Improve Your Boiler's Combustion Efficiency
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Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions
Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions Joint EPRI/NRC-RES Fire PRA Workshop August 21-25, 2017 A Collaboration of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) & U.S. NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES) What is a Fire? .Fire: – destructive burning as manifested by any or all of the following: light, flame, heat, smoke (ASTM E176) – the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. (National Wildfire Coordinating Group) – the phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat (Merriam-Webster) – Combustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involving a solid, liquid, and/or gas-phase fuel (NFPA FP Handbook) 2 What is a Fire? . Fire Triangle – hasn’t change much… . Fire requires presence of: – Material that can burn (fuel) – Oxygen (generally from air) – Energy (initial ignition source and sustaining thermal feedback) . Ignition source can be a spark, short in an electrical device, welder’s torch, cutting slag, hot pipe, hot manifold, cigarette, … 3 Materials that May Burn .Materials that can burn are generally categorized by: – Ease of ignition (ignition temperature or flash point) . Flammable materials are relatively easy to ignite, lower flash point (e.g., gasoline) . Combustible materials burn but are more difficult to ignite, higher flash point, more energy needed(e.g., wood, diesel fuel) . Non-Combustible materials will not burn under normal conditions (e.g., granite, silica…) – State of the fuel . Solid (wood, electrical cable insulation) . Liquid (diesel fuel) . Gaseous (hydrogen) 4 Combustion Process .Combustion process involves . – An ignition source comes into contact and heats up the material – Material vaporizes and mixes up with the oxygen in the air and ignites – Exothermic reaction generates additional energy that heats the material, that vaporizes more, that reacts with the air, etc. -
Safety Data Sheet
Coghlan’s Magnesium Fire Starter #7870 SAFETY DATA SHEET This Safety Data Sheet complies with the Canadian Hazardous Product Regulations, the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS), and the European Union Directives. 1. Product and Supplier Identification 1.1 Product: Magnesium Fire Starter 1.2 Other Means of Identification: Coghlan’s #7870 1.3 Product Use: Fire starter 1.4 Restrictions on Use: None known 1.5 Producer: Coghlan’s Ltd., 121 Irene Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada, R3T 4C7 Telephone: +1(204) 284-9550 Facsimile: +1(204) 475-4127 Email: [email protected] Supplier: As above 1.6 Emergencies: +1(877) 264-4526 2. Hazards Identification 2.1 Classification of product or mixture This product is an untested preparation. GHS classification for this preparation is based upon its use as a fire starter by making shavings and small particulate from the metal block. As shipped in mass form, this preparation is not considered to be a hazardous product and is not classifiable under the requirements of GHS. GHS Classification: Flammable Solids, Category 1 2.2 GHS Label Elements, including precautionary statements Pictogram: Signal Word: Danger Page 1 of 11 October 18, 2016 Coghlan’s Magnesium Fire Starter #7870 GHS Hazard Statements: H228: Flammable Solid GHS Precautionary Statements: Prevention: P210: Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. P280: Wear protective gloves, eye and face protection Response: P370+P378: In case of fire use water as first choice. Sand, earth, dry chemical, foam or CO2 may be used to extinguish. -
Update on Lignite Firing
Update on lignite firing Qian Zhu CCC/201 ISBN 978-92-9029-521-1 June 2012 copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre Abstract Low rank coals have gained increasing importance in recent years and the long-term future of coal -derived energy supplies will have to include the greater use of low rank coal. However, the relatively low economic value due to the high moisture content and low calorific value, and other undesirable properties of lignite coals limited their use mainly to power generation at, or, close to, the mining site. Another important issue regarding the use of lignite is its environmental impact. A range of advanced combustion technologies has been developed to improve the efficiency of lignite-fired power generation. With modern technologies it is now possible to produce electricity economically from lignite while addressing environmental concerns. This report reviews the advanced technologies used in modern lignite-fired power plants with a focus on pulverised lignite combustion technologies. CFBC combustion processes are also reviewed in brief and they are compared with pulverised lignite combustion technologies. Acronyms and abbreviations CFB circulating fluidised bed CFBC circulating fluidised bed combustion CFD computational fluid dynamics CV calorific value EHE external heat exchanger GRE Great River Energy GWe gigawatts electric kJ/kg kilojoules per kilogram kWh kilowatts hour Gt billion tonnes FBC fluidised bed combustion FBHE fluidised bed heat exchanger FEGT furnace exit gas temperature FGD flue gas desulphurisation GJ -
Operating and Maintaining a Wood Heater
OPERATING AND MAINTAINING A WOODHEATER FIREWOOD ASSOCIATION THE FIREWOODOF AUSTRALIA ASSOCIATION INC. OF AUSTRALIA INC. Building a wood fire Maintaining a wood heater For any fire to start and keep going three things are needed, Even in correctly operated wood heaters and fireplaces, some fuel, oxygen and heat. In wood fires the fuel is provided by the of the combustion gases will condense on the inside of the wood, the oxygen comes from the air, and the initial heat comes flue or chimney as a black tar-like substance called creosote. from burning paper or a fire lighter. In a going fire the heat is If this substance is allowed to build up it will restrict the air flow provided by the already burning wood. Without fuel, heat and in the heater or fireplace, reducing its efficiency. Eventually oxygen the fire will go out. When the important role of oxygen a build up of creosote can completely block the flue, making is understood, it is easy to see why you need plenty of air space around each piece of kindling when setting up the fire. the fire impossible to operate. One sign of a blocked flue is smoke coming into the room when you open the heater door. Kindling catches fire easily because it has a large surface Creosote appearing on the glass door is another indication area and small mass, which allows it to reach combustion that your heater is not working properly. Because creosote temperature quickly. The surface of a large piece of wood is flammable, if the chimney or flue gets hot enough the will not catch fire until it has been brought up to combustion creosote can catch alight, causing a dangerous chimney fire. -
Heat Generation Technology Landscaping Study, Scotland's
Heat Generation Technology Landscaping Study, Scotland’s Energy Efficiency Programme (SEEP) BRE August 2017 Summary This landscaping study has reviewed the status and suitability of a number of near-term heat generation technologies that are not already significantly established in the market-place. The study has been conducted to inform Scottish Government on the status and the technologies so that they can make informed decisions on the potential suitability of the technologies for inclusion within Scotland’s Energy Efficiency Programme (SEEP). Some key findings which have emerged from the research include: • High temperature, hybrid and gas driven heat pumps all have the potential to increase the uptake of low carbon heating solutions in the UK in the short to medium term. • High temperature heat pumps are particularly suited for off-gas grid retrofit projects, whereas hybrids and gas driven products are suited to on-gas grid properties. They may all be used with no or limited upgrades to existing heating systems, and each offers some advantages (but also some disadvantages) compared with standard electric heat pumps. • District heating may continue to have a significant role to play – albeit more on 3rd and 4th generation systems than the large high temperature systems typical in other parts of Europe in the 1950s and 60s – due to lower heating requirements of modern retrofitted buildings. • Longer term, the development of low carbon heating fuel markets may also present significant opportunity e.g. biogas, and possibly hydrogen. -
5Th-Generation Thermox WDG Flue Gas Combustion Analyzer
CONTROL EXCLUSIVE 5th-Generation Thermox WDG Flue Gas Combustion Analyzer “For more than 40 years, we have been a leader in combustion gas analysis,” says Mike Fuller, divison VP of sales and marketing and business development for Ametek Process Instruments, “and we believe the WDG-V is the combustion analyzer of the future.” WDG analyzers are based on a zirconium oxide cell that provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for measuring excess oxygen in flue gas as well as CO and methane levels. This information allows operators to obtain the highest fuel effi- ciency, while lowering emissions for NOx, CO and CO2. The zir- conium oxide cell responds to the difference between the concen- tration of oxygen in the flue gas versus an air reference. To assure complete combustion, the flue gas should contain several percent oxygen. The optimum excess oxygen concentration is dependent on the fuel type (natural gas, hydrocarbon liquids and coal). The WDG-V mounts directly to the process flange, and is heated to maintain all sample-wetted components above the acid dewpoint. Its air-operated aspirator draws a sample into the ana- lyzer and returns it to the process. A portion of the sample rises into the convection loop past the combustibles and oxygen cells, Ametek’s WDG-V flue gas combustion analyzer meets SIL-2 and then back into the process. standards for safety instrumented systems. This design gives a very fast response and is perfect for process heat- ers. It features a reduced-drift, hot-wire catalytic detector that is resis- analyzer with analog/HART, discrete and Modbus RS-485 bi-direc- tant to sulfur dioxide (SO ) degradation, and the instrument is suitable 2 tional communications, or supplied in a typical “sensor/controller” for process streams up to 3200 ºF (1760 ºC). -
Learn the Facts: Fuel Consumption and CO2
Auto$mart Learn the facts: Fuel consumption and CO2 What is the issue? For an internal combustion engine to move a vehicle down the road, it must convert the energy stored in the fuel into mechanical energy to drive the wheels. This process produces carbon dioxide (CO2). What do I need to know? Burning 1 L of gasoline produces approximately 2.3 kg of CO2. This means that the average Canadian vehicle, which burns 2 000 L of gasoline every year, releases about 4 600 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere. But how can 1 L of gasoline, which weighs only 0.75 kg, produce 2.3 kg of CO2? The answer lies in the chemistry! Î The short answer: Gasoline contains carbon and hydrogen atoms. During combustion, the carbon (C) from the fuel combines with oxygen (O2) from the air to produce carbon dioxide (CO2). The additional weight comes from the oxygen. The longer answer: Î So it’s the oxygen from the air that makes the exhaust Gasoline is composed of hydrocarbons, which are hydrogen products heavier. (H) and carbon (C) atoms that are bonded to form hydrocarbon molecules (C H ). Air is primarily composed of X Y Now let’s look specifically at the CO2 reaction. This reaction nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O2). may be expressed as follows: A simplified equation for the combustion of a hydrocarbon C + O2 g CO2 fuel may be expressed as follows: Carbon has an atomic weight of 12, oxygen has an atomic Fuel (C H ) + oxygen (O ) + spark g water (H O) + X Y 2 2 weight of 16 and CO2 has a molecular weight of 44 carbon dioxide (CO2) + heat (1 carbon atom [12] + 2 oxygen atoms [2 x 16 = 32]). -
Combustion Chemistry William H
Combustion Chemistry William H. Green MIT Dept. of Chemical Engineering 2014 Princeton-CEFRC Summer School on Combustion Course Length: 15 hrs June 2014 Copyright ©2014 by William H. Green This material is not to be sold, reproduced or distributed without prior written permission of the owner, William H. Green. 1 Combustion Chemistry William H. Green Combustion Summer School June 2014 2 Acknowledgements • Thanks to the following people for allowing me to show some of their figures or slides: • Mike Pilling, Leeds University • Hai Wang, Stanford University • Tim Wallington, Ford Motor Company • Charlie Westbrook (formerly of LLNL) • Stephen J. Klippenstein (Argonne) …and many of my hard-working students and postdocs from MIT 3 Overview Part 1: Big picture & Motivation Part 2: Intro to Kinetics, Combustion Chem Part 3: Thermochemistry Part 4: Kinetics & Mechanism Part 5: Computational Kinetics Be Prepared: There will be some Quizzes and Homework 4 Part 1: The Big Picture on Fuels and Combustion Chemistry 5 What is a Fuel? • Fuel is a material that carries energy in chemical form. • When the fuel is reacted (e.g. through combustion), most of the energy is released as heat • Though sometimes e.g. in fuel cells or flow batteries it can be released as electric power • Fuels have much higher energy densities than other ways of carrying energy. Very convenient for transportation. • The energy is released via chemical reactions. Each fuel undergoes different reactions, with different rates. Chemical details matter. 6 Transportation Fuel: Big Issues •People want, economy depends on transportation • Cars (growing rapidly in Asia) • Trucks (critical for economy everywhere) • Airplanes (growing rapidly everywhere) • Demand for Fuel is “Inelastic”: once they have invested in a vehicle, people will pay to fuel it even if price is high •Liquid Fuels are Best • Liquids Flow (solids are hard to handle!) • High volumetric and mass energy density • Easy to store, distribute. -
'Retrofitting CCS to Coal: Enhancing Australia's Energy
RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY any representation about the content and suitability Disclaimer of this information for any particular purpose. The document is not intended to comprise advice, and is This report was completed on 2 March 2017 and provided “as is” without express or implied therefore the Report does not take into account warranty. Readers should form their own conclusion events or circumstances arising after that time. The as to its applicability and suitability. The authors Report’s authors take no responsibility to update the reserve the right to alter or amend this document Report. without prior notice. The Report’s modelling considers only a single set of Authors: Geoff Bongers, Gamma Energy Technology input assumptions which should not be considered Stephanie Byrom, Gamma Energy Technology entirely exhaustive. Modelling inherently requires Tania Constable, CO2CRC Limited assumptions about future behaviours and market interactions, which may result in forecasts that deviate from actual events. There will usually be About CO2CRC Limited: differences between estimated and actual results, CO2CRC Limited is Australia’s leading CCS research because events and circumstances frequently do not organisation, having invested $100m in CCS research occur as expected, and those differences may be over the past decade. CO2CRC is the first organisation material. The authors of the Report take no in Australia to have demonstrated CCS end-to-end, responsibility for the modelling presented to be and has successfully stored more than 80,000 tonnes considered as a definitive account. of CO2 at its renowned Otway Research Facility in The authors of the Report highlight that the Report, Victoria. -
Humidity in Gas-Fired Kilns Proportion of Excess Combustion
HUMIDITY OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS FROM WOOD AND GASEOUS FUELS George Bramhall Western Forest Products Laboratory Vancouver, British Columbia The capital and operating costs of steam kilns and the boilers necessary for their operation are so high-in Canada that they are not economically feasible for small operations drying softwoods. About thirty years ago, direct fired or hot-air kilns were intro- duced. In such kilns natural gas, propane, butane or oil is burned and the combustion products conducted directly into the drying chamber. This design eliminates the high capital and operating costs of the steam boiler, and permits the small operator to dry lumber economically. However, such kilns are not as versatile as steam kilns. While they permit good temperature control, their humidity control is limited: they can only reduce excess humidity by venting, they cannot increase it and therefore cannot relieve drying stresses at the end of drying. For this reason, they are usually limited to the drying of structural lumber. Due to the decreasing supplies and increasing costs of fossil fuels, there is growing interest in burning wood residues to pro- vide the heat for drying. Although wood residue was often the fuel for steam boilers, the capital and operating costs of boilers are no more acceptable now to the smaller operator than they were a few years ago. The present trend is rather to burn wood cleanly and conduct the combustion products into the kiln in the same man- ner as is done with gaseous fossil fuels. This is now being done successfully with at least one type of burner, and others are in the pilot stage. -
Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan I
Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan i ii Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume is based on papers presented at the two-day national conference on the topical and vital theme of Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan held on May 15-16, 2013 at Islamabad Hotel, Islamabad. The Conference was jointly organised by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, (HSF) Islamabad. The organisers of the Conference are especially thankful to Mr. Kristof W. Duwaerts, Country Representative, HSF, Islamabad, for his co-operation and sharing the financial expense of the Conference. For the papers presented in this volume, we are grateful to all participants, as well as the chairpersons of the different sessions, who took time out from their busy schedules to preside over the proceedings. We are also thankful to the scholars, students and professionals who accepted our invitation to participate in the Conference. All members of IPRI staff — Amjad Saleem, Shazad Ahmad, Noreen Hameed, Shazia Khurshid, and Muhammad Iqbal — worked as a team to make this Conference a success. Saira Rehman, Assistant Editor, IPRI did well as stage secretary. All efforts were made to make the Conference as productive and result oriented as possible. However, if there were areas left wanting in some respect the Conference management owns responsibility for that. iv Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank Bcf Billion Cubic Feet BCMA -
Air Separation, Flue Gas Compression and Purification Units for Oxy-Coal Combustion Systems
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Energy Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 966–971 www.elsevier.com/locate/procediaProcedia Energy Procedia 00 (2010) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/XXX GHGT-10 Air Separation, flue gas compression and purification units for oxy-coal combustion systems Jean-Pierre Traniera, Richard Dubettierb, Arthur Dardeb, Nicolas Perrinc aAir Liquide SA-Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme,Chemin de la porte des Loges, Les Loges en Josas, Jouy en Josas F-78354, France bAir Liquide Engineering, 57 Ave. Carnot BP 313,Champigny-sur-Marne F-94503, France cAir Liquide SA, 57 Ave. Carnot BP 313, Champigny-sur-Marne F-94503, France Elsevier use only: Received date here; revised date here; accepted date here Abstract Air Liquide (AL) has been actively involved in the development of oxy-coal technologies for CO2 capture from power plants for almost 10 years. Large systems for oxygen production and flue gas purification are required for this technology. Air Liquide has been a leader in building large Air Separation Units (ASUs) and more developments have been performed to customize the air separation process for coal-fired power plants. Air Liquide is also actively involved in developing processes for purification of flue gas from oxy-coal combustion systems for enhanced oil recovery applications as well as sequestration in saline aquifers. Through optimization of the overall oxy-coal combustion system, it has been possible to identify key advantages of this solution: minimal efficiency loss associated with CO2 capture (less than 6 pts penalty on HHV efficiency compared to no capture), near zero emission, energy storage, high CO2 purity and high CO2 recovery capability.