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Topics in Coal Geochemistry Short Course

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Topics in Coal Geochemistry Short Course Topics in Coal Geochemistry Short Course Allan Kolker, Ph.D. Research Geologist U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Energy Resources Science Center Reston, Virginia [email protected] U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Global Coal Production and Use Review of Basic Coal Data Toward Global Emissions Standards SESSION I Session 1 Topic 1 GLOBAL COAL PRODUCTION AND USE 1.1-1 Global Coal Production and Export Producción y exportaciones mundiales de carbón COAL PRODUCERS COAL EXPORTERS Producer Mt % of world Producer Mt total Australia 389 China 3,242 44.6 Indonesia 367 India 708 9.7 Russian Federation 147 United States 672 9.2 Colombia 83 Australia 503 6.9 South Africa 76 Indonesia 460 6.3 United States 46 Russian Federation 365 5.0 Mongolia 26 South Africa 257 3.5 Kazakhstan 26 Germany 176 2.4 Canada 24 Poland 131 1.8 DPR of Korea 21 Kazakhstan 98 1.3 Others 8 Colombia 91 1.3 Total 1,213 Canada 60 0.8 Rest of the World 506 7.0 World 7,269 99.8 Production data by country, includes steam coal, coking coal, lignite, and recovered coal, production in million tonnes (Mt), 2016 provisional data. Source: IEA, 2017, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/key-world-energy-statistics- 2017.html. 1.1-2 World Coal Proved Reserves Reservas probadas de carbón en el mundo Rank Country Total Reserves (Mt) Rank distribution 1. United States 237,295 All 2. Russian Federation 157,010 All 3. China 114,500 All 4. Australia 76,400 Bituminous, lignite 5. India 60,600 Bituminous, lignite 6. Germany 40,548 Lignite 7. Ukraine 33,873 Bituminous, sub-bituminous 8. Kazakhstan 33,600 Bituminous, lignite 9. South Africa 30,156 Bituminous 10. Indonesia 28,017 Sub-bituminous 11. Serbia 13,411 Lignite 12. Colombia 6,746 Bituminous 13. Brazil 6,630 Sub-bituminous 14. Canada 6,582 All 15. Poland 5,465 Bituminous, lignite Source: World Energy Council, 2013 http://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/WER_2013_1_Coal.pdf. 1.1-3 Electricity from Coal Generación de energía eléctrica usando carbón • France is lowest due to 100 Percent Electricity from Coal (2013) reliance on nuclear power. Source: World Bank 80 • Colombia, Canada each Mongolia have significant hydro- SouthAfrica 60 Poland electric power and rely on China Kazakhstan India coal for only about 10% of 40 Australia their electric power. Indonesia World 20 Federation Russian • U.S. fraction slightly below Japan Colombia,Canada Turkey United States United France world average. 0 • Countries with high Source: World Bank, 2013 reliance on coal (e.g., http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.COAL.ZS. Poland, South Africa) lack alternatives. 1.1-4 Colombian Coal Production Producción colombiana de carbón Colombia coal production and exports by year in Coal production for La Guajira (Guajira) thousand tonnes (kt). and Cesar compared to other Source: International Energy Agency, 2016 departments of Colombia (Other), in http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country tonnes. =Colombia&product=coal. Source: World Coal, 2011 http://www.srk.com/files/File/UK%20PDFs/ 1.1-5 WorldCoal_Feb2011.pdf Coal Fields of Colombia Yacimientos colombianos de carbón Cerrejón La Loma Source: Tewalt and others, 2006 1.1-6 Colombia – Power Generation by Source Fuentes colombianas de energía Generation in gigawatt hours (GWh). Source: International Energy Agency, 2016. 1.1-7 U.S. Coal Production (1980 – 2015) Producción de carbón de Estados Unidos Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016 1.1-8 U.S. Coal Basins Cuencas carboníferas en Estados Unidos Powder River Appalachian Illinois Source: East, 2013, USGS Open-File Report 2012-1205 1.1-9 U.S. Coal Production by Coal Basin Producción carbonífera de EE.UU. por cuenca 600 • Production declining in 500 Appalachian Basin and 400 Powder River Basin, the two largest producers. 300 Powder River Basin Appalachian Basin Illinois Basin • Production increasing 200 (through 2013) or steady 100 Coal production, millions of tons millions short production, Coal in Illinois Basin due to Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency 0 low transportation costs 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Year and increased use of FGD scrubbers in nearby Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016 power stations. 1.1-10 U.S Electric Power Sector (1980 – 2015) Generación de energía eléctrica en EE.UU. In the U.S., gas-fired power generation has replaced some of the coal-fired capacity: Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016 1.1-11 U.S Electric Power Generation (1990 – 2040) Generación de energía eléctrica en EE.UU. 2015 U.S. Energy Mix Coal – 33% Nat. Gas – 33% Nuclear – 20% Renewable – 13% Hydro – 6% Wind – 4.7% Biomass – 1.6% Solar – 0.6% Total ----------------99% Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016, https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2016).pdf. 1.1-12 U.S. Power Generation by Region Generación de energía eléctrica en EE.UU. por regiones Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016 1.1-13 U.S. Shale Gas Production (2007 – 2014) Producción de gas de lutita en EE.UU. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016 1.1-14 USGS Shale Gas Studies Gas de lutita en EE.UU.: bibliografía • U.S. Energy Information Administration projects continued increase in U.S. shale gas production from 2020 to 2040. • USGS fundamental studies of pore structure in gas shales to better understand gas occurrence and distribution. • Sampling and analysis of wastewater produced with oil and gas wells (produced water) and related environmental studies. • Can we see chemicals from hydraulic fracturing in wastewater produced from gas wells? 1.1-15 Carbon Capture and Storage Captura y almacenamiento de carbono • Geologic carbon storage addressed in USGS assessment of storage capacity in underground saline reservoirs. • The regions with the largest storage resources are the Coastal Plains (mostly in Gulf Coast, 65%); Rocky Mountains and N. Great Plains (9%); and Alaska (9%; mostly North Slope). Power Generation • Related questions- – Environmental risks of storing CO2 in underground reservoirs? – Potential for CO2 leakage, its impacts to drinking water, and induced seismicity? – Largest storage capacity not near greatest concentration of coal-fired powerplants. Source: USGS, 2013, Circular 1386 1.1-16 https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1386/ Summary – Topic 1: Global Coal Production and Use Resumen – Tema 1: Producción y consumo de carbón • Colombia is the 11th largest coal producer and the 4th largest exporter of coal in the world. • Coal production and exports have increased by about a factor of four in the last 20 years. • In Colombia only about 10% of electricity comes for coal which is among the lowest in the world. • Colombian coals are produced for export without preparation due to their low ash and sulfur contents. • Colombian coals are also much below world average contents of mercury. 1.1-17 Summary – Topic 1: Global Coal Production and Use Resumen – Tema 1: Producción y consumo de carbón • U.S. is the 3rd largest coal producer and the 6th largest coal exporter in the world. • U.S. coal production increased steadily until the mid-2000s, but has now begun to decline. • Currently, about 33% of U.S. electric power generation comes from coal, which is slightly below the world average and has decreased from about 50% in the last decade. • With discovery of large shale gas resources in the U.S., coal- fired generating capacity has been replaced by gas-fired generation. • The USGS has completed a national assessment of underground storage capacity for CO2. 1.1-18 References – Topic 1: Global Coal Production and Use Referencias – Tema 1: Producción y uso de carbones East, J.A., 2013, Coal fields of the conterminous United States—National Coal Resource Assessment updated version: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1205, one sheet, scale 1:5,000,000, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1205/. International Energy Agency [IEA], 2016, Colombia—Coal for 2015: International Energy Agency statistics search web page, accessed October, 17, 2016, at http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=Colombia&product=coal. International Energy Agency [IEA], 2017, Key World Energy Statistics 2017: Paris, International Energy Agency, 97 p., accessed September 20, 2017, at http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/key-world-energy-statistics.html-2017. Tewalt, S.J., Finkelman, R.B., Torres, I.E., and Simoni, F., 2006, World coal quality inventory—Colombia, chap. 5 of Karlsen, A.W., Tewalt, S.J., Bragg, L.J., and Finkelman, R.B., eds., World Coal Quality Inventory—South America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006–1241, p. 132–157. [Also available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1241/Chapter%205-Colombia.pdf. [Note: Trace element data contained in this report, excluding mercury, are subject to revision.] U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA], 2016, Annual energy outlook 2016 with projections to 2040: Washington, D.C., U.S. Energy Information Administration, 256 p., accessed May 18, 2017, at https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2016).pdf. U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], 2013, National Assessment of Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources—Results: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1386, 41 p. [Also available at , https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1386/.] World Bank, 2013, Electricity production from coal sources (% of total): The World Bank website, accessed October 28, 2016, at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.COAL.ZS. World Coal, 2011, Coal in Colombia web page: World Coal website, accessed October 28, 2016, at https://www.worldcoal.com/coal/10022011/coal_in_colombia/. World Energy Council, 2013, Coal, chap. 1 of World Energy Resources: London, World Energy Council, p. 1.1–1.32, accessed November 2, 2016, at http://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/WER_2013_1_Coal.pdf.
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