Chapter 2: Australia
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Middle School - Round 14A
MIDDLE SCHOOL - ROUND 14A TOSS-UP 1) Earth and Space – Short Answer What is the term for sediment with a particle size less than 2 microns? ANSWER: CLAY BONUS 1) Earth and Space – Multiple Choice Which of the following correctly describes the typical progression from dead organic matter to coal? W) Peat, lignite, bituminous [bih-TOOM-in-us], anthracite [AN-thrah-site] X) Lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite Y) Lignite, bituminous, peat, anthracite Z) Peat, bituminous, anthracite, lignite ANSWER: W) PEAT, LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS, AND ANTHRACITE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 2) Physical Science – Short Answer Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.45. Given that chlorine has two naturally-occurring isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37, then, to the nearest whole number, what percentage of chlorine atoms have a mass number of 35.45? ANSWER: ZERO BONUS 2) Physical Science – Short Answer To the nearest gram, what is the mass of two moles of carbon dioxide? ANSWER: 88 Middle School - Round 14A Page 1 TOSS-UP 3) Math – Short Answer What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line with equation 7x – 4y = –28? ANSWER: –4/7 BONUS 3) Math – Short Answer A fence is built along the perimeter of a 200-foot-by-300-foot rectangular field. Posts are placed at the four corners and every 5 feet thereafter. How many posts are required? ANSWER: 200 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 4) Life Science – Short Answer In eukaryotes [YOO-care-ee-oats], DNA and histones are organized into what structures? ANSWER: CHROMOSOMES BONUS 4) Life Science – Short Answer What type of microscopy [my-CRAW-scah-pee] involves the use of a laser, photomultiplier detector, and a pinhole that ensures elimination of out-of-plane light emitted by the sample? ANSWER: CONFOCAL Middle School - Round 14A Page 2 TOSS-UP 5) Energy – Short Answer Researchers at the Joint BioEnergy Institute are studying ionic liquids as a solvent to break down cellulose before biofuel production. -
Anthracite Coal 13
Rock and Mineral 10-Specimen Kit Companion Book Presented by This mineral kit was also made possible through the generosity of the mining companies who supplied the minerals. If you have any questions or comments about this kit please contact the SME Pittsburgh Section Chair at www.smepittsburgh.org. For more information about mining, visit the following web site: www.smepittsburgh.org BSA’s www.scouting.org - search “Mining in Society” SME’s www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/ Updated July 2016 © SME Pittsburgh Section The SME Pittsburgh Section thanks the companies, mines, and individuals who provided mineral samples and donated time or services that made these mineral kits possible. Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. CONSOL Energy, Inc. Coolspring Stone Supply John T. Boyd Company Morton Salt Murray Energy Corporation Newmont Mining Corporation Reed Gold Mine (State of North Carolina) Steelhead Specialty Minerals United States Gypsum Company US Steel Corporation United Taconite (Cliffs Natural Resources, Inc.) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 MINERAL IDENTIFICATION 5 FUELS 10 Bituminous Coal 12 Anthracite Coal 13 BASE METAL ORES 14 Iron Ore 15 Copper Ore 16 PRECIOUS METALS 17 Gold Ore 18 ROCKS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 19 Gypsum 21 Limestone 22 Marble 23 Salt 24 Zeolite 25 Note: many of the images reproduced here are from Wikipedia which allows non commercial use or from the Minerals Education Coalition web site http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals. INTRODUCTION The effect rocks and minerals have on our daily lives is not always obvious, but this book will help explain how essential they really are. If you don’t think you come in contact with minerals every day, think about these facts below and see if you change your mind. -
Lignite Mining Development Strategy
Energy Strat egy and P olicy of Kos ovo White Paper LIGNITE MINING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY STATEM ENT OF PRINCIPL E Recognizing that lignite will remain the principal fuel for electricity generation in the long term, the use of indigenous coal is encouraged in an environmentally and economically responsible manner, as well as reclamation of lands previously disturbed by mining. BACKGROUND Lignite is of outstanding importance to electricity generation in Kosovo. It contributes to 97% of the total electricity generation, 3% being hydro based pow er generation. Considering all the potential sources for pow er generation in Kosovo, coal safely maintains its leading position. The Kosovo lignite mines are operated at one of the most favorable lignite RESOURCE deposits in Europe due to its geological conditions. With an average ADVANTAGE ! stripping ratio of 1.7 m3 of w aste to 1 ton of coal, coal production at Kosovo mines could supply very competitive fuel to the pow er plants, compared to Sufficient for electricity international fuel sources and energy prices. The total estimated generation in decades economically exploited resources of approx. 10,000 Mt represent one of the to come. richest lignite sources in Europe, w hich would allow ambitious pow er generation and expansion schemes in the forth coming decades. Coal supply can rise in correlation w ith increasing electricity consumption. Coal can be supplied w ith the highest degree of security and with predictable price levels. By this, Kosovo can take advantage of its large reserves and of its location in centre of South East Europe, w here lack of electricity is to be expected in the mid to long ter m period. -
Coal Characteristics
CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal -
The German Coal Phaseout Law FACT SHEET
The German Coal Phaseout Law FACT SHEET • On Friday, July 3, the German parliament passed the coal phaseout !"#$%&'"&"#()'$*+',-./0'1&"#()'234#5"26'27%#"'*&'&"8'"9"58#*5*8)'("&"#%8*3& law. It designs the path to phase out hard coal and lignite-fired electricity generation (combined ~30% of German electricity !$/&6"%'90:6% generation in 2019) by 2038 at the latest. ;7 +,- • The law requires to pay compensation for companies closing ,45.'90:6% 72D'+,-''' their coal plants as well as to regions where coal has a significant economic effect. In addition, also electricity-intensive companies <656:"=&6) 34(54#6 2>? +,- will receive compensation due to foreseen increase of power prices 781 +,- following from coal phase-out. !"# F40G")) D;'+,- • The coal will be substituted with renewable energy sources and !"# $%&'()*"#+ natural gas. The government’s target is to increase the share of -"%.'/0"& renewables in electricity production to 65% by 2030. 12 +,- E0&"% D1'+,- Launched in the 1990s, the Energiewende is an evolving concept !"#$%"&'(") -C.%090:6% 28'+,- ** +,- which aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), increasing @4&'"5.'0#A6%'B0))4&'B$6&) energy efficiency and the share of renewables while phasing out 22 +,- nuclear power. While originally controversial in German politics, !"#$%&'()*+,()#-.&/0&$12-.(.&$(+-&$34&(#-.(,2//&$54$6/%7286(&9:9 the Energiewende has gained broad political consensus across all parties since the 2011 nuclear accident in Fukushima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
Production Tax Credit for Refined Coal Part
Production Tax Credit for Refined Coal Part III - Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous Notice 2009-90 SECTION 1. PURPOSE This notice sets forth interim guidance pending the issuance of regulations relating to the tax credit under § 45 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) for refined coal. SECTION 2. BACKGROUND Sections 45(c)(7), (d)(8), and (e)(8) of the Code provide definitions and rules relating to the tax credit for refined coal (the refined coal credit). Section 45(e)(8) provides that the refined coal credit increases a taxpayer’s credit determined under the other provisions of § 45. The credit is allowed for qualified refined coal (1) produced by the taxpayer at a refined coal production facility during the ten-year period beginning on the date the facility is originally placed in service, and (2) sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during that ten-year period. Sections 45(c)(7), (d)(8), and (e)(8) were added to the Code by sections 710(a), (b)(1), and (b)(2), respectively, of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, 2 Pub. L. No. 108-357. These provisions were amended by sections 403(t) and 412(j)(1) and (2) of the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-135, and by sections 101 and 108 of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, Division B of Pub. L. No. 110-343. SECTION 3. DEFINITIONS, ETC. The following definitions apply for purposes of this notice: .01 Refined Coal. (1) In General. Except as otherwise provided in this section 3.01, the term “refined coal” means fuel that-- (a) is a liquid, gaseous, or solid fuel produced from coal (including lignite) or high carbon fly ash, including (except to the extent inconsistent with section 3.01(1)(b) of this notice) such fuel used as a feedstock; (b) is sold by the taxpayer (producer), to an unrelated person, with the reasonable expectation that it will be used for the purpose of producing steam; and (c) is certified by the taxpayer as resulting (when used in the production of steam) in a qualified emission reduction. -
Native Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Coals – a Hardly Recognized Source of Environmental Contamination
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 407 (2009) 2461– 2473 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Review Native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in coals – A hardly recognized source of environmental contamination C. Achtena,b, T. Hofmanna,⁎ a University of Vienna, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria b University of Münster, Department of Applied Geology, Corrensstr. 24, 48149 Münster, Germany ARTICLE DATA ABSTRACT Article history: Numerous environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources have been Received 15 October 2008 reported in literature, however, unburnt hard coal/ bituminous coal is considered only Received in revised form rarely. It can carry native PAH concentrations up to hundreds, in some cases, thousands of 29 November 2008 mg/kg. The molecular structures of extractable compounds from hard coals consist mostly Accepted 5 December 2008 of 2–6 polyaromatic condensed rings, linked by ether or methylene bridges carrying methyl Available online 4 February 2009 and phenol side chains. The extractable phase may be released to the aquatic environment, be available to organisms, and thus be an important PAH source. PAH concentrations and Keywords: patterns in coals depend on the original organic matter type, as well as temperature and Native PAH pressure conditions during coalification. The environmental impact of native unburnt coal- Bituminous coal bound PAH in soils and sediments is not well studied, and an exact source apportionment is Hard coal hardly possible. In this paper, we review the current state of the art. Sediment © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Soil Contents 1. Introduction .........................................................2462 2. Reserves and production ..................................................2462 3. -
Economic Analysis and Policy Brown Coal Exit: a Market Mechanism For
Economic Analysis and Policy 48 (2015) 71–81 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Economic Analysis and Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eap Full length article Brown coal exit: A market mechanism for regulated closure of highly emissions intensive power stations Frank Jotzo a,∗, Salim Mazouz b a Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, JG Crawford Building, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia b EcoPerspectives, Australia article info a b s t r a c t Article history: In this paper we propose a market mechanism for regulated exit of highly emissions in- Received 12 November 2015 tensive power stations from the electricity grid. The starting point is that there is surplus Received in revised form 19 November capacity in coal fired power generation in Australia. In the absence of a carbon price sig- 2015 nal, black coal generation capacity may leave the market instead of high emitting brown Accepted 19 November 2015 coal power stations. We lay out options for a mechanism of regulated power station closure Available online 21 November 2015 using a market mechanism. Plants bid competitively over the payment they require for clo- sure, the regulator chooses the most cost effective bid, and payment for closure is made by Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions the remaining power stations in proportion to their carbon dioxide emissions. This could Electricity overcome adverse incentive effects for plants to stay in operation in anticipation of pay- Brown coal ment for closure and solve the political difficulties and problems of information asymme- Early retirement try that plague government payments for closure and direct regulation for exit. -
Getting Off Coal Economic and Social Policies to Manage the Phase-Out of Thermal Coal in Australia
Getting off coal Economic and social policies to manage the phase-out of thermal coal in Australia Discussion paper John Quiggin University of Queensland May 2020 ABOUT THE AUSTRALIA INSTITUTE The Australia Institute is an independent public policy think tank based in Canberra. It is funded by donations from philanthropic trusts and individuals and commissioned research. We barrack for ideas, not political parties or candidates. Since its launch in 1994, the Institute has carried out highly influential research on a broad range of economic, social and environmental issues. OUR PHILOSOPHY As we begin the 21st century, new dilemmas confront our society and our planet. Unprecedented levels of consumption co-exist with extreme poverty. Through new technology we are more connected than we have ever been, yet civic engagement is declining. Environmental neglect continues despite heightened ecological awareness. A better balance is urgently needed. The Australia Institute’s directors, staff and supporters represent a broad range of views and priorities. What unites us is a belief that through a combination of research and creativity we can promote new solutions and ways of thinking. OUR PURPOSE – ‘RESEARCH THAT MATTERS’ The Institute publishes research that contributes to a more just, sustainable and peaceful society. Our goal is to gather, interpret and communicate evidence in order to both diagnose the problems we face and propose new solutions to tackle them. The Institute is wholly independent and not affiliated with any other organisation. Donations to its Research Fund are tax deductible for the donor. Anyone wishing to donate can do so via the website at https://www.tai.org.au or by calling the Institute on 02 6130 0530. -
Sustainable Rehabilitation of Surface Coal Mining Areas: the Case of Greek Lignite Mines
energies Article Sustainable Rehabilitation of Surface Coal Mining Areas: The Case of Greek Lignite Mines Francis Pavloudakis 1, Christos Roumpos 1,* , Evangelos Karlopoulos 2 and Nikolaos Koukouzas 2 1 Mining Engineering Department, Public Power Corporation, 104 32 Athens, Greece; [email protected] 2 Research Department, Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, 15125 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (E.K.); [email protected] (N.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-697-979-9291 Received: 2 July 2020; Accepted: 31 July 2020; Published: 3 August 2020 Abstract: Surface lignite mines of the Balkan Peninsula face growing pressure due to the CO2 emissions reduction initiatives, rapidly increasing renewable-power capacity, and cheap natural gas. In this frame, the development of a modern mine land rehabilitation strategy is considered as a prerequisite for mitigating the social and economic impacts for the local communities. In the case of western Macedonia lignite mines, these prospects are investigated based on a PEST (political, economic, social, technological) analysis of seven alternative land uses. Urban (industrial) development, green houses, and industrial heritage parks are considered as the most appropriate land uses for mitigating the socioeconomic impacts due to the loss of employments. For the land uses occupying large areas (i.e., agriculture, forestry, livestock farming, and photovoltaic parks), an optimisation algorithm is proposed for determining the mix of land uses that maximise revenue, equity, and natural conservation and minimise investment. The algorithm was applied using the opinions of 10 experts, who were involved in mine land reclamation projects carried out in the western Macedonia region in the recent past. -
IRS Issues Section 45 Guidance Regarding Refined Coal Facilities David S
CLIENT A LERT December 2009 Contacts IRS Issues Section 45 Guidance Regarding Refined Coal Facilities David S. Lowman, Jr. 1900 K Street, NW On December 7, 2009, the Internal 2009, the inflation adjustment factor is Washington, DC 20006-1109 Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued Notice 1.4171 and the resulting credit amount (202) 419-2070 [email protected] 2009-90 (the “Notice”), providing guid- is $6.20 per ton for calendar year 2009. ance relating to the tax credit under Laura Ellen Jones Section 45 of the Internal Revenue Code Section 4.01 of the Notice refers to Riverfront Plaza, East Tower (“Code”) for refined coal. Section 45 of this credit amount as the “tentative 951 East Byrd Street the Code provides a tax credit for the credit” and provides rules for a taxable Richmond, Virginia 23219-4074 production of refined coal at a refined year that is a calendar year and for a (804) 788-8746 taxable year that includes parts of two [email protected] coal production facility during the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility calendar years. In the former case, the Timothy L. Jacobs was originally placed in service, and tentative credit for the taxable year is 1900 K Street, NW sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated the tentative credit for the calendar year. Washington, DC 20006-1109 person (defined in the same manner In the latter case, the tentative credit (202) 955-1669 as with respect to other Section 45 for the taxable year is the sum of the [email protected] facilities) during such 10-year period. -
The Assessment of Our Fuel and Energy Resources and Requirements
..|MlS-«»n|- l°\ THE INSTITUTE OF FUEL AUSTRALIAN MEMBERSHIP i CONFERENCE ON I i I •it THE ASSESSMENT OF OUR FUEL AND ENERGY § RESOURCES AND REQUIREMENTS ti HELD AT THE PARK ROYAL MOTOR INN, BRISBANE, OLD. 4th-6th NOVEMBER, 1970 COLLECTED PREPRINTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED THE ASSESSMENT OF OUR FUEL AND ENERGY RESOURCES AND REQUIREMENTS CONFERENCE HELD AT THE PARK ROYAL MOTOR INN BRISBANE, QUEENSLAND 4th-6th NOVEMBER, 1970 Collected Preprints of Papers Presented THE INSTITUTE OF FUEL AUSTRALIAN MEMBERSHIP Opinions expressed in these papers are those of the authors individually, and should not be taken as those of The Institute as a corporate body* FOREWORD The 1970 Conference of the Australian Membership of the Institute is the seventh in a series which began in 195&. Each conference has marked a fresh phase in Institute development, which members will recall from the list of conferences included in this volume. The present Conference will be remembered as the first to be held in Queensland and the first to be organized by the Brisbane Group. The Group is much to be congratulated on having persuaded the Hon. R.E. Camm, Queensland Minister for Mines and Main Roads, to open the Conference. Another feature is the introduction, for the first time in the series, of an international guest lecturer — Mr. Yoshiharu Iimura, Director and General Manager., Nippon Steel Corporation. He will discuss the significance of fuels to Australia and Japan. An appraisal of the present position of nuclear energy in this country will be contributed by the Chairman of the Australian Atomic Energy Commission, Sir Philip Baxter, The 1970 CR.