pellets over multiple cycles an activation strategy was applied: the powdered sorbents were pelletized with a binder for enhancing their porosity by applying a thermal activation before adsorption process. Different amounts of binders (layered graphite and carbon nanotubes) were added to powered doped-sorbent in order to identify the optimal amount to ensure an adequate porosity into the pellets. The CO2 sorption properties of the obtained pellets were investigated by using a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) in a controlled gas flow environment at low CO2 partial pressure (0.04 atm).
    [Show full text]
  • Lithofacies, Depositional Environments, and Regional Stratigraphy of the Lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Lithofacies, Depositional Environments, and Regional Stratigraphy of the Lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1599 Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Pakistan A Cover. Exposures of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation along the northeast flank of the Sor Range, Balochistan, Pakistan. Photograph by Stephen B. Roberts. Lithofacies, Depositional Environments, and Regional Stratigraphy of the Lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan By Edward A. Johnson, Peter D. Warwick, Stephen B. Roberts, and Intizar H. Khan U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1599 Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Pakistan UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lithofacies, depositional environments, and regional stratigraphy of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan / by Edward A. Johnson . .[et al.]. p. cm.—(U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1599) "Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Pakistan." Includes bibliographical references. 1. Geology, Stratigraphic—Eocene. 2. Geology—Pakistan— Balochistan. 3. Coal—Geology—Pakistan—Balochistan. 4. Ghazij Formation (Pakistan). I. Johnson, Edward A. (Edward Allison), 1940- . II. Series. QE692.2.L58 1999 553.2'4'0954915—dc21 98-3305 ISBN=0-607-89365-6 CIP CONTENTS Abstract..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]